ithix.fm page 1028 friday, september 19, 2003 8:12...

ITHIX.fm 028 Friday, September 19, 2003 8:12 PM

I

N

D

E

X

Numerics

2B+D (ISDN), 1732Q2T (2 queues 2 thresholds), 9464-QAM.

See

QAM4B/5B encoding procedure (100Base-X), 11310/100 switching, 48910BaseT Ethernet, 11010GE (10 Gigabit Ethernet) networks, 37916-QAM, 30864-QAM, 308100BaseT2, 115–116100BaseT4, 114100BaseX Ethernet, 112–113

PMD sublayers, 1124B/5B encoding, 113

100 Mbps Ethernet, 111802.3 IPX encapsulation type, 6001000BaseT Ethernet, 117–118

master/slave loop timing, 1201000BaseX, 120–121

selecting components, 128

A

A bit, setting, 473AAA (Authentication, Authorization, and

Accounting), 208AAL1 (ATM adaptation layer 1), 258AARP (AppleTalk Address Resolution Protocol),

612–613, 617address gleaning, 618AMT (address mapping table), 617operation, 618

ABM (asychronous balanced mode), 219ABR (available bit rate), 258access classes, SMDS, 191Access control field (Level 2 PDUs), 194access mode, switch ports, 487access networks, 316access servers, 48Access-Control Byte field (Token Ring), 1014accounting management, standardization, 88ACF/VTAM (Advanced Communication Facility/

Virtual Telecommunication Access Method), 633acknowledged connectionless service (LLC), 220

acknowledgementsEIGRP, 679RSVP, 772

ACLs (access control lists), 926ACSE (Association Control Service Element), 565active link, dual homing, 145active monitor, Token Ring, 1012active state, topology-table entries, 678activity factor, DOCSIS, 366adapative rate-based flow control, 691adaptation layer

ATM reference model, 501–503SEAL, 503

adaptive equalization, 343adaptive pacing, 548–549Address Administration fields, DSP, 561Address field

LAPB frames, 229PPP frames, 182RIP packets, 759SDLC frames, 217

address gleaning (AARP), 618Address Resolution Protocol, 23, 579, 1026address signaling, 256addresses.

See also

addressingcomparing to names, 28flat, 26hierarchical, 26mapping, 23name binding, 622network layer, 24SNPA, 742static, 27

addresses classes (IP), 573–574addressing

AppleTalk, 616–617ATM, 503–504

fields, 506formats, 505NSAP format, 504–505private, 505subnetwork model, 504

broadcast, 38DECnet Phase IV, 651–652dynamic, 27entity names, 621internetworks

data link layer, 21MAC, 22

ITHIX.fm Page 1029 Friday, September 19, 2003 8:12 PM

1030

IPv6, 590IPX, 599network layer, 560

end-system NSAPs, 561NSAP Address fields, 560–561

physical, 14SIP, 281SMDS, 191SMRP, 782VoATM, 260–261VoFR, 262–263X.121, 230

adjacenciesNSLP, maintaining over LANs, 723OSPF, 734

adjacent channels, 330ADPCM (adaptive differential pulse code

modulation), 264ADSL (Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line),

337–339CAP, 342DMT, 342

latency, 344speed, 344

downstream data rates, 338error correction, 340performance, 340signaling, 342–343standards, 344

ADSP (AppleTalk Data Stream Protocol), 625Advanced Communication Facility/Virtual

Telecommunication Access Method, 633advertisements (SAP), filtering, 601AEP (AppleTalk Echo Protocol), 624AFI (Address-Family Identifier) field, 759

RIP packets, 761RIP 2 packets, 760

AFI (Authority and Format Identifier), 560ATM addresses, 504VoATM addressing, 261

AFP (AppleTalk Filing Protocol), 625–627agents, 86

SNMP, 898, 1003AH (authentication header), 236Alarm group (RMON), 894A-law, 257, 264alert signaling, 256Alerting message, 403–404

allocating multicast addresses, MADCAP, 717ALO (At-Least-Once) transactions, 624alternativeCapabilitySet, creating, 407American National Standards Institute, 31, 344AMI (Alternate Mark Inversion), 345amplification, adaptive equalization, 343amplitude, 330AMT (address mapping table), 613

