iter utlrascael scei nt ific joint dark energy mission

ITER UltraScale Scientific Joint Dark Energy MissionComputing Capability

Linac Coherent Light Source Protein Production and Tags Rare Isotope Accelerator

Characterization and Imaging CEBAF 12 GeV Upgrade ESnet UpgradeMolecular Machines

NERSC Upgrade Transmission Electron BTeVAchromatic Microscope

Linear Collider Analysis and Modeling of Cellular Systems

Facilities for the Future of ScienceFacilities for the Future of ScienceFacilities for the Future of ScienceFacilities for the Future of ScienceFacilities for the Future of Science:

Spallation Neutron Source Spallation Neutron Source Whole Proteome Analysis2-4 MW Upgrade Second Target Station

Double Beta Decay Next-Step Spherical Torus RHIC IIUnderground Detector

National Synchroton Super Neutrino Beam Advanced Light Source UpgradeLight Source Upgrade

Advanced Photon eRHIC Fusion Energy ContingencySource Upgrade

HFIR Second Cold Source Integrated Beam Experiment and Guide Hall

AAAAA TTTTTwenty-Ywenty-Ywenty-Ywenty-Ywenty-Year Outlookear Outlookear Outlookear Outlookear Outlook

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Facilities for the Future of Science:Facilities for the Future of Science:Facilities for the Future of Science:Facilities for the Future of Science:Facilities for the Future of Science:AAAAA TTTTTwenty-Ywenty-Ywenty-Ywenty-Ywenty-Year Outlookear Outlookear Outlookear Outlookear Outlook

ContentsContentsContentsContentsContents

A Message from the SecretaryA Message from the SecretaryA Message from the SecretaryA Message from the SecretaryA Message from the Secretary 3Steward of the World’s Finest Suite of Scientific Facilit ies and InstrumentsSteward of the World’s Finest Suite of Scientific Facilit ies and InstrumentsSteward of the World’s Finest Suite of Scientific Facilit ies and InstrumentsSteward of the World’s Finest Suite of Scientific Facilit ies and InstrumentsSteward of the World’s Finest Suite of Scientific Facilit ies and Instruments 5In t roduct ionInt roduct ionInt roduct ionInt roduct ionInt roduct ion 8

Prioritization Process 9A Benchmark for the Future 10The Twenty-Year Facilities Outlook—A Prioritized List 11

Facility SummariesFacility SummariesFacility SummariesFacility SummariesFacility Summaries 14Near-TNear-TNear-TNear-TNear-Term Prioritieserm Prioritieserm Prioritieserm Prioritieserm Priorities 14Priority: 1 ITER 14Priority: 2 UltraScale Scientific Computing Capability (USSCC) 15Priority: Tie for 3 Joint Dark Energy Mission (JDEM) 16

Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS) 16Protein Production and Tags 17Rare Isotope Accelerator (RIA) 18

Priority: Tie for 7 Characterization and Imaging of Molecular Machines 19Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF) 12 GeV Upgrade 20Energy Sciences Network (ESnet) Upgrade 20National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center (NERSC) Upgrade 21Transmission Electron Achromatic Microscope (TEAM) 22

Priority: 12 BTeV 23

Mid-TMid-TMid-TMid-TMid-Term Prioritieserm Prioritieserm Prioritieserm Prioritieserm Priorities 24Priority: 13 Linear Collider 24Priority: Tie for 14 Analysis and Modeling of Cellular Systems 24

Spallation Neutron Source (SNS) 2-4MW Upgrade 25Spallation Neutron Source (SNS) Second Target Station 26Whole Proteome Analysis 27

Priority: Tie for 18 Double Beta Decay Underground Detector 27Next-Step Spherical Torus (NSST) Experiment 28Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) II 29

Far-TFar-TFar-TFar-TFar-Term Prioritieserm Prioritieserm Prioritieserm Prioritieserm Priorities 30Priority: Tie for 21 National Synchrotron Light Source (NSLS) Upgrade 30

Super Neutrino Beam 30Priority: Tie for 23 Advanced Light Source (ALS) Upgrade 31

Advanced Photon Source (APS) Upgrade 32eRHIC 32Fusion Energy Contingency 33High-Flux Isotope Reactor (HFIR) Second Cold Source and Guide Hall 34Integrated Beam Experiment (IBX) 35

Appendix:Appendix:Appendix:Appendix:Appendix: Sample Charge Letter to Sample Charge Letter to Sample Charge Letter to Sample Charge Letter to Sample Charge Letter to Advisory CommitteesAdvisory CommitteesAdvisory CommitteesAdvisory CommitteesAdvisory Committees 36OfOfOfOfOffice of Science fice of Science fice of Science fice of Science fice of Science Advisory CommitteesAdvisory CommitteesAdvisory CommitteesAdvisory CommitteesAdvisory Committees 38

About DOE’s Office of ScienceAbout DOE’s Office of ScienceAbout DOE’s Office of ScienceAbout DOE’s Office of ScienceAbout DOE’s Office of Science 42Office of Science ContactsOffice of Science ContactsOffice of Science ContactsOffice of Science ContactsOffice of Science Contacts 43

Facilities for the Future of Science: Facilities for the Future of Science: Facilities for the Future of Science: Facilities for the Future of Science: Facilities for the Future of Science: AA AAA TT TTTwenty-Y

wenty-Ywenty-Ywenty-Ywenty-Year Outlook

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A Message from the SecretaryA Message from the SecretaryA Message from the SecretaryA Message from the SecretaryA Message from the SecretaryThroughout its history, the Department of Energy’s Office of Science hasdesigned, constructed, and operated many of the Nation’s most advanced,large-scale research and development user facilities, of importance to allareas of science. These state-of-the-art facilities are shared with the sciencecommunity worldwide and contain technologies and instrumentation thatare available nowhere else. Each year, these facilities are used by more than18,000 researchers from universities, other government agencies, privateindustry, and foreign nations.

Located at national laboratories and universities around the country, thesefacilities include the world’s first linear collider, synchrotron light sources, thesuperconducting Tevatron high-energy particle accelerator, the RelativisticHeavy Ion Collider, neutron scattering facilities, a Tokamak fusion test reactor,supercomputers, and high-speed computer networks.

In Congressional testimony he presented in July 2003, Dr. Hermann A.Grunder, Director of the Argonne National Laboratory, explained theimportance of these Department of Energy facilities:

These user facilities provide resources … that speed up experimentsby orders of magnitude and open up otherwise inaccessible facets ofnature to scientific inquiry. Many of the important discoveries made inthe physical sciences in the second half of the twentieth century weremade at—or were made possible by—user facilities. Moreover, mostof these user facilities, which were justified and built to serve onescientific field in the physical sciences, have made significant contributionsto knowledge and technology in many other fields, including biologyand medicine.

“These Department ofEnergy facilities areused by more than18,000 researchersfrom universities, othergovernment agencies,private industry, andforeign nations.”

—Secretary of EnergySpencer Abraham

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Today, for example, the Department of Energy isbuilding the Spallation Neutron Source (SNS), inOak Ridge, Tennessee. When the SNS is completedin 2006, the facility may yield such advances aslubricants for tomorrow’s more efficient car engines;superconducting wires and stronger magnets thatwill lower power costs; and stronger, lighter materi-als for improved products.

But the SNS also is the last, large-scale Departmentof Energy user facility under construction. Andthat raises the question that Facilities for the Future ofScience: A Twenty-Year Outlook addresses: Whatfacilities are needed next for scientific discovery?

The process we have followed to produce thisdocument has been transparent and interdisciplinary.It anticipates the large-scale facilities that scientistswill require across all fields of science supportedby the Department of Energy over the next twodecades, and it is informed by the counsel of the six

Office of Science Advisory Committees. I am confident that the Depart-ment of Energy, the scientific community, the American public, and theworld will reap enormous benefits when the 28 new user facilities identifiedfinally are constructed and in operation.

Estimates are that fully half of the growth in the U.S. economy in the last50 years was due to Federal funding of scientific and technological innova-tion. American taxpayers have received great value for their investment inthe basic research sponsored by DOE’s Office of Science and other Federalscience agencies.

As the steward of America’s national laboratories, the Department ofEnergy has a special responsibility to plan for and propose Office ofScience investments for the future that will serve to advance the national,energy, and economic security of the United States.

These additional world-class Office of Science user facilities and upgradesto current facilities will lead to more world-class science, which will lead tofurther world-class R&D, which will lead to greater technological innovationand many other advances, which will lead to continued U.S. economiccompetitiveness.

That is why I am proud to present Facilities for the Future of Science:A Twenty-Year Outlook.

Spencer AbrahamSecretary of EnergyNovember 2003

“These additional world-classDOE Office of Science userfacilities and upgrades tocurrent facilities will lead tomore world-class science,which will lead to furtherworld-class R&D, which willlead to greater technologicalinnovation and many otheradvances, which will leadto continued U.S. economiccompetitiveness.”

—Secretary of EnergySpencer Abraham

The Spallation Neutron Source, currently being built at Oak Ridge NationalLaboratory, will provide the most intense pulsed neutron beams in theworld for scientific research and industrial development. Construction willbe completed in 2006.




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FeynmannFeynmannFeynmannFeynmannFeynmannN E R S CN E R S CN E R S CN E R S CN E R S C Computer CenterComputer CenterComputer CenterComputer CenterComputer Center Advanced Light SourceAdvanced Light SourceAdvanced Light SourceAdvanced Light SourceAdvanced Light Source Combustion Research FacilityCombustion Research FacilityCombustion Research FacilityCombustion Research FacilityCombustion Research Facility

Steward of the World’s Finest SuiteSteward of the World’s Finest SuiteSteward of the World’s Finest SuiteSteward of the World’s Finest SuiteSteward of the World’s Finest Suiteof Scientific Facilities and Instrumentsof Scientific Facilities and Instrumentsof Scientific Facilities and Instrumentsof Scientific Facilities and Instrumentsof Scientific Facilities and InstrumentsThe Department of Energy’s Officeof Science is heir to the revolutionary workof Albert Einstein, Enrico Fermi, andE. O. Lawrence.

DOE Science makes history every daybecause we sustain their tradition ofinnovative basic scientific researchthat improves people’s lives.

We manage 10 of America’snational laboratories, the back-bone of American science. Wealso build and operate the world’sfinest suite of scientific facilities andinstruments that researchers depend on toextend the frontiers of science. (Our currentmajor user facilities are listed below and at thebottom of the next two pages.)

At these facilities and laboratories—and at universities in virtually every state—DOE’s Office of Sciencesupports basic research in such diverse fields as materials sciences, chemistry, high energy and nuclearphysics, fusion energy, biology, advanced computation, and environmental sciences.

DOE Office of ScienceDOE Office of ScienceDOE Office of ScienceDOE Office of ScienceDOE Office of ScienceUser Facilit iesUser Facilit iesUser Facilit iesUser Facilit iesUser Facilit iesThe following is a list of the currentmajor user facilities maintained andoperated by DOE’s Office ofScience. The facilities are listed byprogram offices.For more information aboutall these facilities, please go tothe Office of Science website,www.science.doe.gov, and choose“National Labs and User Facilities”on the top navigation bar.

Advanced ScientificAdvanced ScientificAdvanced ScientificAdvanced ScientificAdvanced ScientificComputing ResearchComputing ResearchComputing ResearchComputing ResearchComputing Research! Energy Sciences Network (ESnet)

! National Energy Research ScientificComputing (NERSC) Center

Basic Energy SciencesBasic Energy SciencesBasic Energy SciencesBasic Energy SciencesBasic Energy SciencesSynchrotron RadiationSynchrotron RadiationSynchrotron RadiationSynchrotron RadiationSynchrotron RadiationLight SourcesLight SourcesLight SourcesLight SourcesLight Sources! National Synchrotron Light Source

(NSLS)

! Stanford Synchrotron RadiationLaboratory (SSRL)

! Advanced Light Source (ALS)

! Advanced Photon Source (APS)

High-Flux Neutron SourcesHigh-Flux Neutron SourcesHigh-Flux Neutron SourcesHigh-Flux Neutron SourcesHigh-Flux Neutron Sources! High Flux Isotope Reactor (HFIR)

Center for Neutron Scattering

! Intense Pulsed Neutron Source(IPNS)

! Manuel Lujan Jr. Neutron ScatteringCenter

DOE Office of Science Laboratories




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DOE’s Office of Science maintains our Nation’s scientific infrastructure and ensures U.S. worldleadership across a broad range of scientific disciplines. The Office of Science funds basicresearch in support of the Department’s missions of national, economic, and energy security,scientific and technological innovation, and environmental clean up.

Over the years, DOE Office of Science research investments have yielded a wealthof dividends.

Since the 1940s, DOE has supported the work of more than 70 Nobel Prizewinners, testimony to the high quality and impact of the work we underwrite.

Research funded by DOE’s Office of Science also has produced many keyscientific breakthroughs and contributed to our Nation’s well-being.

DOE’s Office of Science:! Sponsored research leading to Nobel Prize-winning insights into the fundamental nature of matter and

energy—and the discovery of a new form of carbon that is spurring a revolution in carbon chemistry;

! Initiated the Human Genome Project and developed DNA sequencing and computational technologiesthat made it possible to finish the “book of life” in April 2003;

! Launched the Climate Change Research Program;

! Enhanced national and homeland security by developing several technologies that detect nuclear weapons,explosives, narcotics, and chemical and biological agents; and

! Helped develop new tools for the non-invasive diagnosis and treatment of disease, including PET scans,MRIs and nuclear medicine cancer therapies.

Virtually all these advances and benefits have been made possible by the DOE Office of Science’s majoruser facilities.

