OCIAL CIENCE RE EARCH COU CIL

VOLUME 37 . NUMBERS 2/3. EPTEMBER 1983 605 THIRD AVENUE. NEW YORK. .Y. 10158

Research Support and Intellectual Advance in the Social Sciences

33

35

39

43

46

4

Contents Introduction

Roberta BalsuuJ Mill"

The Role of the Private Foundation Ma~ hall Robin.ulII

The ational Science Foundation and the Social Science Henry W. Ri~clten

The Effect of ponsorship upon Social ience Research Harory Broolu

The Role of TechnologicaJ Change in Social Science Research F. ThomasJwtn-and Roberta Balstad Miller

Commentary: The Role Played by the" ational taff" to the Social Science Kenn~lh PrnAlill

INTRODUCTION

by Roberta Balstad Miller

M . Miller, a historian, eroedJrom 1975 to 1981 as a staff member oj the Council' Center Jor Coordination oj Re earch on Social Indicators in Washington, D.C. Since 1981, he has been executive director oj the Consortium oj

ocial Science Associations (COSSA), a Washington-based organization that repre ents the social sciences in their re­lationships to the Jederal government.

THE PAPER EXCERPTED HERE examine orne of the ways that re earch in the ocial cience has been affected by the nature and even the ources of re­earch upport during the po twar period in the

United State . The year following World War II were a time of rapid intellectual expansion of the ocial ciences and growing federal support for re-earch. The impre ive ub tantive advance in the ocial cience at that time were built on a strong

A symposium of views on the postwar history of the social

sciences In the United States*

intellectual ba e, e tablished fir t by re earch fo tered in the prewar years by private foundation and later by the va t re earch enterprise upported by the fed­eral government and the military during the war.

After the war, the private foundation continued to provide research upport for the ocial ciences, a Marshall Robinson makes clear in his paper, but in­crea ingly the federal government came to play an important role in funding re earch and thu in hap­ing social cience priorities. Moreover, even when federal financial aid was extended without ob ervable trings attached, it was, at least in the ba ic cience

agencie , offered on the basis of certain a umptions about the nature of the cientific method and the rationale of the re earch enterpri e. These a ump­tion are de cribed in the paper by Henry W. Riecken. The effect of government pon or hip on the content and nature of ocial cience re earch in

• The papers included in this ympo ium are based upon pre­sentation given at the meeting of the American A sociation for the Advancement of Science, Detroit, Michigan, on Ma 27, 19 3. The ympo ium wa arranged and chaired by Roberta Bal tad Miller. For reason of pace, ub tantial deletion have been made in editing the paper for publication.

For contents oj this issue, see the box on page 34.

33

CONTENTS OF THIS ISSUE

33 Research upport and Intellectual Advance in the S0-cial ienc : mpo ium

50 ew uppon for Di erution Fellow hip from the Hewlett Foundation

50 Activitie of the Joint rea Committee -African tudie (page 50) - Indochina tudies Program (page 50) -Soviet tudie (page 51) -Economic and ethnohi tory of the Andes (page 51) ~rder and conflict in We tern capitali m (page 53) -Polic implementation in po t-Mao China (page 53) -South ian Political Econom (APE) (page 54) -Child development in Japan and the nited tate

(page 56) 57 Other Current ctivitie at the ('.Quncil

- Biosocial life- pan approache to parental behavior and off pring development (page 57)

- Social tructure and aging proc (page 5 ) - Intimate relation hip acros the life pan (page 5 ) - Exploring domain of giftedne (page 5 )

tate and social tructures (page 59) - Research u of personal t timony (page 59)

60 Council Personnel - ew directors and officers - taff appointment - Pre idential abbatical

61 ewl -i ued Council Publication 64 Fellow hip and Gran

the po twar year i the topic of the paper by Harve Brook.

The expanding federal research investment wa also indirectl re pon ible for till another form of re earch upport extended to the ocial cience in thi period. Research support include nonmonetary upport: the availability of large federal data ets and

the a i tance provided to ocial cientists in the form of new data handling and data analy i technologie. These were frequently funded through federal re-earch grant that encouraged the examination of

large bodie of previou I inacce ible data. Thi pro­ce i described in the excerpt from the paper b F. Thoma Ju ter and me.

In hi commentary upon the paper of the other paneli ts, Kenneth Prewitt tre e the importance for their intellectual advancement of what he call a "na­tional taff" to the ocial ciences.

Influence on the cour e of re earch in the ocial cience discipline are clearl not confined to pri­

vate foundation, the federal government, and po t­war analytic and computational technologie . At a minimum, a Ii t of uch influences must begin with the internal intellectual dynamics of the variou di ci­pline them elve .

In addition to the e eparate ocial cience discipli­nar tradition, there are also broader intellectual

34

current that influence each of the disciplines-often imultaneou ly. The ocial cience are omewhat in­

gular in that they have long been "cro road" di ci­pline that draw from the idea and pattern of in­quiry acro all field of knowledge. At times, the method and approache of the phy ical and biologi­cal cience have been dominant in the ocial cience ; a , for example, in the practice in the po twar period of u ing quantitative data to te t hypothe es. At other time, the prioritie and concern of humani t have been highly influential. The tendency of noveli ts, uch a William Faulkner in As I Lay Ding (1930), to

present reality in di crete egments through the eye and voice of the ob erver ha been echoed by ocial cienti t 'attempt to under tand the various way ociety i experienced by those who are within it. (It hould be noted that the direction of the e intellectual

influence i not solely to the ocial cience . There i evidence that ugge t , for in tance, that Darwin' en e of gradual evolution in biological development

wa haped b idea of cultural change current in the social cience at that time.)

Still a third influence on social science re earch come from out ide the academy. Public policy, public intere t ,and public problem have long pia ed a role in defining the problem that social cienti ts tudy. The ocial cience have been criticized for their too­eager re pon ivene to the public agenda, a re pon-ivene that ha created political problem for re­

searcher who are viewed a biased or who are un­comfortably a ociated either with the topic of their re earch or with the reform of the research ubject. But a focu on contemporary ocial problem and politic can al 0 be een as a trength of the social science . Research draw a vitality from the fact that it problem have major ocial a well a cientific implication . Harve Brook' paper re iew orne of thi hi tory.

A fourth influence on social cience re earch i perhap be t characterized a it patronage y tern. Patron or pon or of ocial re earch often erve to hape both the problem elected by researcher and

method of analysi applied to tho e problem . Mo t broadly, pon or influence the re earch climate and therefore indirectly influence researcher who do not receive financial aid. Patron of re earch include at a minimum the univer itie and private and public foundations. In addition to the major private foun­dation discu ed b Mar hall Robin on, there are also maller, pecial purpo e foundation and re­gional or local foundation that encourage re earch in pecific field or within pecific in titution . The fed­

eral government ha research program both in the

VOL ME 37, MBERS 2/3

ba ic re earch agencies-- uch a the ational Science Foundation, the ational In titute of Mental Health, and the ational In titute of Health-and in the mi ion agencie . In the latter group, the re earch program in the Bureau of the Cen u , the Depart­ment of Defen e, the Department of Health and Human Service, and the Department of Labor are among the mo t important for the social cience. In addition, there ha often been orne, albeit limited, upport for ocial cience re earch from indu try.

Finally, in di cu ing the influence on re earch, no social cienti t hould leave out the in titutional tructure of the research community. Thi tructure

i comprised of the univer itie and re earch in ti­tute ; the organization that timulate, plan, and or­ganize re earch; the group that mediate among the di cipline and between the ocial cience and the re t of the world; and the in titution and tructure that provide re earcher with the nece ary non­monetar upport in the form of data, technologie , and librar re ource. Much of thi in titutional tructure exi ted before World War II and wa part

of the po twar expan ion of ocial cience re earch; some of it grew out of the need of the re earch

tern a it emerged in the po twar period. We cannot pretend that the intellectual imperative

of the di cipline alone determine the timing and direction of re earch in the ocial cience. All of the influence di cu ed above provide intellectual, in-titutional, or financial upport for re earch. In dif­

fering way , all of them al 0 influence the re earch agenda. Rather than ignoring or denying them, ocial scienti t hould eek to under tand the e influ­ence. 0

THE ROLE OF THE PRIVATE FOU DATIO S

b MaT. hall Robin on

Mr. Robinson, an economist, was a senior officer of the Ford Foundationfrom 1964 to 1979;from 1973 to 1979, he was vice pre ident for re ouree and the environment. Since 1979, he has been president of the Russell Sage Foun­dation, which is primarily dedicated to the application of ocial science research to ocial policy fonnation.

The prewar years

... IN THE 20 YEAR FROM 1920 TO 1940 mo t­perhap all-direct funding for ocial cience re­earch in the United State came from private foun­

dation . The re earch ub idy of the univer itie wa an important part of the environment, a wa the low I growing number of job that government pro-

EPTEMBER 19 3

vided for economi t and tati tician . But it was the foundation that gave the grant for individual chol­ar and pon ored and funded uch critical re earch organization a the Brooking In titution in Wa h­ington, D.C., the In titute for Government Re earch (which merged with Brooking in 1928), the National Bureau of Economic Research in Cambridge and Stanford, the Social Science Research Council in ew York, and the Food Research Institute at Stanford Univer ity. It wa the Rockefeller Foundation, not the federal government, that funded the committee ap­pointed by Pre ident Hoover which produced the two-volume Recent ocial Trend in the United States ( 1933).

I n looking back over the 1920 and 1930, Raymond Fo dick, a long-time tru tee, pre ident, and hi torian of the Rockefeller Foundation, calculated that the Rockefeller Foundation and its partner, the Laura Spelman Rockefeller Memorial, had inve ted about 100 million in the ocial ciences. This inve t­ment, in 1920 and 1930 dollar, wa initiated primar­ily by Beard ley Ruml, who in 1922 a director of the Laura Spelman Memorial per uaded it tru tee to commit the Foundation almost totally to the social cience .1

In 1929, the Rockefeller Foundation' Social Sci­ence Divi ion took over the program begun by Ruml, which became increa ingly haped by the Rockefeller Foundation' pecial commitment to the cientific proce and the graduali m with which knowledge grow. Thi arne ba ic commitment wa operating in 1934 when a committee of Rockefeller tru tee aid that it now wanted to top giving free fund to univer-ltle to pa out to ocial cience faculty member .

The committee aid these fund were scattered all over the lot, were often allocated for per onal rather than for cientific reason , and were mi sing good

I he Memorial had traditionally been dedicated to ocial wel­fare activitie , and Ruml noted thi in hi argument that "an examination of the operation of organization in the field of social welfare how a a primary need the development of the social ience and the production of a bod of ub tantiated and widel accepted generalization a to human capacitie and mo­tive and a to the behavior of human being a individual and in group .. .. All who work toward the general end of social welfare are embarras ed by the lack of that knowledge which the ocial

ience mu t provide." Quoted in Ra mond Fosdick, The lory of lhe RockefeLler Founda­

tion (. ew York: Harper & Row, 1952), page 194. Intere tingl , the ame argument wa used 25 ear later when Donald Young per uaded another ocial welfare in titution, the Ru ell age Foundation, to commit itself to social science research . Donald Young had been a taff member of the Social Science Re earch Council from 1932 until 194 . In that year, he became pre ident fir t of the Council and then of the Ru ell age Foundation.

35

people and important idea . It wa the ort of tru tee outbur t that occur from time to time in mo t foundations-and i the kind of me age that tell foundation officer how to focu their program activ­itie . The Rockefeller Foundation dropped it open­ended grant, but continued to tre ba ic ocial ci­ence re earch.

There were in thi prewar era other foundation helping the ocial cience: the General Education Board, the Ro enwald Fund, and-mo t notably-the Carnegie Corporation. From it early upport of

RC to it landmark upport for Gunnar M rdal' An American Dilemma (1944), Carnegie wa a notable, albeit poradic, ource of upport for prewar ocial cience research. In retro pect, Ruml wa the pre­

scient foundation leader, Rockefeller' Social Science Divi ion wa the rigorou and per i tent upporter of cience in social re earch, and Carnegie came in trongl whenever the i ue wa e pecially important

to Franci Keppel. Although the 1920 and the 1930 were a time

when the foundation were important for ocial ci­ence research, not many foundation were in the game. . .. Compared with toda , the amount of mone the pent wa mall, but it wa the zenith of the foundation' importance to the ocial cience.

Funding for social science research in the postwar years

ince 1946, a number of new foundation have appeared on the cene and orne of them have given olid attention to the ocial cience. Table 1 how

how much foundation pending on the ocial cience ha grown-and how thi compare with the other major funding ource.