AARP, 617timers, 618

analog signals, 330multipath, 306

analog voice interfaces, 256ANDing, 578ANR (Automatic Network Routing), 690ANSI (American National Standards Institute),

31, 344antenna gain, 330antenna spacing, VOFDM systems, 315Anycast RP, 716anycasting, IPv6, 592AONs (all-optical networks), 374AppleTalk

AARP, 617address gleaning, 618AMT, 617operation, 618

addresses, 616–617AEP, 624ATP, 624AURP, 622–623

encapsulation, 623exterior routers, 622tunnels, 622

data-link layers, 612DDP, 618–619ELAP, 612–613EtherTalk, 612extended networks, 610FDDITalk, 615history, 607implementing over EIGRP, 676LocalTalk, 613

node IDs, 614mapping to OSI reference model, 627media-access implementations, 612networks, 609nodes, 609nonextended networks, 610

adressing


1031

physical layers, 612SMRP, 779–780sockets, 608TokenTalk, TLAP, 615transport layer, 619

NBP, 620–622RTMP, 620

upper layer protocolsADSP, 625AFP, 627ASP, 626PAP, 627ZIP, 626

upper-layer protocols, 624–625zones, 610–611

AppleTalk Phase 1, 607application layer

DECnet/OSI DNA, 657NetWare, 602

application layer (OSI model), 9, 17, 564, 586AppleTalk, 625application processes, 565–566CASEs, 565

application models, 814application processes, 565–566applications

distributed intelligence, 822NBAR (network-based application

recognition), 926stovepipe, 820telephony, future of, 285voice/data integration, 253–254

APPN (Advanced Peer-to-Peer Networking), 639, 689–690

APPN connection network, 691BIUs, format, 643–644border nodes, 692configuration services, 641COS, 686–687directory services, 641DLUR/S, 691IBM network management, 885intermediate nodes, 683ISR, 690least-cost path, 643locate requests, 643Node type 2.1 routing, 689nodes, 639PIUs, format, 645

routing services, 642services, 642–643session services, 643session-establishment process, 643TPRI, 687

ARB (adaptive rate-based) flow control, 691architectures

AppleTalk, 612ATM LANE, 512ATM reference model, 499–500

adaptation layers, 501–503physical layer, 501

DECnet Phase IV, 650DECnet Phase IV DNA, relationship to OSI

model, 650DECnet/OSI, 652DECnet/OSI DNA, relationship to OSI model,

652IBM network management, 888IS-IS, 742LANs, 38–39network management, 86QoS, 919–923

end-to-end capabilities, 922–923signaling, 920

SNA, 634–635Area field (DSP), 561areas, 19, 739

NLSP, 722OSPF, 732–733

ARM (asynchronous response mode), 219ARP (Address Resolution Protocol), 23, 579, 1026AS (autonomous system), 19, 732ASCE (Association Control Service Element), 657ASEs (application service elements), 564, 657

CASEs, 565SASEs, 565

ASN.1 (Abstract Syntax Notation 1), 657identifiers, 817managed objects, data types, 902

ASP (AppleTalk Session Protocol), 624–626AS-path attribute (BGP), 667ASs (autonomous systems), 663assigning

AppleTalk addresses, 616–617buckets to cache engine, 845

associated bit ratesCODECs, 412

asymmetric connections, 37

asymmetric connections


1032

asymmetric switching, 489ATDM (asynchronous time-division

multiplexing), 30ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode).

See also

VoATM

AAL1, 258addressing, 503–504

AFI (authority and format identifier), 504fields, 506NSAP encoding, 504–505private, 505subnetwork model, 504

cell format, 494–495connection-management messages, 509connections, 506, 509devices, 495label switching, 531LANE

configuration, 517data transfer, 518–519initialization, 517

leaves, 506MPOA, 519multicasting, 507reference model, 499–500

adaptation layers, 501–503physical layer, 501

signaling, connection establishment, 509switching, 69

cell delineation, 501cell header format, 496–498cell-rate decoupling, 501endpoints, 495HEC (header error control), 501ILMI, 510ITU-T standards, 494multicast server, 507network interfaces, 496PNNI, 510point-to-multipoint connections, overlaid,