Electron Beam MicrocharacterizationElectron Beam MicrocharacterizationElectron Beam MicrocharacterizationElectron Beam MicrocharacterizationElectron Beam MicrocharacterizationCentersCentersCentersCentersCenters! Center for Microanalysis of Materials

(CMM)

! Electron Microscopy Center (EMC)for Materials Research

! National Center for ElectronMicroscopy (NCEM)

! Shared Research Equipment (SHaRE)Program

Specialized Single-Specialized Single-Specialized Single-Specialized Single-Specialized Single-Purpose CentersPurpose CentersPurpose CentersPurpose CentersPurpose Centers! Combustion Research Facility (CRF)

! Materials Preparation Center (MPC)

! James R. Macdonald Laboratory(JMRL)

! Pulse Radiolysis Facility

Biological andBiological andBiological andBiological andBiological andEnvironmental ResearchEnvironmental ResearchEnvironmental ResearchEnvironmental ResearchEnvironmental Research! William R. Wiley Environmental

Molecular Sciences Laboratory(EMSL)

! Joint Genome Institute (JGI)

! Atmospheric RadiationMeasurement (ARM)

! Free Air CO2 Enrichment (FACE)

! Structural Biology Center (SBC)

TTTTTevatroevatroevatroevatroevatroJoint Genome InstituteJoint Genome InstituteJoint Genome InstituteJoint Genome InstituteJoint Genome Institute Environmental Molecular Sciences LaboratoryEnvironmental Molecular Sciences LaboratoryEnvironmental Molecular Sciences LaboratoryEnvironmental Molecular Sciences LaboratoryEnvironmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory Alcator C-ModAlcator C-ModAlcator C-ModAlcator C-ModAlcator C-Mod NSTXNSTXNSTXNSTXNSTX

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Today DOE’s Office of Science is pursuing several important andpromising research opportunities:

! Restoring U.S. leadership in scientific computation;

! Helping to train a scientifically literate workforce for the21st Century;

! Pioneering nanoscale science, the study of matter at theatomic scale;

! Employing genetic techniques to harness microbes that caneat pollution, create hydrogen, and absorb carbon dioxide;

! Working to solve the mysteries of “dark energy,” apparentlyresponsible for the astounding recent finding that the expansionof the universe is accelerating;

! Promoting the availability of fusion power—and representingthe U.S. in the ITER talks to pursue the promise of fusion as aninexhaustible, safe, and environmentally attractive energy source;and

! Using advances in materials sciences to help blind people regainsight with an artificial retina—technology that may be adaptedthe help persons with spinal cord injuries, Parkinson’s disease,deafness, and almost any disease associated with the body’selectrical system.

Working at DOE’s labs and using our world-class facilities, men and women with extraordinary talent anddedication have done great science leading to great public benefits.

Investments in new and upgraded scientific facilities and instruments will continue to pay off for us all.

Fusion Energy SciencesFusion Energy SciencesFusion Energy SciencesFusion Energy SciencesFusion Energy Sciences! DIII-D Tokamak Facility

! Alcator C-Mod

! National Spherical TorusExperiment (NSTX)

High Energy PhysicsHigh Energy PhysicsHigh Energy PhysicsHigh Energy PhysicsHigh Energy Physics! Tevatron Collider

! Main Injector

! Booster Neutrino Experiment(BooNE)

! Neutrinos at the Main Injector(NuMI)

! B-Factory

! Next Linear Collider Test Accelerator(NLCTA )

! Final Focus Test Beam (FFTB)

! Accelerator Test Facility (ATF)

Nuclear PhysicsNuclear PhysicsNuclear PhysicsNuclear PhysicsNuclear Physics! Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider

(RHIC)

! Continuous Electron Beam Accelera-tor Facility (CEBAF)

! Bates Linear Accelerator Center

! Holifield Radioactive Ion BeamFacility (HRIBF)

! Argonne Tandem LinearAccelerator System (ATLAS)

! Triangle Universities Nuclear Labora-tory (TUNL)

! Texas A&M Cyclotron Institute

! University of Washington TandemVan de Graaff

! The Yale University TandemVan de Graaff

Holif ieldHolif ieldHolif ieldHolif ieldHolif ieldon Collideron Collideron Collideron Collideron Collider Radioactive IonRadioactive IonRadioactive IonRadioactive IonRadioactive Ion C E B A FC E B A FC E B A FC E B A FC E B A F

BaBar DetectorBaBar DetectorBaBar DetectorBaBar DetectorBaBar Detector Beam Facil ityBeam Facil ityBeam Facil ityBeam Facil ityBeam Facil ity R H I CR H I CR H I CR H I CR H I C




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IntroductionIntroductionIntroductionIntroductionIntroduction

There can be no doubt that a modern and effective research infrastructure is critical tomaintaining U.S. leadership in science and engineering. New tools have opened vastresearch frontiers and fueled technological innovation in fields such as biotechnology,nanotechnology, and communications. The degree to which infrastructure is regarded ascentral to experimental research is indicated by the number of Nobel Prizes awardedfor the development of new instrument technology. During the past twenty years, eightNobel prizes in physics were awarded for technologies such as the electron and scanningtunneling microscope, laser and neutron spectrography, particle detectors, and the inte-grated circuit.

— National Science Board, December 2002

The health and vitality of U.S. science and technology depends upon the avail-ability of the most advanced research facilities. The U.S. Department of Energy(DOE) leads the world in the conception, design, construction, and operationof these large-scale devices. These machines have enabled U.S. researchers tomake some of history’s important scientific discoveries, with spin-off techno-logical advances leading to entirely new industries.

More than 18,000 researchers and their students from universities, other govern-ment agencies (including National Science Foundation and National Institutesof Health), private industry, and abroad use DOE facilities each year. Almosthalf (49 percent) are scientists from universities, 21 percent are from DOElaboratories, another 21 percent are from foreign research institutions, 5 percentare from industry, and 2 percent are from other U.S. Government agencies.These users are both growing in number and diversifying. Light sources, giantmachines that serve as “microscopes” allowing scientists to investigate materialsat the atomic level, for example, were until very recently the province of chemi-cal and materials science specialists. Today, these facilities support a full spec-

trum of scientific endeavor, serving20 times as many users from the lifesciences community as they did in 1990.

This represents a full 40 percent of the totaluser community at these facilities.

The opportunities available to U.S. scientists fromsome of our most powerful large-scale facilities

arose from a plan developed by Dr. Alvin W.Trivelpiece, who led DOE’s science office from

1981 to 1987. The last facility resulting from that plan,the Spallation Neutron Source, will be finished in 2006,

some 20 years after its introduction.

DOE has picked up where the Trivelpiece plan left off byissuing a Facilities for the Future of Science: A Twenty-Year Outlook that

provides a prioritized list of major scientific facilities for the next20 years. The Twenty-Year Outlook benefitted from discussions with

the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy, the Office

Klystron Gallery at the OfficeKlystron Gallery at the OfficeKlystron Gallery at the OfficeKlystron Gallery at the OfficeKlystron Gallery at the Officeof Science’s Stanford Linearof Science’s Stanford Linearof Science’s Stanford Linearof Science’s Stanford Linearof Science’s Stanford LinearAccelerator Center (SLAC):Accelerator Center (SLAC):Accelerator Center (SLAC):Accelerator Center (SLAC):Accelerator Center (SLAC):The world’s largest electronmicroscope and oneof the longestbuildings onEarth.




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of Management and Budget, and members of Congress, and from the assistanceof the U.S. scientific community as represented through the Office of ScienceAdvisory Committees.

The breadth of science supported by the Office of Science is as large as scienceitself, spanning high energy and nuclear physics, condensed matter science, fusionenergy, biology and environmental science, and advanced scientific computation.Choosing major facilities is one of the most important activities of the DOE’sOffice of Science. It requires prioritization across fields of science, a difficultand unusual process. The set of facilities must be phased to conform to scientificopportunities, and to a responsible funding strategy. The largest facilities will beinternational in character, requiring both planning and funding from other coun-tries and organizations, together with the U.S.

Prioritization ProcessPrioritization ProcessPrioritization ProcessPrioritization ProcessPrioritization ProcessThe DOE’s Office of Science began to prioritize future major facilities in the fallof 2002. The Associate Directors of the Office of Science(1) were askedto list major facilities required for world scientific leadership in their respectiveprograms out to 2023. In order to impose some fiscal discipline on this exercise,each Associate Director was given a funding “envelope” under which they wereto include their estimated research budgets as well as the major facility planning,construction, and operating costs.(2)

Forty-six facilities were identified and phased to conform to perceived scientificopportunities over this 20-year period. Internal hearings were held, with eachAssociate Director describing the nature of the recommended facilities, togetherwith the scientific rationale behind their choices. This process was completed inDecember 2002.

The program prioritizations by the Associate Directors were then submittedin mid-January 2003 to the respective program’s Advisory Committee, with arequest for an analysis of the relative scientific opportunities associated with eachof the facilities proposed by their respective Associate Director, and with anyadditions they felt important that may have been omitted (a sample AdvisoryCommittee charge letter is attached as Appendix A). In some cases, theCommittees were requested specifically to work together to capture theinterdisciplinary needs that might be missed if a Committee focused toonarrowly on its own traditional discipline. The Office of Science AdvisoryCommittees are chartered to bring to each program the full breadth ofperspectives of the U.S. scientific community. Of the 118 people that sit onthese Advisory Committees, 64 percent are from universities, 15 percent fromDOE laboratories, 10 percent from industry, 3 percent from other governmentagencies, and 8 percent from other types of institutions.

(1) The Office of Science has an Associate Director for each of its scientific programs: AdvancedScientific Computing Research, Biological and Environmental Research, Basic Energy Sciences,Fusion Energy Sciences, High Energy Physics, and Nuclear Physics.

(2) These envelopes were constructed from the “Biggert Bill” authorization levels for the Office ofScience for FY 2004 through FY 2008 (since replaced by H.R. 6 and S. 14), and then a fourpercent increase in authorization level each subsequent year until 2023. The Office of Scienceunderstands that construction of the facilities listed within the envelopes will depend on manyfactors, including funding being available as needed with all technology hurdles surmounted asplanned. Nevertheless, the envelopes, and the facilities listed within them, are consistent with afar-reaching vision of how and when the Office of Science could contribute to DOE’s missionsand the Nation.

Nanomachines:Nanomachines:Nanomachines:Nanomachines:Nanomachines: Computer simulationof a buckyball piston. The Basic EnergySciences program applies some of itsfacilities to the challenges of science atthe nanoscale.

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The Advisory Committees recommended 53 majorfacilities for construction, and assessed each accordingto two criteria: scientific importance and readiness forconstruction. Against the first criteria, the Committeesdivided their facilities into three categories: highestscientific importance, secondary scientific importance,and hard-to-assess scientific importance. The Com-mittees also categorized the facilities into “near-term,”“mid-term,” and “far-term” according to theirreadiness for construction.

The results were plotted in a matrix illustrated at left.“Highest scientific importance” was divided into cat-egories A, B, and C, depending upon readiness forconstruction. “Secondary scientific importance” waslabeled as category D, and “hard-to assess scientificimportance” as category E.

With this input from the Advisory Committees, the challenge remained to pri-oritize the facilities across scientific disciplines(3). The Director of the Office ofScience addressed this challenge by prioritizing the 53 facilities according to hisassessment of their scientific promise and their fit with the Department’s mis-sions. The costs associated with the Office of Science’s base research programsand the other responsibilities were added, and the entirety was made to fitunder an aggressive funding envelope (see footnote 2) extended through 2023.Twenty-eight projects qualified.

A Benchmark for the FutureA Benchmark for the FutureA Benchmark for the FutureA Benchmark for the FutureA Benchmark for the FutureThe Facilities for the Future of Science: A Twenty-Year Outlook represents a snapshot—the DOE Office of Science’s best guess today at how the futureof science and the need for scientific facilities will unfold over the next twodecades. We know, however, that science changes. Discoveries will alter thecourse of research and so the facilities needed in the future.

For this reason, the Facilities for the Future of Science: A Twenty-Year Outlook shouldbe assessed periodically in light of the evolving state of science and technology.The Twenty-Year Outlook will also serve as a benchmark, enabling an evaluationof facilities proposed in the future against those on this list. Future revisionsshould maintain the funding envelope used to guide this list, enforcing fiscaldiscipline upon discussions and requiring the elimination of facilities inorder to accommodate more important or exciting prospects.

(3) While prioritizing scientific programs and/or facilities within disciplines can be difficult, it isdone regularly throughout the Federal Government and by numerous scientific and technicaladvisory committees. Prioritizing openly across disciplines, however, is notoriously difficultand has been done rarely. Physicist William Brinkman recently testified before the HouseCommittee on Science to the effect that while such prioritizations are possible, they are nec-essarily based on intuition and therefore subjective. David Goldston, staff director for theCommittee, responded that the Committee understood this and it was the reason that theCommittee wanted “someone else” to do the prioritization.

Office of Science Facilities Matrix

Category AHighest Scientific

ImportanceNear-term

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Category CHighest Scientific

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The DOE’s Office of Science recognizes that the breadth and scope of thevision encompassed by these 28 facilities reflects a most aggressive andoptimistic view of the future of the Office. Nevertheless, we believe that itis necessary to have and discuss such a vision. Despite the many uncertainties,it is important for organizations to have a clear understanding of their goalsand a path toward reaching those goals.

As stewards of the public’s dollars, it is our responsibility to announce candidlyhow we would propose to spend those resources in the future. The public alsohas a right to expect that its government makes its decisions on such importantand costly investments as future scientific facilities in the open with a transparentprocess. The Facilities for the Future of Science: A Twenty-Year Outlook offers sucha vision of the future, and it does so by openly announcing the hard choicesthat need to be made to sustain science.