Table 1

E timated Amount of Funding Provided for Social Science Research, 1939-80

~~~fu~ 1~1~1~lml~ (millions of dollar: )

Colleg and univer ilie 12 46 95 160 300 .. governmenl 30 103 307 524

Privale foundalion 3 21 3 41 41

The conclu ion i fairl clear. If 1940 wa the high point of the foundation' influence in relation to other funding ource , the late 1960 marked the end of the po twar growth in foundation pending on ocial cience re earch. Since then, the foundation'

outla ha remained fairl table in current dollar,

36

while that of the government and the uni ersltle ha grown dramatically (with much of the univer itie ' upport provided indirectl by the government).

Whatever way we look at it, in recent decade the importance of the foundation ha continued to de­cline relative to the other funding ource.

But foundation funding for ocial research ha in­creased a a portion of total foundation pending. Although few of the new foundation that have en­tered the scene in the la t few year have placed ocial re earch on their agenda, orne of the other newcomer to the territor -Lill , Mellon, and the Rockefeller Brother Fund-have ignificantl bol tered the overall level of upport. Moreover, foundation that have the longe t and tronge t tradition in ocial cience research have kept their allegiance to the 0-

cial cience in pite of evere cut in their overall pending. In 1964, the "big four" in ocial cience­

Carnegie, Ford, Rockefeller, and loan-made grant totaling 320 million; of thi , about 11 per cent went for ocial cience re earch. In 1980, the same four pent for ocial cience research almo t 17 per cent

out of their mailer total grant funding of 160 mil­lion. All in all, one find that ocial cience re earch ha continued to find favor among a mall group of big foundation while the total amount of the foun­dation 'grant ha remained fairly table.

Innovations by the foundations

But if the po twar tory i one that portray a dogged but hrinking role for the foundation , it also contain orne moment of high drama. For example, while man people can claim a role in the definition of the "behavioral cience," it wa the Ford Founda­tion that gave the term it prominence and legitimacy. In the five year between 1951 and 1956, Ford pent clo e to 40 million on the behavioral cience. The fund went for theor , methodology, and interdi ci­plinary work; Ford created the Center for Advanced Stud in the Behavioral Science and it gave new resource to uch young in titution a the In titute for Social Re earch at the Univer ity of Michigan under Ren i Likert; amuel A. touffer' Laboratory of Social Relation at Harvard; Kurt Lewin's Re earch Center for Group Dynamic at the, Univer it of Michigan (originally at the Ma sachu ett In titute of Technology); and the Bureau of Applied Social Re-earch at Columbia under Paul F. Lazar feld and

Robert K. Merton. It wa an epi ode that tand a a landmark in the intellectual hi tory of American foundation and it urel helped the then young a-

VOL 1E 37, 1BER 2/3

tional Science Foundation find orne clue about a funding trategy for the ocial cience.2

It wa the foundation that eized the idea of u ing the ocial cience to help break down the national i olation of the American univer itie . The principal vehicle wa the de elopment of "area studie ." For about 20 year, from 1946 to 1966, foundation up­port poured into re earch center focu ed on Africa, A ia, Ea tern Europe, Latin America, the ear and Middle Ea t, the U .S.S.R., We tern Europe, and even

orth America. It wa an academic perturbation that fit with the time and wa al 0 reinforced by a flow of fund from everal federal government agencie ....

The effort to internationalize the American univer-ity demon trated the foundation 'willingnes and

capacity to pu h ocial cienti t into new and un­familiar a ociation with one another. Clearly one of the hallmark of the foundations' po twar involve­ment with the ocial cience ha been their focu on interdisciplinary re earch and teaching. Whether the ubject ha been Soviet tudie , urban tudie , povert tudie , or women' tudie, whether it ha been the

evaluation of public policy, the exploration of the effect of technological change, re earch about the effect of violence on TV, or the litigiou ociety, the prevailing foundation mode in the po twar year ha been to tr to round up group of ocial cienti t of variou per uasions for a multidisciplinary effort. They have not changed the ba ic monodisciplinar norm of ocial cience re earch, but they have tried-again and again.

The preference for economics

Of all of the ocial cience di ciplines, the foun­dation have hown a clear preference for economic . Thi choice wa di cernible in the prewar period and wa u tained throughout the po twar period. Al­though the Rockefeller Foundation tried in the 1950 and early 1960 to tre work on political theory and Ru ell Sage tayed with it ociological targets, the lure of economic' po ible payoffs for a troubled economy, combined with the di cernible methodol­ogy and the potential rigor of economic analy i , made it the favored object of foundation attention. The bloom on thi intellectual ro e may have begun to

2 For a description of this episode written b the former director of the program in the behavioral science at the Ford Foundation, see Bernard Herel on, "Behavioral Science ," in David L. ill, editor, International ETIC)'ClofJtdia of the Social cierlct. ew York: Free Pre and Macmillan, 196 , Volume 2, page 41-45.

SEPTE 18ER 1983

fade in recent year, but more fundamental change will have to occur in the foundation' perception of the social cience before the anthropologi t , hi to­rian , and ociologi ts pu h the economi t to the foot of the philanthropical table.

For tho e who ee a proper role of foundation to be a counterbalance or an alternative to government upport, the ca e of economics may eem confu ing.

Since the ational Science Foundation accepted the ocial cience, it aloha given a clear edge to eco­

nomic and it related field : deci ion theory, location analy i , and evaluation re earch. A Table 2 how, the same ha been true for the government a a whole. But the foundation have not dropped their intere t in economic. They did, however, take a hard look at the way that government fund were allocated to economic re earch. Then mo t of the foundation dropped upport of econometric, large y tern modeling, major data et, and even orne theor de­velopment. The e field became the territory of SF; the foundation took their money to other area In

the discipline, orne of which were noted earlier.

Table 2

Federal Support for the Social Sciences, 1967-83

Anthropology Economic Political cience Sociology

All federal National agencies (per unt)

6.4 59.4

3. 30.4

100.0

Science Foundation (per Ct1lt)

25.6 45. 11. 16.8

100.0

Source: Ftderal Fund for Rt tarch and Dtvtlopmt1tt, 1967-83, Washington, D.C.: ational ience Foundation, 1983, pages 2, 24, 28, 50.

The foundations and the growth of government support

At the macrolevel, the foundation have dealt un­teadily with the growth of government upport for ocial re earch. At different time, foundation ha e

dropped field when government entered them, col­laborated with government as a funding partner, upported cholar in their critical evaluation of gov­

ernment program, and, mo t recently, tepped in when government funding faltered. Filling in the gap left by federal budget cut was a recent, painful, and controversial activity of orne foundation . Some, on principle, have refu ed to "play the Admini tration's game"; other, most notably Ford, Rockefeller, and Sloan, moved wiftly to pre erve orne of the social

37

science' important data collection activitie .3 The e timely action may well turn out to be one of the foundation' greatest contribution to ocial science re earch in this decade.

... Have the foundation helped or hindered the di persion of ocial research funds? Here the evi­dence i a bit ketchy, but a listing of the recipients of foundation grant for ocial science re earch how, not urpri ingly, that the leading re earch univer itie and research in titution get the greate t hare of foundation dollar . A crude estimate uggest that the "top" 15 to 20 univer itie get about 50 per cent of the grant, 10 or 0 independent re earch institute ac­count for another 35 per cent, and the re t i pread among all the other place that harbor ocial eien­ti t . Thi degree of concentration i probably about the arne a it was 30 years ago.

Thi di tribution of grants for re earch i much more concentrated than that of grants for all other philanthropic activitie . Thi probably terns from the nature of the eientific enterprise; NSF u e the peer review sy tern and the foundation u e their own largely informal networks-but both embody the arne kind of people and the arne general criteria

for making choices.

Foundations as followers

... All foundation have "program intere ts" and some pur ue them aggre ively. Occasionally, the active pu h of foundations can be aid to have changed thing in an important way. In the realm of social research, I have mentioned area studie and ba ic research in the behavioral eiences as fields in which the foundation played an active and promo­tional role-with la ting effects. But we should also note that the wave of foundation enthusia m for urban studie and the heavy-handed efforts to peed up doctoral training in the social eiences produced little change. The foundations may well be change agents in many of the field in which they work, but in the world of cholarship and re earch they have el­dom done more than give vi ibility and acceleration to ideas that have their own intrin ic merit and timeli­ne . At the margin, the foundations have nudged a few social cientists to work on thi or that peeific topic, but in the larger scene they have followed

3 A clear and scientificall per ua ive latement of the deci ion proce for choo ing among the victim of the budget cuts can be found in Albert Rees, "President' latement," Alfred P. loan Foundation, RtfJortfor 1982, page 1-3.

38

rather than led the nation' ocial and intellectual agenda. The po twar record also show that in re­earch upport the have often been very quick to

spot the direction they hould follow-and only lightl lower in deciding when the have been

wrong.

Support of "problem-solving" research

One of the important change in the foundations' role in the support of ocial re earch tern from a growing conviction among foundation leader that ocial eienti t hould be viewed primarily a in tru­

ment for dealing with complex ocial i ue. Unlike the ituation in the 1920s, 1930 ,and 1950 , when the foundation' upport was largely for ba ic re earch, foundation attention in the pa t two decade ha in­crea ingl focu ed on problem olving. Thu ,b 1964 the leading foundations were providing roughly equal amount for ba ic and applied re earch and by 1980 ba ic research wa getting Ie than a quarter of the total-and a large hare of that ba ic re earch upport wa from a ingle ource and for a ingle

di eipline: the Sloan Foundation, for the upport of economic.

In recent decade , foundation board and officer have become increa ingly intere ted in finding and demon trating way in which society can deal with certain peeific ocial problem . In thi etting, re-earch i upportable e entially as a prelude to ac­

tion. Thus, idea or data are ought a guide for action if one i concerned and want to do omething about i ues uch a teenage unemployment, ako­holi m, violence in the chools, under upport of amateur theatre, the ri e of ingle-i ue political ac­tion committee ,the hortage of day-care center for minority women worker , the growing threat from toxic wa te dispo aI, or whatever. For tho e who eek action, re earch aimed at the e targets i suppo ed to be comprehensive, per ua ive, and quick; it may also be eientifically valid, but not at the co t of being low, technically complex, or expen ive .

. . . What explain the Ie ening of the foundation ' infatuation with ba ic research in the social eience? Exaggerated claim , orne habby performer ,doubt about the prioritie in the social cienti t ' agenda, some impatience with the discovery proce ,and a growing recognition of the complexity of the whole bu ine have led orne of the foundation to con­clude that simply putting money in the hand of ocial eienti t may not be the an wer. So they have tried to

mix their own "common en e" with their money in a

VOLUME 37, N MBER 2/3

direct attack on the social problems at hand. Thi approach, a reliance on common sen e, i not an illogical respon e for institutions committed to ex­perimentation, innovation, and improving the human condition. One can only join in the hope that it will work, and if not, one also hope that the foundation that have tried that route will heed the word of one of their own leaders:

Social scienti t have a role in the modem world rather like theologian had in the pa t. They are the intellectualizer of wide pread belief the eldom originate; rather, they clarify, criticize, and hape them into articulate doctrine. There i a weighty en e of being ultimate authoritie ,of aying "Yea" or .. ay," out of discjpli~d inv~ tigation, to what other merely opine or want to believe.·

An assessment

What, in ummary, can we ay about the role of the foundations in the development of po twar ocial ci­ence re earch? Since 1945, the foundation have spent a bit over one billion dollar on ocial re earch of one kind or another-a lot of money from only a dozen or so institutions. But the federal government spent that much on social cience re earch in the two year 1980 and 1981. That is one part of the story: the foundations, which u ed to be the main funders of ocial cience re earch, have been dwarfed by the

government's outlays. The foundations in this period fo tered research in everal critical field ,with la ting effect on the ocial cience ; in other fields, u ing the arne amount of money, they changed nothing. Over

the 35 year they have gradually hifted their upport from basic to applied research, from building the cience to using them, and from methodology to

multidi ciplinary projects. They have continued to put most of their money into a handful of institution and to follow the lead of scholars or public commen­tators in deciding how to allocate their social re earch in pite of eroded endowments and competing foun­dation interests-and they have remained supporters of the social ciences in the face of Jo eph McCarthy, the Reece Committee, Senator Proxmire, and David Stockman. All in all, a fairly decent performance.D

• Franci X. SUllon, "Rationality, Development, and Schol­arship," Items, 36(4), December 1982, page 50. Italics added. Text of an addre presented to the Council' Area Assembly on Octo­ber 29, 1982.

SEPTEMBER 1983

THE ATIO AL SCIENCE FOU DATIO A D THE SOCIAL SCIE CES

by Henry W. Rieckert

Mr. Rieckert, a social p 'clwlogist, served as an associate director of the National Science F O"undation from 1958 to 1966. He was a vice pre ident of the Social Science Re earch CO"Uncil from 1966 to 1968 and he was pre ident from 1968 to 1971. He is currently a profe or of ocial cfences at the University of Pennsylvania Medical School.

•.. THE RE EARCH GRANT AND TRAINING PROGRAM

of the ational Science Foundation have had a sub-tantial influence on the growth of the social and

behavioral cience in the United State over the la t three decade . The policie guiding the selection of re earch to be supported reflect a view of ocial ci­ence that i epistemologically and methodologically congruent with the po ition of the phy ical and biological ciences. In thi sen e, the influence of NSF ha nurtured a cience that is po itivi tic, empirical (as ocial cientists u e thi term), quantitative, analytic,

value-neutral, and fundamental or basic in orienta­tion .... By and large, for ucce ful SF grantee , "ocial cience research" means experiment, field studie ,or the quantitative analysi of archival data to te t an hypothesi about orne ba ic ocial, economic, political, or other behavioral proce . This i also the dominant form of contemporary, academic ocial ci­ence, but it does exclude much of the applied social re earch in which other government agencies invest heavily. It also excludes some kinds of studies that would be seen a "relevant" by social critics, reform­er , and activi t .

The formative years

The SF program in ocial cience took a po itivi -tic, academic, non ideological form becau e of the cir­cum tances in which it was born, the influence that uITounded it during its formative years, and the

cautious, perhaps prudent tactics of tho e who nur­tured it-its parents, guides, philosopher, and friend, 0 to peak. (I count my elf among them, 0 I speak from a vantage point that i both intimate and biased). These trategies were constrained by two principal considerations: a respect for the original congre sional mandate that NSF support basic rather than applied research and a deeply-held belief that improvement in method and technique were the sine qua non of a genuine social science. . .. These two

39

con traints defined a strategy for social cience at the Foundation.

... The trategy of gaining entry was built around the idea that re earch on human behavior and societal proce es ha the arne fundamental cientific char­acter a the phy ical and biological ciences. The 0-

cial ciences are relatively backward, the argument continues, becau e their subject matter is even Ie tractable, they had been late in emerging from peculative and moral philo ophy, and they suffered

as well from a hortage of per onnel and funds. It was e entially a trategy of protective coloration, of ally­ing one' cau e with tronger other ,a trategy that ha been u ed by countle minorities and other underdogs to ecure a hare of power and position. It wa not ea y to make thi argument convincingly. Social cience suffered from being indistinguishable, in the popular under tanding, from ocial work, so­cial philo ophy, ocial tudie, and ocialism. In the era when SF was being planned, the popular media were wont to hang the title "sociologi t" on anyone who expre ed a coherent thought about penal prac­tice ; and you could earn the label "economi t" imply by foreca ting tock market prices.

Suspicion of the social sciences

In these early year, the social ciences were uspect in the mind of many phy ical and biological cien­ti t . During the congre sional debate on the found­ing of SF, for example, prominent cienti t like I. I. Rabi (physic , Columbia) warned the Congre that federal upport for ocial cienti ts might "strengthen a preconceived point of view or a particular opinion" ince "most of the things or many of the thing which

a ocial cienti t ha to say are con trover ial in na­ture," wherea the arne is not true of physical cience " imply becau e it i quite objective." Rabi explicitly expre ed the concern that the work of social cien­ti t could reflect di credit on the whole Foundation. Equally dim view of ocial cience were taken by the then president of the American Medical As ociation; by John Dewey' nephew, the then pre ident of the American Chemical ociety; and by representatives of a couple of engineering ocietie . On the other hand, there was firm support for the inclu ion of ocial cience from the ecretarie of Commerce (Henry

Wallace) and Interior (Harold Icke ) and from Gen­eral Magruder, director of OSS, speaking on behalf of the War Department. President Truman and Senators Magnu on, Kilgore, and Fulbright all fa­vored inclu ion, but their view met with the oppo i-

40

tion of enator like Hart, E. C. John on, Willis, and Smith, a former Princeton lecturer in political cience-who read" ociali m" when they aw" ociol-

ogy" and "social reform" when the text was" ocial cience." Fulbright tried to set the enate debate traight when he explained to Johnson that social cience i not the same as ociali m or " orne form of ocial philo ophy."

In the end, a compromi e was reached in the framing of the SF legi lation. The Foundation's ini­tial posture toward social cience was to be "permi -ive, not mandatory," a position that placed full di -

cretion in the hands of the NSF director and the National Science Board-the latter compo ed princi­pally, ometimes exclusively, of phy ical or biological cientists and engineers. ... In the early and mid-1950s, the climate of

opinion at NSF was anything but enthusiastic about a place for social cience. The resounding "maybe" that the Congres had uttered made the administration and the National Science Board cautious about exer­ci ing the option they had been granted to develop a ocial cience program and they were exquisitely en­itive to the po ibilitie of political embarra ment at

its hand.

The anticommunism of the 1950s

... An important influence upon SF was the anti­communist uproar of the 1950 , which attacked primar­ily the nation's intellectuals, academician , and other trouble makers who were u pected of " ubver ive activitie ," as the popular cant of the era had it. Social cienti ts felt especially vulnerable and were, in fact,

prominent target of accu ation . Suspicion and di -tru t of ocial re earch temmed from a vague but broadly-held view that per on profe ionally con­cerned with ocial affair were radical in their political outlook and doctrinaire in their advocacy of social change. Thi view was not wholly without a basi, for orne social cienti ts had inve tigated and reached

reasoned conclu ions on uch matter as racial egre­gation, equality of educational opportunity, civil libertie , anti emitism, and industrial employment practice . Their conclu ions often clashed with the conservative majority view which then attributed a "radical agitator" character to all ocial cientists. The re istance to ocial change which characterized the 1950 , and which wa originally perhap only weari­nes of turmoil, became linked to the powerful paranoia of anticommuni m.

VOL ME 37, UMBER 2/3

The adoption of the natural science model

. Terminological confu ion, the modicum of validity 10 the con ervative view of ocial cience, and the perva ive atmo phere of a witch hunt combined to make public official very nervou about social ci­~nce. Their anxiety inhibited their making refined Judgment . It al 0 et a ta k forthe manager · of ocial

cience re earch at SF; namely, to find ways to dif­ferentiate ocial cience, particularly ba ic research in social cience, from all the thing with which it wa being confu ed. The solution cho en was to empha-ize the imilaritie between ocial and "natural" ci­

ence by focu ing on method of inquiry. By a erting and demon trating the fundamental methodological corre pondence , it wa hoped, the social cientific enterpri e would be recognized for what it wa and would be admitted a a full-fledged member of the

ational Science Foundation's list of acceptable ubject . ... Thi wa the gene is of the SF po ture in

ocial cience and these were the force that gave it a po itivi tic, quantitative, analytical, and nonideologi­cal hape. Ha thi po ture been ucce sful? Ha it achieved its objectives; namely, to strengthen the ci­entific capacity of the social and behavioral science and to ecure their po ition in the ational Science Foundation (and, thereby, their place in a national pol.icy for science)? The answer to both que tion i , I belIeve, affirmative, but the achievement has been in some re pect limited. Let me explain.

Methodological and substantive accomplishments

In re pect to the fir t objective, the trengthening of the ocial and behavioral cience them elve there i fortunately available orne new evidence fr~m the late.t in a long eries of report by variou cholarly bodle that a e the achievement and the contribu­tion of these di cipline . It i the 1982 report of an

ASI RC Committee on Ba ic Re earch in the Be­ha.vioral and Social Sciences. 1 Like it predece ors, thl report puts forward ocial cience' best foot de cribing the everal di cipline it include ,a ertin~ their claims to cientific tatu, and Ii ting their ac­compli hment . Like it predece ors, the report cite accompli hment that empha ize method and tech-

I Robert McC. Adam, eil J. mel er, and Donald J. Treiman, editors, Behavioral and ocial cience Research: A National Resourct. Part I. Wa hington, D.C.: ational Academ Pre ,19 2.

EPTEMBER 1983

nique for gathering quantitative data and for analyzing it objectively. A glance at the Ii t of accom­pli hment i in tructive. T~e 1982 Academy report highlight two general

bodl~ o~ ~ethod: fir t, ample urvey for polling pubbc opIniOn, e umating the di tribution of behavior in a population, and mea uring ocial or economic trend over time; and, econd, tandardized te t for a e ing abilitie , aptitude , and per onal charac­teri tic uch a intelligence, dexterity, and vocational intere t . The e two bodie of method have been claimed and lauded in mo t other report on the ocial cience a well. Beyond that, however, the 1982

report wa able to claim a ub tantial number of con­tribution that had come along during the la t three decades when the ocial cience program at SF wa maturing: economic modelling and forecasting; the ~ e of organizational analy is to inform managerial Judgment and to under tand orne unde irable con-

equence of tight managerial control; the application of location theor to identif "negative externalitie " in iting deci ion for manufacturing and ervice facilitie ; and the rapid growth in the application of a variety of ocial cientific method to the evaluation of education, training, welfare, and other kind of gov­ernment program. Be ide the e application, the

ASI RC report de cribe progre in all of the 0-

cial a~d behavioral field , but nominate for pecial attention a number of ba ic area where under tand­ing ha been growing lately: electoral voting, behavior bearing on per onal health, p ychological treatment of (omatic) illne ,operation re earch and pro­gramming, information proce ing, the prehi toric origin of agriculture, cognitive development in in­fancy, ocial choice theory, human origin, and the ocial behavior of primate , among others. Ad­

ditionally, the report make the point that much of the progress in the social cience con i t of for­~ulating. new way of thinking about old problem , mtroducmg new per pective that change "the defi­nition of the ituation," and gradually adding bit of factual information that have the arne effect. The e ubtle but significant change creep into popular

thinking and gradually become "what ever body know" rather than cientific knowledge a uch.

It would require a more detailed and ophi ticated analy i to ub tantiate a claim that SF upport had been re pon ible for these developments, but even a c~ ua~ in pection of the topics and the inve tigators Cited 10 the report confirm the impre ion of a ub­. tanti~l overlap with the project and the principal lOve ugator on the SF grant list. Certainly, there i a clo e corre pondence between the Ii t of reported

41

contribution and the genre of ocial cience re earch the Foundation ha upported.

An uneasy position in the national science program

A to the econd objective, a ecure place in the national cience program, it i more difficult to be confident. The 1981 budget cri i , which would have reduced NSF funding by 75 per cent, ha been the mo t eriou threat to the ocial cience' hard-won po ition, but there have been other ign that ought to alert ocial cientist to the per i tent need for pro­tecting their enterpri e from unwarranted critici m and politically-motivated attack.

One uch ign i title ridicule. When behavioral ci­enlist inquire into certain kind of fundamental top­ic , their re earch i indicted a the frivolou ex­penditure of public fund on u ele , pointle re earch. A favorite port of the legislative aide who eek publicity for hi rna ter i citing title of grant

and ridiculing their uppo ed content in the Con­gre ional Record.

· .. A econd quarter from which the attack on ocial cience re earch comes i the guardian of pub­

lic morality who look upon orne kind of ocial ci­ence research a dangerou or, at lea t, prejudicial to good order. Particularly vulnerable are report of cro -cultural re earch that di play life tyle, atti­tude , and moral tandard that differ from middle­cla American one, but without condemning the alien.

· . . When ocial cienti t turn their attention from ba ic re earch to applying their method of inquiry to current ocial i ue, a different indictment i drawn up, albeit an old one; namely, they are not acting a cienti t but a protagoni t for a particular, pre­

determined point of view. Thi accu alion fall mo t ea ily from the mouth of lawyer, it eem, who e per i tent immer ion in the adver arial proce eem to heighten their u picion of hidden motive.