507QoS, 508services, 498–499signaling, 508timing requirements, 502VBR traffic, 502VCs, 498

transmission path, 499virtual path, 499VP multicast, 507

ATM Forum, UNI 3.1 specification, 508ATM LANE (LAN Emulation), 511

architecture, 512components of, 514connection types, 515VCCs, 515

AToM (Any Transport over MPLS), 246ATP (AppleTalk Transaction Protocol), 624attacks

DDOS, vulnerability of Internet, 7DoS, resource reservation, 20

attributes (BGP), 664AS-path, 667community, 669directory entries, 817local preference, 665MED, 666next-hop, 667origin, 666syntax, 817weight, 664

AURP (AppleTalk Update-Based Routing Protocol), 622–623

encapsulation, 623exterior routers, 622tunnels, 622

authentication, 206EAP.

See

EAPPEAP, 456

automatic neighbor discovery, IS-IS packets, 744automatic route selection, IGRP, 696autonegotiation, 124–125autonegotiation sublayer (Ethernet), 110autonomous systems, 75, 579autoreconfiguration, 1012availability of resources, 421available bit rate (ABR), 258

B

B channels, 202B8ZS (binary 8 zero substitution), 202backbone, 79

campus networks, 131CMTS, selecting, 364core networks, 316OSPF, 732

asymmetric switching


1033

back-end authentication, RADIUS for EAP, 453–454

bandwidth, 81, 330FDDI, modal dispersion, 138guaranteeing, 944HFC, 355HSSI, 168LAN switching, 489modifying, 421VoIP, requirements, 266–269

Banyan VINES (Virtual Integrated Network Service), 1020

ARP, 1026ICP, 1026media access, 1020network layer, 1021RTP, 1025transport layer services, 1027upper-layer protocols, 1027VIP (VINES Internetwork Protocol),

1021–1023baseball rule, 257baseband transmission, signal encoding, 106–108baseline wander, 107–108baselining QoS, 922basic telephony service, 256

analog voice interfaces, 256E&M signaling, 257FXS (foreign exchange service) interfaces, 256ground start, 257LAN-based, 285–286loop start mode, 257media transport, 256sampling, 257supervision signaling, 256

BAsize field (Level 3 PDUs), 193BBN (Bolt, Beranek, and Newman), 731beaconing, 1012BECN (Backward Explicit Congestion

Notification), 157–158, 162, 935Bellman-Ford routing algorithms, 80Berkeley Software Distribution, 569best effort traffic, 764best route selection

BGP, 671metrics, 80–81

best-effort delivery, 922DDP, 618–619LocalTalk, 613

BEtag field (Level 3 PDUs), 193BGP (Border Gateway Protocol), 663

AS-path attribute, 667attributes, 664, 714CIDR, 664community attribute, 669local preference attribute, 665MED attribute, 666MPLS VPNs, 243–245next-hop attribute, 667origin attribute, 666path selection, 671weight attribute, 664

BIAs (burned-in addresses), 23bidirectional multipoint-to-multipoint connections,

ATM, 506binary 8 zero substitution (B8ZS), 202bindings (labels), 532BIS (border intermediate system), 752bit ordering, translational bridging, 471bit robbing, 258BIUs (basic information unit)

fields, 643–645format, 643–644

black holes, 159IS-IS, 750

blocking bridge ports, 465border intermediate system (BIS), 752border nodes, 692boundary functions (SNA), 683BPDUs (bridge protocol data units), 19, 467BPSK (binary phase shift keying), 308BRI (Basic Rate Interface), 173, 201

ISDN terminal adapters, 49bridge entities, 97bridging, 65–67

comparing to routing, 73source-route, 66SRB, 479

route selection, 480–481SRT, 476translational, 473–475

challenges of, 471–472explorer frames, 472ring number, 474

transparent, 463configuration messages, 467filtering, 464loops, 464

bridging


1034

STA, 465–467topology-change messages, 467–468

versus switching, 66broadband, 330broadcast domains, 486broadcast subnetworks, ES-IS, 740broadcasting, 38

directed broadcasts (XNS), 1018IPv6, 591

anycast, 592multicast, 592unicast, 591

browser-based client caching, 840BSD (Berkeley Sofware Distribution), 569BTA (basic trading area), 330buckets, assigning to cache engine, 845buffer credit, 861, 873buffering, 28

local bridges, 67building distributors, 131bundles, 207–208Burst mode, MAC addresses, 102BUS (Broadcast and Unknown Server), 514