The Secretary of Energy Advisory Board’s Task Force on the Future ofScience Programs at the Department of Energy, which was chaired byDr. Charles M. Vest, President of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology,praised the idea of a 20-year DOE Office of Science facilities plan in areport issued in the fall of 2003:

We believe that the 20-year vision of future scientific facilities currentlybeing developed in the Office of Science is outstanding and could havea far-reaching, positive effect on the Nation’s leadership in science.

The The The The The TTTTTwenty-Ywenty-Ywenty-Ywenty-Ywenty-Year Facilities Outlook—Aear Facilities Outlook—Aear Facilities Outlook—Aear Facilities Outlook—Aear Facilities Outlook—A Prioritized List Prioritized List Prioritized List Prioritized List Prioritized ListOf the 53 facilities initially proposed by the Advisory Committees, 28 madethe list of most important facilities that will be needed over the next 20 yearsto support the Nation’s research needs in areas that have been the traditionalresponsibility of the DOE.

The 28 facilities are listed by priority on the following pages. Some are notedindividually; however others, for which the advice of the Advisory Committeeswas insufficient to discriminate among relative priority, are presented in“bands.” In addition, the facilities are roughly grouped into near-term priori-ties, mid-term priorities, and far-term priorities (and color-coded red, blue,and green, respectively) according to the anticipated R&D timeframe of thescientific opportunities they would address.

Each facility listing is accompanied by a “peak of cost profile,” which indicatesthe onset, years of peak construction expenditure, and completion of the facil-ity. Because many of the facilities are still in early stages of conceptualization,the timing of their construction and completion is subject to the myriad consid-erations that come into play when moving forward with a new facility. Fur-thermore, it should be remembered that construction of these cost profileswas guided by an ideal funding scenario (see footnote 2).

Summaries and illustrations of the 28 facilities are provided on thefollowing pages.

Harvesting Hydrogen fromHarvesting Hydrogen fromHarvesting Hydrogen fromHarvesting Hydrogen fromHarvesting Hydrogen fromMicroalgae:Microalgae:Microalgae:Microalgae:Microalgae: DOE’s Office of Science,working in partnership with the Officeof Energy Efficiency, has unlocked thesecret to increasing the hydrogen yieldof a certain type of green microalgae thatshows promise of producing hydrogencheaply, easily, and cleanly.

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Facility SummariesFacility SummariesFacility SummariesFacility SummariesFacility SummariesNear-TNear-TNear-TNear-TNear-Term Prioritieserm Prioritieserm Prioritieserm Prioritieserm PrioritiesPriority: 1Priority: 1Priority: 1Priority: 1Priority: 1ITERITERITERITERITERThe Facility: ITER is an international collaboration to build the first fusionscience experiment capable of producing a self-sustaining fusion reaction, calleda “burning plasma.” It is the next essential and critical step on the path towarddemonstrating the scientific and technological feasibility of fusion energy.

Background: Fusion is the power source of the sun and the stars. It occurswhen the lightest atom, hydrogen, is heated to very high temperatures forminga special gas called “plasma.” In this plasma, hydrogen atoms combine, or“fuse,” to form a heavier atom, helium. In the process of fusing, some matteris converted directly into large amounts of energy. The ability to contain thisreaction, and harness the energy from it, are among the important goals offusion research.

What’s New: Recent advances in computer modeling and in our understand-ing of the physics of fusion give us confidence that we can now build ITERsuccessfully. The unique features of the facility will be its ability to operate for

long durations (hundreds of secondsand possibly several thousands) and atpower levels (around 500 MW) suffi-cient to demonstrate the physics of theburning plasma in a power-plant-likeenvironment. ITER will also serve as atest-bed for additional fusion power-plant technologies.

Applications: ITER is the next big steptoward making fusion energy a reality.Fusion energy is particularly attractiveas a future energy source because it isenvironmentally benign (it produces noair pollution and no carbon dioxide, andit does not create long-lived radioactivewaste); its fuels are easily extracted fromordinary water and from lithium, anabundant element; and it can be gener-ated on demand and in sufficient capacityto power large cities and industries.

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Priority: 2Priority: 2Priority: 2Priority: 2Priority: 2UltraScale Scientific Computing CapabilityUltraScale Scientific Computing CapabilityUltraScale Scientific Computing CapabilityUltraScale Scientific Computing CapabilityUltraScale Scientific Computing Capability(USSCC)(USSCC)(USSCC)(USSCC)(USSCC)The Facility: The USSCC, located at multiple sites, willincrease by a factor of 100 the computing capability avail-able to support open (as opposed to classified) scientificresearch—reducing from years to days the time requiredto simulate complex systems, such as the chemistry of acombustion engine, or weather and climate—andproviding much finer resolution.

Background: Recently, with the start-up of its newsupercomputer known as the Earth Simulator, theJapanese introduced the world to a new era in scien-tific computation. The Earth Simulator has thecomputing power of the 20 fastest U.S. computerscombined and a peak speed of 40 teraflops—threetimes faster than the theoretical peak performanceof any U.S. machine.

What’s New: The USSCC will involve long-term rela-tionships with U.S. computer vendors and an integratedprogram of hardware and software investments designedto optimize computer performance for scientific and commercial problems bycreating a better balance of memory size, processor speed, and interconnectionrates. Most existing supercomputers have been designed with the consumermarket in mind; USSCC’s new configurations will build on accomplishmentsof the Earth Simulator to develop computing capability specifically designedfor science and industrial applications. These facilities will operate like Officeof Science light sources: available to all, subject to proposal peer review.

Applications: The computing capability represented by the USSCC couldhave a significant economic impact, on the order of billions of dollars, oncommercial product design, development, and marketing. Currently, manyU.S. industries are forced to build prototypes for new designs that are expen-sive and cause significant manufacturing delays. USSCC’s speed and capabilitieswould allow for “virtual prototypes,” which would greatly shorten time tomarket and save significant investment costs. As an example, consider thecomparison between manufactured prototyping and simulations for GeneralElectric’s jet engines: what currently takes GE several years and millions ofdollars in design, re-design, and manufacturing of prototypes could be accom-plished in less than a day on a machine like the USSCC. General Motors, inanother example, also saves hundreds of millions of dollars using its in-housecomputing capability, but believes that it cannot meet the steady demand forsafer, more fuel-efficient, and cleaner cars, without substantial increases incomputing capabilities that will not be achieved through existing computerarchitectures and technologies.

Scientific computing at DOE Office of Sciencelabs and user facilities enable scientists to

use quantum calculations to understand the combustion process, modelthermal reactions, analyze climate change data, reveal chemicalmechanisms of catalysts, and study the collapse of a supernova.




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Priority: Tie for 3Priority: Tie for 3Priority: Tie for 3Priority: Tie for 3Priority: Tie for 3Joint Dark Energy Mission (JDEM)Joint Dark Energy Mission (JDEM)Joint Dark Energy Mission (JDEM)Joint Dark Energy Mission (JDEM)Joint Dark Energy Mission (JDEM)The Facility: JDEM is a space-based probe, developed inpartnership with NASA, designed to help understand the recently

discovered mysterious “dark energy” which makes upmore than 70 percent of the universe, and evidently causesits accelerating expansion.

Background: A slowing expansion of the universe fol-lowing the Big Bang—like the ripples from a pebble hittingthe water slowing as they move out—was widely predictedby physicists. Beginning in the 1990’s, scientists set out tomeasure this deceleration by using ground-based observa-tions of a class of supernova explosions which can serveas a benchmark (or “standard candles”) on which to basetheir measurements. To world-wide surprise, they foundthat rather than slowing, the expansion of the universe isspeeding up. This discovery suggested the existence of apreviously unknown energy, now called “dark energy,”pushing space apart. The accelerating expansion of theuniverse was deemed “Breakthrough of the Year” byScience magazine in 1998.

What’s New: JDEM will be the first dedicated space-based tool for the studyof the accelerating universe. By being above the atmosphere and capable ofviewing a wide angle of the sky, it will be able to collect and analyze informa-tion on the largest number of supernovas yet identified, over a wide range ofdistances, and thus “see” a far longer period in the evolution of the universe.It is designed to measure precisely the history of the accelerations anddecelerations of the expansion of the universe from the current epoch backto approximately 10 billion years ago, when the universe was only one thirdits present age.

Applications: The evidence for cosmic acceleration is shaking the foundationsof fundamental physics. Further study will address profound issues at the heartof both cosmology and high energy physics and will be essential for ourunderstanding of the physical laws and contents of the universe.

Priority: Tie for 3Priority: Tie for 3Priority: Tie for 3Priority: Tie for 3Priority: Tie for 3Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS)Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS)Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS)Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS)Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS)The Facility: The LCLS will provide laser-like radiation 10 billion timesgreater in power and brightness than any existing x-ray light source, enablingthe study of matter and chemical reactions at speeds and levels of detail waybeyond what is currently possible.

Background: X-rays are used to examine all kinds of materials, from ourbones and heart, to petroleum products, to high explosives and the compo-nents of nuclear weapons. However, there are substantial limitations to theseexisting x-rays: we can only create images of those molecules that can be growninto crystals (which eliminates many proteins, for example), and we cannotmeasure changes in molecules as they take place—in the tens and hundreds of

The Joint Dark Energy Mission’s space-based probe will studythe accelerating universe.




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femtoseconds—which is the very heartof chemistry.

What’s New: The LCLS will be theworld’s first x-ray-free electron laseroperating in the 1.5-15 angstrom range. Itwill have properties vastly exceeding currentsynchrotron sources in three key areas: peakbrightness (10 billion times greater than cur-rent synchrotrons), coherence (complete,rather than the limited spatial coherence cur-rently available), and short pulse duration (atleast 100 times shorter than is currently avail-able). With the LCLS, we will be able toimage complex protein structures fromsingle molecules, create real-time images ofchemical reactions, and much more.

Applications: The leap in x-ray source ca-pabilities provided by the LCLS will openentirely new realms of scientific endeavor in the chemical, materials, and bio-logical sciences. Existing synchrotron light sources have been used for a verydiverse array of applications: to determine the structures of thousands of pro-teins to help understand our living world, to provide petroleum companieswith information about the three-dimensional properties of molecules in theirmanufacturing processes to increase efficiency, and to develop magnetic mediawith more storage capacity.

Priority: Tie for 3Priority: Tie for 3Priority: Tie for 3Priority: Tie for 3Priority: Tie for 3Protein Production and Protein Production and Protein Production and Protein Production and Protein Production and TTTTTagsagsagsagsagsThe Facility: The Protein Productionand Tags facility will use highly auto-mated processes to mass-produceand characterize tens of thousandsof proteins per year, create “tags”to identify these proteins, and makethese products available to researchersnationwide.

Background: The deluge of data andrelated technologies generated by theHuman Genome Project and othergenomic research is creating a broadarray of commercial and scientificopportunities. The next bottleneck inturning this information into practicalsolutions for energy, medical, environ-mental, and other challenges is the lackof ready access to the thousandsof proteins coded for by DNA.Researchers from across the country

The Linac Coherent Light Source will bethe world’s first x-ray-free electron laser,opening new realms of scientific researchin chemical, materials, and biologicalsciences.




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and from many different government agencies will benefit from the develop-ment of a reliable, inexpensive, high-quality technique for making these materi-als for their experiments.

What’s New: This biological research facility will be the first of its kind.It will develop highly automated processes to mass-produce and characterizeproteins directly from microbial genome data and create affinity reagents(chemical “tags”) to identify, capture, and monitor the proteins from living sys-tems. Given that each microbe makes several thousand proteins, and thousandsof microbes need to be studied, researchers need the ability to produce andcharacterize tens of thousands of proteins and nearly one hundred thousand“tags” per year. Using current methods, doing this for even a single microbeis virtually impossible.

Applications: Understanding exactly how microbes perform specializedfunctions is central to applying the recent spectacular advances in biology andgenetics to DOE’s missions: for example, to harness microbes to eat radioac-tively contaminated waste, create hydrogen for a new energy source, andabsorb carbon dioxide. The possibilities are tremendous. In the future, we maysee communities of microbes absorbing the pollutants from the smokestacksof coal fired power plants—making coal as clean a fuel source as hydropower.

Priority: Tie for 3Priority: Tie for 3Priority: Tie for 3Priority: Tie for 3Priority: Tie for 3Rare Isotope Rare Isotope Rare Isotope Rare Isotope Rare Isotope Accelerator (RIA)Accelerator (RIA)Accelerator (RIA)Accelerator (RIA)Accelerator (RIA)The Facility: The Rare Isotope Accelerator (RIA) will be the world’s mostpowerful research facility dedicated to producing and exploring new rare iso-topes that are not found naturally on earth.

Background: Physicists study how isotopes (versions of atoms withdifferent numbers of neutrons in their nucleus) decay to understand howeverything from the cosmos to the atom was formed. Most isotopes exist

for months, days, or hours and are ac-cessible to study with existing ma-chines. “Rare” isotopes, however, livefor only thousandths of a second, butare central to the origin of the chemi-cal elements, fuel the stars, and ener-gize our sun to sustain life on Earth.

What’s New: RIA will involve thedevelopment of new accelerator tech-nology to create beams of unstable(rare) isotopes that are 10 to 100 timesmore powerful than those availabletoday. It will have the capability tospecify, control, and vary precisely thenumber of protons and neutrons inatomic nuclei, and thus study not onlythe properties of individual nuclei, butalso the evolution of these propertiesacross the nuclear chart.Isotope Accelerator Concept




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Applications: Construction of RIA will establish U.S. leadership in this scientificarena. It will allow physicists to explore the structure and forces that make upthe nucleus of atoms; learn how the chemical elements that make up the worldaround us were created; test current theories about the fundamental structure ofmatter; improve our ability to model the explosions of nuclear weapons, andplay a role in developing new nuclear medicines and techniques. One of everythree hospitalized patients in the U.S., for example, undergoes a procedure in-volving nuclear medicine—spin-offs of earlier governmentinvestments in nuclear physics.