· . . Let me be clear that I do not deny all the e allegation flatly. There are ideologue in the ran k of ocial cienti t ,a well a individual who look upon ocial cience as the impetu to ethical and moral

judgment about society and a a tool and guide for ocial reform. Some inve tigator are concerned with

42

preciou or trivial topics, and orne social cience re-earch genuinely doe raise que tion , usually legiti­

mate and intere ting ones, about the convention of our ociety. In thi re pect, ocial cience re earch can be up etting, although it can hardly be con idered ubver ive.

Indeed, the va t body of ocial cientific re earch goe about it busine s a any other cience does-tudying what the discipline considers significant

problem by the pain taking collection of reliable data and it analy i , guided by hypothese that are ex­plicit, through objective, replicable method, ubject to the crutiny of the inve tigator' peer. It eem to be very difficult to explain this posture to people outside the social ciences (and even to a few in ider ), but it i important to do 0, and it eems to require per i ten t effort.

One way in which this effort manife t it elf con­tructively i in the periodic preparation of report uch a the one ju t completed by AS/NRC. It i one

of half a dozen major attempts to explain the ocial cience i ued over the last two decades. 2 Such re­

port are neces ary accountings, rendered pe­riodically to tho e who are looking for new or ad­ditional reason to upport social cience re earch. They are, however, ba ically preachment to the al­ready converted, not effective with ocial cience' opponents, who have other objection and other rea­son for oppo ition.

Governmental upport for ocial cience re earch i grounded in political, not intellectual debate. The rea­son for oppo ing the upport of ocial cience are not ob cure. They pring from re i tance to change; from the unea ine arou ed by the research challenge to conventional wi dom; from u picion that social ci­ence re earch re ults are not well upported by evi­dence; from the fact that many re ults are con trover-ial, even among ocial cientist; and from the belief

that the ocial cience di ciplines are merely ideology masquerading a cience. If the e are the reason ,the problem of defending social cience i also political, not intellectual, and the battle must be fought with political a well as intellectual weapon . Furthermore, there seem to be no end in ight. 0

Z A u eful Ii t of these earlier report appears on page 5 of Adams et at.. op. cit.

VOL ME 37, MBER 2/3

.,

THE EFFECT OF SPO SORSHIP UPO SOCIAL SCIENCE RESEARCH

by Harvey Brooks

Mr. Brooks, a physicist, erved on the National Science Board from 1962 to 1974. A member of the National Academy of Sciences, Mr. Brooks was Gordon McKay pro­fe or of applied phy ic at Harvard Univer: ityfrom 1950 to 1975. Since 1975, he has been the Benjamin Peirce profes-or of technology and public policy.

SPON OR HIP HA MORE EFFECT on the ub tantive content and method of ocial cience re earch than it doe on natural cience research. Thi tern in part from difference , actual and perceived, in the rela­tion of the natural and ocial cience to public policy and policy maker . In the ocial cience, the concep­tual tructure of knowledge is more intimate! con­nected to the implicit ocial as umption and political preference of the variou actor in the policy making proce than is the ca e for the natural cience. The re earches of ocial cienti t lead to finding which rna que tion or upport basic a umption of variou public and politician about human behavior or human nature. Everyone is in hi own view to orne extent a ocial cience expert and i Ie willing to grant the objectivity and political neutrality of ocial cience finding than in the ca e of the natural ci­

ence . Society can never be a pure "object" becau e deci ion maker are part of it. Thu , upport for, and the direction of development of, the social ciences are more directly influenced by current ocial priorities and attitude than i the ca e with the natu­ral ciences.

The impact of the Cold War

The evolution of the social cience ha been heavily influenced by the fact that the cience up port y tern that developed in the United States after

World War II was primarily a byproduct of the Cold War. In the debate urrounding the creation of the National Science Foundation and in it annual budget ju tification after it wa in existence, it i triking how the theme of ba ic research and advanced cientific training a the underpinnings of America' military trength con tandy recur. Not only were recent re­

sults of basic research pre ented to Congres each year in terms of their pos ible applicability to military innovation (often in quite far-fetched argument ), but

EPTE ~BER 1983

the overall program of the Foundation wa con tantly defended for it contribution to the nation' upply of highly-trained manpower needed in the technological race with the monolithic communi t empire. One of the mo t effective document for eliciting congre -ional upport for SF' budget wa ichola De

Witt' tudy of Soviet cientific and technical man­power, pubJi hed in 1956. According to J. Merton England' hi tor of NSF,! the De Witt book made a profound impres ion on Congre man Albert Thoma of Texa , the forceful chairman of the ap­propnauon ubcommittee that over aw the N F ap­propriation each year in the Hou e. After reading the book, which howed that the Ru ian were overtak­ing and urpa ing the United State in the number of cientific and engineering graduate being pro­duced each year, Thoma i aid to have treated F budget reque t much more mpatheticall, and even pu hed NSF into a king for more mone for cience education programs, particularly for ummer

in titute for high chool cience teacher . Government upport for re earch wa thu viewed

largel through the len of the Cold War, and in thi climate it i not urpri ing that there wa little public con tituency for the ocial science . Although a few liberal legi lator , and a minority egment of the ci­ence community that wa lobbying for government upport of cience, did pu h for a social cience pro­

gram to help olve some of the ocial problem facing American oci~ty, particularly the problem of unem­ployment, thi view wa u ually a ociated with advo­cacy of a formula di tribution of re earch fund, in contravention to the merit principle being advocated by mo t of the cience e tabli hment. An influential con tituency in the cience community that might not have actively oppo ed the ocial cience became alienated, leaving the field to the con ervative . Many of the ph ical cienti t who were mo t influential in haping the SF also feared that an active ocial ci­

ence research program would produce a political backla h in Congre that would hurt the natural ci­ence a well.

The adoption of the natural science model

The period up to the mid-1960 wa aI 0 a period when it wa fa hionable to believe that development

1 J . Merton England, A Patron of Pure citnct . Wa hington, D.C.: ational Science Foundation. 19 2.

43

in the natural cience could be exploited to bypa many ocial and political problems. Alvin Weinberg and other popularized the notion of the "technical fix" which had the potential to cut the Gordian knot of many ocial and political conflict .2 It was not until much later, in the aftermath of the Vietnam War and the environmental movement, that the term "techni­cal fIX" acquired a pejorative connotation and began to be u ed to belittle propo ed technical olution to ocial problem . The rapid adoption of new eed va­

rietie b pea ant farmer in everal developing countrie wa frequently pointed to as an example of how new cientific idea could confound the pe -imi tic a e ment by ocial cienti t of the in-

grained con ervati m of peasant culture .3 . .

Thu ,a Henry W. Riecken ha documented 10 hi paper, "with little support from the communitie of natural cienti t and engineer ,the ational Science Board and much of the SF taff, tho e seeking a hare ~f the Foundation ' mall budget for the ocial

science had an uphill truggle."· Moreover, the fear of political backla h led to a re trictive and protective definition of ocial cience eligible for government pon or hip. In the word of one 1954 Board report,

social cience, to be eligible for SF upport," hould be methodologically rigorous, important for national welfare and defen e, convergent with the natural ci­ence , and characterized by objectivity, verifiability, and generalit ."5 The notion of "convergence" wi~h the natural cience is one which recur frequently 10

the debate over ocial cience upport in NSF. It mean not only following the quantitative methodologie of the natural sciences, but al 0

earching out topics where interaction with th~ s~b­ject matter of the natural cience would be a slgmfi­cant element. Thus, one of the earlie t nonnatural cience program in SF was the program in the

hi tory, philo ophy, and ociology of cience. Al­though work in thi area may have . lacked. the me~­odological rigor which was otherwi e de Irable, thl wa more than made up for by it clo e "convergence" with the natural cience.

% A. M. Weinberg, "Can Technology Replace Social Engineer­ing?" Bulletin of the Atomic cirotists. 22:4-8. December 1966.

3 W. D. Hopper, "Di tortion of Agricultural Development Re­ulting from Government Prohibition ." In T . W. Schultz, editor.

Distortions of AgricuLtural Incentives. Bloomington: Univer it of I ndiana Pres , 1978, page 69-7 .

4 England. op. cit., page 266. S England. ibid .• page 267.

44

The impact of operations research and systems analysis

One government program, not in NSF, which had a profound influence on the evolution of the social science was the development of operation re earch and y terns analy is for the purpo e of improving the choice and employment of new weapon y tern by the military. Thi i perhap the clas ic example .of how the idea of "convergence" influenced the oclal cience . The be t example i , of cour e, the Rand

Corporation, founded right after World ~ar II w.ith Air Force pon or hip and a grant of workmg capital from the Ford Foundation.8 In the beginning, Rand wa not at all an explicitly ocial cience enterprise. In ofar a it had an intellectual genealogy, it wa derived from the development of operation re-earch, largely by phy ici ts, a a new application of cientific mode of thought to determining the op­

timum tactical employment of weapon y tern. But Rand evolved rapidly as a major center for young social cienti t , particularly economi t , but broadening into other di cipline over time. Rand not only pawned a ho t of imitators, but it alumni began drifting into key po ition in academia, again par­ticularly in economic departments. In time, all the military "think tanks" broadened their cope, a~d began to appl their approache and method~logle to problems in the civil ector, for exam!>le 10 ~e management of urban ervice and of vanou octal service delivery systems. The high-water mark wa reached in the mid-1960 with the Great Society pro­grams. The Rand Corporation developed a branch, the ew York Cit Rand In titute, that contracted with the administration under Mayor Lind ay to perform analy e of New Yor~'s en:ice d~live~y problem and improve the effiCiency with which It

human and phy ical resource were being u ed.7 It wa a period of high hope for the ociety-wide appli­cation of the techniques of " y terns analy i " devel­oped in the strategic field. President Johnson at­tempted to introduce system analysis into the federal budget proce through the new cherne of Planning Programming Budgeting (PPB), modeled. aft~r the u e of ystems analysi for weapons plannmg 10 the Pentagon.8

• Bruce L. R. Smith, The Rand Corporation . Cambridge. Ma sa­chusett : Harvard Univer ity Pre ,1966.

7 The New Yorh City Rand Institute. Final Report 1969-1976. ew York: Rand Corporation, November 1977.

• David ovick. editor, Program Budgeting: Program A1Ullysis and the Federal Government. Cambridge, Ma achu etts: Harvard Uni­ver it Pre • 1965.

VOLUME 37, UMBER 2/3

The "big science" model

All of thi was not preci ely ocial cience, or even applied social cience, but it interacted increa ingly with the ocial ciences, and stimulated the introduc­tion of computer imulation and other quantitative and tati tical methods into the more ba ic ocial ci­ences. At the beginning of the 1970 , the Advanced Re earch Projects Agency of the Department of De­fen e propo ed a "megaproject" in the ocial cience known a the Cambridge Project.9 Conducted jointly by faculty and students at Harvard and the Mas achu-etts In titute of Technology, the purpo e of the

project wa to develop new method and oftware for handling and analyzing large amounts of ocial data, and to develop model data banks for such data to demon trate po sibilitie . The project was un­cia ified and not pecifically oriented to the practical requirements of the Department of Defen e­although it need for being able to handle large amount of data more efficiently was elf-evident. The project did go forward, after a good deal of con trover y generated in the Harvard and MIT communitie because of the Pentagon upport. Al­though valuable work wa done, I think it is fair to ay that the project did not produce a breakthrough in the capacity for handling large amount of ocial ci­ence data. everthele s, it is representative of the "big cience" model to which the ocial ciences a pired in

thi period.

The Great Society social experiments

The next tep in the same sequence of devel­opment was probably the serie of large-scale ocial experiments designed to explore the impact on em­ployment incentive of a "negative income tax," and imilar experiments to te thou ing voucher and chool voucher as alternatives for introducing

market-like mechanism into the admini tration of ocial program .10 The e expensive ocial engineering

t Harvey Brook . "The Federal Government and the Autonomy of holar hip." In Charle Frankel. editor. ControvtTsU and Dtci­ions: The Social citnct and Public Policy. ew York: Ru sell age Foundation. 1976. e pecially page 252-254 ; Faculty of Art and Science. Harvard Univer it y. RtfJort of the ubcommittuonRt tarch Policy on the Participation of tht Faculty of Arts and citnus in the Cambridgt Projtct. Cambridge. Ma achu ett : Harvard Univer ity Pre • December 1969.

10 Gene M. Lyon. editor. ocial cienct and Public Policit : Tht Dartmouth/OECD ConftTt1l.Ct . Hanover. New Hamp hire: The Public Affair Center. Dartmouth College. 1975. e peciall "Part II. Social Experiments." See also Henry W. Riecken et al.. Social Experimt1ltalion. ew York: Academic Pre • 1974.

EPTEMBER 1983

experiment were launched while the enthu ia m for the Great Society program wa till near it peak, although on the decline. To ome extent, the exper­imental approach was attempted becau e of a certain degree of di illusionment with the effect of full- cale ocial program introduced without pilot experiment

to explore their effects and to permit adju tment of the policy parameter in the light of uch exper­imentation. One could ay, however, that the very po ibility of uch ocial experiment derived from the capacity to collect and manipulate large amount of data that had been timulated by the earlier mili­tary and imilar program . Thu ,there eem to have been a di cernible intellectual genealogy extending from the original Rand idea to the u e of large- cale social experiments in de igning new ocial program . Unfortunately, the ocial experiment were omewhat di appointing from a policy point of view, becau e the contemplated ocial policie from which they had de­rived their motivation had run out of political team b the time the re ults of the experiment were avail­able, and a number of the que tion being addre ed by the experiments were ob olete from the point of view of the different et of political option then being considered.

Foreign area research and Project Camelot

Another area in which the Cold War and the Pen­tagon intere t in the social cience had an influence wa foreign area research . A Mar hall Robin on ha ob erve<!, the private foundation had tried to timu­late foreign area tudie in the 1950 . At the arne time, in the immediate po twar period the advice of ocial cienti t , including cultural anthropologi ts,

had been used by the military occupation in japan, and b the U.S. avy in tructuring the governance of the mandated Pacific I land . It i alleged that the deci ion to allow the japane e emperor to retain hi po ition after the urrender wa made on the advice of expert of japanese culture and ociety Y

When "counterinsurgency" became a priority mili­tary objective in the mid-1960 , the militar once again turned to the ocial cience for advice, leading to the ill-fated Project Camelot. Thi wa an Army-pon ored project, never fuUy implemented, who e

o ten ible purpo e wa to u e American ocial cien-

11 Harvey Brook. "Impact of the Defen e E tabli hment on Science and Education". Appendix E. page 931-962 in ational cienct Policy. Hearing Before the ubcommittee on ience.

Re arch and Development of the Committee on Science and A tronautics. U.S. House of Repre entative . 91 t Congre .2nd Se ion. July-September. 1970.

45

tists to study the social structure and politics of a number of Latin American countrie with a view to anticipating the ri e of social unrest and providing advice on the mo t effective u e of American policies and resources to prevent its giving rise to devel­opments adver e to our security interest. Although orne rather good foreign area research was done

under military spon or hip, Project Camelot itself was ill-designed and created very adver e political reac­tions both in the target nations and in the American ocial cience community.12

There eem little question that the interest of the private foundations in foreign area studie was influ­enced in part by the same motivations that later led the military to take an interest in such research. In­deed, there i a trong argument to be made for objective knowledge about the ociety and politics in part of the world where American political or mili­tary intervention might be undertaken in the future. The lack of such knowledge, or rather the lack of its communication to decision-making levels, was cer­tainly an important factor in the American fiasco in Vietnam, and the problems of U.S. intervention in foreign area with inadequate or just plain wrong information about the ociety and politic of the area till eem to be with us.

The radical critique

Attitude toward sponsor hip of the ocial sciences by government agencies eem to have come full circle. In the early postwar period, the social ciences and ocial scientist were seen as dangerous change

agent , regarded with deep suspicion by politicians, and by a goodly egment of the natural cience estab­lishment. During the late 1960 and early 1970 , the social ciences reached a peak of public and political optimi m about their capacity to guide peaceful and relatively noncontroversial" ocial engineering" on a large cale. Beginning in the late 1960s, and probably partly stimulated by the military intere t in and sup­port of the ocial ciences, a new radical critique of the ocial cience became popular, which identified them

not with social change and reform but with pre erv­ing the statu quo and existing power relation hip . The notion of a value-free ocial science, and the idea

I I Ibid. , page 952- 954; cf. also, Hearing Before the Committee on Foreign Relations, U.S. Senate, "Defense Department pon­sorship of Foreign Area Research", May 9, 1968, e pecially page 7, II, and 17. ee also 1 rving L. Horowitz, editor, The Rise and Fall of Project Camelot: Stwiie in the Rellztioruhip Between Social Science and Practical Politics. Revised edition . Cambridge, Ma sachusetts: MIT Pre , 1967.

46

that cholarship could be "neutral" or "impartial," came under severe attack. 13 It was maintained that the values of the exi ting di tribution of power and status in society are built into the underlying axiom of all the social cience disciplines, so that systematic ocial cience research, and particularly quantitative

studie , is inherently conservative. Even when the social sciences purport to deal with options for 0-

cial change, the e option are subtly circumscribed so that choices involving a ignificant change in the exi ting power tructure are never considered. Thu , government upport of the ocial cience in the postwar years began by being suspect because it was een as promoting dangerou ocial change, but came

to be su pect in the minds of many becau e it wa believed to be an in trument for retarding de irable social change. D

THE ROLE OF TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE IN SOCIAL SCIENCE RESEARCH

by F. Thomas Juster and Roberta Balstad Miller

Mr. Juster, an economist, served with the National Bureau of Economic Research from 1959 to 1973. Since 1973 he has been a professor of economics at the University of Michigan, where he is currently director of the Institute for Social Re earch.

Ms. Miller is identified on page 33.

THE TOPIC EXAMINED IN THI PAPER is the po twar intellectual change in the ocial cience that has re ulted from the interaction among advance in data analysis methods, data handling technologies, and in­crease in the quality and quantity of scientific ob er­vations. The advent of modern data handling technologies--from the earlie t Hollerith cards to the lightly more ophisticated counter- orters and the

far more radical multigenerations of computers--has permitted the social scientist to examine and manip­ulate vast amounts of quantitative data. Over the same period, statistical and analytic innovation pro­ceeded partly independently and partly in respon e to technology, providing new ources of information for the ocial scienti t, uch as the sample urvey, or providing more powerful methods to describe and compare ob ervation and measure of ocial phe­nomena. The increasing sophistication of bivariate and multivariate tatistics over the past 50 years and the more recent proliferation of iterative estimation

13 Alvin W. Gouldner, The Coming Crisis of Western Sociology. ew York: Ba ic Book , 1970.

VOL ME 37. NUMBERS 2/3

technique and non parametric taU uc are both il­lu trative of the increa ingly flexible analytic ar enal of the ocial cienti t. Innovation uch a the e made po ible-and in orne case promoted-rapid expan-ion in the quality and quantity of cientific ob erva­

tion . These developments also permitted and even en­

couraged broad ub tantive and epistemological change in the ocial cience in the decade following World War II. We argue here that the foundation for the blo oming of empirical, quantitative, neopo itivi t ocial cience have been pre ent ince the 19th century, but that it took the accelerating technological and tati tical advance of the pa t 5~60 year to permit their adaptation in nearly all area of ocial inquiry.

... The period after World War II aw the expan-ion and refinement of a number of orientation and

method of analy i in the tudy of ocial and behav­ioral pattern and proce e, more than can be di -cu ed here. There are impl too many discipline to examine over the cour e of thi time period and too many fruitful intellectual approache to explore. Al­though there were imilaritie acro the ocial cience di cipline in the adaptation of the new anal tic ap­proache permitted by the growing technological and tati tical ophi tication, there were also, at time, de­

cided difference . . .. In tead of attempting to urvey the topic in it

entirety, we focu our attention on development in two ocial cience di cipline . We de cribe briefl the prewar foundation of the behavioral revolution in political cience and try to how wh the po twar expan ion of quantitative anal i in that di cipline took place when it did. We then examine the relation-hip between the development of economic theory

and the uppl of economic data to ee how techno­logical capability and analytic proficiency have influ­enced the way that economi t develop, define, and te t theorie . We conclude that the pace of po twar advance in the technology of data handling, in the development of tati tical method for analyzing 0-

cial cience data, and in the upply of cientific ob er­vation have exerted a ignificant influence on the development of the e ocial cience . Our purpo e i not to delineate tho e interaction but to focu more harpl on their ub tantive and theoretical con e­

quence .... During the po twar period, the ocial cience have

been tran formed from a et of discipline that relied largely on ca ual, localized, or admini tratively oriented ob ervation to di cipline that have come to make effective u e of mas ive et of observation that

EPTEMBER 19 3

are defined by cientific concern . During thi arne period, we have seen a revolution in the computa­tional power available to the cientific community, which ha made it po ible for ocial cienti t to extract the alient cientific feature from the e ob­servation at moderate co t. The revolution in com­puting power ha not only reduced the co t of data analy i , but ha permitted type of analy e that would have been inconceivable a few decade ago.

The dramatic change in technology have both ad­vantage and di advantages. An advantage i that conceptually inappropriate or inadequate ob er a­tion have been replaced by hard cientific ob erva­tion . The ob ervational and analytic power thus made available has enriched the conceptual and theoretical tructure of the ocial cienti t, making orne theorie untenable and olidifying the parame­

ter e timate in a great many behavioral model . All thi ha made the social cience more rigorou , and more solidly grounded in empirical reality.

But the low co t of computing, coupled with the nece ary impreci ion of much theor in the social cience ,ha al 0 re ulted in a proliferation of empiri­

cal research that is Ie cu mulative than one would like. A related problem i a tendenc for re earcher to confu e idio yncracie in a particular et of data for cientific regularities.

Science move in ucce ive period of urge and con olidation. In the ocial cience , we may be at the beginning of a period where the combination of cheap and highly acce ible computing capacit and a growing tock of good cientific ob ervation will begin to generate increa ingly wide pread agreement about what i valid generalization, what i till uncer­tain, and what are the next tep.

The ea ie t part of thi prediction to verif i the increased power and low cost of computing capacit for complex data anal i. The co t of computation ha been declining in real term for everal decade , and the current proliferation of computing network promise to continue that trend. The u e of thi re­source for ocial cience data analy i has been ri ing at an a tonishing rate: in the Inter-Univer ity Con­sortium for Political and Social Re earch at the Uni­ver it of Michigan, for example, the demand for externally di tributed data tape ha ri en at a com­pound annual growth rate of almo t 35 per cent over the la t decade-almo t doubling every two year !

Whether this capacity for analy i will be matched by concomitant growth in high quality ob ervation and their u e in the development of appropriate con­cept and theories i more que tionable. It is hard to generalize about the latter. Although cience ha

47

seldom lacked for talented theorists, it i quite likely that the principal roadblock to cientific progre will be the lack of resource needed to generate appropri­ately powerful ets of observations-not a welcome me age in the resource-constrained world that we all inhabit. 0

COMMENTARY: THE ROLE PLAYED BY THE "NATIONAL STAFF" TO THE

SOCIAL SCIENCES

by Kenneth Prewitt

Mr. Prewitt, a poLiticaL scientist, has been president of the Council since 1979. Prior to joining the CounciL, he was a profe or of political science at the University of Chicago; from 1976 until 1979, he was also director of the National Opinion Re earch Center.

THE CONCEPT AS WELL A THE EXECUTION of this sympo ium is a welcome and instructive contribution to an in titutional history of the ocial sciences. It is a remarkably undeveloped history, unfortunately so, given the now accepted finding that cience i hi tori­cally conditioned. Robert K. Merton tated it well nearly 40 year ago: "The sociology of knowledge came into being with the signal hypothe is that even truth were to be held ocially accountable, were to be related to the historical ociety in which they emerged. '" De pite their critical role in establi hing the sociology and the history of science, the social science have been largely indifferent to their own historical development.