Priority: Tie for 7Priority: Tie for 7Priority: Tie for 7Priority: Tie for 7Priority: Tie for 7Characterization andCharacterization andCharacterization andCharacterization andCharacterization andImaging of MolecularImaging of MolecularImaging of MolecularImaging of MolecularImaging of MolecularMachinesMachinesMachinesMachinesMachinesThe Facility: The facility for Charac-terization and Imaging of MolecularMachines will build on capabilitiesprovided by the Protein Productionand Tags facility to provide researcherswith the ability to isolate, characterize,and create images of the thousands ofmolecular machines that perform theessential functions inside a cell.

Background: Cells, includingmicrobes, function by combiningproteins and other molecules into“molecular machines.” Currently, onlya handful of these molecular machineshave been isolated or characterized. Providing the research community with themeans to learn how these machines function will be critical to our ability to usemicrobes to address many environmental, energy, and national security needs.

What’s New: This biological user facility will provide the research communitywith the world’s largest assembly of sophisticated analytic and imaging instru-mentation, combined with state-of-the-art computational tools, to enable usersto isolate, identify, characterize, and image the molecular machines present inselected microbes under highly controlled conditions. The facility’s high-through-put capabilities will analyze thousands of molecular machines in the time it nowtakes to do a few.

Applications: The success of the Human Genome Project taught us thatachieving great economies of scale, such as those represented by this facility,vastly reduces the cost of research and therefore makes the field accessible tohundreds of researchers for whom it would otherwise be too expensive orcumbersome. This, as has also been demonstrated, dramatically increases thepace of scientific discovery and the rate at which practical use is made ofthese discoveries.




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Priority: Tie for 7Priority: Tie for 7Priority: Tie for 7Priority: Tie for 7Priority: Tie for 7Continuous Electron Beam Continuous Electron Beam Continuous Electron Beam Continuous Electron Beam Continuous Electron Beam AcceleratorAcceleratorAcceleratorAcceleratorAcceleratorFacility (Facility (Facility (Facility (Facility (CECECECECEBAF)BAF)BAF)BAF)BAF) 1111122222 GGGGGeeeeeV UV UV UV UV UpppppgggggrrrrradeadeadeadeadeThe Facility: The upgrade to the Continuous Electron BeamAccelerator Facility (CEBAF) at Thomas Jefferson Laboratoryis a cost-effective way to double the energy of the existingbeam, and thus provide the capability to study the structure ofprotons and neutrons in the atom with much greater precisionthan is currently possible.

Background: “Quarks” are the particles that unite to formprotons and neutrons, which, with electrons, combine toform the atoms that make up all the matter that we are famil-iar with. As yet, scientists are unable to explain the propertiesof these entities—why, for example, we do not seem to beable to “see” individual quarks in isolation (they change theirnatures when separated from each other) or understand the

full range of possibilities of how quarks can combine together to make upmatter.

What’s New: The CEBAF Upgrade will take advantage of recent advancesin computing power, combined with a doubling of the existing energy of theelectron beam, to create a 12 giga-volt electron beam capable of providingmuch more precise data on the structure of protons and neutrons. Specifically,the upgrade will enable scientists to address one of the great mysteries ofmodern physics – the mechanism that “confines” quarks together. Newsupercomputing studies indicate that force fields called “flux-tubes” may beresponsible, and that exciting these should lead to the creation of never-before-seen particles.

Applications: The CEBAF Upgrade will provide a world-class, unique facilityfor the study of the largely unexplored frontier in our understanding of thecomposition of nuclear matter, thus maintaining U.S. leadership in this scientificarena. Spin-off applications of the knowledge gained at this facility mayinclude such diverse technologies as vastly more effective MRIs, allowingdoctors to create images of patients’ lungs as they breathe, and free-electronlasers, currently being studied by the Navy as long-range, portable weaponssystems for ships.

Priority: Tie for 7Priority: Tie for 7Priority: Tie for 7Priority: Tie for 7Priority: Tie for 7Energy Sciences Network (ESnet) UpgradeEnergy Sciences Network (ESnet) UpgradeEnergy Sciences Network (ESnet) UpgradeEnergy Sciences Network (ESnet) UpgradeEnergy Sciences Network (ESnet) UpgradeThe Facility: The ESnet upgrade will enhance the network services availableto support SC researchers and laboratories and maintain their access to allmajor DOE research facilities and computing resources, as well as fast inter-connections to more than 100 other networks.

Background: The Energy Sciences Network, or ESnet, provides a high-speed, effective, and reliable communications network infrastructure thatenables thousands of Department of Energy, university and industry scientistsand collaborators worldwide to make effective use of unique DOE research

The Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility upgrade willdouble the energy of its electron beam and add advancedcomputing power to provide much more precise data on thestructure of protons and neutrons.




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facilities and computing resources,independent of time and geographiclocation. User demand to ESnet hasgrown by a factor of more than10,000 since its inception in the mid1980s—a 100 percent increase everyyear since 1990.

What’s New: Future projectionssuggest sustained annual growth curvesof upwards of 300 percent per yearas research becomes more computing-intensive. The ESnet upgrade willinclude the purchase, lease, andmanagement of equipment, com-munication lines, services, and othercomponents necessary to keep pacewith this demand.

Applications: ESnet brings the power and capabilities of all of DOE’sscientific facilities to scientists’ desktops—allowing researchers to access premierexperimental tools from the comfort of their own offices. It also greatlyincreases the number of researchers that can gain access to DOE facilities,speeding the pace of scientific discovery and making optimal use of ourFederal investment.

Priority: Tie for 7Priority: Tie for 7Priority: Tie for 7Priority: Tie for 7Priority: Tie for 7National Energy Research ScientificNational Energy Research ScientificNational Energy Research ScientificNational Energy Research ScientificNational Energy Research ScientificComputing Center (NERSC) UpgradeComputing Center (NERSC) UpgradeComputing Center (NERSC) UpgradeComputing Center (NERSC) UpgradeComputing Center (NERSC) UpgradeThe Facility: This upgrade will ensure that NERSC, DOE’spremier scientific computing facility for unclassified research,continues to provide high-performance computing resourcesto support the requirements of scientific discovery.

Background: NERSC provides high-performance comput-ing tools and expertise that enable computational scienceon a grand scale: it supports large, interdisciplinary teamsof researchers to attack fundamental problems in science andengineering that require massive calculations and have broadscientific and economic impact. NERSC will continue toprovide the core scientific computing needed by the research community, andthat will complement the “grand challenge” approach pursued under theUltraScale Scientific Computing Capability.

What’s New: The NERSC upgrade will use grid technology to deploy acapability designed to meet the needs of an integrated science environmentcombining experiment, simulation, and theory by facilitating access to comput-ing and data resources, as well as to large DOE experimental instruments.NERSC will concentrate its resources on supporting scientific challenge teams,with the goal of bridging the software gap between currently achievable andpeak performance on the new terascale platforms.

The Energy Sciences Network (ESnet)upgrade will enhance existing networkservices and add fast interconnectionsto 100 other networks.

The NERSC upgrade will use grid technology to meet theexpanding needs of an integrated science environment.

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Applications: Over the last 25 years, NERSC has built an outstanding reputa-tion for providing both high-end computer systems and comprehensive scien-tific client services to more than 2000 scientists from DOE laboratories andmajor U.S. universities each year. These researchers are using NERSC capabili-ties to further an amazing variety of scientific inquiries—from the discovery ofthe accelerating universe; to work on custom-designed catalysts for applicationin pollution prevention technologies, fuel cells, and industrial processes to moreaccurate climate models that take into account feedback effects of climatechange on the absorption of carbon by the ocean and the land masses.

Priority: Tie for 7Priority: Tie for 7Priority: Tie for 7Priority: Tie for 7Priority: Tie for 7TTTTTranmission Electron ranmission Electron ranmission Electron ranmission Electron ranmission Electron Achromatic Microscope (TEAM)Achromatic Microscope (TEAM)Achromatic Microscope (TEAM)Achromatic Microscope (TEAM)Achromatic Microscope (TEAM)The Facility: TEAM will be the first of a new generation of electron micro-scopes that, by correcting for distortions in focus inherent to all current electronmicroscopes, will give much clearer images and allow the use of much largerexperimental chambers.

Background: Electron microscopes are used to see finer details of the innerstructure of materials than are accessible with ordinary light microscopes.However, existing electron microscopes are limited because they suffer frominherent aberrations which diminish the resolution of the image. One ofthese limitations is that only very small samples can be used, which precludesusing the microscope to study how materials evolve or respond in changingenvironments.

What’s New: TEAM will be the first of a new generation of intermediate-voltage electron microscopes capable of developing a much more fundamentalunderstanding of materials by achieving resolution near 0.05 microns. TEAMwill provide the U.S. with world-class electron microscopy capability, and veryhigh-resolution imaging.

Applications: The TEAM microscope will allow scientists to study howatoms combine to form materials, how materials grow, and how they respondto a variety of external factors. These constitute many of the most practicalthings that we need to know about materials, and will improve designs foreverything from better, lighter, more efficient automobiles, to strongerbuildings and new ways of harvesting energy.

F E GF E GF E GF E GF E GMonochromatorMonochromatorMonochromatorMonochromatorMonochromator

CondenserCondenserCondenserCondenserCondenser

CCCCCsssss and C and C and C and C and C55555 corrector corrector corrector corrector corrector

Objective lensObjective lensObjective lensObjective lensObjective lensand stage gapand stage gapand stage gapand stage gapand stage gap5mm, 5mm, 5mm, 5mm, 5mm, +++++4040404040ooooo tilt ti lt ti lt ti lt ti lt

CCCCCsssss and C and C and C and C and Cccccc corrector corrector corrector corrector correctorEnergy fi lterEnergy fi lterEnergy fi lterEnergy fi lterEnergy fi lter

ProjectorsProjectorsProjectorsProjectorsProjectorsFast CCD systemFast CCD systemFast CCD systemFast CCD systemFast CCD system

New materials: Nanotubes

Phase transformations:Quasicrystals

Defects: Strength of crystals

The Transmission Electron AchromaticMicroscope (top) will allow scientists tostudy the formation, growth, and defectsof materials (as shown in the examples).




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The BTeV detector will use the Tevatron collider at Fermi NationalAccelerator Laboratory to make precise measurements of fundamentalparticle behavior, which may help explain why there is so littleantimatter in the universe.

Priority: 12Priority: 12Priority: 12Priority: 12Priority: 12BTBTBTBTBTeVeVeVeVeVThe Facility: BTeV (“B-particle physics at theTeVatron”) is an experiment designed to use theTevatron proton-antiproton collider at the FermiNational Accelerator Laboratory (currently the world’smost powerful accelerator) to make very precise mea-surements of several aspects of fundamental particlebehavior that may help explain why so little antimatterexists in the universe.

Background: At some point very, very early in theevolution of the universe the initial quantities of matterand anti-matter became lopsided, or “asymmetrical,”resulting in the matter-based universe we now know.One of the best ways to study this phenomenon isby making precise measurements of very infrequentevents—in this case rarely observed decay patterns ofcertain types of subatomic particles from a family called“B-particles.” Because these events are so extremely rare, many, many B-par-ticles must be created to capture enough information for a single experiment.

What’s New: BTeV will use state-of-the-art detector technologies and thevery high particle production rates at Fermilab’s Tevatron to obtain the largesamples of B-particles needed to make the necessary measurements. Measure-ments from existing electron accelerators can account for approximately1 percent of the “asymmetry” needed to explain what we observe in thecosmos; BTeV will provide a new and unique tool with which to search forsources of the other 99 percent.

Applications: Understanding why and how the universe became asymmetricalis one of the most outstanding, fundamental questions in the study of elemen-tary particle physics today, and has profound implications for understandinghow the whole universe evolved from its simple initial state to the complexpatterns we see today.

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Mid-TMid-TMid-TMid-TMid-Term Prioritieserm Prioritieserm Prioritieserm Prioritieserm PrioritiesPriority: 13Priority: 13Priority: 13Priority: 13Priority: 13Linear ColliderLinear ColliderLinear ColliderLinear ColliderLinear Collider

The Facility: The Linear Collider will allow physi-cists to make the world’s most precise measure-ments of nature’s most fundamental particles andforces at energies comparable to those of theLarge Hadron Collider (LHC) now under con-struction in Switzerland.

Background: The Standard Model of particlephysics, developed over the last 50 years and recog-nized as one of the great scientific achievements,has been tremendously effective in predicting thebehavior of all the interactions of subatomic par-ticles except those due to gravity, and in describingthe varieties of particles that combine to makeeveryday matter. The next step—incorporating atheory of gravity and understanding why funda-mental particles have mass—will require particleaccelerators that function at the trillion-electronvolt (“TeV”) level.

What’s New: The LHC now under construction at CERN in Switzerland willopen exploration of the TeV energy level. The Linear Collider, also to be aninternational effort, will distinguish itself by its ability to perform unique, precisemeasurements at this energy because it will collide individual fundamental par-ticles rather than complex clusters of particles. The precision afforded by theLinear Collider will enable new phenomena discovered at the LHC to be morefully explored, in addition to providing its own discoveries.

Applications: High-energy physics has always been a frontier discipline inscience, driving technological innovation (the World Wide Web was created toshare data from accelerator experiments, as an example) and pushing the limitsof what we know in the disparate but interconnected worlds of cosmologyand elementary particles. The Linear Collider could be considered the high-techequivalent of a frontier outpost at the edge of a new world.

Priority: Tie for 14Priority: Tie for 14Priority: Tie for 14Priority: Tie for 14Priority: Tie for 14Analysis and Modeling of Cellular SystemsAnalysis and Modeling of Cellular SystemsAnalysis and Modeling of Cellular SystemsAnalysis and Modeling of Cellular SystemsAnalysis and Modeling of Cellular SystemsThe Facility: The facility for Analysis and Modeling of Cellular Systems willcombine advanced computational, analytical, and experimental capabilities tostudy how multi-cellular systems, including microbial communities, function atthe molecular level.

Background: Microbes are the most abundant form of life on earth.They have adapted to extreme conditions—thriving, for example, in highly

The Linear Collider is designed to extend the study of particle physics.

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radioactive and toxic environmentsor in extreme heat. This offers cluesabout how to use these microbes toaddress practical problems such asthe clean-up of contaminated land orwater. However, microbes in naturedo not act as individuals, but ratheras part of complex communities, sowe need to study these communitiesas a whole.

What’s New: New capabilitiesprovided by this facility will include(1) controlled experimental systemsfor microbial community growth;(2) efficient processes for analysisand/or characterization of microbialcommunity function; (3) sophisticatedtools for studying the interactionsand/or communication of microbialcommunity members; (4) computational tools for complex microbial commu-nity modeling.

Applications: Microbial communities offer tremendous potential to addressDOE needs in environmental remediation and energy production in entirelynew and more effective ways. In the past, microbes have been used to pro-duce nontoxic chemicals and enzymes to reduce the cost and improve theefficiency of industrial processes; microbial enzymes have been used to bleachpaper pulp, stone wash denim, remove lipstick from glassware, break downstarch in brewing and coagulate milk protein for cheese production. Newapplications include the use of microbial communities to digest radioactivewaste and to create hydrogen, a clean fuel for a new economy.

Priority: Tie for 14Priority: Tie for 14Priority: Tie for 14Priority: Tie for 14Priority: Tie for 14Spallation Neutron Source (SNS)Spallation Neutron Source (SNS)Spallation Neutron Source (SNS)Spallation Neutron Source (SNS)Spallation Neutron Source (SNS)2-4MW Upgrade2-4MW Upgrade2-4MW Upgrade2-4MW Upgrade2-4MW UpgradeThe Facility: The SNS upgrade will more thandouble its power, enabling the addition of approxi-mately 20 to 24 more instrumentsand doubling the number of re-searchers who can use the facility.

Background: Because of their spe-cial properties, neutrons have uniqueapplications as probes in many fieldsof science and technology. For ex-ample, virtually everything we knowabout the fundamental structure ofmagnetic materials—which lie at the

SNS Power Upgrade:SNS Power Upgrade:SNS Power Upgrade:SNS Power Upgrade:SNS Power Upgrade: The linac tunnel is sized for 9 additional “cryomodules” (top).Augmenting Klystron Gallery is required (bottom).




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heart of today’s motors, generators, telecommunications, video, and audio tech-nologies—has been learned through neutron scattering.

What’s New: The SNS, the most powerful neutron source in the world, wasdesigned from the outset to accommodate a power upgrade that would sup-port a second neutron beam, target station, and associated suite of instruments.Increasing the SNS power level from 1 MW to 2-4 MW will increase the rangeof materials for which measurements using a single pulse becomes feasible, andwill enable the future construction and operation of a second target station spe-cifically designed to study soft matter, such as polymers and biological material.

Applications: As the needs of our high-technology society have advanced, sohave our demands for stronger, lighter, and cheaper materials. More than ever,x-ray and neutron sources are used to understand and “engineer” such materialsat the atomic level. Jets, credit cards, pocket calculators, compact discs, com-puter disks, magnetic recording tapes, shatter-proof windshields, and satelliteweather information for forecasts have all been improved by neutron-scattering research.

Priority: Tie for 14Priority: Tie for 14Priority: Tie for 14Priority: Tie for 14Priority: Tie for 14Spallation Neutron Source (SNS) Second Spallation Neutron Source (SNS) Second Spallation Neutron Source (SNS) Second Spallation Neutron Source (SNS) Second Spallation Neutron Source (SNS) Second TTTTTarget Stationarget Stationarget Stationarget Stationarget Station

The Facility: The second target station at theSNS will provide a long wavelength neutronsource optimized for the study of large structuressuch as polymers, and biological materials includingcell walls and membranes.

Background: Neutrons are non-destructive highlypenetrating probes useful for studying the structureof many types of materials. Unlike x-rays, theseuncharged particles are especially sensitive tohydrogen and other light atoms that are majorcomponents of biological materials. Slower,so-called “cold neutrons” are particularly well-suited to the study of biological matter becausetheir wavelengths are comparable to thesize of proteins and other important biologicalmolecules.

What’s New: When completed in 2006, the SNSwill be ten times more powerful than the best spal-lation neutron source now in existence. The designof the SNS provided for the construction of two

differently optimized target stations. The high frequency (60-Hz) target stationnow under construction is optimized for experiments in condensed matterphysics, materials sciences, magnetic materials, and engineering. The second tar-get station will operate at a significantly lower frequency (10 Hz) that will enablestudies of fundamental neutron physics, chemical spectroscopy, protein foldingdynamics, and polymer dynamics, among many other topics.

Applications: Growing numbers of industrial and university researchersare using neutron sources for the development of everything from fiber and

The SNS was designed from the outset to allow operations with two targetstations. At the present pace, all of the High Power Target Station (HPTS)beamlines will be allocated by approximately 2006 and built out by 2013.

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composite materials to the creation of microscopic machines, to improvementsin high-capacity magnetic data storage. The “cold neutron research” enabled bythe SNS second target station will support major discoveries in earth sciences,environmental chemistry, catalysis science, structural biology, and the design ofpharmaceuticals for diagnosis and cure of major diseases.

Priority: Tie for 14Priority: Tie for 14Priority: Tie for 14Priority: Tie for 14Priority: Tie for 14Whole Proteome Whole Proteome Whole Proteome Whole Proteome Whole Proteome AnalysisAnalysisAnalysisAnalysisAnalysisThe Facility: The Whole ProteomeAnalysis facility will provide researcherswith the ability to investigate howmicrobes adapt to changes in theirenvironment by turning certain portionsof their genome “on” and “off.”

Background: The entire complementof proteins a microbe makes underdifferent environmental conditions iscalled its proteome. A microbe doesnot make all the proteins encoded in itsgenome all the time; rather it makesonly the set required at a given mo-ment—to reproduce, for example, orsurvive in contaminated environments.By knowing which part of a microbe’sproteome is “turned on” in certain con-ditions, scientists can learn how to bestuse them to address practical needs.

What’s New: Currently, there is no way to determine in a reasonable amountof time what part of a microbe’s genome becomes active in different condi-tions and environments. Because this facility will be able to generate thousandsof measurements for broad classes of microbes under many different condi-tions, it will enable scientists to do in a few days what would otherwise takemany months, and it will transform how scientists are able to study microbes ascomplete biological systems.

Applications: The applications of microbial biotechnology cross boundariesfrom medicine and food to energy and environmental resources. Just as thetechnology and resources developed by the Human Genome Project are al-ready having a major impact on the U.S. economy (sales of DNA-based prod-ucts and technologies in the biotechnology industry are projected to exceed$45 billion by 2009), this new capability will open the door to the study of thepractical applications of microbes—another potentially huge industry—and asource of solutions to environmental and energy challenges.

Priority: Tie for 18Priority: Tie for 18Priority: Tie for 18Priority: Tie for 18Priority: Tie for 18Double Beta Decay Underground DetectorDouble Beta Decay Underground DetectorDouble Beta Decay Underground DetectorDouble Beta Decay Underground DetectorDouble Beta Decay Underground DetectorThe Facility: The underground double beta decay detector will enablemeasurements of individual neutrino mass and determination of whether theneutrino and its anti-particle are identical.




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2 82 82 82 82 8The NSST experiment will test the performance of the sphericaltorus in a self-sustaining fusion reaction.

Artist’s conception of one particular neutrino-less double beta decayexperiment—the Majorana.

Background: The National Science Foundation ispursuing possible construction of a deep undergroundlaboratory in the United States, and the Department ofEnergy is working with the NSF to identify a new gen-eration of experiments that will explore an exciting fron-tier at the interface of physics and astronomy. One ofthe most promising experimental approaches is the studyof neutrino-less double beta decay of certain nuclei.

What’s New: Currently, scientists are only able to mea-sure the disparity between the masses of different typesof neutrinos—not the masses themselves. The under-ground double-beta decay detector will be 100 timesmore sensitive than any previous such facility, allowingphysicists to measure individual neutrino masses anddetermine whether the neutrino and its anti-particle are

identical. If they are found to be identical, it will be clear evidence that someportions of our most fundamental theories of physics are inadequate.

Applications: Recent studies in Japan and Canada have provided clearevidence that neutrinos have mass. This significant discovery contradicts somepredictions of the Standard Model of physics (the name given to the currenttheory of fundamental particles and how they interact). The predicted abun-dance of neutrinos in the universe and the discovery that they have mass impliesthat cosmic neutrinos account for as much mass as do stars. Knowing neutrinomasses will provide clues to where to look for evidence that the basic forcesof the universe become unified in a single force; help explain how neutrinosshaped the evolution of the universe; and give insight into how the elements inthe periodic table were made inside stars and supernovas.

Priority: Tie for 18Priority: Tie for 18Priority: Tie for 18Priority: Tie for 18Priority: Tie for 18Next-Step Spherical Next-Step Spherical Next-Step Spherical Next-Step Spherical Next-Step Spherical TTTTTorus (NSST) Experimentorus (NSST) Experimentorus (NSST) Experimentorus (NSST) Experimentorus (NSST) Experiment

The Facility: The NSST will be designed to test the sphericaltorus, an innovative concept for magnetically confining a fusionreaction, in an experiment large enough to understand how itwould perform in a self-sustaining fusion reaction.

Background: One approach to creating energy fromfusion—long sought as an abundant, environmentally benignenergy source—depends on being able to create a containerthat will confine the fusion fuel and maintain it at very hightemperatures (hundreds of millions of degrees). Magneticfields are used to trap the superheated fuel in the center of thecontainer so that it cannot touch the walls and cool off. Theefficiency of the fusion reaction is related to the shape of thecontainer; the early donut-shaped tokamak may be evolvingtoward the more elongated and spherical torus.

What’s New: The spherical torus has recently emerged as themost promising concept for confining a self-sustaining fusionreaction, or “burning plasma.” Two proof-of-principle levelexperiments, the National Spherical Torus Experiment at




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Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory and the Mega Ampere Spherical Toka-mak at Culham, England, have produced excellent research results in small-scaleexperiments. If progress continues as anticipated, it will justify testing thespherical torus in experiments large enough to simulate near-fusion physics,just short of the burning plasma.

Applications: This experiment will contribute substantially to our understand-ing of the physics of fusion reactions, and will provide the data needed for thedesign and construction of future fusion energy plants, including those that willfollow in the footsteps of ITER.

Priority: Tie for 18Priority: Tie for 18Priority: Tie for 18Priority: Tie for 18Priority: Tie for 18RHIC IIRHIC IIRHIC IIRHIC IIRHIC IIThe Facility: This upgrade willprovide a 10-fold increase in the lu-minosity (collision rate) of the Rela-tivistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC),enabling scientists to create and studyatomic particle collision events thathappen only rarely, and to explorestates of matter believed to haveexisted during the first momentsafter the Big Bang.

Background: At the first momentsof the creation of the universe all themost fundamental particles that make up matter may have existed in a very hot,diffuse and dissolved state called quark-gluon plasma. From this, it is believedthat the universe underwent changes analogous to what happens when steamcools to liquid water, and then cools into solid ice. No researchers have yetdemonstrated they have created quark-gluon plasma, but scientists at RHICbelieve they are closing in on this important discovery. RHIC is designed torecreate a bit of the quark-gluon plasma by colliding heavy ions, such as gold.

What’s New: New electron cooling techniques will enable RHIC II toincrease its collision rate 10-fold and maintain this collision rate for far longerperiods of time, thus enabling scientists to collect 10 years’ worth of experi-mental data in a single year. Ultimately, research at RHIC II may allow scientiststo characterize the phase changes of nuclear matter in terms analogous to thoseused to describe the behavior of every day matter (temperature and pressure).This would be an extraordinary step forward in our understanding of therelationship between the most fundamental constituents of matter and thematter that we see in the world around us.

Applications: Every day each of us relies on modern technology developedfrom a basic understanding of the microscopic structure and properties ofmatter. Examples include personal computers based on state-of-the-artelectronics; medical tools that image, help diagnose, and treat disease withoutsurgery; and telecommunications technology that allow us to talk to friendsand colleagues around the world from a device smaller than the size of ahuman hand.

The RHIC II electron cooling system will enable RHIC to increase its collision rate 10-fold andmaintain this collision rate for long periods of time.

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Far-TFar-TFar-TFar-TFar-Term Prioritieserm Prioritieserm Prioritieserm Prioritieserm PrioritiesPriority: Tie for 21Priority: Tie for 21Priority: Tie for 21Priority: Tie for 21Priority: Tie for 21National Synchrotron Light Source ComplexNational Synchrotron Light Source ComplexNational Synchrotron Light Source ComplexNational Synchrotron Light Source ComplexNational Synchrotron Light Source ComplexUpgrade - NSLS IIUpgrade - NSLS IIUpgrade - NSLS IIUpgrade - NSLS IIUpgrade - NSLS II

The Facility: The NSLS upgrade will createand install the next generation design for a synchro-tron light source storage ring notable for its flexibil-ity to accommodate radically new types ofexperimental capabilities.