Thi indifference i especially apparent if we con­centrate on the range of issue brought to our atten­tion by the pre ent paper . How little we know about the hi tory and ociology of the national support sys­tem for the social ciences! We are, con equently, in debt to Roberta Miller for having organized the es-ion leading to these papers, and to the author for so

clearly laying before u the emergence of postwar pattern of funding and institutional arrangements in the social cience.

Lessons from the sociology of knowledge

In the fir t place, of cour e, these papers further confirm the sociology of knowledge hypothe i um­marized by Merton. The substance of ocial science i not to be gra ped without fir t under tanding the political and ocial context in which science emerges.

I Robert K. Merton, "Paradigm for the Sociology of Knowl­edge," in Robert K. Merton, The Sociology of cience: Theorttical and Empirical [nvt tigatio,lS. University of Chicago Pre , 1973, page 11. Fir t publi hed in 1945.

48

The context outlined in the present papers includes the long- tanding reluctance of natural scientists to admit social cienti t into national policy circles; the cientific consequence of social science funding

being a re pon ibility of federal agencie that are dominated by natural cienti ts; the hifting priorities of private foundation board; the impact of the Cold War upon governmental prioritie; and secular change in research technologie . In each instance, we can trace the influence of context on ub tantive theme and analytic approaches, a particularly well­described in Harvey Brook 'contribution to thi ym­po ium.

On thi larger sociology of knowledge hypothesis, linking sub tance with context, the papers speak for themselve and need no additional comment. How­ever, there is one theme which strikes this commen­tator as Ie s developed than is warranted: the special and enduring role of what can be called a "national taff" to the social cience. Becau e most of

the author have been and in some case till are part of this staff, they perhap are too close to the phe­nomenon to see its full importance, or too modest to give it due weight.

Who is on the "national staff?" The "national staff" of which I speak is not of

course a formal entity. It i a 100 e network including person uch as the following: the executive taffs of the social cience a sociations; the profes ional staffs of the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences, the National Bureau of Economic Research, the Social Science Research Council, and the social science taff of the National Research Council; the re earch director and administrators of national in-titutes uch a the Rand Corporation, the National

Opinion Re earch Center, and the Institute for Social Research. It also include profe ionals in the funding agencie ,such a the social science program officers at the National Science Foundation and the National In titute of Health and the relevant program officers of tho e private foundation that upport the social science.

Thi i not an exhau tive enumeration. Nor i it very precise, mixing as it does the private and the public sector; member hip a sociation and pe­cialized foundation ; taff who report to boards com­po ed primarily of social scienti t and tho e who report to more heterogeneous boards. These distinc­tions are important, but for present purpo e will have to be glo ed over. Here it i nece ary only to e tablish that there is something which can be de­scribed a a "national staff" to the social ciences,

VOL ME 37, N MBER 2/3

keeping in mind that thi i a 100 e and informal network, not an organized group.

Functions of the "national staff"

The hi tory recounted in the paper under di u­ion de cribe long-term ecular hifts in the geo­

graphic location, the in titutional home, and the operating tyle of thi national staff. In location, the hift i from a ew York dominance to much more

regional diver ification, taking into account not only the po twar emergence of Wa hington, D.C.-ba ed organization (the ational Science Foundation, the

ational Re earch Council, the ational In titute of Mental Health, and, more recently, the Consortium of Social Science As ociations) but also important na­tional in titution located in Ann Arbor, Cambridge, Chicago, Palo Alto. In in titutional home, the hift i from an exclusively private ector network to includ­ing major government in titution , e pecially of cour e the ational cience Foundation. In operating t Ie, the hift can be illu trated b contra ting the

somewhat free-wheeling activitie Mar hall Robin on de cribe in the early ear of the Laura pelman Rockefeller Memorial with the more bureaucratic and prudent approach Henry W. Riecken a ociate with the emergence of the ocial cience program in the

ational Science Foundation. Each of the e i of cour e a hift only in empha i. ew York remain important, a doe the t Ie long a sociated with the private foundation located there. But the hifts are real, and by altering the compo ition and function of what I have called the "national taff," the have had a continuing influence on the ocial cience.

The Ju ter- Miller paper, for example, lead u to con ider the importance of per on who manage the large- cale, multiple-u er resource in the social ci­ence . In the po twar period, the ocial ciences have had orne triking ucce in finding vi ionarie for uch role, not lea t among them being Ju ter' pred­

ece or at the In titute for Social Re earch, Ren i Likert and Angu Campbell. The ocial cience, however, till have a long way to go in e tabli hing the in titutional arrangement which will in ure that na­tional re earch and training opportunitie are ade­quately planned and coordinated. The kind of initia­tive needed are illu trated by the e tabli hment of national advi ory panel to urve organization that produce large data et. That thi initiative occurred under prodding from the ational Science Founda­tion, e peciall the program led by Murray Aborn, bear out the argument of thi commentar . The ub-tantive tran formation outlined in the Juster-Miller

EPTEMBER 19 3

paper i embedded in initiative being managed b person who ee them elve ,correctl so, a taff to a large communit of ocial cience re earcher .

The Riecken and Brook paper further illu trate the role of program officer of the ational Science Foundation. They have erved a a vi ible, elf­consciou pre ence of the ocial science in the na­tional cience-politic arena, for which the probably hould receive battle pay. The re earcher who view

the F taff only a grant admini trator mi e much that i important. For the way in which the e grant are admini tered influence more than the life of the researcher. Irre pecti e of one' po ition on the po itivi t bia within the F ocial cience program, a de cribed by Riecken, only the mo t hort- ighted cholar would fail to recognize and applaud the F taff for teadfa tly holding to the principle of peer

review, of quality criteria, of cumulative knowledge, and of the right of the ocial cience to a place in the

ational Science Foundation. The e principle and practice have an influence far be ond the particular guideline determining grant allocation .

Mar hall Robin on' paper add till another dimen ion to our under tanding of the role of a na­tional taff to the ocial cience . For in tance, taff in private foundation enjoy a high degree of anonymity and con equentl of autonomy. Com­pared to the clo e attention given to the federal agen­cie, ub tantial hifts in the direction and even level of funding among private foundation go relatively unnoticed by the research community. Moreover, the ocial cience program officer in private foundation

generally are more accountable to board compo ed of non ocial cienti t than to the larger peer commu­nity of ocial cience re earcher , which help explain the re ponsivene to non cientific criteria in pro­gramming. Robin on i correct to point out the ad­vantage in flexibility a well a the di advantage in funding di continuit thi arrangement of autonomy-accountability promote.

Many additional ob er ation are timulated b thi collection of paper, but the foregoing will uffice to illu trate the more general point. One dimen ion of the po twar tran formation of the social cience ha been a hift in the location, in titutional home, and operating tyle of a national taff to the social ci­ence . In thi hift we can detect element of influence on the intellectual and in titutional life of the social cience . The e influence hould not be exaggerated;

neither hould they be ignored. The paper in thi ympo ium identify major i ue that will graduall

become part of the hi torical cholar hip in and about the social cience. 0

49

Activities of the Joint Area Committees

New Support for Dissertation Fellowships from the Hewlett Foundation

The Council i pleased to announce that it ha received a grant in the amount of 2,012,500 from the William and Flora Hewlett Foundation for five-ear upport of the Interna­tional Doctoral Research Fellow hip Program. Thi program i admini­tered by the foreign area committee that are pon ored jointl b the Council and the American Council of Learned Societie .

A recent decline in the funding for these international di ertation re-earch award had threatened the

continuation of the Program. The new grant from the Hewlett Foundation will enable the joint committee to maintain the uppl of doctoral candi­dates in the social science and the humanitie who have had interna­tional research experience.

Thi year, with the a i tance of the Hewlett grant, 53 doctoral candidate were awarded fellow hip for di serta­tion research in Africa, A ia, Latin America and the Caribbean, the ear and Middle East, and We tern Europe. The name and topics of the new fel­low are Ii ted on page 61)-67.

African Studies The Joint Committee on African

tudie continue to commi ion paper that review the tate of theor and re­search on particular topics for presenta­tion at pecial se ion during the annual meeting of the African tudie Associa­tion . A review paper for the 19 2 meeting of the A ociation prepared by Paul Richard, Universit College, London, on "Ecological Change and the Politic of Af­rican Land U e," ha been pubJi hed, to­gether with a critical commentary by Michael J. Watt, University of California, Berkele ,a a pecial i ue of the African tudi~ Rroiew. For the 19 3 meeting of the Associa­

tion, which i being held December 7-11, 19 3, in Bo ton, review papers have been comm' ioned on two topics: "The Agrar­ian Cri i in Africa," by Sara S. Berry,

50

Bo ton Universit ; and "Labor and Labor Hi tory in Africa," b William Freund, Harvard Univer it . The topi of future review paper include The Social tudyof Health in Africa; African Philosophy; Cia , Ethnicity, and ationali m; Lit­erature and Oral Tradition ; The Person and the ufe C 'cle in African Social ufe and Thought; The Vi ual Art; and Comparative Religiou Movement.

The class base of nationalism. The com­mittee ponsored a work hop in Min­neapoli ,May 27-29, 19 3, to rea e the social base of nationali m in Angola, Guinea-Bi au, and Mozambique. Exi t­ing tudie tend to focu on ethnic, re­gional, religiou , and racial factors in the development of nationali t movement and the armed truggle they waged. Thi work hop brought together cholars who have undertaken research in contempo­rary Angola, Guinea-Bi sau, and Mozam­bique to con ider the complex and varied way in which cIa factor affected the hi torical development of the liberation movement . The work hop, which wa organized b Allen F. I aacman, Univer-ity of Minnesota, chair of the committee,

clarified debate in the literature con­cerning the social ba e of nationali t movement and attempted to draw out their implication for future research.

The members of the Joint Committee on African tudie for 19 ~84 in addi­tion to Mr. I sacman are Jane I. Gu er, Harvard Univer ity; Bennetta W. Jule -Ro ette, Univer ity of California, San Diego; Fa il G. Kiro ,Addi Ababa Un i­ver ity; Thandika Mkandawire, Zim­babwe In titute of Development Studie ; V. Y. Mudimbe, Haverford College; P. Anyang' ong'o, EI Colegio de Mexico; Harold Scheub, University of Wiscon in; and Michael J . Watt, Univer ity of California, Berkele . Martha A. Gephart serve a stafr:

Indochina Studies Program The Joint Committee on Southea t A ia

i sponsoring a new Indochina Studie Program. The program i de igned to en­courage and upport research, writing, and the archiving of material on Cam­bodia, Laos, and Vietnam, drawing on the knowledge and experience of the ref-

ugee who have left these three countrie ince 1975, and who are now re iding in orth America. The refugee presently in the United

tate and Canada represent nearly ever· social cia ; ethnic and language group; cultural tradition; economic, profe-ion ai, and occupational background;

political orientation; religiou persua ion; and geographical locale in Cambodia, La ,and Vietnam. As uch, the con ti­tute a rich resource for con tructing ac­count of the social, political, economic, cultural, and arti tic tradition ,proce and in titution ,a well a the live of particular individual , in the recent hi -tory of the three countrie .

The Indochina tudie Program will ponsor an annual grant competition

open to re archers, writer, journali t , arti t , and other profes ional and indi­vidual . Recipient will be expected to produce a written product that will con­tribute to understanding the three coun­trie ,or the live of pecific people within them. Individual applicant mu t be re i­dent of the United State or Canada. Joint project involving one or more

orth Ameri an scholar and one or more refugee are encouraged. In the ca , at lea t one of the applicants mu t be a re ident of orth America. The pro­gram will a i t grantee to obtain an aca­demic affiliation for the period of the award.

Projects rna be based on life hi torie ; personal memoirs; focu ed interview; studie of particular group; or the re­cording and analy i of oral, ritual, per­formance, and other arti tic tradition or written literature. pecificall excluded are projects concerned with the American experience in Indochina, and the experi­ence of Indochinese refugee in orth America. Grantee will be expected to place project material in a elected ar­chive to help a ure their availabilit for other in the future.

Grant may be hort-term, or for up to a much a 12 month. Projects hould be de igned to be completed within a ingle year. Skill in the relevant language( ) will be a major criterion in the election pro­ce . tipend may include full-time or part-time maintenance, e ntial travel and research expense, a well a ummer language training or refre her course in Hmong, Khmer, Lao, or Vietnamese.

VOL ME 37, N MBER 2/3

upplemental funding for archival pur­po e will be con idered. In exceptional case ,award may be renewed for a ec­ond ear, and upport may be provided for a full year of language training in Khmer or Lao if in preparation for a ub­sequent research and writing project. The maximum award for any project will be

25,000. Person intere ted in applying hould

ubmit a two to three page letter in Engli h describing: (1) the nature and ignificance of the propo ed project; (2)

the kind of material and method to be utilized (if po ible, including a brief sample); (3) their qualification for con­ducting the project; and (4) a preliminary timetable and budget. ubject to final funding arrangement, application form and related material will be di tributed b December I, 1983 to all individual who project appear to meet program criteria. Application mu t be completed in Engli h and returned to the program by February I, 19 4. Award will be an­nounced on April I, 19 4 and may be initiated at any point within the year fol­lowing that date. Grantee will be invited to participate in a methodological work-hop hortly after the award have been

announced. The Indochina Studie Program i

being admini tered by the Council and directed b a committee of nationally rec­ognized cholar of Cambodia, Lao , and Vietnam. For application material or other inquirie, end the information re­que ted above to the Indochina tudie Program at the Council.

Soviet Studies In January 19 3, acting on the recom­

mendation of a number of cholar in the field, the American Council of Learned Societie and the Social Science Research Council recon tituted a Joint Committee on Soviet Studies. The new committee i in many way a uccessor to the Joint Committee on Slavic tudie, which played a leading role in the devel­opment of the field from 1948 to 1971. With the dissolution of thi committee in 1971 and the appointment of eparate committee for the Soviet Union and Ea tern Europe, the function of the Joint Committee on Soviet Studie (1971-77) were reduced to admini tering a program of po tdoctoral grant . Since 1977, when

SEPTEMBER 1983

a lack of fund brought the committee' exi tence to an end, Soviet tudie have not been represented in the network of area committee ponsored by the two Council .

At a time of both crisis and renewal in the field, the recon titution of the Joint Committee on Soviet Studie i not only a hopeful indicator of revived attention paid to Soviet tudie but also a promi ing opportunity to addre fundamental unmet need . The choice of the commit­tee' name hould not obscure the fact that its concern are not confined to the period ince 1917; rather, they encom­pa the hi tory and culture of the entire region now compri ing the Soviet Union. The mandate of the committee i to con­cern itself with field development in it broade tense. It plan to devote seriou attention to critical problems of training and research, including the recruitment of talented people into the field; to the trengthening of graduate and po tdoc­

toral training, particularly in discipline which have been neglected to date; to the timulation of re earch on promi ing

theme and by novel approache ; and to the y tematic improvement of the acqui-ition and indexing of material in the

field, including the application of new technologie . It i hoped that these activi­tie will contribute to a new ense of in­tellectual excitement in and about the field.

The committee plan to work closely with and complement the activitie of other important national organization , including the American A sociation for the Advancement of Slavic tudie (AAASS), the International Research and Exchange Board (IREX), and the a­tional Council for Soviet and Ea t Euro­pean Research.

In ome area, the committee will seek to identify priori tie and develop initia­tive of it own to addre key problem ; in other, it hope to timulate and en­courage other cholar to undertake needed new program . Over time, it hope to attract ufficient funding to upport these effort . The committee is not now in a po ition

to con ider individual application for re­search upport. Its members would, how­ever, welcome ugge tions concerning both need and lacunae in the field a a whole and way and mean of addre ing them.

The 19 3-84 member of the commit­tee are Gail War hot: ky Lapidu , Univer­ity of California, 8erkele ,chair; Joseph

Berliner, Brandei University; Seweryn Bialer, Columbia Univer it ; Katerina Clark, Indiana Univer ity; tephen F. Cohen, Princeton Univer it ; Donald Fanger, Harvard University; Edward L. Keenan, Harvard Univer ity; Robert Legvold, Council on Foreign Relation ( ew York); Herbert Levine, Univer ity of Penn ylvania; and Leon Lipson, Vale Univer ity. Sophie Sa erve as taff.

Economic and ethnohistory of the Andes

Under the au pice of the Joint Com­mittee on Latin American Studie, a group of anthropologi t and hi torian met at the ational Archive of Bolivia in Sucre on July 2~30, 1983, to discu a variety of theme related to the topic of market penetration and expan ion in the Ande , from the 16th to the 20th cen­turie.

The aim of the conference wa to com­bine the in ight that ethnology and an­thropology have brought to bear on the tudy of indigenou hi torical experience

and contemporary Andean communitie with the per pective of ocial hi torian . Recently, hi torian have de­voted much attention to the destruction and tran formation of precolonial y­tem of production and exchange, to the expan ion of the world market, and to variou form of capital accumulation in the southern Andean region (which today encompa e Bolivia and southern Peru).

The tudy of the origin and evolution of mercantile capitali m and native re­ponse to market forces i particularly

intere ling in the Andes because of the ab ence of organized market , a profe -ional clas of merchant , and itinerant

traders before the European inva ion. Although in the 16th centur , the

paniard rapidly organized a colonial economy around the ilver mining in­dustry, the expan ion of the market wa extremely uneven over the cour of the ucceeding centurie . Participant in the

conference were thu a ked to explore not onl how external political and eco­nomic pre ure have remolded the in­digenou Andean world, but also how Andean peoples have re ponded to and intervened in the market economy. More generally, the were asked how Andean social organization and ideology have--

51

both in the pa t and at pre ent-impo ed pecific condition on the processe of

market penetration and expan ion. ix e ion were held, each or~anized

around a defined et of i sue :

(1) The "moral economy" of the An-dean peasantry

Aim: To explore the social and political dimen ions of Andean re ponses to the market; to evaluate the u efulne of uch concept a reciprocity, legitimacy,

and ecological complementarity for under tanding the economic behavior of rural village members.

Olivia Harri , "La economia etnica y eI mercado: EI ayllu laymi del norte de Poto i" (The ethnic economy and the market: The Laymi people of North Potosi) .

ilvia Rivera, "Dimen ione politicas­ideologicas de la participacion en el mercado: La rna acre de Tolata, Cochabamba, y el movimiento 'Katari ta,' 1970-1980" (Political­ideological dimen ion of market par­ticipation : The ma acre of Tolata and the Katarisa movement, 1970-19 0).

Discu ant: Martin Di kin

(2) Interaction between subsistence organization and market penetration

Aim: To con ider the nature of Andean ub istence organization in southern

Peru and Bolivia and how it adapted to the changing pre ure of tribute exac­tion and commoditization.

Enrique Mayer, "La penetracion del mercado capitali ta en la cuenca del Rio Canete, Peru: 1900-19 0" (The expan-ion of the capitali t market in the river

valle of Canete, Peru: 1900-19 0).

Ramiro Molina Rivero, "La tradicionalidad como medio de ar­ticulacion al mercado: Un e tudio sobre una comunidad pa toril en Oruro" (Andean traditionali m a a mean of market participation: A tudy of a pa toral community in Oruro, Bolivia).

teve J. tern, "The variety and am­biguity of Andean intervention in European colonial market: orne methodological note ."

Discu ants: Xavier Aloo, juan Torrico

(3) Tribute, state exactions, and sub­sistence

Aim: To examine how the production of tribute wa made compatible with ub i tence organization, and how dif-

52

ferent form of commodity circulation affected the way Andean peasant met their tribute obligations.

Roberto Choque, "Lo cacique aymara y eI comercio en el Alto Peru" (Aymara lords and commerce in colo­nial Bolivia).

jorge Hidalgo L., "Tributo ,exacciones fiscale. ub i tencia. y mercado: Lo corregimiento de Arica, Tarapaci, y Atacama, 1750-1790" (Tribute, taxes, sub i tence, and market: The Chilean province of Arica, Tarapaci, and Atacama, 1750-1790).

john V. Murra, "Existieron el tributo y 10 mercado ante de la inva ion europea?" (Did tribute and market exi t before the European inva ion?).

Discussant: Carlo Sempat A adourian

(4) Long-tenn fluctuations in market participation

Aim: To compare pattern of indige­nou market participation through long weep of time and to explore how Andean intervention in the market economy ometime changed the tructure of market them e1ve .

Herbert Klein, "Pea ant re pon e to the market and the land question III

1 th and 19th century Bolivia."

Brooke Lar on and Ro ario Leon, "Relation of exchange and the ethnohi torical landscape of Tapacari (Bolivia): A long-term view ."

Discussant: idney Mintz

(5) Commodities and prices in one historical period

Aim: To tudy agricultural price trends in Upper Peru (Bolivia) during the I th century and the market and di -tribution mechani m of one commodity-<:oca-in thi epoch; to evaluate quantitative ource (aLcabalas, price eries, etc.) for the economic hi -tory of thi period .

Enrique Tandeter and athan Wachtel, "Precio y produccion agraria: Potosi Charcas en eI iglo XVIII" (Price and agricultural production: Potosi and Charca in the 1 th cen­tury).

Enrique Tandeter, Vilma MiHetich, Maria allier, and Beatriz Ruibal, "In­dio , alcabala y mercado: Potosi, 1793). (Indian, taxe , and the market: Potosi in 1793).

Daniel Santamaria, "La participaciOn indigena en la producci6n y comercio de coca, 1780-1810" (Indian participation in the production and commercializa­tion of coca, 1780-1810).

Discussant: Herbert Klein, Mauricio Mamani. Antonio Roja

(6) Marketplaces, migration, and I.bor Aim: To examine the effects of popula­tion movement on ub i tence organi­zation, and the economic activity of rural to urban migrants, pecifically in the urban market place.

Thierry Saigne (in absentia), "Las et­nias de Charca frente al i tema colo­nial (siglo XVIII): Caciques, migrant, y etnicidad" (Ethnic groups of the outhern Ande confront the colonial y tern: Indian lord, migrant, and

ethnicity (17th century).

Liliana Lewin ky. "Algunas notas sobre el trabajo de nina y mujere en la plaza de mercado de Oruro hoy dia" (N otes on the market activity of women and children in contemporary Oruro). jorge Dandier, "Diver ificacion, pro­ceso de trabajo, y movilidad e pacial en 10 valle y errania de Cochabama" (Economic diver ification, the labor proce , and geographic mobility in the valley and highland of Cochabamba).

The following cholar participated in the conference: Xavier Aloo, Center for Re earch on and Promotion of the Pea antry (CIPCA), La Paz; Rene Arze, Univer ity of San Andre (UM A), La Paz; Carlo Sempat A adourian, EI CoI­egio de Mexico; jo ep Bamada, Cochabamba; Fernando Cajia , Bolivian Cultural In titute (IBS), La Paz; Roberto Choque, University of San Andre (UM A), La Paz; jorge Dandier, Center for the tudy of Economic and Social Reality (CERE ), La Paz; Martin Di kin, Ma achusetts In titute of Technology; Gonzalo Flore, Center for the tudy of Economic and Social Reality (CERES), La Paz; Olivia Harri , Gold mith College, London; jorge Hidalgo, University of Tarapaci, Arica; Herbert Klein, Colum­bia Univer ity; Brooke Larson, Social Sci­ence Research Council; Ro ario LeOn, Center for the Study of Economic and Social Reality (CERES), La Paz; Liliana Lewin ky, Bueno Aire ; Mauricio Ma­mani, La Paz; Enrique Mayer, Univer it}' of I1linoi ; Gunnar Mendoza, National Archive of Bolivia (ANB), Sucre; Ignacio

VOL ME 37, NUMBER 2/3

. fendoza, Univer ity of ucre; idney \fintz, The john Hopkin Univer ity; Ramiro Molina Barrio, ational . fuseum of Ethnography and Folklore, La paz; Ramiro Molina Rivero, ational \fu eum of Ethnography and Folklore, La paz; john Murra, Cornell Univer ity; ilvia Rivera, La paz; Antonio Rojas, Uni­

ver it of ucre; Thierry aignes, Pari ; Daniel antamaria, In titute of Economic and Social Development, Buenos Aire ; teve tern, University of Wi con in; En­

rique Tandeter, Center for the tudyof the tate and ociety (CEDE ), Bueno Aire , and juan Torrico, Center for the tud of Economic and Social Reality

(CERE ), La Paz. The conference wa ho ted b the a­

tional Archive of Bolivia, where a pecial exhibit of archival material related to the conference theme was organized b the archive' director, Gunnar Mendoza. The Center for the tudy of Economic and Social Reality (CERE ), La Paz, collabo­rated in the organization of the confer­ence. The coordinator were Olivia Har­ri , Brooke Lar on, and Enrique Tande­ter.

It i expected that a lection of the paper will be edited for publication.

Order and conflict in Western capitalism

The dimini hing effectivene of eco­nomic and ocial policies-to maintain growth, pre erve employment, reduce in­flation, and cope with di tributional conflict-i one of the mo t triking phe­nomena of the 1970s and early 19 Thi 10 of effectivene has occurred in virtually all orth Atlantic countrie , in­cluding tho e andinavian countrie that had pioneered in the development of the interventioni t welfare tate, and it i now cau ing a profound reexamination of the economic and ocial cience theorie which underlie the uppo ed abilit of democratic government to "manage" modem capitali m.

A conference on order and conflict in We tern capitali m, pon ored by the j oint Committee on We tern Europe and organized by john H. Goldthorpe, uf­field College (Oxford), examined a number of critical is ues in the political econom of We tern indu trial countries, with a focu on the proce e and pro -peet of "neocorporati t" in titutional ar­rangements a a mean of regulating the economy and channeling ocial conflict.

EPTEMBER 1983

The conference wa held on May 23-27, 19 3, at the tudienhau Wie­neck near Buchenbach, Germany.

Recognizing that there icon iderable variation in the ociopolitical as well as the economic context in which neocor­porati t in titution have developed and operate, the participant aimed at a y­tematic anal tical treatment of the growth and functioning of the e in titution which could capture the range of cro -national variation within a relatively co­herent conceptual framework.

Accordingl , the papers prepared for the conference included, in addition to detailed empirical account of the experi­ence of peeific We tern countries, at­tempt to place these experiences in hi -torical, comparative, and international per peetive and to confront central con­ceptual and theoretical problem in the tud of corporati m.

In addition to Mr. Goldthorpe' paper, "The End of Convergence: Corporati t and Duali t Tendencie in' Modern We t­ern Societie ," other paper were b Rune

berg, Univer ity of Ume , '"The Effi­ciency and Legitimacy of Market­independent Income Di tribution"; David R. Cameron, Yale Univer ity, "S0-cial Democrac , Corporati m, and Labor Quiescence in Advanced Capitali t Soci­ety"; c,$ ta E ping-Ander en, Harvard University, and Walter Korpi, Univer it of tockholm, "Pattern of Power and Di tribution in Po twar Welfare tate "; Robert O. Keohane, Brandei University, "The World Political Economy and the Cri i of Embedded Liberali m"; Peter M. Lange, Duke University, "Labor, Work­er , and Wage Regulation in Advanced Indu trial Democracie: The Rational Base of Con ent"; Gerhard Lehmbruch, Univer ity of Con tance, "The Logic and

tructural Condition of eocorporati t Concertation"; Charle . Maier, Harvard Univer ity, "Precondition for Corpo­rati m: Po ible Hi torical Factors Fa­voring Con en ual Wage Regulation"; Marino Regini, Univer ity of Milan, "Type of Political Exchange in We tern Europe: Different Condition and Out­put of Concertation"; Michele alvati, University of Turin, "Are Po t-Keyne ian Economic Policie Fea ible?"; Fritz W. Scharpf, International In titute of Man­agement (Berlin), "Strategy Choice, Eco­nomic Feasibility, and In titutional Con-traint a Determinant of Full­

employment Policy During the Rece­ion"; Kerry Schott, University College,

London, "Conflict around Mac-

roeconomic Distribution in a imple Dynamic Model of Capitalism"; and Don S. Schwerin, Oakland Univer ity, "Social Democracy and Capital Formation in the

ordic Countrie ."

Policy implementation in Post-Mao China

In a rna ive effort to tran form China into a powerful and modem country by the year 2000, China' leader have drawn up, in the wake of the death of Mao Zedong in 1976 and the ubsequent fall of the Gang of Four, a weeping agenda to bring about change in virtu­all every peet of Chinese societ .

Are rna ocietie, with their complex bureaucracie , in a matrix of global inter­dependenc , able to fix social purpo e and proceed to implement them? Can the achieve their goal ,and if so, at what ocial, economic, and political co t? The

emerging literature on polic implemen­tation in both indu trial and Third World countrie a ert that uring congru­ence between polic intent and actual outcome i extraordinaril difficult. The literature ha also produced a number of analytic framework for tudying public polic ,and ha peeified an arra of vari­able that facilitate or impede implemen­tation. However, the literature ha made no reference to Communi t countrie generally, and to China peeifically. At the same time, tudent of, China have only rarel drawn upon thi literature.

To bridge thi gap, the joint Com- lit­tee on Chine tudie and Ohio ~tate Univer ity' Mer hon Center co pon­sored a workshop on june 20-24, 19 3 for the purpose of increa ing under-tanding of the Chinese political y tern

through a clo e examination of peeific polic area in the po t-Mao era. By u ing the framework developed in the im­plementation literature, the work hop wa also intended elf-consciou Iy to link current disciplinary concern in political cience with ongoing re earch in the

China field by providing a major te t of the propo ition coming out of that lit­erature.

Conceived and organized by David M. Lampton, Ohio tate Univer it ,in clo e collaboration with A. Doak Barnett, The john Hopkin niver ity; Thoma P. Bern tein, Columbia Univer ity; Harry Harding, The Brooking In titution (Wa hington, D.C.); and Michel Ok en­berg, Univer ity of Michigan, the work-

53

hop brought junior and eOlor cholar of contemporary China together with

holar out ide the China field who are explicitl concerned with policy making and policy implementation from a com­parative perspective.

The work hop wa held at the Fawcett Center, hio tate Univer ity.

In all, 20 case tudie, many based on field research conducted in China and other based on documentary evidence, were presented at eparate panel under the headings of: (I) the planning and commercial y tern; (2) agricultural re­form ; (3) indu trial management reform; (4) mass-elite relation and political par­ticipation; (5) education, ience, and technology policy; and (6) tate and part tructure reform. Panel chair and discu -ant included Me r . Barnett and

Bern tein; Merilee . Grindle, Harvard Univer ity ; <Ie r . Harding and Lampton; • icholas Lard , University of Washington; John W. Lewi, tan ford University; u an hirk, Univer ity of California, La Jolla; and Richard P.

uttmeier, Hamilton College. The paper were prepared b David

Bachman, tanford Universit , on tax polic ; John P. Burn, Univer ity of Hong Kong, on ubvillage election ; Chen Chung-min and Owen Hagov ky, both of Ohio tate Univer it ,on the agricultural re pon ibilit tern; Chri topher M. Clarke, ational Council for United tates-China Trade (Washington, D.C.),

on central party and tate reform; Victor C. Falkenheim and Thoma G. Raw ki, both of the Univer ityof oronto, on the international dimen ion of China' eco­nomic reform; Thoma Fingar, tanford Univer it ,on the tate Energy Commi -sion; William A. Fi her, Univer ity of

orth Carolina, on the hanghai televi-ion indu try; Mr. Lampton on water

policy; Hong Yung Lee, Yale University, on political participation ; Barrett L. McCormick, Universit of Washington, on local people' congre e ; Barr

aughton, Yale Univer it ,on tate in­ve tment; Pierre M. Perrolle, ational

ience Foundation, on manpower in ci­ence and technology; tanley Ro en, Uni­ver ity of Southern California, on econ­dar education; Le ter Ro ,Purdue Uni­versit , on the Obligatory Tree Planting Program; Deni imon, Ma achusett In-titute of Technology, on importing

technology; Dorothy J. Solinger, Univer­it of Pitt burgh, on price control; An­

drew G. Walder, Columbia Universit ,on factory wage reform ; T rene White,

54

Ohio tate Univer ity, on the population program; Edwin A. Winckler, Harvard Universit , on the ynthetic fiber indu -try; and David Zweig, Florida Interna­tional University, on hou hold contracts.

South Asian Political Economy (SAPE)

The South A ian Political Economy ( APE) project of the Joint Committee on South A ia was in pired by a di ati fac­tion among academics with the frequently narrow perspective which dominate eco­nomi ,political cience, sociology, and anthropology-as well a public policie and programs--when attempting to deal with problem of resource di tribution, power, nutrition, health, and well-being among the people of that region. The committee charged a mall international multidisciplinar group of scholars to ex­amine the methodological and ub tan­tive i ue involved in under tanding these phenomena at variou level of soci­et .

Drawing on exploratory discu ion initiated in 1977, the group met a a ub­committee in April 1979 and developed a three-year program to use the kills and in ights of the variou discipline to ac­count for the interaction of economic and political proce in the agrarian area of South A ia. It wa recognized at the out­set that attention had to be paid both to fairly long-term hi torical proce e and to the sociocultural variation to be found within the ubcontinent. It wa recog­nized that new formulation would draw upon both general theory formulated with reference to "universal" economic and ocial proce e and indigenou model developed b empirical research in the field. Within thi general frame­work, the ubcommittee elected three pecific topic or component project for

inten ive examination. I. Agricultural productivit and local

power y tern II. Health, nutrition, and well-being

at the hou ehold or family level II I. Societal re ponse to cri i With thi ambitiou agenda in hand,

the ubcommittee composed of Michelle McAlpin, chair 1979- 0, (economics, Tuft Univer it ), Veena Da, chair 1980-83, (sociology, Univer ity of Delhi), Meghnad De ai (economic, London School of Economics), Ralph icholas (anthropology, Univer it of Chicago),

u anne H. Rudolph (political cience,

University of Chicago), and A hok Rudra (economi ,Vi va Bharati, antiniketan), began to plan the format and logi tics of the South A ian Political Economy proj­ect. Initial funding wa provided by the Ford Foundation and the ational Sci­ence Foundation. The Indian Council of Social Science Re earch also agreed to co ponsor the APE project, haring local co ts for meetings in India, and ub idiz­ing the re ulting publication .

At a planning meeting in 1979, poten­tial participant for the fir t two compo­nent project were identified. ince the invitee were to be unu uall heterogen­ou in their national and intellectual orientation, a two-phase format wa de­veloped : a preliminary conference in which draft papers would be presented and critiqued by the participants, and a second meeting in which the revised pa­per ,circulated in advance, would receive a econd critical scrutiny before final re­vi ion and editing for publication.

The working group for the fir t com­ponent, on Agricultural Productivity and Local Power Stem , con i ted of three scholars based in India, ukhamoy Chak­ravarty (economi ,Delhi School of Ec0-nomic), B. B. Chaudhuri (hi tor, Jadhavpur University) and hok Rudra (economi ,Vi va-Bharati, five teaching in the United Herring (political cience, orthwcs(em University), David Ludden (hi tory, Uni­versity of Penn ylvania), usanne and Uoyd Rudolph (political ience, Univer-it of Chicago), and T. N. nOlvasan

(economi ,Yale University); two in the United Kingdom, Meghnad Desai (eco­nomic, London School of Economics) and Hamza Alavi (anthropology, Univer-it of Manche ter) ; and one teaching in

Canada, Donald Attwood (anthropology, McGill Univer it ). Eight paper and two presentation generated livel debate in the two meetings held in ew Delhi in November 1979 and December 19 0, which were then augmented by written crttlque b other participant on ideological and methodological dif­ference on two central que tion . One, how do the particular form and d nami of local power tructure affect local agricultural productivity, both in term of the availabilit and di tribution of input, and in the marketing and con-umption of the final agricultural prod­

uct? Two, how do change in agricultural production at the local and regional level alter the political tructure and balance in the area? Ecological and regional varia-

VOL ME 37, N MBERS 2/3

..

•

tion purred further debate and the pa­per helped not only to ummarize cur­rent knowledge on these ubject but also identified point for further research and sugge ted new methodologie for dealing with them.

The working group for the econd component, on Health and Nutrition at the Household or Family Level, drew on three sociologists, Jayanthi Beliappa, Veena Da ,and Meena Kau hik from the Delhi School of Economics; five cholar from the United tate, Charle Le lie (anthropology, Univer ity of Delaware), Michelle McAlpin (economics, Tufts Uni­\'er it ), Morri D. Morri (economics, Univer ity of Wa hington), Ralph . 'ichola (anthropology, Univer it of Chicago), and ylvia Vatuk (anthropol­ogy, Univer it of Illinoi ); one based in the etherland, Klaa Van der Veen (anthropology, Univer ity of Am ter­dam); and two medical doctor, Lincoln Chen and tani lau D' ouza, both working at the Cholera Research Labo­rator in Dhaka, Banglade h. The working group met in ew York in 1979 and again in Delhi in 19 0, producing eight paper dealing with the di tribution of food within the household and within larger communitie ; the attitude toward and the consequence of everal health program ; differential ex mortality in children; i ue of health care planning; the utility and limit of the household as a unit of anal i for uch tudie; and con­cepts of welfare and well-being in South A ian familie and communitie . To­gether the papers provide an unu uall detailed view of the prioritie by which rural familie define and allocate the (often scarce) resource they can devote to nutrition and health purpo e . Again, the effort wa both to ynthe ize exi ting knowledge and theory and to point out where new research i needed.

In December 1980, after the two working group had met in Delhi, an ed­itorial committee wa e tabli hed to ready the two et of paper a eparate volume for publication. Exten ive introduction were written (b Su anne H. Rudolph for the volume entitled Agrarian Power and Agricu/Jural Productivity, and by Veena Da and Ralph Nicholas for the volume on health and nutrition) along with editorial work to increase the coherence, balance, and continuity of format and tyle. The two volume are currently in pre at Ox­ford Univer ity Pre in India, and negotiation are under way with an American publi her a well.

SEPTEMBER 1983

A a mean of accelerating the di mi­nation of the re earch findings and gen­eral approach of SAPE I and II among other cholars engaged in closely-related re earch, and also in order to get a critical review of the papers from the "outside," a "reporting conference" wa held in New Delhi inJanuary 19 3. The majortheme and methodological i ue that emerged in APE I and II were discu sed in five half-day e ion by member of the original working group and a erie of "out ide" participant and discu ant, among whom the papers had been circu­lated in advance.

Thi conference proved to be both a finale for the first two project and a be­ginning for identifying new direction for research. Pranab Bardhan (economi , Univer ity of California, Berkeley), a member of the Joint Committee on South A ia, ugge ted four topi that grew log­icall out of the prior project and which seemed to warrant comparable auention: (I) community re ponse to Irngation ystem ; (2) the ub tantive findings and

methodological problem of the growing number of village re tudie recently com­pleted or currently under way; (3) pat­tern of differential male-female infant mortality; and (4) indu trial performance in South Asia. It wa agreed that all were of intere t and that effort hould be made to develop them toward a con­tinuation of the project.

The third component of the APE project, Societal Re pon e to Cri i , had a omewhat eparate trajectory from the other two project. To give direction to the component, three new cholar were added to the original SAPE ubcommit­tee; Paul Bra (political science, Univer-it of Wa hington), T. N. Madan (sociol­

ogy, In titute for Economic Growth, New Delhi), and V. S. Vya (economics, Indian In titute of Management, Ahmedabad). In a planning e ion held in Seattle in May 19 0, it wa agreed that within the overall orientation of the SAPE project to explore the context and proce e of de­ci ion making at different levels of society in ituation of con iderable threat­moments when it often become particu­larly clear how deci ion are made, who make them, what i taken into account, and what the fundamental prioritie are in resource di tribution. It wa ugge ted that cri i ituation both reveal underly­ing value y tern and often generate new social and in titutional arrangements. The project wa named "Order and Anomie in South A ian Culture and Soci-

et " to encompas concepts of order, cri i , and anomie a well a to explore societal re ponse to given ituations.

The fir t meeting on the topic wa held at the Indian In titute of 1anagement, Ahmedabad, in December 19 I, and the second in New Delhi in December 19 2. The participant repre ented everal contra ting ideological and philosophical viewpoint eloquently embodied in a serie of note written by Veena Da and Paul Bra . In addition to those alread mentioned, the participant in these two meeting included Paul Greenough (hi -tor , Univer ity of Iowa), Jan Hee ter­man (ociology/Indology, Universit of Leiden), Inderjit Khanna (Indian Ad­mini trative Officer, Raja than), Jame Manor (political cience, University of Leice ter), A hi Nandy (p ychology, Centre for the tud of Developing Societies, Delhi), Gananath Obe esekere (anthropology, Princeton Univer it ), and John Thorp (anthropology, Sl. Mary' College, otre Dame). The overall concern of the paper was to examine cri e ,10 ,and the threat of 10 at indi­vidual and y temic level. The paper can be grouped around four theme: (I) cri i in political realm, violence, and the political use of cri i ; (2) natural disa ters and the strategie of coping with and averting disaster; (3) the cosmology of under tanding cri i , with papers on death in the family, the cri i of legiti­macy, partition of the country; and (4) long-term, continuing political crise .

The editor for this third volume-Paul Bra and T. . Madan-are currently commi ioning three additional papers to complete it, and are expecting the revised drafts of the exi ting paper later thi year. The volume hould be delivered to the publi her b next fall.

The SAPE project ha been collabora­tive intellectuall , organizationally, and financially a well. It aw the development of clo e working relation between the member of the Joint Commiuee on South Asia and the Indian Council of S0-cial Science Re earch, and of a mutual feeling that thi project i the fir t of sev­eral to come. The international and in­terdisciplinar character of the working group helped to generate an intense and ongoing dialogue among scholars who might not have otherwise engaged with the relevant work in other discipline, and nearly all have indicated in one wa or another that they gained ub tantiall from their participation in way which would directly effect their own thinking

55

and re arch. bviou Iy. any final evalu­ation of the project will have to await the review and u of the book that are now moving toward publicati n.

David L. zanton erve a tarf to the joint Committee on South A ia; Veena T .

Idenburg erved a a con ultant to the APE ubcommittee.

Child development in Japan and the United States

A ian tudie as a field t picall ha been confined to uch ocial cience a demograph • economic. hi tor • and political cience. and to the arts. Recog­nizing that it i time for the field to be broadened to include uch behavioral sci­ence a child p ychology. a mall group wa formed at the Center for Advanced

tud in the Behavioral ience ( tan-ford. alifornia) during 19 2- 3 to con-ider research and practice related to

child development in hina. japan. and the United tate. Members of thi group were Hiro hi Azuma. Univer ity of Toko; Kenji Hakuta. Yale Univer ity; Lee Lee. Cornell niversit; and Harold W. teven n. niver it of ~ichigan.

Two major conference have been orga­nized b thi group. A conference on child development in japan and the

nited tate wa held April 6-10. 19 3. at the Center. pon red b the joint Commillee on japanese tudie and the japan iet for the Promotion of ci-

n e. A con~ rence on cognitive. devel­opmental. and applied p ychology in

hina and the United tate wa held in Augu t 19 3. with upport from the Committee on holarly Communication with the People' Republic of China and th l'IJational ience Foundation . Thi report de ribe the former conference.

The motivation to form the group at th Center and to hold the japan- nited

tate conference came from everal source . Fir t. We tern cholars of child development, child p 'chiatry. and de­velopmental p ),choloK} are generall not aware of japan se re earch and practice dealing with child development, et uch re earch i a major component of japane e pchological re arch. ond. during the 197 , everal major cro -cultural tudie of child development in japan and the United tate were begun. involving topic uch a mother-child in­teraction, hool achievement. cience teaching. and infan y. Thu , a primar goal of the conference wa to provide a forum for informal di u ion on the

56

progre and future pro pect of research and to offer the japane and meracan participants an opportunit to become more familiar with each other' ap­proa he and view .

The program of the conference con-i ted of four pha . During the fir t

pha e the everal project that had been completed or were under wa were di -cu sed and criticall evaluated. The ec­ond da of the conference w devoted to discu ion of papers outlining alient background i ue regarding comparative research (topi included cultural dif­ference in language. social tructure. and famil life in japan and the United tate, and methodologicaVanalytic i ue in cro -cultural re arch). During the third and fourth day , major i ue in devel­opmental ps chology were reviewed for their relevance to cro -national compari­son . The last da of the conference in­volved di u ion of ub tantive and practical wa in which re arch can be timulated, improved. and broadened . The thematic foci con idered in detail

acro the five day of the conference covered much of the broad and diver e field of child development. Topi in­cluded temperament and its role in de­velopment. the development of a elf­concept. famil interaction, ocialization. schooling and achievement. and language learning. Developmental concern ranged from infanc through adole­cence and al involved con ideration of the connection between childhood and later life- pan development. The breadth and diver it of the conference' ub-tance prevent even a ummary in uch a hort report; for a comprehen ive um­

mary the reader i referred to the volume which i being prepared ba ed on the proceedin of the conference. Two top­ical highlight are offered here.

Fir t. development during infanc em to offer an opportunit for col­

laborative inquiry on a variet of theoreti­cally ignificant theme . Que tion which have been popular in child development research in both countrie include (I) the univer alit of behavioral phenomena in the first three year. (2) environmental influen e on the time of the emergence of earl mile tone (walking, talking, first attachm«jilt • etc.), (3) the role of temper­ament in behavioral variation, and (4) the relation between parental attitude or child-rearing practice and infant behav­ior. jerome Kagan. Harvard Univer it • and Kazuo Mi ake, Univer it of Hok­kaido, together with everal other Ameri-

can and japanese colleague have begun collaborative re arch on two uch que -tion . One concern individual variation in temperament and it influence on be­havior. For example. with the trange

ituation Paradigm, which i t picall used in the United tate to tud infant' attachment to their parent. one find that different proportion of japanese and U.S. infant are placed in the categorie of attachment which have been derived from the babie ' behavior in the .. trange ituation." Initial collaborative re earch indicate that thi cultural varia­tion may be due not to difference in at­tachment but to cultural difference in predominance of different behavioral t Ie (or temperament) which influence

babie ' behavior in the trange ituation. The second aspect of the infancy research program involve an attempt to develop a method to evaluate parental attitudes re­garding significant child-rearing theme. Rather than relying entirely on interview and retro pection. parent' attitude are mea ured b the accuracy of recall of tory material that empha ize different

child-rearing tyles. Acro everal dif­ferent current and potential collaborative projects. uch re earch promi to ad­dre a number of other theme including the role of mother-child attachment in earl ocialization and in ub equent at­tachment and the acqui ition of lan­guage and the beginnings of pre hool education .

The second area of exten ive actual and potential collaboration involve chooling and chool achievement. Here,

general collaboration are under wa or planned among Harold W. tevenson. Universit of Michigan; Herbert Wal­berg, Univer it of Illinoi ; Hiro hi Azuma. Univer it of Tok 0; and others. A primar focu i on cultural difference in chool cience and mathematic a hievement. General que tion include: How are ience and mathemati taught in chool? What are the learning out­come of ience teaching? and What are the factors influencing the effectivene oflearning? There are everal reason for the importance of comparative re earch; probabl the mo t ignificant one are thatjapane e and U .. children how dif­ferential cience and mathemati per­formance throughout hool and these ubject are taught differently in the two

countrie. Al o. the ocialization and traditional educational culture i dif­ferent in the two countrie . Thu • through a variet of method • including

VOL ME 37. N MBER 2/3

..

cia room ob rvation, initial col1abora­tive research i u ing the e cultural dif­ference to addre the three general que tion Ii ted above.

Participant in the conference included Hiro hi Azuma, Univer ity of Tok 0; Giyoo Hatano, Dokkyo Univer ity; Tadahiko Inagaki, Universit of Tok 0; Keiko Ka hiwagi, Women' Chri tian University; Hideo Kojima. ago a Uni­\er it ; Kazuo Miyake, Hokkaido Univer-it ; Ki omi Morioka, ijo Univer ity; higefumi agano, alional In litute of

Educational Research ([ok yo); Yutaka aeki, Univer ity of Tokyo; Keiko

Takaha hi, SOka Univer ity; Harumi

Befu, tanford Univer ity; Loi Bloom, Columbia Univer it ; Jo ph Campo, University of Denver; fichael Cole, Uni­ver ity of California, an Diego; George DeVo , Univer it of California, Berke­ley; John Flavel1, tanford Univer ity; Kenji Hakuta, Yale Univer it ; Robert He , tanford Univer ity; Denni Hogan, Universit of Chicago; Jerome Kagan, Harvard Univer ity; u umu Kuno, Harvard Univer it ; Robert A. LeVine, Harvard Univer it : Eleanor E. Maccob , tanford Univer ity; Harold W.

tevenson, Univer it of Michigan; and Herbert Walberg, Universit of Illinoi , Chicago Circle. Observer included Pat-

rick Dickson, Univer it of Wi on in; uzanne Hol1owa, tanford Univer it ; hin-yun Lee, University of Michigan; aomi Mi ake, Tok '0 Univer it ; Lonni herrod, Social cience Re arch Coun­

cil; Matthew Ri poli, Columbia Univer-it ; and Merry White, Harvard Universit .

David Crandall, Tokyo, and Catherine Lewi , Univer it of California, an Fran­ci 0, served a reporter and Ya uko Azuma, isen Jo hi University; Akemi Kurachi, tanford Univer it ; Fukumi Ichikawa, Univer it of Michigan; Mariko ano, tanford niversity; and To hi uki ano, tanford Univer ity, a i ted in

running the conference.

Other Current Activities at the Council Biosociallife-span approaches to parental behavior and offspring development

The second conference organized by the Committee on Biosocial Per pective on Parent Behavior and Off pring Devel­opment examined bio ocial and life- pan approache to research on parental be­havior and off pring development; it was held on Ma 22-25, 19 3, at the Belmont Conference Center, Elkridge, Maryland. Jeanne Altmann, Universit of Chicago, and Alice . Ro i, Univer it of Ma a­chu tts,joined committee chair, Jane B. Lanca ter, Univer ity of Oklahoma, in organizing and chairing the conference.

The conference wa held to examine bi ial que tion regarding the devel-opment of parent and off pring acro the ful1life pan. hi general focu in­cluded everalobjective: (1) to highlight research on parental behavior regarding

hool age, adolescent, and adult chil­dren, attempting to move beyond con­cern of infancy which have dominated research on parental behavior; (2) to ex­amine tran action between the poten­tiall interlocking developmental trajectorie of parent and off pring, ex­amining reciprocal and bidirectional in­fluence acro parent and off pring pe­cifical1 in regard to developmental dif­ference but also recognizing other di­men ion of individual variabilit , uch a

of parent and off pring; (3) to u e ero -<ultural and cro - pecie compari­