Background: Synchrotrons produce light by accel-erating electrons into circular paths called storagerings. As the electrons turn, photons (little packets)of light are given off and travel down pipes calledbeamlines to work areas where scientists run their

experiments. When this light is aimed at the very small sample under investiga-tion, a complex image of the sample’s interaction with light is created on adetector. This image is sent to a computer, which is used to analyze the sample’smolecular structure and properties.

What’s New: The NSLS Upgrade will be the first of the next generation ofsynchrotrons. The new design will include a 3-GeV, 500 mA highly optimizedstorage ring and a broad range of enhanced capabilities: higher average con-tinuous brightness, extreme stability, easy tunability, higher peak brightness, andultrashort pulses.

Applications: The NSLS at Brookhaven National Laboratory serves 2500national laboratory, industrial, and academic users per year—a full 40 percentof the total user community for DOE synchrotrons—and is an essential scien-tific tool for scientists and scientific institutions throughout the northeasternU.S. and beyond. The NSLS facility was designed in the late 1970s; for theresearch of its formidable user community to continue to flourish, the NSLSmust be updated and so continue to provide world-class capabilities.

Priority: Tie for 21Priority: Tie for 21Priority: Tie for 21Priority: Tie for 21Priority: Tie for 21Super Neutrino BeamSuper Neutrino BeamSuper Neutrino BeamSuper Neutrino BeamSuper Neutrino BeamThe Facility: The Super Neutrino Beam will allow more comprehensivestudies of neutrino properties by producing a neutrino beam 10 times moreintense than those available with current accelerators.

Background: Neutrinos are the most poorly understood of the elementaryparticles but may be the most important for answering fundamental questionsranging from why there is any matter in the universe at all, to how all particlesand forces in the universe “unify” into a simple picture. Because neutrinosrarely interact with matter (many billions pass through each of us every second),the ability to generate controlled beams containing large numbers of neutrinosgreatly increases the ability to study them.

The NSLS II, the first of the next generation synchrotrons, will be brighter,more stable, easier to use, and will accommodate many new types ofexperiments.




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What’s New: The Super Neutrino Beam will be poweredby a new, megawatt class “proton driver” which will beable to provide an intense, well-controlled neutrino beam—with 10 times more neutrinos per second than are availablefrom any existing facility—to detectors hundreds orthousands of miles distant.

Applications: The 2002 Nobel Prize in physics was sharedby two scientists—one American and one Japanese—for theirpath-breaking measurements of solar and atmospheric neutri-nos. Their research strongly suggested that neutrinos havemass and oscillate among three types as they travel throughspace. These oscillations have recently been confirmed, andthe properties and behavior of neutrinos are now ripe formeasurement. The results will have profound implicationsfor our understanding of the fundamental properties ofmatter and the evolution of the early universe.

Priority: Tie for 23Priority: Tie for 23Priority: Tie for 23Priority: Tie for 23Priority: Tie for 23Advanced Light Source UpgradeAdvanced Light Source UpgradeAdvanced Light Source UpgradeAdvanced Light Source UpgradeAdvanced Light Source UpgradeThe Facility: The ALS upgrade will allow the facility to expand to accommo-date new instruments to explore the traditionally difficult spectral region at theborder between optics and electronics (called the “terahertz-gap”), and remaina preeminent scientific tool for the U.S. research community.

Background: The ALS at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory is one ofthe world’s brightest sources of soft X-rays (ideal for probing the secrets ofmatter at the level of individual atoms) and ultraviolet light. It supports morethan 2000 scientists each year. However, since it began operation a decade ago,light source technology has evolved significantly; substantial improvements inbrightness and current will be required to maintain the ALS as the preeminentresearch tool that it is.

What’s New: The upgrade provides forthe installation of a full complement ofpower boosters (called insertion devices,or “undulators” and “wigglers”) in theALS storage ring; the replacement ofthree sectors of conventional bend mag-nets with superconducting bend magnets;and full instrumentation of the insertiondevices and superbend beamlines. Thiswill increase the brightness of the ALS inthe soft x-ray region 10 to 100 times, andalso extend the high energy range of thefacility to between 10-keV and 20-keV.

Applications: Research at the ALS willbe applicable to an exceptionally widerange of areas—from semiconductors to

The Super Neutrino Beam will provide 10 times moreneutrinos per second than any existing facility—to detectorshundreds or thousands of miles away. This new facility willbuild on current experiments such as the KEK to Kamiokande(K2K) long baseline neutrino oscillation experiment in Japan,shown above, which sends neutrinos along a beamline fromKEK (High Energy Accelerator Research Organization) to theSuper Kamiokande detector 250 km (~155 miles) away.

The ALS upgrade will increase its brightness by 10 to 100 times and also extend the highenergy range of the facility, making it applicable to an even broader range of research areassuch as semiconductors, magnetic materials for computer storage, molecular-scale combustionreactions, and pharmaceutical drug development.




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magnetic materials used in computer storage disks, to molecules undergoingrapid reactions in combustion and other industrially important processes, tostructures within biological cells that determine how well drugs can fightdisease-causing agents such as viruses.

Priority: Tie for 23Priority: Tie for 23Priority: Tie for 23Priority: Tie for 23Priority: Tie for 23Advanced Photon Source (APS) UpgradeAdvanced Photon Source (APS) UpgradeAdvanced Photon Source (APS) UpgradeAdvanced Photon Source (APS) UpgradeAdvanced Photon Source (APS) Upgrade

The Facility: The Advanced Photon Source(APS) upgrade will create a “super storage ring”of electrons that will greatly enhance the bril-liance of the facility, increasing the power of thedevice and enabling scientists to work on verysmall sample crystals. Small samples are impor-tant: many current experiments are limited bythe fact that the subject materials will not growinto large enough crystals for study.

Background: The APS at Argonne NationalLaboratory was commissioned in 1996. It cur-rently provides the brightest x-ray beams avail-able in the Western Hemisphere for a widerange of research from materials science tostructural biology. The 1,104-meter circumfer-ence storage ring of the APS, which is largeenough to house a baseball park in its center,produces, accelerates, and stores a beam of

subatomic particles that is the source of the x-ray beams that feed numerousexperimental stations. The APS will support more than 4000 users on70 beamlines.

What’s New: This eventual APS upgrade will replace and upgrade majorcomponents of the accelerator to further increase performance in the hardx-ray region of the spectrum, most notably x-ray photon correlation spectros-copy, coherent imaging, inelastic scattering, and x-ray nanoprobe microscopes.The upgrade will be necessary to keep the APS among the best of the hardx-ray facilities, and ensure that its performance and scientific output continueto be ground-breaking.

Applications: Using high-brilliance x-ray beams from the APS, membersof the international synchrotron-radiation research community have achievedmajor advances in basic and applied research in the fields of materials science;biological science; physics; chemistry; environmental, geophysical, and planetaryscience; archeology; and innovative x-ray instrumentation.

Priority: Tie for 23Priority: Tie for 23Priority: Tie for 23Priority: Tie for 23Priority: Tie for 23eRHICeRHICeRHICeRHICeRHICThe Facility: An electron accelerator ring added to the existing RelativisticHeavy Ion Collider (RHIC) would create the world’s first electron-heavy ioncollider (eRHIC). The facility will enable scientists to learn things about thestructure of protons, and the subatomic particles that bind them, that theycould learn in no other way.

The APS upgrade will greatly enhance the brilliance and power of the facility toenable scientists to study very small sample crystals—important for nanoscienceresearch.




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Background: Current theory holds that atomsare composed of protons and neutrons, whichin turn are composed of particles called quarks,held together by gluons. Both quarks and glu-ons are little understood. While most existingand contemplated nuclear physics facilities aredesigned for the study of quarks, eRHIC isintended to create and study gluons, which bindsubatomic particles.

What’s New: The addition of a polarizedelectron source and 10 GeV energy electronring to the current RHIC facility will enableeRHIC to create enormous numbers ofgluons—in effect a saturated “gluonic” state of matter—giving scientists aunique opportunity and approach to probe the substructure of particles.

Applications: Einstein’s famous equation, E=mc2, predicts that small amountsof mass can be transformed into large amounts of energy, and that the reverseis also possible. Although we have demonstrated this prediction and its practi-cal applications (nuclear weapons, among other things, are based on this prin-ciple), the truth is that we do not yet understand how the process works—theunderlying mechanisms by which mass is transformed into energy and viceversa. eRHIC will allow scientists to tackle this very fundamentalquestion in physics.

Priority: Tie for 23Priority: Tie for 23Priority: Tie for 23Priority: Tie for 23Priority: Tie for 23Fusion Energy ContingencyFusion Energy ContingencyFusion Energy ContingencyFusion Energy ContingencyFusion Energy ContingencyThe Facility: The fusion energy contingency includes fundsset aside in anticipation of a successful outcome of the ITERproject. If ITER construction and operation goes forward asplanned, additional facilities to develop and test power plantcomponents and materials will be needed to complete theprocess of making fusion energy a viable commercial energyresource by mid-century.

Background: Neutrons created during the course of fusionreactions interact with the metals used to build the currentgeneration of fusion containment devices, causing brittleness,swelling and deformation, and induced radioactivity. Somesteel alloys have been identified thatappear to be less susceptible to the inducedradioactivity, but how they will hold up in apower plant is unknown. This is but one of thematerials and component design challenges thatmust be addressed before fusion is a commercialenergy source.

What’s New: To be determined as ITER progresses.

The Component Test Facility will qualify materials and components for usein fusion demos.

R = 1.2m a = 0.8m

Adding an electron accelerator ring to the existing RHIC at Brookhaven NationalLaboratory will create eRHIC, the world’s first electron-heavy ion collider, whichin turn will create enormous numbers of gluons for scientists to study.

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Applications: Research facilities supported by the fusion energy contingencywill have immediate, practical application in making the first generation offusion power plants a reality.

Priority: Tie for 23Priority: Tie for 23Priority: Tie for 23Priority: Tie for 23Priority: Tie for 23High-Flux Isotope Reactor (HFIR) Second Cold SourceHigh-Flux Isotope Reactor (HFIR) Second Cold SourceHigh-Flux Isotope Reactor (HFIR) Second Cold SourceHigh-Flux Isotope Reactor (HFIR) Second Cold SourceHigh-Flux Isotope Reactor (HFIR) Second Cold Sourceand Guide Halland Guide Halland Guide Halland Guide Halland Guide Hall

The Facility: Construction of the coldsource and guide hall at HFIR will completethe facility, more than doubling its capabili-ties, and accommodating new instrumentsthat will position HFIR among the world’spremiere research facilities for the analysisof large structures (e.g., proteins) and newmaterials only available in small quantities.

Background: A major direction in neutronscattering research is the study of large-scalestructures and dynamics typical of softmaterials, biological systems, and self-orga-nized electronic and magnetic phenomena—all of which are more effectively studiedusing so-called “cold neutrons.” Europe hasfive such sources, most of which are over-subscribed, and is constructing two more.The U.S. currently has only one cold guidehall in operation, with another moderatepower source nearing completion at HFIR.

What’s New: The second cold source andguide hall will take advantage of the largediameter and high brightness of the HB-2beam port at HFIR to develop the world’smost intense cold neutron facility. It willinclude a new guide hall, an initial suite offive instruments (up to 10 eventually), anduser offices and support space. These addi-tions will complement the proposed LongWavelength Target Station at the SpallationNeutron Source and provide the world’sforemost cold neutron research capability.

Applications: The resulting impacton science would be enormous: it willallow for the study of new materialsonly available in small quantities, such ascorrelated systems (e.g., superconductors),

The High Flux Isotope Reactor at Oak Ridge National Laboratory has been one ofthe world’s most powerful research reactors since 1966. This illustration is a floorplan (top) and artist’s conception of the HFIR Guide Hall (bottom).




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nano-fabricated specimens (e.g., ultra-thin films), biological samples, pharma-ceuticals, and weakly scattering systems (e.g., dilute bio-solutions). Currentlyavailable facilities are simply inadequate to address these and many other issuesin materials and biological science.

Priority: Tie for 23Priority: Tie for 23Priority: Tie for 23Priority: Tie for 23Priority: Tie for 23Integrated BeamIntegrated BeamIntegrated BeamIntegrated BeamIntegrated BeamExperiment (IBX)Experiment (IBX)Experiment (IBX)Experiment (IBX)Experiment (IBX)The Facility: The IBX will be an inter-mediate-scale experiment to understandhow to generate and transmit the focused,high energy ion beam needed to poweran inertial fusion energy reaction.

Background: To explore the feasibilityof economical fusion power plants, theDepartment of Energy is pursuing twoalternative approaches to creating fusion energy. One involves confining thereaction with magnetic fields (as would be done at ITER); the other uses a veryfocused, high-energy pulse of radiation to compress and ignite a small capsuleof fusion fuel. This second approach is called inertial fusion energy.

What’s New: The IBX will involve the design and construction of a linearaccelerator, superconducting quadrupole magnets, and focusing system thatcan generate very stable and intense ion beams, accelerate and compress them,guide them to travel in parallel without interacting, and yet be able to focusthem on a very small fuel target. Understanding how best to integrate thedesign factors to create such a beam is the major goal of the IBX.

Applications: The scientific research in IBX, coupled with research from theDOE National Nuclear Security Administration’s National Ignition Facility, willprovide new insight into the possible advantages of using inertial fusion energytechniques as an alternative to magnetic confinement to generate fusion energy.