n a aid in clarif ing the fir ttwo con-

EPTE 1BER 19 3

cern; and (4) to con ider the biological­phy iological, bioecological-contextual, and social-hi torical base of parent and off pring development.

The latter two components define the biosocial contribution, and it i the com­bination of the two approache , biosocial and life pan, that defined the broad mandate of the conference.

Participant and pre entation in­cluded:

tssion I: ttting the lagt-What i Par­t1ltillg~ Parenting and the Human Life

pan: Social and BehaviQral Perspective, Alice . Ro i, University of Ma achu­ett ; Parenting and the onhuman Life pan: Ecological and Biological Per pee­

tive , Jeanne Altmann, Univer it of Chicago; Parenting and the Life pan in Selected Culture, Robert A. LeVine, Harvard University (paper presented in ab entia); Demographic Trend in Human Fertility and Parenting cro the Life pan, Denni Hogan, Univer it of Chicago; matic A pect of Parent­Off pring Relation Acro the Life pan, Michael Leon, Univer it of California, Irvine.

t ion II: Dtvtlopmtntal Phast. An­ticipator Socialization for Parenthood: Human Cro - ultural Review, Thoma Wei ner, niversity of California, Lo Angele ; Parenting from Infanc to Pu­berty, Richard Lerner. Penn ylvania tate Universit ; Parenting through Adole­cen e, Beatrix Hamburg, Mount inai Medical Center ( ew York), and Anne Petersen, Penn Ivania late Univer ity;

Parenting in the Later Year, Gunhild Hage tad, Penn lvania tate Univer it ; Differential Parental Inve tment and It Effects on Child Qualit and taLU t­tainment, Judith Blake, Univer ity of California, Lo Angele.

t ion I II: Contt tual alld truetural In­jlutnct. Parental upplement and ur­rogate : Cro -Cultural and Cro - peeie Compari on ,Jame McKenna, Pomona Col1ege; Adoption, Fo terage, and tep­parenting, Jane B. Lanca ter, niver it of Oklahoma; Effect of Context on Human fothering and Fathering: Cro -Cultural Per pective, Patricia Draper, niver it of ew fexico; Hi -torical Per pecti e on the Development of the Famil and Parental Behavior, Mari A. Vinov ki , Univer it of Michi­gan; and Parenting and Intergenera­tional Continuit lDi continuity, Vern Bengt on, Univer it of outhern California.

In addition to the above participan , ue Doering, heJohn Hopkin Univer­it , and members of the committee at­

tended. A volume i being prepared based on the conference; the three con­ference organizer will al 0 erve a editor of thi manu ript.

Member of th committee are J n B. Lanca ter, Univer it of Oklahoma, chair; Ri hard J. lie, niver it of Rhode I land; Kathleen R. Gib n, Uni­ver ity of Texas, Hou ton; Beatrix Hamburg, ft. inai Medical Center ( ew York); felvin J. Konner, Emory Univer-it ; Mi hael E. Lamb, niver it of

57

Utah; Anne Petersen, Penn ylvania tate Univer it ; Charle M. uper, Harvard University; and Mari A. Vi nov ki , Uni­ver ity of Michigan. Lonnie R. hc:rrod serve as taff.

Social structure and aging processes

A part of it con ideration of new di­rection , the Committee on Life-Cour e Per pective on Human Development held a meeting on Ma 5, 19 3, in ew York to identify area in which further conceptual and empirical work i needed to examine interaction between ocial tructural and aging proce e.

A ubgroup of the committee met with everal con ultant representing particu­

lar area of current life-eour e research. Participant included committee mem­ber Matilda White Rile, M. Brew ter

mith, Martin E. P. Seligman, and Aage B. St$ren en; Andrew J. Cherlin, The John Hopkin Univer it ; Anne Foner, Rutger Univer ity;J. Alan Herd, Baylon Ho pital (Hou ton); Karen Miller, . a­tional In titute of Mental Health ; and Judith Rodin, Yale Univer it . Several other committee member and con ul­tant could not be present but offered helpful a i tance in planning the meet­ing and developing preparatory mate­rial; the e included Paul B. Balte , Caleb E. Finch, George M. Martin, and John Meer; David Kertzer, Bowdoin College; and David Jenkin, Univer ity of Texa , Galve ton. Prior to the meeting, a docu­ment was prepared to ummarize pa t ac­compli hment and sugge t area for fu­ture work. Thi document wa circulated well in advance and participants were a ked to present the implication for their current re arch of the general concep­tual framework outlined in the document-and vice ver a, how their mo t recent re earch finding might con­tribute to the life-cour e i ue um­marized in the planning document.

Overall, thi planning document and the re ult of the planning meeting point to the need for an expanded life-course framework that i en itive to and capable of anal zing interaction between change in social tructure and aging proce e. Acro the broad area of the family, work, ph ical health, and cognition, three theme were ugge ted a needing further exploration: cro -cultural and cro -temporal comparisons, the implica­tion of the lengthening life course, and

58

life-cour e difference between men and women.

During the coming year, member of the committee and con ultant will con­tinue to explore the role that committee or ubcommittee activities may play in the development of the e general and pecific area.

Members of the committee are Paul B. Baltes, Max Planck Institute for Human Development and Education (Berlin), cochair; Glen H. Elder, Jr., Cornell Un i­ver it , cochair; Orville G. Brim, Jr., Foundation for Child Development (New York); David L. Featherman, Univer ity of Wiscon in; Caleb E. Finch, Univer ity of Southern California; George M. Mar­tin, Univer ity of Wa hington; John W. Meyer, tanford Univer ity; Walter Miil­ler, Univer it of Mannheim; Matilda White Rile, ational In titute on Aging; Martin E. P. eligman, Univer ity of Pennsylvania; M. Brew ter mith, Uni­ver ity of California, anta Cruz; Aage B.

rensen, Universit ofWiscon in; Franz E. Weinert, Max Planck In titute for P y­chological Reseach (Munich). Lonnie R.

herrod serve as taff.

Intimate relationships across the life span

The third conference sponsored by the ubcommittee on Child Development in

Life- pan Per pective wa held on May 12-13,193,in ewYork.The ubcom­mittee' general objective i to examine the reciprocal implication of child devel­opment and life- pan development re­search. The pecific aim of thi meeting was to examine the development of inti­mae acro the life pan from infancy through adulthood, con idering different t pe of intimacy (parent-child attach­ment, ibling relation hip, friend hip, marital intimac, exualit, and aggre -ive intimacie) in population of dif­

ferent ethnic background and of varied socioeconomic tatu. everal disciplinary per pective were brought to bear on these i sues-anthropology, hi tory, p y­chology, and sociology. The meeting con-i ted of everal brief presentation fol­

lowed b specific and general discu ion . The meeting wa organized by sub-

committee member E. Mavi Hetherington, Univer it of Virginia, and John W. Me er, tanford Univer ity. M . Hetherington chaired the meeting. The program included: (1) Parent-Child At­tachment, Mary Main, Univer ity of

California, Berkeley; (2) Parent and ibling Relation hip, Judith Dunn, Un i­

ver it of Cambridge; (3) Social Interac­tion in Peer and Couple: The Role of Affect, John Gotteman, Univer ity of 11-linoi ; (4) From Attachment to Intimacy: Close Relation hip Acro the Life- pan, Arlene kolnick, University of California, Berkele ; and (5) Family Socialization and Developmental Competence, Diana Baumrind, Univer ity of California, Berkeley. Di cu ant participants in­cluded John Gagnon, State Univer ityof New York, tony Brook; Ronald Rohner, University of Connecticut; Zick Rubin, Brandei University; Rainer K. Sil­berei en, Technical Univer ity of Berlin; Diana T . laughter, Univer ity of Chicago; and Robert Wei ,University of Ma aehu ett , Bo ton .

Member of the ubcommiuee are Paul B. Balte, Max Planck In titute for Human Development and Education (Berlin); Orville G. Brim, Jr., Foundation for Child Development ( ew York); Judith Dunn, University of Cambridge; Glen H. Elder, Jr., Cornell Univer ity; David L Featherman; University of Wis­con in; E. Mavi Hetherington, Univer-it of Virginia; Richard M. Lerner,

Penn ylvania tate Univer ity; Ellen f. Markman, Stanford Univer ity; John W. Me er, tanford Univer ity; Ro D. Parke, Univer it of Illinoi ; Martin E. P. Seligman, University of Penn ylvania; M. Brew ter mith, University of California, anta Cruz; Franz E. Weinert, Max

Planck In titute for P yehological Re­earch (Munich). Lonnie R. herrod

serve a taff. The ubcommittee function under the

au pice of the Committee on Life­Cour e Per pective on Human Devel­opment.

Exploring domains of giftedness

With fund from the Andrew W. Mel­lon Foundation, the Committee on De­velopment, Giftedne ,and the Learning Proce ha initiated a re earch planning program to examine the early growth of exceptional abilitie in pecific domain of human performance. The committee be­lieve that a more comprehensive under-tanding of extraordinary ability will

emerge from re earch that examine the interaction of individual abilitie and the characteri tics of the pecific domain in which the unu ual talent i expre sed. In

VOL ME 37, N MBER 2/3

the pa t year, the committee began exploring development and giftedne in the domain of mu ical perfonnance and the vi ual arts.

On March 3-4, 19 3 the committee ponsored a work hop on the earl devel­

opment of performing mu ician ; par­ticipants included mu ician , teachers of mu i , developmental p ychologi 15, and child p 'chiatri . The particular focu of the work hop wa the tran ition period of 'oung performers, often occurring during midadolescence, when the talent of a prodigy mu t be haped into a career of adult artistry. Participants con idered a number of developmental que tion . To what extent i there an adolescent cri ? Are there critical period in the matura­tion of mu ical abilitie that interact with social and emotional factor? 1 it po ible to characterize difference between tho who develop ucce ful mu ical career and tho e who mu ical abilit doe not continue on a part of their occupational career? Are the pecial abilitie of the mu-ical prodigy unique to the domain of

mu ic or can the be tran ferred to work in other areas? What are the pecific cog­nitive and emotional abilitie that appear to contribute to great ucces in per­forming mu ic? The que tion were discu sed at great length, often in the context of report b ' the mu ician pre­sent abou t critical event in their own live or those of their peer .

Participant in the work hop include E. Jame Anthony, Department of Child Pl;ychiatr , Wa hington University Medi­cal School; Jeanne Bamberger, Divi ion for tud and Research in Education, ~fa achu etts In titute of Technology; John f. Broughton, Department of P y­chology, Teachers College, ew York; Mihal C ik zentmihal i, Committee on Human Development, niver it of Chicago; David H. Feldman, Department of Child tudy, uft Univer ity; Howard Gardner, Veteran Admini tration Medi­cal Center (Bo ton); Howard E. ruber, In titute for Cognitive tudie, Rutger Univer it ; Lorin D. Hollander, ew Yorl it; Loui Kra ner, Brookline, ~fassachuset15; Leonard B. Meyer, De­partment of Mu ic, Univer ity of Penn-ylvania; Tob Perlman, ew York Cit ;

and Peter B. Read, Social 'ence Re-search Council.

On Ma 26-27, the committee pon­sored a work hop on "Development in the Visual Arts" at the Robie Hou in Chicago. A with the work hop on per­forming mu ician , thi meeting con-

EPTEMBER 1983

vened both arti ts and developmental p ychologi 15 in a common exploration of que tion concerning the earl live and career development of those with ex­ceptional ability. Thi meeting provided

veral uniquely valuable perspective on arti tic careers. Donald Baum, who oper­ate an art gallery in Chicago, described to the committee how the vi ual art communit has developed in the Chicago area. Donald eiden, a culptor, and Ed­ward Paschke, a painter, described their own careers and iIIu trated their com­ments with works of art representing dif­ferent period in their development. The committee also con ulted with a tudent election committee at the Chicago Art

In titute and wa able to di u with it the variou factors that appear crucial in detennining the movement of an arti t from the earl expre ion of abilit to the development of a productive career. In addition to tho e mentioned, participant in thi work hop included Jeanne Bam­berger, Divi ion for tud and Research in Education, M achu tt In titute of Technology; Mihaly C ik zentmihal i, Department of P ychology, University of Chicago; Howard Gardner, Veteran Admini tration Medical Center (Bo­ton); Roger Gilmore, dean, School of the Art In titute of Chicago; Howard E. Gruber, In titute for Advanced tudy (Princeton, ew Jer ey); David H. Feldman, Department of Child tudy, Tufts Univer it ; David Pari r, Depart­ment of Art Education, Concordia Uni­versity; Ellen Winner, Department of P ychology, Bo ton College.

The work hop have enriched the committee' under tanding of how ex­traordinar abilitie emerge and mature in two very different domain . It ha allowed them to identif some factors that appear unique to either the vi ual art or to mu ic and ome i ue whi h the do­main appear to hare. Above all, it ha reinforced the committee' belief that giftedne mu t be tudied within the pe­cific context of it expre ion. Additional work hop in the domain, and others, are planned and new research project have been initiated b committee mem­ber in both mu i and the vi ual arts.

States and social structures The Council ha appointed a new

Committee on tate and ocial tructures. The initial members are Peter

B. Evan , Brown Univer it , and Theda kocpol, Universit of Chicago, chair;

Albert O. Hirschman, In titute for Ad­vanced tud (Princeton, New Jer ); Peter J. Katzen tein, Cornell Univer it ; Ira Katznelson, ew School for Social Re­search; tephen D. Krasner, tanford Univer ity; Dietrich Rue cherne er, Brown Univer it ; and Charle ill, Univer ity of Michigan. fartha A. Gephart erve a taff.

During the coming month , the com­mittee will bring together ocial ienti t from everal di ipline for collaborative scholarl discu ion about problem in three major area: (1) tudie of the re­lation hip between ocial knowledge and the hi torical and contemporary devel­opment of tate intervention for ocial welfare program ; (2) tudie of the re­lation hip between tran national pro­ce e and the economic policie of con­temporary nation- tate; and (3) compar­ative inve tigation of the building of modern national tate from earl mod­ern Europe to 20th century Latin America, A ia, and Africa. During 19 3, the committee will complete work on an edited volume of e a , "Bringing the

tate Back 1 n," to be publi hed b am-bridge Universit Pres in 19 4.

Readers who wi h to be kept informed of the activitie of the committee hould write to Martha A. Gephart and a ked to be pia ed on the committee' mailing Ii t.

Research uses of personal testimony

Over the pa t two ears, the Council ha begun to explore variou way in which researcher use extended report b individual as evidence in both the humanitie and the ocial ience. Major data in virtuall ever discipline are fir t per on tatement of individual -whether written or poken. These mate­rial are emplo ed in uch diver work as the preparation of biographie , the re­con truction of hi torical events, the de­piction of cultural practice, and the de­scription of per onalit} development.

Relativel little i known about the method and technique emploed b scholar for the collection, analy i , and interpretation of per onal te timon . It i an area of empirical investigation that ha received little tematic attention,et it i increa ingl the ource of new in ight concerning numerou facet of human behavior.

The Council ha ponsored everal meeting at which cholar from a number of di ipline in the humanitie

59

and social science discu sed the problem involved in working with individual re­port and the procedure adopted by scholar to overcome these difficultie . These discu ion led to the formulation of que tion that need to be addre sed both in the conduct and interpretation of re earch that employ per onal te­timony. On March 11. four cholars were invited to present their current research and to describe the methodology they emplo in working with individual re­ports. These pre entation were elected for their diver ity of both content and method. A number of other scholar. man of whom had participated in previ­ou Council meetings on thi topic. at­tended thi work hop and participated in an analy i and discu ion of research program . Thu • exploration of thi topic ha moved from a rather broad con id­eration of methodological i ue to a working mode where interdisciplinary re-earch endeavors are tudied and com­

mented upon by mall interdisciplinary group of cholar who hare a common concern with the u e of personal te­timony a evidence.

In thi meeting John Modell. Depart­ment of Hi tory. Univer ity of Minnesota. described hi demographic tudie of family building. based upon interview with a large ample of ingle women in 1955. These interview contain ub tan­tial information on the value and deci-ion making proce of these women and

he has attempted to develop quantitative technique to identify orientation which might help to explain the child-bear­ing plans of these women. Judith Modell. Department of Sociology. Colb College. ha worked with the arne data but ex­amined a mall ample of the interview in a more inten ive, qualitative fashion to learn what attitude of the women might provide a more revealing explana­tion of the demographic data. Justin Kaplan (Cambridge, Mas achusett) re­ported upon hi current research in pre­paring a biography of Charlie Chaplin. which of nece ity involve the tudy of exi ting autobiographical material and the interviewing of numerou individual who knew and worked with Mr. Chaplin . Finally. Jeannette Haviland. Department of P ychology. Livingstone College, Rut-

Council Personnel New directors and officers

The Council' board of directors. at it meeting on May 20, 19 3. elected five directors. Newly-elected to board mem­ber hip for a three- ear term wa Louise A. Till • Univer it of Michigan. from the American Hi torical A ociation. Reelected to erve a three-year term wa Charle O. Jone • University of Virginia, from the American Political Science A -sociation. tephen E. Fienberg. Carnegie­Mellon Univer ity; Gardner Lindzey. Center for Advanced tudy in the Be­havioral Science; and idney Verba. Harvard University, were all reelected for three- ear term a director -at-large.

The board also elected the Council' officer for 1983-84. Eleanor E. Mac­coby. tanford University. was elected chairman; tephen E. Fienberg wa elected vice-chairman ; tephen M.

tigler. Univer ity of Chicago. wa elected

60

secretary; and Donna E. halala. Hunter College. City Univer ityofNew York. wa reelected a treasurer.

Staff appointment P. Nikiforo Diamandouro, a political

scienti t.joined the staff on eptember 1. Hi primary a ignments will be to staff the joint committee on We tern Europe and the Near and Middle Ea t. Mr. Diamandouro received a Ph.D. from Columbia Univer ity in 1972. with a di -sertation on the formation of the modern Greek state. He has publi hed and lec­tured exten ively on the politic of south­ern Europe; he i also the author of Southern Europe: An Introductqry Biblio­graphical Essay (1980) and The 1974 Transi­tionfrom Authoritarian to Democratic Rule in Greece (19 1). Prior to joining the taff of the Council. Mr. Diamandouro was di­rector of the Development Office and a -

gers University. presented her methodol­ogy for tudying a peets of personality development through the live and writ­ing of uch literary figure a Virginia Woolf. Some of these re earcher di trib­uted ample of the te timonial material with which the work and participant in the meeting were able to put their per-peetive to the te t of raw data.

In addition to those cholar who pre­sented their re earch. participant in thi meeting included Paul Fu sell. Depart­ment of EngJi h. Rutger Univer ity; Tamara Hareven. Department of Hi -tory. Clark Univer ity; Norman N. HoI­land. Center for P ychological Study of the Arts, UNY at Amher t, ew York; Hugh Kenner. Department of Engli h. The John Hopkin Univer ity; Susan Krieger. Department of Sociology. Stan­ford Univer ity; John P. Padgett. De­partment of Political Science. Univer ity of Chicago; Kenneth Prewitt. Social Sci­ence Re earch Council ; and Paul Rabinow. Department of Anthropology. University of California. Berkeley. Peter B. Read erve a taff.

i tant to the pre ident, Athen College, Greece.

Presidential sabbatical Kenneth Prewitt. the president of the

Council. ha received a Guggenheim Fellow hip for the 1983-84 academic year. He ha also been appointed a fellow at the Center for Advanced tudy in the Behavioral Science in tanford. Califor­nia, where he will pend a abba tical year. He will, however. be in the Council's of­fice a few day each month.

The day-to-day admini tration of the Council' activitie during 19 3-84 will be the re pon ibility of David L. Sill • the Executive A sociate. David L. Szanton ha been a igned responsibility for the joint area committee and Peter B. Read re-pon ibility for the nonarea re earch

planning committee .

VOLUME 37. N MBERS 2/3

•

Newly-issued Council Publications China Among Equals: The Middle

Kingdom and Its Neighbors, 10-14th Centuries, edited b Morri Ro abi. Pa­per from a conference pon ored by the Committee on tudies of Chinese Civili­zation of the American Council of Learned Societies. Berkeley: Univer it of California Pre , 19 3. xvi + 4 7 page . Cloth, 28.50; paper, 12.50.

Scholars have long accepted China' own view of it traditional foreign rela­tion : that China devised its own world order and maintained it from the econd century B.C. to the 19th century. China ruled out any equality with any nation; foreign ruler and their envoy were treated a ubordinate or inferiors, re­quired to end periodic tribute emba ie to the Chine e emperor. The Chinese court' principal intere t were to main­tain peace with what it perceived to be barbarian neighbor and to coax or coerce them into admitting China ' uperiority and accepting the Chine e

emperor a the on of Heaven. The paper in China Among Equal

challenge this accepted view of Chine e foreign relation by demon trating that court official in traditional times were eager for foreign trade and knowledge­able about their neighbor, and did not dogmatically enforce China' world order but rather were more reali tic and prag­matic than i commonly a umed.

The book i a product of a 1978 con­ference organized by Mr. Ro sabi, Ca e Western Re erve University, and pon­sored by one of the two predece or committee of the Joint Committee on Chine e Studie . The la t major col­laborative tud of Chinese foreign rela­tion re ulted in a 196 Harvard Univer-it Pre publication, The ChiJU5e World

Ordtr, edited by John K. Fairbank, which dealt primarily with Ming (1368-1644) and Ch'ing (1644-1911) China. The ear­lier volume has timulated important ub­sequent tudies on Chine e foreign rela­tion in late imperial China. It i expected that the pre ent volume will imilarly en­courage research on ung (960-1279) and pre- ung China.

In addition to Mr. Ro abi, who edited the volume, contributors to the volume include Thoma Allsen, Trenton tate College ; Herbert Franke, Bavarian Academy of Science ; Gari Ledyard, C0-lumbia Universit ; Luciano Petech, Uni-

SEPTEMBER 1983

ver ity of Rome; Charle Peter on, Cor­nell Univer it ; Igor de Rachewiltz, The Au tralian ational niver it ; 1ichael Roger, Univer ity of California, Berke­ley; hiba Yo hinobu, Osaka Univer ity; Tao Jing- hen, Univer it of Arizona; Wang Gungwu, The Au tralian ational Univer ity; and Edmund Worthy, a­tional Council on the Aging.

Developmental Approaches to Gifted­nes and Creativity, edited by David Henry Feldman. New Directions for Child Development, ' umber 17, eptember 1982. William Damon, Editor in Chief. A publication of the Committee on Devel­opment, Giftedne , and the Learning Proce . an Franci 0 : Jo ey-Ba . 99 page . Paper, 7.00.

Thi volume pre ent five e ay on giftedne by a group of scholar who are member of the Council' Committee on Development, Giftedne , and the Learning Proce . With fund from the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation, the committee i exploring new way to tudy the emergence and development of ex­ceptional abilitie in variou domain of human performance (see page 58-59 of thi i ue).

Volume in the Jo ey-Ba erie have tended Ie to provide reports of com­pleted research than to outline challeng­ing new idea and method at the fron­tier of cientific inquir on infants and children . Thi volume i no exception. Previou research on giftedne ha cu­tomarily been based on a view of gifted­ne a general intellectual potential. In diverse way , the contributor argue that our under tanding of extraordinary human abilitie has been everely limited by uch an as umption. They que tion many of the traditional conception and research trategie employed in the tudy of giftedne and creativity and offer provocative new theme for future em­pirical re earch .

Howard E. Gruber examine orne of the reason for tudying extraordinari­ne and discover a relation hip between these reason and the re earch method employed b scholars. He proposes a con­ception of giftedne as early promise connected to later creative work and rec­ommend a research trategy that tart

with unequivocally extraordinary indi­vidual and work backward.

David H. Feldman utilize Piaget' no­tion of tage, interaction, and tran ition to draw implication for tudying gifted­nes and creativity in children. By analyzing the component that enter into the developmental equence, he how how it i po ible to diagno and upport earl giftedne without resorting to gen­eral p ·chometric prediction . He ug­ge t a particularly promi ing focu for new empirical work in the tudy of devel­opment in nonuniver al domains--the realm within which creative work i actu­all done.

Building upon knowledge from uch field a genetic and neurobiology, How­ard Gardner propo e a reorganilation of competent functioning into even di tinct pheres, each with its own trength, de­

velopmental trajector , and probable area of application through different

mbol tern . He ugge ts that b ex-amining extreme ca e in each of the proposed realm of competence, it i po­ible to examine giftedne in a new and

more differentiated wa . Jeanne Bamberger interpret the

common breakdown in performance of mu ical prodigie a they move from adolescence to adulthood a a confronta­tion between intuitive, figural compe­tence and newly emerging formal repre­sentation . Mature mu ical performance require the integration of both kind of competence, an achievement ometime be ond the gra p of even the mo t prom­i ing children. To comprehend better the confrontation between tern will re­quire the joint effort of cognitive devel­opmentali ts and tho e who tud the domain of mu i .

Finall ,Nanc Robinson and the late Halbert Robin on (to whom the volume i dedicated) report preliminary findings from their a se ment of the Earl En­trance Program for exceptional tudent at the Univer ity of Washington, eattle. The ocial adju tment and academic progre of 44 radical accelerant (qual­ifying for admi ion by the age of four­teen) are examined for a four-year pe­riod . The author discu the accom­pli hment and limitation of the pro­gram and present plan for future re­search.

The volume begin with note from the

61

editor and a foreword by Peter B. Read which indicate the relation hip of the work of the committee to previou Coun­cil acthitie in the field of human devel­opment.

The Origins of Chinese Civilization, edited b David . Keightley. Paper from a conference sponsored b the Committee on tudie of Chine e Civili­zation of the American Council of Learned Societie . joint Committee on Chine e tudie, tudie on China, l. Berkele: niver ity of California Pre , 19 3. xxxi + 617 page. Cloth, 45.00; paper, 15.00.

While man We tern scholar, orne a recently a in the middle 1950 ,have held that the fundamental element of Chine e culture and civilization were tran ported from area out ide China proper, there i now little doubt that-whatever the ori­gin of a few particular elements--the complex of cultural trait that i referred to a Chinese civilization developed in China. hou and of eolithic and early Bronze Age ite are alread known, and development in archeology, anthropol­ogy, and related di cipline and ancillary technique have enabled cholar to move from pecific artifact a emblage, decor analy e , lingui tic recon truction , and so on, toward a recon truction of the s0-