An IBX capability forintegrated accelerationcompression and focusing on highcurrent, space-charge-dominatedbeams would be unique—not availablein any existing accelerator in the world.

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AppendixAppendixAppendixAppendixAppendixSample Charge LetterSample Charge LetterSample Charge LetterSample Charge LetterSample Charge Letterto to to to to Advisory CommitteesAdvisory CommitteesAdvisory CommitteesAdvisory CommitteesAdvisory Committees

December 18, 2002

Dr. Keith O. HodgsonDirectorStanford Synchrotron Radiation LaboratoryDepartment of ChemistryStanford UniversityStanford, CA 94305

Dear Dr. Hodgson:

For more than a half-century, the Department of Energy’s Office of Sciencehas envisioned, designed, constructed, and operated many of the premiere sci-entific research facilities in the world. More than 17,000 researchers and theirstudents from universities, other government agencies, private industry, andfrom abroad use Office of Science facilities each year—and this number isgrowing. For example, the light sources built and operated by DOE nowserve more than three times the total number of users, and twenty times asmany users from the life sciences, as they did in 1990.

Creating these facilities for the benefit of science is at the core of our missionand is part of our unique contribution to our Nation’s scientific strength. It isimportant that we continue to do what we do best: build facilities that createinstitutional capacity for strengthening multidisciplinary science, provide worldclass research tools that attract the best minds, create new capabilities forexploring the frontiers of the natural and physical sciences, and stimulatescientific discovery through computer simulation of complex systems.

To this end, I am asking all the Office of Science’s Advisory Committees tojoin me in taking a new look at our scientific horizon, and to discuss with mewhat new or upgraded facilities will best serve our purposes over a timeframeof the next twenty years. More specifically, I charge the committees to establisha subcommittee to:

A. Consider what new or upgraded facilities in your discipline will be nec-essary to position the Office of Biological and Environmental Researchat the forefront of scientific discovery. Please start by reviewing theattached list of facilities, assembled by Dr. Aristides Patrinos and histeam, subtracting or adding as you feel appropriate, with prudence asto cost and timeframe. For this exercise please consider only facilities/upgrades requiring a minimum investment of $50 million.




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B. Provide me with a report that discusses each of these facilities in termsof two criteria:

1. The importance of the science that the facility would support. Pleaseconsider, for example: the extent to which the proposed facilitywould answer the most important scientific questions; whetherthere are other ways or other facilities that would be able to an-swer these questions; whether the facility would contribute to manyor few areas of research; whether construction of the facility willcreate new synergies within a field or among fields of research;and what level of demand exists within the scientific communityfor the facility. In your report, please categorize the facilities inthree tiers, such as “absolutely central,” “important,” and “don’tknow enough yet,” according to the potential importance of theircontribution. Please do not rank order the facilities.

2. The readiness of the facility for construction. Please think aboutquestions such as: whether the concept of the facility has been for-mally studied in any way; the level of confidence that the technicalchallenges involved in building the facility can be met; the suffi-ciency of R&D performed to date to assure technical feasibilityof the facility; and the extent to which the cost to build and oper-ate the facility is understood. Group the facilities into three tiersaccording to their readiness, using categories such as “ready to ini-tiate construction,” “significant scientific/engineering challenges toresolve before initiating construction,” and “mission and technicalrequirements not yet fully defined.”

Many additional criteria, such as expected funding levels, are important whenconsidering a possible portfolio of future facilities; however for the momentI ask that you focus your thoughts on the two criteria discussed above.

I look forward to hearing your findings and discussing these with you in thefuture. I would appreciate at least a preliminary report by March, 2003.

Sincerely,

Dr. Raymond L. OrbachDirectorOffice of Science

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DOE Office of ScienceDOE Office of ScienceDOE Office of ScienceDOE Office of ScienceDOE Office of ScienceAdvisory CommitteesAdvisory CommitteesAdvisory CommitteesAdvisory CommitteesAdvisory Committees(as of February/March 2003)Following are the rosters of theDOE Office of Science’s six pro-gram offices’ advisory committeesas they were constituted when, asrequested, they recommended ma-jor facilities for construction to theDirector of the Office of Scienceearly in 2003:

Advanced Scientific ComputingAdvanced Scientific ComputingAdvanced Scientific ComputingAdvanced Scientific ComputingAdvanced Scientific ComputingAdvisory Committee (ASCAC)Advisory Committee (ASCAC)Advisory Committee (ASCAC)Advisory Committee (ASCAC)Advisory Committee (ASCAC)Chair:Dr. Margaret H. WrightComputer Science DepartmentCourant Institute of Mathematical SciencesNew York UniversityNew York, NY

Co-Chair:Dr. John W. D. ConnollyCenter for Computational SciencesUniversity of KentuckyLexington, KY

Dr. Jill P. DahlburgNaval Research LaboratoryWashington, DC

Dr. Roscoe C. GilesAssociate ProfessorCenter for Computational ScienceBoston UniversityBoston, MA

Ms. Helene E. KulsrudCenter for Communications ResearchPrinceton, NJ

Dr. William A. Lester, Jr.Department of ChemistryUniversity of California, BerkeleyBerkeley, CA

Dr. Juan MesaComputing Research DivisionLawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryBerkeley, CA

Dr. Gregory J. McRaeMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyDepartment of Chemical EngineeringCambridge, MA

Dr. Karen R. SollinsMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridge, MA

Dr. Ellen B. StechelFord Motor CompanyPowertrain Operations and Engine EngineeringDearborn, MI

Dr. Stephen WolffCisco SystemsWashington, DC

Basic Energy Sciences Basic Energy Sciences Basic Energy Sciences Basic Energy Sciences Basic Energy Sciences AdvisoryAdvisoryAdvisoryAdvisoryAdvisoryCommittee (BESAC)Committee (BESAC)Committee (BESAC)Committee (BESAC)Committee (BESAC)Chair:Dr. Geraldine L. RichmondDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of OregonEugene, OR

Vice Chair:Dr. Mostafa El-SayedDirector, Laser Dynamics LaboratorySchool of Chemistry and BiochemistryGeorgia Institute of TechnologyAtlanta, GA

Vice Chair:Dr. C. Bradley MooreVice President for Research and Professor of ChemistryOhio State UniversityColumbus, OH

Dr. Nora BerrahDepartment of PhysicsWestern Michigan UniversityKalamazoo, MI

Dr. Collin BroholmDepartment of Physics and AstronomyJohns Hopkins UniversityBaltimore, MD

Dr. Philip BucksbaumDepartment of PhysicsUniversity of MichiganAnn Arbor, MI

Dr. Patricia DoveDepartment of Geological SciencesVirginia Polytechnic Institute and State UniversityBlacksburg, VA

Dr. George FlynnHiggins ProfessorDepartment of ChemistryColumbia UniversityNew York, NY

Dr. Wayne GoodmanDepartment of ChemistryTexas A&M UniversityCollege Station, TX

Dr. Laura GreeneDepartment of PhysicsUniversity of IllinoisUrbana, IL

Dr. Eric IsaacsDirector, Semiconductor Physics ResearchBell LaboratoriesLucent TechnologiesMurray Hill, NJ

Dr. John C. HemmingerProfessor of ChemistryDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of California, IrvineIrvine, CA

Dr. Anthony JohnsonDepartment of PhysicsNew Jersey Institute of TechnologyNewark, NJ

Dr. Walter KohnDepartment of PhysicsUniversity of California, Santa BarbaraSanta Barbara, CA

Dr. Gabrielle LongCeramics DivisionNational Institute of Standards and TechnologyGaithersburg, MD

Dr. Anne MayesProfessor of Polymer PhysicsMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridge, MA

Dr. William McCurdy, Jr.Lawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryBerkeley, CA




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Dr. Daniel MorseMolecular Genetics and BiochemistryUniversity of California, Santa BarbaraSanta Barbara, CA

Dr. Martin MoskovitsDean, Mathematical, Life and Physical SciencesCollege of Letters and SciencesUniversity of California, Santa BarbaraSanta Barbara, CA

Dr. Cherry MurrayBell LaboratoriesLucent TechnologiesMurray Hill, NJ

Dr. Ward PlummerDistinguished Professor of PhysicsUniversity of TennesseeKnoxville, TN

Dr. John RichardsProfessor of Organic ChemistryCalifornia Institute of TechnologyPasadena, CA

Dr. Richard SmalleyDepartment of ChemistryRice UniversityHouston, TX

Dr. Joachim StohrDeputy DirectorStanford Synchrotron Radiation LaboratoryStanford, CA

Dr. Samuel StuppMaterials Science and Engineering and ChemistryNorthwestern UniversityEvanston, IL 60208

Dr. Kathleen TaylorBirmingham, MI

Dr. Rudolf TrompIBM Research DivisionThomas J. Watson Research CenterYorktown Heights, NY

Dr. R. Stanley WilliamsHP Fellow and DirectorQuantum Science ResearchHewlett-Packard LaboratoriesPalo Alto, CA

Dr. Mary J. WirthC. Eugene Bennett ProfessorDepartment of Chemistry and BiochemistryUniversity of DelawareNewark, DE

Biological and EnvironmentalBiological and EnvironmentalBiological and EnvironmentalBiological and EnvironmentalBiological and EnvironmentalResearch Research Research Research Research Advisory CommitteeAdvisory CommitteeAdvisory CommitteeAdvisory CommitteeAdvisory Committee(BERAC)(BERAC)(BERAC)(BERAC)(BERAC)Chair:Dr. Keith O. HodgsonDirector, Stanford Synchrotron Radiation LaboratoryDepartment of ChemistryStanford UniversityStanford, CA

Dr. S. James AdelsteinHarvard Medical SchoolBoston, MA

Dr. John F. AhearneSigma Xi, The Scientific Research SocietyResearch Triangle Park, NC

Dr. Eugene W. BierlyDirector for Education and ResearchAmerican Geophysical UnionWashington, DC

Dr. Michelle S. BroidoAssociate Vice Chancellor for Basic Biomedical Research and Director, Office of Research, Health SciencesUniversity of PittsburghPittsburgh, PA

Dr. David R. BurgessDepartment of BiologyBoston CollegeChestnut Hill, MA

Dr. Carlos J. BustamanteDepartment of Molecular and Cell Biology and Department of PhysicsUniversity of California, BerkeleyBerkeley, CA

Dr. Charles DeLisiCollege of EngineeringBoston UniversityBoston, MA

Mr. Robert W. FriBethesda, MD

Dr. Raymond F. GestelandDepartment of Human GeneticsUniversity of UtahSalt Lake City, UT

Dr. Jonathan GreerDepartment of Structural BiologyAbbott LaboratoriesAbbott Park, IL

Dr. Richard E. HallgrenExecutive DirectorAmerican Meteorological SocietyWashington, DC

Dr. Willard W. HarrisonProfessor of ChemistryUniversity of FloridaGainesville, FL

Dr. Leroy E. HoodPresident, Institute for Systems BiologySeattle, WA

Steven M. Larson, M.D.Chief, Nuclear Medicine ServiceMemorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer CenterNew York, NY

Roger O. McClellan, DVMAdvisor, Toxicology and Human Health Risk AnalysisAlbuquerque, NM

Dr. Jill P. MesirovWhitehead InstituteMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyCenter for Genome ResearchCambridge, MA

Dr. James W. MitchellDirector, Materials and Ecology ResearchBell LaboratoriesLucent TechnologiesMurray Hill, NJ

Dr. Louis F. PitelkaDirector and ProfessorAppalachian LaboratoryFrostburg, MD

Dr. Janet L. SmithDepartment of Biological SciencesPurdue UniversityWest Lafayette, IN

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Dr. Lisa StubbsHuman Genome CenterLawrence Livermore National LaboratoryLivermore, CA

Dr. James M. TiedjeDirector, The Center for Microbial EcologyMichigan State UniversityEast Lansing, MI

Nora D. Volkow, M.D.Medical DepartmentBrookhaven National LaboratoryUpton, NY

Dr. Warren M. WashingtonNational Center for Atmospheric ResearchBoulder, CO

Dr. Barbara J. WoldDivision of BiologyCalifornia Institute of TechnologyPasadena, CA

Fusion Energy SciencesFusion Energy SciencesFusion Energy SciencesFusion Energy SciencesFusion Energy SciencesAdvisory CommitteeAdvisory CommitteeAdvisory CommitteeAdvisory CommitteeAdvisory CommitteeChair:Dr. Richard D. HazeltineInstitute for Fusion StudiesUniversity of Texas at AustinAustin, TX

Vice Chair:Dr. Charles C. BakerVirtual Laboratory for TechnologyUniversity of California, San DiegoLa Jolla, CA

Dr. Riccardo BettiDepartment of Physics and AstronomyUniversity of RochesterRochester, NY

Dr. Jill P. DahlburgFusion GroupGeneral AtomicsSan Diego, CA

Dr. Jeffrey P. FreidbergPlasma Science and Fusion CenterMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridge, MA

Dr. Martin J. GreenwaldPlasma Science and Fusion CenterMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridge, MA

Dr. Joseph J. HoaglandPublic Power InstituteTennessee Valley AuthorityMuscle Shoals, AL

Dr. Joseph A. Johnson, IIIFlorida A&M UniversityTallahassee, FL

Dr. Rulon K. LinfordOffice of the PresidentUniversity of CaliforniaOakland, CA

Dr. Kathryn McCarthyIdaho National Engineering and Environmental LaboratoryFusion Safety ProgramBechtel B&W Idaho, LLCIdaho Falls, ID

Dr. George MoralesPhysics and Astronomy DepartmentUniversity of California, Los AngelesLos Angeles, CA

Dr. Gerald A. NavratilDepartment of Applied PhysicsColumbia UniversityNew York, NY

Dr. Cynthia K. PhillipsPrinceton Plasma Physics LaboratoryPrinceton, NJ

Dr. Marshall N. Rosenbluth(deceased September 28, 2003)General AtomicsFusion GroupSan Diego, CA

Dr. Ned R. SauthoffPrinceton Plasma Physics LaboratoryPrinceton, NJ

Dr. John SheffieldJoint Institute for Energy and EnvironmentKnoxville, TN

Dr. Edward Thomas, Jr.Auburn UniversityPhysics DepartmentAuburn UniversityAuburn, AL

High Energy Physics High Energy Physics High Energy Physics High Energy Physics High Energy Physics Advisory PanelAdvisory PanelAdvisory PanelAdvisory PanelAdvisory PanelChair:Dr. Frederick J. GilmanDepartment of PhysicsCarnegie Mellon UniversityPittsburgh, PA

Dr. Paul R. AveryDepartment of PhysicsUniversity of FloridaGainesville, FL

Dr. Jonathan A. BaggerDepartment of Physics and AstronomyJohns Hopkins UniversityBaltimore, MD

Dr. Keith BakerPhysics DepartmentHampton UniversityHampton, VA

Dr. Joel ButlerParticle Physics DivisionFermi National Accelerator LaboratoryBatavia, IL

Dr. Ronald C. DavidsonAstrophysical Sciences Program in Plasma PhysicsPrinceton University and Deputy Director of Theory GroupPrinceton Plasma Physics LaboratoryPrinceton, NJ

Dr. David G. HitlinLauritsen LaboratoryCalifornia Institute of TechnologyPasadena, CA

Dr. Young-Kee KimDepartment of PhysicsUniversity of ChicagoChicago, IL

Dr. Paul G. LangackerDepartment of Physics and AstronomyUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphia, PA




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Dr. Angel M. LopezPhysics DepartmentUniversity of Puerto RicoMayaguez, Puerto Rico

Dr. Vera G. LuthStanford Linear Accelerator CenterStanford, CA

Dr. Rene OngDepartment of Physics and AstronomyUniversity of California, Los AngelesLos Angeles, CA

Dr. J. Ritchie PattersonNewman LaboratoryCornell UniversityIthaca, NY

Dr. Stephen G. PeggsCollider-Accelerator DepartmentBrookhaven National LaboratoryUpton, NY

Dr. Natalie A. RoeDepartment of PhysicsLawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryBerkeley, CA

Dr. Randal RuchtiDepartment of PhysicsUniversity of Notre DameNotre Dame, IN

Dr. John T. SeemanStanford Linear Accelerator CenterStanford, CA

Dr. Stanley G. WojcickiDepartment of PhysicsStanford UniversityStanford, CA

NSF/DOE Nuclear Science NSF/DOE Nuclear Science NSF/DOE Nuclear Science NSF/DOE Nuclear Science NSF/DOE Nuclear Science AdvisoryAdvisoryAdvisoryAdvisoryAdvisoryCommittee (NSAC)Committee (NSAC)Committee (NSAC)Committee (NSAC)Committee (NSAC)Chair:Dr. Richard F. CastenA.W. Wright Nuclear Structure LabYale UniversityNew Haven, CT

Dr. Ricardo AlarconDepartment of Physics and AstronomyArizona State UniversityTempe, AZ

Dr. Jolie A. CizewskiDepartment of Physics and AstronomyRutgers UniversityPiscataway, NJ

Dr. Kees W. de JagerThomas Jefferson National Accelerator FacilityNewport News, VA

Dr. Stuart FreedmanDepartment of PhysicsUniversity of California, BerkeleyBerkeley, CA

Dr. Alejandro GarciaDepartment of PhysicsUniversity of WashingtonSeattle, WA

Dr. Charles GlashausserPhysics DivisionArgonne National LaboratoryArgonne, IL

Dr. Robert V. F. JanssensPhysics DivisionArgonne National LaboratoryArgonne, IL

Dr. Krishna S. KumarNuclear Physics GroupDeptartment of Physics and AstronomyUniversity of MassachusettsAmherst, MA

Dr. June MatthewsLaboratory for Nuclear ScienceMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridge, MA

Dr. Larry D. McLerranPhysics Department, Nuclear TheoryBrookhaven National LaboratoryUpton, NY

Dr. Alice C. MignereyDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of MarylandCollege Park, MD

Dr. Joel M. MossLos Alamos National LaboratoryLos Alamos, NM

Dr. Witold NazarewiczDepartment of Physics and AstronomyUniversity of TennesseeKnoxville, TN

Dr. Vijay R. PanharipandeDepartment of PhysicsUniversity of IllinoisUrbana, IL

Dr. Winston RobertsDepartment of PhysicsOld Dominion UniversityNorfolk, VA

Dr. Richard K. SetoDepartment of PhysicsUniversity of California, RiversideRiverside, CA

Bradley M. SherrillNational Superconducting Cyclotron LabMichigan State UniversityEast Lansing, MI

Dr. Suresh C. SrivastavaMedical DepartmentBrookhaven National LaboratoryUpton, NY

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About DOE’s Office of ScienceAbout DOE’s Office of ScienceAbout DOE’s Office of ScienceAbout DOE’s Office of ScienceAbout DOE’s Office of ScienceThe U.S. Department of Energy’s Office of Science is the single largestsupporter of basic research in the physical sciences in the United States,providing more than 40 percent of total funding for this vital area ofnational importance. It oversees—and is the principal Federal fundingagency of—the Nation’s research programs in high-energy physics, nuclearphysics, and fusion energy sciences.

The Office of Science sponsors fundamental research programs in basicenergy sciences, biological and environmental sciences, and computationalscience. In addition, the Office of Science is the Federal Government’s largest single funder of materials andchemical sciences, and it supports unique and vital parts of U.S. research in climate change, geophysics, genomics,life sciences, and science education.

The Office of Science manages this research portfolio through six interdisciplinary program offices: AdvancedScientific Computing Research, Basic Energy Sciences, Biological and Environmental Research, Fusion EnergySciences, High Energy Physics, and Nuclear Physics. In addition, the Office of Science sponsors a range of scienceeducation initiatives through its Workforce Development for Teachers and Scientists program.

The Office of Science makes extensive use of peer review and Federal advisorycommittees to develop general directions for research investments, to identify priori-ties, and to determine the very best scientific proposals to support.

The Office of Science also manages 10 world-class laboratories, which often arecalled the “crown jewels” of our national research infrastructure. The nationallaboratory system, created over a half-century ago, is the most comprehensiveresearch system of its kind in the world.

Five are multi-program facilities: Argonne National Laboratory, BrookhavenNational Laboratory, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Oak Ridge NationalLaboratory, and Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. The other five are single-program national laboratories: Ames Laboratory, Fermi National Accelerator

Laboratory, Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility, Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, and StanfordLinear Accelerator Center.

The Office of Science oversees the construction and operation of some of the Nation’smost advanced R&D user facilities, located at national laboratories and universities.These include particle and nuclear physics accelerators, synchrotron light sources,neutron scattering facilities, supercomputers and high-speed computer networks. Eachyear these facilities are used by more than 18,000 researchers from universities, othergovernment agencies, and private industry.

The Office of Science is a principal supporter of graduate students and postdoctoralresearchers early in their careers. About 50 percent of its research funding goes tosupport research at 250 colleges, universities, and institutes nationwide.

The Office of Science also reaches out to America’s youth in grades K-12 and theirteachers to help improve students’ knowledge of science and mathematics and theirunderstanding of global energy and environmental challenges.

To attract and encourage students to choose an education in the sciences and engineering, the Office of Science alsosupports the National Science Bowl, an educational competition for high school students involving all branches ofscience. Each year, over 12,000 students participate in the contest, and some 300 finalists typically prepare formonths to attend the national event in Washington, D.C.

Brookhaven National Laboratory’sRelativistic Heavy Ion Collider

Thomas Jefferson NationalAccelerator Facility

Microbiologists at the PacificNorthwest National Laboratory




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Office of Science ContactsOffice of Science ContactsOffice of Science ContactsOffice of Science ContactsOffice of Science ContactsDr. Raymond L. Orbach, Director

Office of Science, U.S. Department of EnergySC-1, Forrestal Building

1000 Independence Avenue, S.W.Washington, D.C. 20585-1290

Phone: 202-586-5430 Fax: [email protected]

www.science.doe.govDr. James F. Decker, Principal Deputy DirectorOffice of Science, U.S. Department of EnergySC-1, Forrestal Building1000 Independence Avenue, S.W.Washington, DC 20585-1290202-586-5434 Fax: [email protected]

Dr. Milton D. Johnson, Deputy Director for OperationsOffice of Science, U.S. Department of EnergySC-1, Forrestal Building1000 Independence Avenue, S.W.Washington, DC 20585-1290202-586-5440 Fax: [email protected]

High Energy PhysicsDr. Robin Staffin, Associate DirectorOffice of Science, U.S. Department of EnergySC-20, Germantown Building1000 Independence Avenue, S.W.Washington, DC 20585-1290301-903-3624 Fax: [email protected]://doe-hep.hep.net/home.html

Nuclear PhysicsDr. Dennis G. Kovar, Associate DirectorOffice of Science, U.S. Department of EnergySC-23, Germantown Building1000 Independence Avenue, S.W.Washington, DC 20585-1290301-903-3613 Fax: [email protected]://www.sc.doe.gov/production/henp/np/

Workforce Development forTeachers and ScientistsDr. Peter Faletra, Assistant DirectorOffice of Science, U.S. Department of EnergySC-1, Forrestal Building1000 Independence Avenue, S.W.Washington, DC 20585-1290202-586-6549 Fax: 202-586-8054peter.faletra@science.doe.govwww.scied.science.doe.gov

Program OfficesProgram OfficesProgram OfficesProgram OfficesProgram OfficesAdvanced Scientific Computing ResearchDr. C. Edward Oliver, Associate DirectorOffice of Science, U.S. Department of EnergySC-30, Germantown Building1000 Independence Avenue, S.W.Washington, DC 20585-1290301-903-7486 Fax: [email protected]/ascr

Basic Energy SciencesDr. Patricia M. Dehmer, Associate DirectorOffice of Science, U.S. Department of EnergySC-10, Germantown Building1000 Independence Avenue, S.W.Washington, DC 20585-1290301-903-3081 Fax: [email protected]/bes

Biological and Environmental ResearchDr. Ari Patrinos, Associate DirectorOffice of Science, U.S. Department of EnergySC-70, Germantown Building1000 Independence Avenue, S.W.Washington, DC 20585-1290301-903-3251 Fax: [email protected]/ober/ober_top.html

Fusion Energy SciencesDr. Anne Davies, Associate DirectorOffice of Science, U.S. Department of EnergySC-50, Germantown Building1000 Independence Avenue, S.W.Washington, DC 20585-1290301-903-4941 Fax: [email protected]

ITER UltraScale Scientific Joint Dark Energy MissionComputing Capability

Linac Coherent Light Source Protein Production and Tags Rare Isotope Accelerator

Characterization and Imaging CEBAF 12 GeV Upgrade ESnet UpgradeMolecular Machines

NERSC Upgrade Transmission Electron BTeVAchromatic Microscope

Linear Collider Analysis and Modeling of Cellular Systems

Facilities for the Future of ScienceFacilities for the Future of ScienceFacilities for the Future of ScienceFacilities for the Future of ScienceFacilities for the Future of Science:

Spallation Neutron Source Spallation Neutron Source Whole Proteome Analysis2-4 MW Upgrade Second Target Station

Double Beta Decay Next-Step Spherical Torus RHIC IIUnderground Detector

National Synchroton Super Neutrino Beam Advanced Light Source UpgradeLight Source Upgrade

Advanced Photon eRHIC Fusion Energy ContingencySource Upgrade

HFIR Second Cold Source Integrated Beam Experiment and Guide Hall

AAAAA TTTTTwenty-Ywenty-Ywenty-Ywenty-Ywenty-Year Outlookear Outlookear Outlookear Outlookear Outlook

These facilit ies and upgrades will revolutionizeThese facilit ies and upgrades will revolutionizeThese facilit ies and upgrades will revolutionizeThese facilit ies and upgrades will revolutionizeThese facilit ies and upgrades will revolutionizescience—and societyscience—and societyscience—and societyscience—and societyscience—and society. . . . . They are needed toThey are needed toThey are needed toThey are needed toThey are needed toextend the frontiers of science, to pursueextend the frontiers of science, to pursueextend the frontiers of science, to pursueextend the frontiers of science, to pursueextend the frontiers of science, to pursueopportunities of enormous importance, andopportunities of enormous importance, andopportunities of enormous importance, andopportunities of enormous importance, andopportunities of enormous importance, andto maintain U.S. science primacy in the world.to maintain U.S. science primacy in the world.to maintain U.S. science primacy in the world.to maintain U.S. science primacy in the world.to maintain U.S. science primacy in the world.Investment in these facilities will yieldInvestment in these facilities will yieldInvestment in these facilities will yieldInvestment in these facilities will yieldInvestment in these facilities will yieldextraordinary scientific breakthroughs—extraordinary scientific breakthroughs—extraordinary scientific breakthroughs—extraordinary scientific breakthroughs—extraordinary scientific breakthroughs—and vital societal and economic benefits.and vital societal and economic benefits.and vital societal and economic benefits.and vital societal and economic benefits.and vital societal and economic benefits.

—Secretary of Energy Spencer —Secretary of Energy Spencer —Secretary of Energy Spencer —Secretary of Energy Spencer —Secretary of Energy Spencer AbrahamAbrahamAbrahamAbrahamAbraham

iter utlrascael scei nt ific joint dark energy mission

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