cial realitie that produced them . It i till premature to e tabli h a com-

prehen ive nthe i of the knowledge acquired b · all the relevant discipline with r peet to early cultural develop­ment in hina, but the 17 contributor to thi volume bring to the tud the ana­lytical and methodological concern of arch ology, art hi tory, botan ,climatol-0(0-, cultural anthropology, ethnograph , epigraphy, lingui ti ,metallurgy, phy i­cal anthropology, and political and ocial hi tory.

U ing method from all the e field, the factual data and anal tical cherne pre­sented in the variou chapter cover a re­markabl} wide range of topics: China' biogeographical environment and it plant dome tication, the phy ical charac­teri tic of the earlie t Chine e, the origin of the Chinese language, bronze metal­lurg , the nature of the tribe, and the formation of the tate-among others. The chapter al 0 propose a erie of h -pothe e about uch i ue a the cultural importance of ecogeographical zone in China, eolithic interaction between the ea t coa t and the central plain , the re-

62

markable homogeneit of early Chinese crania, and the link between the H ia (220~ I I B.C.) , hang (1766-1154 B.C.), and Chou (1122-255 B.C.) dynas­tie.

More broadly, the volume addre que tion of the origin of Chine e civili­zation in terms of the proce e of inten-ification and cultural exchange, of the

development of ocial and political or­ganization, and of continually expanding areas of ettlement and the changing nat­ural environment. The volume also de­lineate the problem of definition, problem of inadequate data, and the kind of re arch trategie and the u e of analytical model that future scholar ma wi h to pur ue.

By etting, for the fir t time, the tudy of China' origin on an interdisciplinary course toward y tematic and cumulative under tanding, the volume has e tab­li hed a landmark. B providing original and ignificant interpretation of the na­ture of Chinese civilization in it forma­tive tage and the proce e b which civilization form, the volume make an important contribution to an under-tanding of the gene i of civilization in

general. In addition to Mr. Keightley, Univer-

it of California, Berkeley, who organ­ized the 197 conference and edited the volume, the contributor are oel Bar­nard, The Au tralian ational Univer-it ; K. C. Chang, Harvard University,

Te-tlU Chang, International Rice Re­search In titute; Cheung Kwong- ue, The Au tralian ational Univer it ; Wayne H. Fogg, Univer it of Oregon; Ur ula Martiu Franklin, University of Toronto; Morton H. Fried, Columbia niver ity; W. W. Howell, Harvard Univer ity; Loui a G. Fitzgerald Huber, Harvard Universit ; Karl jettmar, University of Heidelberg; Fang Kuei Li, Univer it of Washington; Hui-lin Li, Universit of Penn ylvania; William Meacham, Univer-ity of Hong Kong; Richard Pearson,

University of Briti h Columbia; E. G. Pulle blank, Univer it of Briti h Colum­bia; and Robert Orr Wh te, Univer ityof Hong Kong.

Social Cognition and Social Develop­ment, edited b E. Tory Higgin , Diane

. Ruble, and Willard W. Hartup. A publication of the Committee on Social and Affective Development During Childhood. ew York: Cambridge Uni-

ver ity Pre ,19 3. x + 414 page. Cloth, 39.50. The contribution in this volume are

revi ed ver ion of papers presented at a conference titled "Social Cognition and Social Behavior: Developmental Per pee­tive ," ponsored by the Council' Com­mittee on Social and Affective Develop­ment During Childhood and held at the Univer it of We tern Ontario from

ovember 9 to II, 1979. The purpose of the conference wa to focu on the social aspeet of social-cognitive development; in particular, socialization or ocial itua­tional force on the antecedent ide and social behavior on the re pon e ide. Al­though ocial cognition i currentl one of the mo t active area in both ocial and development p ychology, the field ha been dominated by the "cognitive" a pect of ocial cognition, with the "social" a peet receiving relativel little attention.

B focu ing the conference on the 0-

cial a peet of ocial-cogniti\'e develop­ment, the organizer hoped to reformu­late ome of the theoretical foundation of re arch in thi area. Each participant wa a ked to addres at lea t one of the following que tion : (1) What kind of sociocultural factor explain ob erved de­velopmental change in social cognition? (2) How do age-related change in ocial cognition affect ocial behavior? The chapter of thi volume reflect a chal­lenging diver it of re ponse to these que tion .

ixteen chapters are grouped into four major ection . Chapter 1 introduce the volume, de ribe the purpo e of the con­ference, and rai e ome i ue for future con ideration. Chapter 2 through 7 focu on the interaction of ociocultural and cognitive factor in the development of ocial judgment and the utilization of social input. Chapter 8 through 12 pre-ent variou perspective on value inter­

nalization and moral development. Chapter 13 through 16 present critical overview and commentarie on the pre­ceding chapter, a well as on the field of social-cognitive development a a whole. Together, the chapter provide major re­view of ke area of ocial-cognitive de­velopment and ummarize the current re-earch program and per pective of

man distingui hed p chologi ts in thi area.

Contributor to the volume include Thoma J. Berndt, Yale Univer ity; judith E. Brady, Universit of Minnesota; W. Andrew Collin, Univer it of Min­nesota; Philip R. Co tanzo, Duke Univer-

VOL ME 37, N MBER 2/3

it); William Damon, Clark Univer ity; Theodore H. Dix, ew York Univer it ; Walter Emmerich, Educational e ting

rvice (Princeton, ew Jer e ); Karla hepard Goldman, Univer ity of

Colorado; Joan E. Gru ec, Univer ity of Toronto; Willard W. Hartup, Univer ity of Minne ota; E. Tor Higgin, ew York Univer it ; Martin L. Hoffman, Univer­ity of Michigan; Mark R. Leper, tan-

ford Univer it ; Eleanor E. Maccob , tan ford niver it; ancy C. Much, niversit of Chicago; Andrew F. ew­

comb, Michigan tate niver ity; Jac­quel nne Eccle Par on, niver it of \1ichigan; Deborah L. Pool, Univer it of Chicago; Richard A. hweder, niversity of Chi ago; Diane . Ruble, ew York

niver it ; Tom Traba 0, niver ity of hi ago; and Elliot uriel, Univer it of

California, Berkele .

Spatial Orientation: Theory, Research, and Application, edited b Herbert L. Pick,Jr. and Linda P. Acredolo. A publi­cation of the Committee on Cognitive Re-

arch. New York: Plenum Pre ,19 3. xiv + 37 page. Cloth, 49.50.

How do people know where in the world the are? How do the find their wav about? The e are the ort of que -tion about patial orientation with which thi book i concerned. taying patially oriented i an es ential a pect of all be­havior. Animal mu t find their way through their environment earching ef­ficiently for food and returning to their home area , and man pecie have de­\eloped ver ophi ticated en ing appa­ratu for helping them do thi . Even little children know their wa around quite complex environment. They remember where the put thing and are able to retrieve them with little trouble. Adult in

Jette aero the world have developed complex navigational tern for helping them find their way over long di tance with few di tinctive landmarks. People a ro the world u e language to com-

EPTEMBER 19 3

municale about patial de nptton a well a in problem of long range naviga­tion.

Recently re archer and cholar in a variety of discipline have become in­lere ted in the ba ic proce e underlying people' abilit to maintain patial orientation. The purpose of thi book i to pre nt analyse of problem of patial orientation from the perspective of both naturally occurring behavior and care­full controlled experiment. On the one hand, the book describe patial behavior from an ethological perspective (e.g., the teaching of map reading kill to soldiers); on the other hand, it review ba ic infor­mation proce ing kill employed in a laboratory etting. In between the e are analy e of experimental studie carried out in relativel natural etting and di -cu ion of how language help u com­municate about and structure our thinking about patial layout. The au­thor include peciali t in computer ci­ences, geography, lingui tic, and p y­chology.

The volume i ba ed upon a conference organized and pon ored b the Com­mittee on Cognitive Re earch held in the ummer of 19 O. One of the major

theme of the committee' effort ha been to encourage inve tigation of ba ic cognitive proce e a they operate in natural etting. The topic of patial orientation i particularly appropriate to thi theme.

The book i organized in five ection : (1) comparative and developmental a­pect of patial orientation; (2) patial orientation in pecial population ; (3) patial orientation and map reading; (4)

linguistic a pect of patial cognition; and (5) information proce ing and spatial cognition. At the end of each ection there i commentar by a di cus ant which attempt to capture orne of the major points raised in the conference di -cu ion and to highlight orne of the gen­eral i ue of the paper in that ection.

The chapter included are: (1)" patial Orientation: A Comparative Approach,

anc L. Hazen, Univer ity ofTexa ; (2) "The Generation and Early Development of patial Inference ," John J. Rieser, Vanderbilt niver ity; (3) "Comparative and Developmental Approache to pa­tial Cognition," Herbert L. Pick,Jr., Uni­ver ity of Minnesota; (4) "Procedure for Defining and Analyzing Cognitive Map of the Mildl and Moderately Mentally Retarded," Reginald G. Golledge and G. Donald Richard on, Univer ity of California, anta Barbara, and John . . Ra nor and Jo eph J. Parni k), Ohio tate Univer it ; (5)" patial Orientation

in the Elderl : The Current tatu of nder tanding," Ru ell J. Ohta, We t irginia Uni'er it '; (6) " patial Abilit\

and the Limitation of Perceptual tern ," Emer on Foulke, niversit of Loui ville; (7) .. patial rientation 10

pecial Population : The Mentall Re­tarded, the Blind, and the Elderly," Linda P. Acredolo, Univer ity of California, Davi : ( ) Terrain Vi ualization and Map Reading," Zita M. imuti and Helena F. Bar am, nited tate Armv Re earch In titute for Behavioral and Social ci­ence ; (9)" patial Learning and Rea n­ing Skill," Perr W. Thornd ke and arah E. Goldin, niver it of California, anta Barbara; (10) "Map Reading and patial Cognition," Herbert L. Pi k, Jr., Univer-ity of Minne ota, and Jeffrey J.

Lockman, Tulane Univer it ; (II) "How Language tructure pace," Leonard

aim ,Universit of California, Berk­ele ; (12) "Deixis and patialOrientation in Route Direction ," Wolfgang Klein, Max Planck In titute for P ycholingui tic ( ijemgen); (13) "Commentar on the Paper of Klein and Talm ," Charle J. Fillmore, niversit of California, Berk­eley; (14) " 10deling and Creation of Cognitive Map ," John C. Baird and Mark Wagner, Dartmouth College; (15) "The Cognitive Map: Could It Have Been Any Other Wa ? ," Benjamin Kuiper,

uft niver it ; and (16) "Concerning Cognitive Map : Di u ion of Baird and Kuiper ," Fred Attneave, Universit of Oregon.

63

Fellowships and Grants CONTENTS

64 DOCTORAL OJ ERT ATIO RE EARCH I EMPLOYME T AND TRAI ING

65 I TERNATIO AL DOCTORAL RE EARCH FELLOW HIP Africa, Chi/ta, Japan, Korta, Latin Amtrica and tht Caribbean, Ihe ear and Middle Easl, South A ia,

ottlhtast Asia, We tem Ettrope

67 GRA T FOR INTER ATIO AL PO T­DOCTORAL RE EARCH Africa, China, Eastem Ettrope, Japall, Korea, Lalin Amtnca alld Ihe Caribbeall, Iht ear alld Middle East,

ottth Asia, ottlhtast Asia

THE E PAGE Ii t the name, affiliation, and topics of the individual who were awarded fellow hip or grant by Council committee in the mo t recent annual competi­tion . The grant program pon ored by the Council and the grant and fellowship program for re earch in the ocial cience and the humanities pon ored by the Coun­

cil jointly with the American Council of Learned Societie (ACLS) are both reported here. The program for Re earch in Employment and Training i funded by the U.S. De­partment of Labor. The international program are up­ported b grants from the Ford Foundation, the National Endowment for the Humanitie ,and the William and Flora Hewlett Foundation. Additional funding for the China and for the Latin American and Caribbean program i pro­vided by the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation and for the japan po tdoctoral program by the japan- United tate Friend hip Commi ion. Unle s it i pecifically noted that a program i admini tered by the ACLS, the program Ii ted are admini tered by the Council.

In the admini tration of it fellow hip and grant pro­gram , the Social Science Re earch Council doe not di -criminate on the ba is of age, color, creed, di ability, mari­tal tatu, national origin, or ex.

The program change omewhat every year, and in­tere ted cholar hould write to the Council for a copy of the new brochure.

DOCTORAL DIS ERT A TIO RESEARCH I EMPLOYME TAD TRAI ING

The Committee on Di ertation Fellowship in Employ­ment and Training-Ra hi Fein, Paul S. Goodman, Hylan Lewi , Frank P. tafford, Paula E. Stephan-ha recom­mended, and the Council ha awarded, the following di -ertation fellow hip ince june 1982:

Beth A ch, Ph.D. candidate in economics, Univer ity of Chicago, for re earch on the allocative role of private pen ion plan in the labor market

William March Boal, Ph.D. candidate in economics, Stan­ford Univer ity, for re earch on unionism and produc­tivit in We t Virginia coal mining

64

ancy Breen, Ph.D. candidate in economics, New School for Social Re earch, for research on the con equences of protective legi lation of women' work and wage

Kenneth M. Chomitz, Ph.D. candidate in ocial cience, Univer ity of California, Irvine, for re earch on a rela­tivi tic model of labor supply

Thomas Coleman, Ph.D. candidate in economics, Univer­ity of Chicago, for re earch on the fluctuation in

aggregate employment, unemployment, and participa­tion

jeremiah Cotton, Ph.D. candidate in economic, Univer ity of Michigan, for re earch on a comparative analy i of the determinant of black-white and Mexican­American-white male wage differential ichola DiMarzio, Ph.D. candidate in ocial work, Rutger Univer ity, for re earch on the social welfare and labor market implication of undocumented alien in the New York metropolitan area

john on Aimie Edo omwan, Ph.D. candidate in indu trial engineering and operations re earch, Columbia Univer­ity, for re earch on the impact of computer technology

on productivity and operator health in an a embly ta ik Elaine M. Gilby, Ph.D. candidate in economic, University

of Wi con in, for re earch on the effect of migration deci ions on two earner couple

jeanne Griffith, Ph.D. candidate in ocial relation, The john Hopkins Univer ity, for re earch on the effect of late life, long-term unemployment and occupational mobility on retirement behavior in the United State

janet Holtzblatt, Ph.D. candidate in economic, Univer ity of Wi con in, for re earch on the effect of plant clo ings on worker' earning and tran fer receipts

Mitchell P. LaPlante, Ph.D. candidate in ociology, Stan­ford Univer ity, for re earch on the health cost of met­ropolitan unemployment

Timothy J. Maloney, Ph.D. candidate in economic, Uni­ver ity of Wi con in, for re earch on di equilibrium un­employment and the cyclical labor upply respon e of married women

Walter S. McManus, Ph.D. candidate in economics, Uni­ver ity of California, Lo Angele, for re earch on the role of Engli h language proficiency in Hi panic earn­ing and occupational differentials

Tere aJ. Menke, Ph.D. candidate in economic, Univer ity of Wiscon in, for re earch on the effect of urban amenitie and di amenitie on intercity wage dif­ferentials

Gary Mucciaroni, Ph.D. candidate in political cience, Uni­ver ity of Wi con in, for re earch on the politics of man­power policy from the Manpower Development and Training Act of 1962 to the job Training and Partner-hip Act of 1982.

KevinJ. Murphy, Ph.D. candidate in economic, Univer ity of Chicago, for re earch on a theoretical and empirical inve tigation of optimal labor contracts ba ed on ability, performance, and compen ation

W. Robert Reed, Ph.D. candidate in economics, North­we tern Univer ity, for re earch on job atisfaction, compen ating wage differential ,and the importance of nonpecuniary job characteri tics

joyce M. Richmond-Cooper, Ph.D. candidate in regional cience, Univer ity of Penn ylvania, for re earch on a

theoretical and empirical inve tigation of local labor market, geographic mobility, and imperfect informa­tion

VOL ME 37, N MBER 2/3

Loriann Rober on, Ph.D. candidate in p ychology, Univer­ity of Minne ota, for re earch on a new approach to the

mea urement of work motivation Jame Robin on, Ph.D. candidate in indu trial relation ,

Univer ity of California, Berkeley, for an economic analy i of the effects of worker mobility and trade union on the policie of the Occupational afety and Health Admini tration

Dougla W. Roblin, Ph.D. candidate in anthropology, Uni­ver ity of Michigan, for re earch on the labor market behavior of di advantaged immigrants, with particular reference to Samoan in the San Francisco Bay area

Carolyn M. Ro en tein, Ph.D. candidate in indu trial rela­tion , Univer ity of California, Lo Angele, for re earch on the effect of immigration on the occupational career of recent immigrants to Canada

teven tern, Ph.D. candidate in economic, Yale Univer­ity, for re earch on earch, vacancie , application, and

long-term equilibrium labor market Jo eph Tracy, Ph.D. candidate in economics, Univer ity of

Chicago, for a theoretical and empirical tud of U. . trike activity u ing pooled time- erie cro - ectional

data from 1973-1978 Shinichi Watanabe, Ph.D. candidate in economic, Univer­

ity of Minne ota, for re earch on bu ine cycle, unem­ployment, and job earch

Barbara A. Worley, Ph.D. candidate in anthropology, Co­lumbia Univer ity, for re earch in iger on the economic role of Tuareg women

CHI A

he following di ertation fellow hip wa awarded dur­ing the year b the joint Committee on Chine e tudie (admini tered b the American Council of Learned Societie )-Frederic E. Wakeman, jr. (chair), Hok-Iam Chan, Wm. Theodore de Bar, Robert F. Dernberger,jack L. Dull, Albert Feuerwerker, Victor Ho Li, Michel C. Ok-enberg, Evel n . Raw ki, G. William kinner, and An­

thony C. Yu-with the a i tance of the committee' ub­committee on Grants-jack L. Dull, judith . Berling,

ichola R. Lard, u an aquin, tephen Owen, Lyman P. Van Ike, jame L. Watson, and Allen . Whiting.

Michael D. waine, Ph.D. candidate in government, Har­vard Univer ity, for re earch in japan on contemporar

ino-japane e relation as a ca e tudy in the applied bureaucratic politic approach to Chine e foreign eco­nomic policy making (cofunded b the joint Committee on japane e tudie)

Amy Wharton, Ph.D. candidate in ociology, Univer ityof J Oregon, for re earch on the role of occupation and in-du trial organization on blue-collar ex egregation

Jeffre Stephen Zax, Ph.D. candidate in economics, Har­vard University, for re earch on compen ation and em­ployment in American city government

PA '

nder the program pon ored b the Joint Committee on japane e tudie, the ubcommittee on Grant for Re earch-J. Thoma Rimer (chair), William Kell ,jeffre Ma , T. J. Pempel, Gar R. axonhou e, Patricia G.

I TER A TIO AL DOCTORAL RESEARCH FELLOW HIP

AFRICA

The following di ertation fellow hip were awarded b the Joint Committee on African tudies-Allen F. I aac­man (chair), jane I. Guyer, Bennetta W. jule -Ro ette, Thandika Mkandawire, V. Y. Mudimbe, Peter Anyang' I' ong'o, Harold Scheub, and Michael J. Watts-at it meeting on March 25-26, 1983. It had been a i ted b the Screening Committee-Sandra T. Barne , Frederick Cooper, T . Dunbar Moodie, Chri topher D. Roy, and \fichael G. hatzberg.

Benjamin N. Davi , Ph.D. candidate in anthropology, Uni­ver ity of Michigan, for re earch in Zimbabwe on cia formation and cla con ciousne in rural Zimbabwe

Bernard de H. de Grunne, Ph .D. candidate in the history of art, Yale University, for re earch in Mali on the form and meaning of ge ture in ancient Mali art

Corinne A. Kratz, Ph.D. candidate in anthropology, Uni­versity of Texa , for re earch in Kenya on the creation and communication of cultural identit among the Okiek

Chri topher C. Taylor, Ph.D. candidate in anthropology, Univer ity of Virginia, for re earch in Rwanda on ocial innovation and therapy in Rwandan traditional medicine

Jeffre G. Un icker, Ph.D. candidate in international de-velopment education, Stanford University, for re earch in Tanzania on adult education, rural development, and ociali m in Tanzania: the political economy of the

Folk Development College

EP1 EMBER 19 3

teinhoff, and Ma akazu Yamazaki-at it meeting on Feb­ruar 11, 19 3, voted to make award to the following individual:

Andrew E. Bar ha ,Ph .D. candidate in hi tor, Univer it}' of California, Berkele , for re earch in japan on the public man a an in ider and an out ider in the earl howa period, 1925-1945

Bruce L. Batten, Ph.D. candidate in hi tor\" tan ford ni­ver ity, for research in japan on the Dazai headquarter, local government, and foreign relation in the . 'ara and Heian period

Paul A. Berr , Ph.D. candidate in the hi tory of art, Uni­ver it of Michigan, for re earch in japan on Tanomura Chikuden and the development and tran mi ion of Bungo anga painting in the 19th centur

Mar C. Brinton, Ph .D. candidate in ociology, Uniyer it} of Wa hington, for re earch in japan on the determi­nant of differential male and female emploment pat­tern in urban japan

Frank L. Chance, Ph .D. candidate in the hi tor} of art, .Univer ity of Wa hington, for re earch in japan on the painting, book iIIu tration , and theorie of Tani Bun­cho (1763-1 40)

jennifer E. Robert on, Ph.D. candidate in anthropology, Cornell Univer it}', for re earch injapan on Itilldenmura and the proce of village building

Kermit L. Schoenholtz, Ph.D. candidate in economics, Yale Univer it}, for re earch inJapan on bu ine ime tment, rational expectation, and credit market imperfection

Michael D. waine, Ph .D. candidate in government, Har­vard Univer it ,for re earch in Japan on contemporar

ino-Japane e relation a a ca e tud in the applied bureaucratic politic approach to Chine e foreign eco­nomic policy making (cofunded b the joint Committee on Chine e tudie)

65

KOREA

The Joint Committee on Korean Studies-Chae-jin Lee (chair), Martina Deuchler, Michael C. Kallon, Han-Kyo Kim, Hagen Koo, and Peter H. Lee-voted at its meeting on March 5-6, 1983, to award fellow hip to the following individual:

Seong-Nae Kim, Ph.D. candidate in anthropology, Univer­ity of Michigan, for re earch in Korea on continuity and

tran formation of Cheju hamanic healing in urban Korea

Seonbok Yi, Ph.D. candidate in anthropology, Arizona tate Univer it , for re earch in Korea on lower

Paleolithic indu try

LATI • AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEA

The following fellow hip were awarded by the Doctoral Re earch Fellow hip election Committee for Latin America and the Caribbean-Jorge I. DomInguez (chair), John Coatsworth, Elizabeth J. Garrel, ilvia Ann Hewlett, and Carol A. Smith-at it meeting on March 4, 1983. It had been a i ted b the Screening Committee-Bruce Bagle, ara Ca tro-Klaren, Douglas H. Graham, Gilbert Jo eph, Norma Klahn, Chri topher Mitchell, and Kay Warren. Diana de G. Brown served as a consultant to the committee.

Ana Marla Alon 0, Ph .D. candidate in anthropology, Uni­ver ity of Chicago, for research in Mexico on the ethno­graphic hi tory of two communities in northern Mexico during the Revolution

William Harry Fi her, Ph.D. candidate in anthropology, Cornell Univer ity, for research in Brazil on the repre-entational u e of natural phenomena in the ymbolic

ordering of ociallife and the cultural definition of natu­ral re ource for the Kayapo-Xikrin of Bacaja in the Amazon ba in .

Andre Miguel Fontana, Ph.D. candidate in government, Univer ity of Texa , for re earch in Argentina on the neocon ervative ideology of "state- hrinking" of the Argentine militar regime

Nancy R. For ter, Ph.D. candidate in development tudie , University of Wi con in, for research in Ecuador on the impact of commercialization on the socioeconomic sur­vival strategie of two pea ant communitie in the high­lands

Charle Guy Gillespie, Ph.D. candidate in political cience, Yale University, for re earch in Uruguay on au­thoritarianism and the role of political parties in redem­ocratization.

Paul Eliot Gootenberg, Ph.D. candidate in hi tory, Univer-it of Chicago, for re earch in Peru and the United

Kingdom on the emergence of "free trade" policie and their impact on ocial and economic development, in Lima, 1820-1880

Chri topher Healy, Ph.D. candidate in anthropology, Yale Univer ity, for re earch in urinam on tradition and improvi ation in Ndjuka architectural painting

66

Pamela Ellen I rael, Ph.D. candidate in anthropology, Uni­ver it of California, Berkele , for re earch in Ecuador on female identity and-the maintenance of ethnicity during social and economic change among the huar people of ea tern Ecuador

Alejandra Cri tina Mizala alee, Ph.D. candidate in eco­nomic, Univer ity of California, Berkeley, for re earch in Chile on tabilization and liberalization policie and their impact on the foreign and financial ector

Alfon 0 Walter Quiroz, Ph.D. candidate in hi tory, Colum­bia University, for re earch in Peru on the role of finan­cial intermediarie and the importance of dome tic av­ing and inve tment in the Peruvian financial tructure, 1890-1930

Knut Walter, Ph.D. candidate in hi tory, Univer it of North Carolina, for re earch in icara~a on the regime of Ana ta io Somoza and tate formation in Nicaragua, 1933-1956

' EAR A 0 MIDDLE EA T

The following di ertation fellow hip were awarded by the Joint Committee on the Near and Middle Ea t-Peter von Siver (chair), Leonard Binder, Eric Davi , Abdellah Hammoudi, Michael C. Hudson, Robert J. Lapham, Afaf Lutfi al-Sayyid Marsot, Alan R. Richard, and John Waterbury-at its meeting on February 25-26, 1983.

George E. Bisharat, Ph .D. candidate in anthropology and Middle East studies, Harvard Univer ity, for re earch in the We t Bank on the legal profe ion of the We t Bank

Nora L. Guhl, Ph.D. candidate in education, Univer ity of Chicago, for research in Egypt on the effect of child labor on fertility and chooling deci ion in urban Egypt

amira Haj, Ph.D. candidate in hi tory, Univer ity of California, Lo Angele , for re earch in Egypt, England, Iraq, and Jordan on uneven development in Iraq

Mina Marefat, Ph.D. candidate in architecture, Ma achu­sett Institute of Technology, for re earch in England, France, and Iran on a case tudy of hou e, form, and culture in Teheran, 1900-1940

so TH A IA

The following di sertation re earch fellow hip were awarded by the Joint Committee on South A ia-Myron Weiner (chair), Pranab Kumar Bardhan, Richard M. Eaton, Barbara S. Miller, Ralph W. ichola, Harold S. Power, John F. Richard , Norman T. Uphoff, and Susan S. Wadley-at it meeting on March 4-5, 1983:

Rebecca R. French, Ph.D. candidate in anthropology, Yale Univer ity, for re earch in Nepal on law in Tibetan cul­ture and society

Christopher V. Hill, Ph.D. candidate in history, Univer ity of Virginia, for research in the United Kingdom on the social ecology of Purnea District, India, 1793-1955

John Dunham Kelly, Ph.D. candidate in anthropology, Univer ity of Chicago, for re earch in Fiji on the folk ontology and ocial organization of the Indian popula­tion

VOLUME 37, NUMBERS 2/3

so 'THEA TAlA

The following di ertation re earch fellow hip were awarded b the Joint Committee on Southea t A ia-Jame C. cott (chair). Alton Becker. David O. Dapice. Charle F. Keye • Lim Teck Ghee. Mary R. Holln teiner. David Marr. and Ruth T. McVe -at it meeting on March 31-ApriI2. 19 3:

Katherine A. Bowie. Ph .D. candidate in anthropology. Univer it of Chicago. for re earch in Thailand on 19th century pea ant/court relation in the Chiang Mai valle

Regina T. Clifford. Ph.D. candidate in the hi tor of reli­gion. Univer ity of Chicago. for re earch in Thailand on literar genre and ceremonial and ethical action in the Theravada Varna a literature

Alan H. Fein tein. Ph .D. candidate in ethnomu icology. Univer it of Michigan. for re earch in Indone ia and the etherland on the role of mu ic in the 19th century Javane e world view

Sek an Pra ertkul. Ph.D. candidate in government. Cornell Univer ity. for re earch in Thailand on the relation hip between the tate and economic change. 1 60-1960

WE TER E ROPE

The following di ertation fellow hip were awarded b the Joint Committee on We tern Europe-Philippe C.

hmitter (chair). Peter A. Gourevitch. Gudmund Herne. Peter J. Katzen tein. Charle S. Maier. and Fritz W. Scharpf-at it meeting on March 11. 1983. It had been a i ted b the Screening Committee-Ronald R. Amin­zade. Herrick E. Chapman. Judith Chubb. Jan E. Goldstein. Katherine M. Verder • and teven B. Webb.

Leonard . Amico. Ph.D. candidate in the hi tory of art. Yale Univer it • for re earch in France on Bernard Pali (1510-1590) and the thought and art of the Hu~uenot arti an cia of the French Reformation

hanl1 M. A efa. Ph.D. candidate in hi tory. Princeton Univer ity. for re earch in France on popular oppo ition to the French monarchy during the Maupeou chancel­lor hip. 1770-1774

Carol G. Bloodworth. Ph .D. candidate in anthropology. Cornell Univer ity. for re earch in Ireland on the influ­ence of cu tomary law on modern conception of order in communit and tate

Colleen A. Dunlav • Ph .D. candidate in political cience. Ma achu ett In titute of Technology. for re earch in We t Germany on a comparative tudy of the develop­ment of the railroad in Pru ia and the United State. 1830-1914

Caroline C. Ford. Ph .D. candidate in hi tory. Univer ityof Chicago. for re earch in France on religion and politic in Brittany. 1880-1914

Peter A. Fritz che. Ph.D. candidate in hi tory. Univer ityof California. Berkeley. for re earch in We t Germany on middle-cia politic in Lower Saxony. 1924-1930

Ellen Furlough. Ph.D. candidate in hi tory. Brown Univer­ity. for re earch in France on con umer cooperative.

1885-1920

SEPTEMBER 1983

Ellen M. Immergut. Ph.D. candidate in ociology. Harvard Univer ity. for re earch in France. Sweden. and Swit­zerland on the political economy of private medical practice

Iwona Irwin-Zarecka. Ph.D. candidate in ociology. Uni­ver ity of California. San Diego. for re earch in France and the United Kingdom on the ilence urrounding the "Jewi h problem" in po t-1945 Poland

Karen A. Kahn. Ph .D. candidate in anthropolo~. Univer­ity of Michigan. for research in the United Ktngdom on

the contemporary nationali t movement in Wale Steven H. Katz. Ph.D. candidate in ociology. Univer ity of

California. Santa Cruz. for re earch in We t Germany on the interaction between urban ocial movement and the tate in We t Berlin

Hudson C. Meadwell. Ph.D. candidate in political cience. Duke Univer it • for research in Canada and France on cultural mobilization in Quebec and Brittany. 1870-1970

Geor~e P. Steinmetz. III. Ph.D. candidate in ociology. Umver ity of Wi con in. for research in We t German on local and federal government expenditure for un­employment relief. 1880-1930

Sven H. Stein mo. Ph.D. candidate in political cience. Uni­ver ity of California. Berkeley. for re earch in Sweden and the United Kingdom on the political economy of corporate taxation ancy E. Triolo. Ph.D. candidate in anthropology. Univer­

ity of California. Berkeley. for re earch in Italy on the modernization of maternal and infant health care in Sicil since the Fa ci t period

GRANTS FOR INTERNATIONAL POSTDOCTORAL RESEARCH

AFRICA

The following postdoctoral re earch grant were awarded by the Joint Committee on African Studies­Allen F. I aacman (chair). Jane I. Guyer. Bennetta W. Jule -Ro ette. Thandika Mkandawire. V. Y. Mudimbe. Peter Anyang' Nyong'o. Harold Scheub. and Michael J. Watts-at it meeting on March 25-26. 1983.

Robert Cancel. a i tant profe or of literature. Univer it of California. San Diego, for re earch in England. Kenya. and Zambia on the collection. translation. and analy i of Tabwa oral tradition

David B. Coplan. a i tant profe or of comparative hi -tory. idea. and culture. State University of New York. College at Old We tbury. for re earch in Lesotho on performance. elf-definition. and ocial experience among Ba otho migrant mineworker

Svend E. Holsoe. as ociate profe or of anthropology. Uni­ver ity of Delaware. for re earch in the United State on interactions and changes in indigenou and euler Libe­rian in titutions

Igor Kopytoff. profe sor of anthropology. Univer ity of Pennsylvania. for research in the United State on the social economy of ecret power in African societie

Louise D. Lennihan. a i tant profe sor of anthropology. City Univer ity of New York. Hunter College. for re­earch in England and Nigeria on the origins and devel­

opment of agricultural wage labor in northern Nigeria

67

Kri tin Mann, a i tant profe or of hi tory, Emory Uni­ver ity, for re earch in igeria on economy, tate, and society in 19th century Lago

William M. Minter, re earch director, Africa ew Service (Durham, orth Carolina), for re earch in Bot wana, \10zambique, South Africa, and Zimbabwe on the root of We tern involvement in the Southern Africa cri i

Gregor} A. Pirio, enior editor, Marcu Garvey Paper Project, African tudie Center, Univer ity of California, Lo Angele, for re earch in Angola, Guinea-Bi au, \fozambique, Portugal, and Zimbabwe on a hi tory of Garveyi m in the development of African nationali m in Lu ophonic Africa

Joel amoff, a ociate profe or of international develop­ment education, tanford Univer ity, for re earch in Tanzania on participation, decentralization, and educa­tion in Tanzania

Peter E. Schmidt, a ociate profe or of anthropology, Brown Univer ity, for re earch in Tanzania on ancient iron technology and civilization

CHl~'A

The Joint Committee on Chine e tudie (admini tered by the American Council of Learned Societie )-Frederic E. Wakeman, Jr. (chair), Hok-Iam Chan, Wm. Theodore de Bar. , Robert F. Dernberger, Jack L. Dull, Albert Feuerwerker, Victor Ho Li, Michel C. Ok enberg, Evelyn

. Raw ki, G. William kinner, and Anthony C. Yu­ancVor it ubcommittee awarded grant during the year to the following individual in the categorie indicated.

Rt. tareh 11l Chine t Studie

Richard Barnhart, profe or of the hi tory of art, Yale Univer it , for re earch on orthern ung landscape painting

Kenneth J. DeWo kin, a ociate profe or of Chinese lan­guage and literature, Univer it of Michigan, for re­earch on the theor and practice in early Chine e mu ic,

from the mid-Chou to the Han d na ty Albert E. Dien, profe or of Chine e language and hi tory,

tanford Univer ity, for re earch on material culture of the ix Dyna tie period

Patricia Ebrey, a ociate profe or of A ian tudie, Uni­versit of IIIinoi , for research on marriage in ung China

David . Keightle ,prote or of Chine e hi tory, Univer­it} of California, Berkele , for re earch on the world of

the ro al diviner: temperament and mentality in late hang China

Yau-moon Ma, profe or of Chine e, Univer ity of Hawaii, for re earch on the text, source, and compo ition of the Hsiian-ho i- hih

\1aurice J. Mei ner, profe or of Chinese hi tory, Univer­it} of Wi con in, for research on Chine e Marxi m in

the po t-Maoi t era Ramon H. M 'er , enior fellow and curator- cholar of the

Ea t A ian Collection, Hoover In titution of War, Revo­lution and Peace, for re earch on the patial tructure of earlv 20th centur rural China

Gar ' W. eaman, a i tant profe or of anthropology, Uni­ver it} of Southern California, for re earch on geomancy and geomancer in a Chine e land cape

6

Lawrence R. Sullivan, a ociate profe sor of political ci­ence, Adelphi Univer ity, for re earch on political re­form in the Chinese Communi t Party from December 197 to September 1982

Pre ton M. Torbert, Chicago, IIlinoi , for re earch on the in titution of contract in late traditional China

L nn T. White, a ociate profe or of politic and Ea t Asian tudies, Princeton University, for research on per­i tence and change in urban communitie during

China's revolution

Mellon Program in Chine e tudie for Rt earch ami Advanced tudies

Richard E. Barrett, as i tant profe or of ociology, Uni­ver ity of IIlinoi , Chicago Circle, for re earch on the mortality tran ition from the Chinese population of Taiwan between 1905 and 1965

Robert S. Bauer, as ociate profe sor of lingui tic , Fu Jen Catholic Univer ity (Taipei), for re earch on variable in Hong Kong Cantone e

Catherine M. Bell, Taipei, Taiwan, for the tudy of mod­ern and cia ical Chinese

Ruth W. Dunnell, Seattle, Wa hington, for the tud of the Tibetan and Tangut language

Peter N. Gregory, lecturer in Chine e tudie, Stanford Univer ity, for re earch on the thought of Kuei-feng T ung-mi

Harry A. Kaplan, an Franci co, California, for re earch on the ymboli t movement in modem Chinese poetry

Paul . Levine, a i tant professor of Chinese hi tory, York Univer it , for re earch on the early urban economy of the Yangtze valley.

Jo eph P. McDermott, vi iting a i tant profe or of A ian tudie, t.John' Univer ity, for re earch on the Ch'eng

clan ofCh'i-men Count from early Ming to early Ch'ing Michael ylan, ACLS/Mellon fellow, Princeton Univer ity,

for an annotated tran lation of Yang H iung' T'ai Hsuan ching (Classic of the Great Unknown)

Loui Putterman, a ociate profe or of economic, Brown Univer ity, for re earch on economic production incen­tive at hou ehold, team, and higher level in Chine e agriculture

Le ter S. Ro ,a i tant profe or of political cience, Pur­due Univer ity, for re earch on the policy proce and the environment in China

P. teven angren, a i tant profe or of anthropology, Cornell Univer it , for research on the social and cul­tural dimen ion of religiou integration temming from pilgrimage in China

Edward L. haughne ,candidate in A ian language, tanford Univer ity, for research on we tern Zhou

bronze in cription u ed to describe the military hi tory of the period

Robin D. S. Yate , postdoctoral fellow in hi tory, Harvard Univer it , for a reevaluation of the cultural hi tor of the period 700-221 B.C.

John L. Wither, New Haven, Connecticut, for research on • 'anjing under the Taiping rule

Madeleine Zelin, as i tant profe or of Chinese hi tory, Columbia Univer ity, for research on the re ettlement and economic development of zechuan during the Ch'ing d 'na t

VOL ME 37, MBERS 2/3

J1tLlon Program in Chint e Studit for Summer Language Training at the Inttr-Univer. it Program for Chint e Language tudie (Taipei)

Kenneth j. DeWo kin, a ociate profe or of Chine e lan­guage and literature, Univer ity of Michigan

Robe~t P. Gardella, a ociate profe or of Chine e histor , Untted tate Merchant Marine Academy

Hong Yung Lee, vi iting a ociate profe or of political cience, Yale Univer ity

Peter R. Mood , jr., a ociate profe sor of government Univer it of otre Dame '

Loui Putterman, a ociate profe or of economic Brown Univer ity ,

Paul . Ropp, a ociate profe or of hi tor , Memphis tate Univer it

janet W. alaff, profe or of ociology, Univer ity of To­ronto

Mellon Program in Chint e Studie China Conference Travel Grant

To attend the Fir t ational Conference on Generative Grammar, Heilongjiang Univer ity, Harbin, june 14-21, 19 3

hou-h in Teng, profe or of Chine e lingui tic , Univer­ity of Ma achu etts

To attend the Conference on A ian (Chine e) Archeol­ogy, Beijing and Xi'an, Augu t 18-26, 1983

Donka F. Farka , a i tant profe or of lingui tic and French, Penn Ivania State Univer it , for re earch on the phonological proce of vowel harmony in Hunga­rian

Karen J. Freeze, re earch a ociate, Harvard Univer it , for re earch on Czecho lovak textile machinery in global market: innovation and rever e technology tran fer

Eugene A. Hammel, profe or of anthropology, Univer ity of California, Berkeley, for re <:arch on pari h-Ievel de­mographic record in Croatia and lovenia

Andrew C. janos, profe or of political cience, Univer ity of California, Berkeley, for re earch on Eastern Europe in the modern world

Charle jelavich, profe or of hi tory, Indiana Univer it , for re earch on the Yugo lav idea and South lavic nationali m, 1804-1918

David M. Kemme, a i tant profe or of economi , Uni­ver ityof orth Carolina at Green boro, for re earch on indu trial production and re ource allocation in Poland

john Komlo , a i tant profe or of bu ine admini tra­tion, Roo evelt Univer ity, for re earch on economic de­velopment in the Czech Crownland in the econd half of the 1 th centur

David S. Ma on, a i tant profe or of political cience, Butler Univer it , for re earch on political change and public opinion in Poland, 19 0-19 2 eal Pea e, lecturer in hi tory, Yale Univer it , for re­

earch on American- Poli h relation , 1924-1933 Albert A. imku, a i tant profe or of ociology, Univer­

it of Michigan, for re earch on comparative ocial tratification in Ea tern Europe

Kwang-chih Chang, profe or of archeology, Harvard JAPA

Univer it

EA TER E ROPE

The joint Committee on Ea tern Europe (admini tered b the American Council of Learned Societie )-Harold B. Segel (chair), Daniel Chirot, jane L. Curry, Edward A. Hewett, Keith A. Hitchins, Ken jowitt, William G. Lockwood, and Piotr S. Wandycz-at it meeting on Feb­ruary 25-26, 1983 made award to the following individu­al:

julia Ali andrato, a i tant profe or of lavic language, Ma achu ett In titute of Technology, for re earch on South and Ea t Slavic eccle ia tical and political eulogie

Ivo Banac, a ociate profe sor of hi tory, Yale Univer ity, for re earch on Ea t Central Europe ince 1939

jack Biela iak, a ociate profe or of political cience, In­diana Univer ity, for re earch on cri e and cri i man­agement in the Sociali t bloc

Richard Blanke, a ociate profes or of hi tory, Univer ity of Maine, for re earch on the German minority in inter­war Poland

Ralph Bogert, a i tant profe or of lavic language , Har­vard Univer ity, for re earch on hi tor and critici m of 500 year of Yugo lav theatre

Anna M. Cienciala, profe orofhi tory, Univer ity of Kan­as, for re earch on the Poli h que tion in World War I I

EPTEMBER 19 3

Under the program pon ored b the joint Committee on japane e tudie with upport from the japan-United

tate Friend hip Commi ion, the ubcommittee on Grant for Re earch-J. Thoma Rimer (chair), William Kelly, jeffre Ma , T . J. Pempel, Gary R. a onhou e, Patricia G. teinhoff, and Ma akazu Yamazaki-at its meeting on February 11, 19 3, voted to make award to the following individual :

George Akita, profe or of hi tor, Univer ity of Hawaii, for re earch in japan on Yamagata Aritomo (1838-1922) and modern japane e political leader hip

Bela Gold, profe orofindu trial economics, Ca e We tern Re erve Univer it , for re earch in japan on approache to re tructuring the tee I indu tr

Andrew D. Gordon, a i tant profes or of hi tory, Harvard Univer ity, for re earch in japan on working cia pro­te t in japane e hi tor

Helen Hardacre, a i tant profe or of religion, Princeton Univer it , for re earch in japan on the ocial role of religion in the 19th century

Germaine A. Ho ton, a i tant profe or of political ci­ence, The john Hopkin Univer ity, for re earch in japan on comparative per pectives on Marxi m and nation ali m in China and japan

J. Victor Ko chmann, a istant profe or of hi tory, Cor­nell Univer ity, for re earch in japan on po twar japane e conception of ubjectivity and hi tory

69

Robert M. Mar h, profe sor of ociology, Brown Univer­it , for re earch in Japan on change in Japane e fac­

torie , 1976-1983 Kenneth B. Pyle, profe or of hi tor and A ian tudie,

Univer it of Wa hington, for re earch in Japan on changing conception of Japanese nationality, 1945-19 0

Judith . Rabinovitch, a i tant profe or of Ea t A ian language and literature, Yale Univer it ,for research in Japan on a comprehen ive tudy of hentai kambun (var­iant Chine e character)

Richard J. amuel, a i tant profe or of political cience, Ma achu ett In titute of Technology, for research in Japan on public energy corporation and public polic

Richard J. methur t, a i tant profe or of hi tory, Uni­ver it of Pitt burgh, for research in Japan on the com­merciali m of agriculture and farm tenanc di pute , 1 90-1940

Robert M. tern, profe or of economi ,Univer it of Michigan, for re earch in the United tate on the effect of protection on the factor content of Japanese and American foreign trade

Melinda Takeuchi, a i tant profe or of art, tan ford Univer it , for re earch in Japan on Ike Taiga (1723-1776)

Jame W. White, profe or of political cience, Univer it of orth Carolina, for research in Japan on prote t and violence in Japane e politics, 1590-1877

KOREA

The Joint Committee on Korean tudies-Chae-jin Lee (chair), Martina Deuchler, Michael C. Kalton, Han-kyo Kim, Hagen Koo, and Peter H . Lee-voted at it meeting on March 5-6, 19 3, to award grant to the following individual :

Wa ne K. Patter on, a i tant profe or of hi tor ,S1. or­bert College, for re earch in Korea, Japan, and the United tate on Korean immigration to the United

tate in the earl 20th century George Y. M. Won, profe or of ociology, Univer ity of

Hawaii, for re earch in Korea on tatu maintenance and career orientation of Korean medical tudent

ung Chul Yang, a ociate profe or of political cience, Univer it of Kentuck , for research in Korea on politi­cal premi e and policy performance in the Democratic People' Republic of Korea and the Republic of Korea

LATI .' MERICA AIIID TilE CARIBBEA

The Joint Committee on Latin American tudies­Richard R. Fagen (chair), Jorge Balan, Charle W. Bergqui t, Martin Di kin, Bori Fau to, Enrique Flore -cano, Manuel Antonio Garreton, Saul So now ki, Verena

tolcke, and Ro emar Thorp-at it meeting on March 24-26, 19 3 awarded grant to the following individual:

Richard E. Blanton, a ociate profe or of anthropology, Purdue Universit , for research in Mexico on earl Zapotec architecture a a source of information on change in the social, political, and economic organiza­tion of Zapotec ociet .

7

Darlo Julio Canton, re earcher, In tituto Provincial de la Vivienda, Chubut (Argentina), for re earch in Arr~entina on the relation hip between occupation and young be­havior in Bueno Aire during the October 1983 pre i­dential election

John Cordell, re earcher, Department of Con ervation and Resource tudie, Univer ity of California, Berkele ,for research in Brazil on territorial conflict over fi hing right in the Bahian region

Liliana De Riz, re earcher, Center for tudie of tate and Societ (CEDES), Bueno Aire, for research in Argen­tina, Brazil, and Chile on political partie and party y­tern in authoritarian regime

Warren Dean, profe sor of hi tory, ew York Univer it , for re earch in Brazil on the environmental hi tor of rubber plantation experiment between the 1 60 and the pre ent

Elizabeth Dore, independent re earcher, for re earch in icaragua on food production, di tribution and con­

umption ince the andini t revolution Peter Loui Eisenberg, profe or of hi tory, tate Univer­

it of Campina , Brazil, for research in Brazil on the tran ition from ub i tence agriculture to ugar export in ao Paulo, 1765-1 29.

Carlo Escude, profe sor of international relation, Uni­ver ity of Belgrano, Bueno Aire, for re earch in Argentina, Great Britain, and the United State on the impact of U .. polic on the economic development of Argentina, Brazil, and Chile between 1940 and 1950

David Fo ter, profe or of pani h, Arizona tate Univer­it , for re earch in Argentina on ocial reali m in

Argentine novel a a coherent vi ion of Argentine ocial hi tor between 1930 and 1950

Ramon Arturo Gutierrez, a i tant profe or of hi tory, Univer ity of California, an Diego, for re earch in Mexico and pain on the cultural hi tory of kin hip in colonial ew Mexico, 1598-1 21

Marla de la Luz Hurtado Merino, re earcher, Center of Cultural and Arti tic Expre ion and Re earch (CE ECA), Santiago, for re earch in Chile on the role of the tate in the development of televi ion programming

Julieta Kirkwood Baiiado, profe or, Latin American Facult of Social Science (FLAC 0), antiago, for re­earch in Chile on the relation hip between the femini t

movement and political mobilization in contemporary Chile

Carmelo Me a-Lago, profe or of economics, Univer ity of Pitt burgh, for re earch in the United tate on method for mea uring economic growth in revolutionary Cuba

Liliana Mina a-Rowe, as i tant profe or of education, Univer it of Connecticut, for re earch in Peru on the development of Peruvian pani h a a national language

Antonio Mitre Canahuati, adjunct profe or of political cience, Federal Univer ity of Mina Gerai, Brazil, for

re earch in Bolivia and the United tate on monetar policie and regional Andean market zone , 1 30-1 70 lvia Molloy, profe or of pani h, Princeton Univer ity, for research on the textual anal i of Hi panic Ameri­can autobiographie

Robert Pota h, profe sor of hi tory, Univer ity of Ma a­chu ett, for re earch in Argentina, pain, and the United tate on the militar and politics in Argentina, 1962-1973

Lui Alberto Romero, researcher, Program of Studie in American Economic and Social Hi tory (PEHE A), Bueno Aire, for re earch in Argentina on popular culture project organized b anarchi t and sociali ts in the earl 20th centur

VOL ME 37, fBER 2/3

Beatriz Sarlo, re earcher, Center for Studie of State and Society (CEDES), Bueno Aire, for research in Argen­tina on popular magazine fiction in the modernization of the Argentine literary cene, 1912-1922

Richard Schaedel, profe or of anthropology, Univer ityof Texa , for archeological re earch in Peru on cultural continuitie among indigenou north coa tal populations between 1 and 1480 A.D.

Jeanette Evelyn Sherbondy, re earch a sociate, Indiana Univer ity, for re earch in the United State on Inca resource management of land and water right in the Cuzco (Peru) valley at the time of the Spanish conque t

Brian Smith, a i tant profe or of political cience, Ma a­chu ett In titute of Technology, for re earch in Canada, Chile, Colombia, icaragua, We tern Europe, and the United State on private voluntary organization a tran national agents of development in Latin America

u an Socolow, a i tant profe or of hi tory, Emory Uni­ver ity, for re earch in Argentina, Spain, and the United

tate on the ocial and demographic evolution of Bueno Aire, 1744-1869

Mary Kay Vaughan, a ociate profe or of hi tory, Univer­ity of Illinoi ,Chicago Circle, for re earch in Mexico on

public education a an agency of tate centralization, 1920-1940

David Walker, research a ociate, Northwe tern Univer­ity, for research in on the transformation of e tate ag­

riculture in Northern Mexico during the porfiriato and Mexican Revolution.

• EAR A D MIDDLE EA T

The following po tdoctoral re earch grant were awarded by the Joint Committee on the ear and Middle Ea t-Peter von Sivers (chair), Leonard Binder, Eric Davi , Abdellah Hammoudi, Michael C. Hudson, Robert J. Lapham, Afaf Lutfi ai-Say id Mar ot, Alan R. Richard , and John Waterbur -at it meeting on Februar 2!>-26, 19 3.

Feroz Ahmad, profe or of hi tor, University of Ma a­chu etts, for re earch in Turke on tate and ociet in republican Turkey, 1923-1950

Philip S. Khoury, a i tant profe or of history, Ma achu­setts In titute of Technology, for re earch in France and

yria on the root of radical nationali m: Syria and the French Mandate, 1920-1946

Con uelo LOpez-Morilla , a ociate profe or of pani h and Portugue e, Indiana Univer ity, for re earch in Egypt and the United tate on Romance kharjas in mod­ern Arabic critici m

Ian S. Lu tick, a ociate profe or of government, Dartmouth College, for re earch in England, France, and I rael on a comparative tudy of the Pale tinian problem in I raeli politics, the Iri h problem in Briti h politic , and the Algerian problem in French politic

Ju tin A. McCarthy, a i tant profe or of history, Univer­ity of Loui ville, for research in the United State on the

population of the Middle Ea t, 1800-1939 M. azif M. Shahrani, a i tant profe or of anthropology,

Pitzer College, for re earch in Turkey on traditional local leader ,hip and modern political conflicts

SEPTEMBER 1983

Madeline C. Zilfi, a ociate profe or of hi tory, Univer ity of Maryland, for research in Turkey on ocioreligiou change in the Ottoman Empire, 1600-1850, according to thefttvas (legal pronouncement) of the &: hiili lam (religiou dignitarie)

so TH A IA

The Joint Committee on South A ia-Myron Weiner (chair), Pranab Kumar Bardhan, Richard M. Eaton, Bar­bara S. Miller, Ralph W. ichola, Harold S. Power ,John F. Richard, orman T. Uphoff, and Su an S. Wadley-at it meeting on March 4-5, 1983 awarded grant to the following individual:

John S. Deyell, Univer ity of Wi con in, for re earch in Banglade h on 13th-16th centur Bengali hi tor from a monetary per ,pective

Robert E. Frykenberg, profe or of hi tory and South A ian tudie, Univer ity of Wiscon in, for research in the United Kingdom on conflicting value and tructural integration in South India

Paul R. Greenough, a ociate profe or of hi tory, Univer­ity of Iowa, for re earch in the United Kingdom on

smallpox and vaccination in South A ia, 1700-1975 Linda He ,vi iting a i tant profe or of religion, Barnard

College, for re earch on a 30 day performance of the Ramayana epic in India

Arnold P. Kamin ky, a i tant profe or of hi tory, Univer­ity of Alabama in Birmingham, for re earch in the

United Kingdom on propaganda and World War II Steven E. G. Kemper, a oclate profe or of anthropology,

Bate College, for re earch in Sri Lanka on an 18th century reformation of the Buddhi t monkhood

Muhammad Umar Memon, associate profe or of South A ian tudie, Univer ity of Wi con 10, for re earch on narrative technique in the fictional work of Enver Sajjad

David Rubin, tenured faculty in literature, arah Lawrence College, for re earch on the parallel evolution ince 1947 of Engli h and I ndian fiction

Lucy C. Stout, a ociate, Centre for South Asian tudie, Univer ity of Cambridge, for research on Mu lim fam­il law in South A ia

Richard P. Tucker, profe or of hi tory, Oakland Univer­ity, for re earch in the United tate and the United

Kingdom on fore t eco- tern in Upper Burma and Sri Lanka during Briti h coloniali m

Joanne Punzo Waghorne, as i tant profe sor of the tud of religion, Univer ity of Ma achu ett , Bo ton, for re­earch on acral king hip and the ca e of Pudukkottai, 16 6-1948

so THEA TAlA

The Joint Committee on Southea t A ia-Jame C. Scott (chair), Alton Becker, David O. Dapice, Charle F. Keye , Lim Teck Ghee, Mary R. Holln teiner, David Marr, and Ruth T. McVey-at it meeting on March 31-April 2, 1983 awarded grant to the following individual :

Kyaw Aye, visiting cholar of history, Payab College, Chiang Mai, for research on cu tomary law in Burma and Thailand

71

Jennifer W. Cu hman, re earch officer, Far Ea tern hi -tory, Re earch School of Pacific tudie, The Au tralian

ational Univer ity, for re earch on the rise and con­solidation of a Chine e bureaucratidcapitali t family in the econom and politics of outhern Thailand, 1820-1920

A. David apier, vi iting a i tant profe or of art, Middlebury College, for re earch in Indone ia toward a comparative tudy of Balinese dance rna k iconography

Ellen Rafferty, a i tant profe or of South A ian tudie,

Univer ity of Wi con in, for re earch on major yntactic change in the development of modern Indone ian from the Malay of the late 19th century

Waller M. Spink, profe or of Indian art, Univer it of Michigan, for re earch in Indone ia on Indone ia's link with Indian art in the 5th and 6th centurie

Jayne S. Werner, re earch a ociate, Southern A ian In­titute, Columbia Univer ity, for re earch in Vietnam on

women' mobilization at the viJIage level during early agrarian collectivization, 1958-1965

SOCIAL CIE CE RESEARCH COUNCIL 605 THIRD E, EW YORK, .Y. 1015

IIICOT/JOrattd ill tlu tale of 1I1i1l0is, DeCtm~ 27, 1924, for tlu purpo~ of advallcillg u~aTch ill the ocial cimet

D'TtCtO~, 19 3- 4: TEPIIES E. FIE.'8ERG, Carnegie--Mellon niversit ; HOWARD GARDNER, Veteran dmini tration Medical Center (Bo ton); CII RLE.~ O .JO"lES, ni\er ity of Virginia; R08ERT W. KAT ,Clark niver it ; R08ERT A. LEVINE, Harvard niversity; GARD. ER LI . DZE\, Center for

dvanced tud in the Behavioral Science ; ELEANOR E. MACC08Y, tanford niver ity; fAR NERLOVE, niver ity of Penn ylvania; H GH T . PATRICK, Yale niver it ; KENNETH PREWI IT, Social Science Research Council; MURRAY L. ScIlWARTZ, niversity of California, Lo Angele ; DoNNA E. HALALA, Hunter College, Cit niver ity of . ew York; TEPHEN M. TIGLER, niver ity of Chicago; Lo lEA. TILLY, University of fichigan; IDNEY VER8A, Harvard niver ity; hI IAMEL WALLERSTEIN, tate niver it of ew York, Binghamton; WILLIAM J L1U WILSO. , niver ity of Chicago.

OjflCn alld tafj: KENro.£TH PREWITT, Pu wmt; DAVID L. ILLS, EucutlVI AlsOClale; RONALD J. PELECK, CorltTolin; THEODORE C. BESTOR, P. IKIFORO 0, \IA'DOI'RO , MARTHA EPHART, BROOKE LARSON, R08ERT PARKE, R08ERl W. PEARSON, PETER B. READ, RICIIARD C. ROCKWELL, SoPHIE A, Lo'NIE R. HERROD, DAVID L. ZANTO!lo.

Social Science Research Council 605 Third Avenue New York, N.Y. 10158

72

ADDRESS CORRECTION REQUESTED

Nonprofit Org. U.S. POSTAGE

PAID Albany, N.Y.

Permit No. 31

VOL ME 37, MBERS 2/3