ELAN membership, 518bus topologies, 38

LocalTalk networks, 613business case model, DOCSIS, 365–368business policies, DEN policy model, 822–823business PONs, 375byte-swapped addresses, DECnet Phase IV, 652

C

C bits, setting, 473C/R bit (Frame Relay), 162CA (Certificate Authority), EAP-TLS, 456cabling

backbone, 131CDDI, 147horizontal, 131HSSI, 168ISO/IEC 11801 cable model, 130link crossover requirements, 122UDP, selecting, 123UTP, autonegotiation, 124–125

CAC (connection admission control), 284cache engine clusters, fault tolerance, 846caching, 837–838

browser-based client caching, 840

Cisco Cache Engine, fresh content, 851–852proxy servers, 839reload/refresh command, 853standalone caches, 840TTL, configuring, 852web pages

WCCP, 841–850Web Cache Control Protocol, 842–843

calculatinghop count, RTMP, 620load, 81STA, 467

call admission gateways, 417–419call admission control, 271call clearing mode (PLP), 227call control management, 406–410call disengage, 421call flow

H.323, 274MGCP, 278SIP, 281, 429–431

call legs, 399Call Proceeding message, 402–403Call Reference field (Frame Relay LMI), 163call setup

H.323, 274, 401–402PLP, 227

call signaling channels, 203call teardown, RLC messages, 405campus distributors, 131canonical formats, bit ordering, 472canureach frames, 547CAP (Carrierless Amplitude and Phase), 342

comparing to DMT, 343capabilities exchange (DLSw), 546–547

H.245 control channels, 406capability statements (SMI), 905CAR (committed access rate), 927, 939

D-CAR, 928carrier networks, switches, 47carrier sense multiple access collision detect.

See

CSMA/CDCAS (Channel Associated Signaling), 203, 258CASEs (common-application service elements), 565Catalyst 2924XL switch, 66Catalyst 6500 switch, 66CATV

DOCSIS, 351business case model, 365–368cable plant infrastructure, 366

bridging


1035

CMTS hardware specif, 363CMTS ser, 360–361future applications, 368layer definitions, 357–359

downstream specifications, 355–357head-end, 352HFC, bandwidth, 355MSOs (multiple system operators), 351one-way operation, 353RING topography, 354two-way operation, 353

CBR (constant bit rate), 258, 501CCM (Control Channel Management), 381CCRSE (Commitment, Concurrence, and Recovery

Service Elements), 565CCS (common channel signaling), 258CDDI (Copper Distributed Data Interface), 138, 147CDMA (code division multiple access), 313, 331cell delineation, ATM switching, 501cell-based MPLS, 525

label switching, 531cell-rate decoupling, 501cells (ATM), 18

format, 494–495header format, 496, 498setting the CLP bit, 508

CELP (code excited linear prediction), 264centralized call control, 284

MGCP, 277centralized call control models, 263centralized multipoint conferencing, 398CGMP (Cisco Group Management Protocol), 707challenges

of internetworking, 7of translational bridging, 471–472

change management (IBM), 887Channel Associated Signaling, 203, 258CHAP (Challenge Handshake Authentication

Protocol), 206characteristics

of directories, 818of HSSI, 167–168of IGRP, 695–696of OSI layers, 9of OSPF, 731of TG, 687

Checksum field (IDP packets), 1017CIDR (classless interdomain routing), 664CIM (Common Information Model), 813–814

DEN, 814–815CIR (committed information rate), 263circuit establishment, DLSw, 546–548Circuit Priority field (DLSw message header), 552circuit termination phase (SVCs), 47circuit-emulation services, 501circuit-switched calls, ISDN, 175, 178circuit-switched networks, ATM

addressing, 503–506cell format, 494–495connection-establishment process,

508–509connection-management messages,

509–510connections, 506–507devices, 495ILMI, 510–511LANE, 511–518multicasting, 507–508network interfaces, 496QoS, 508signaling, 508–509

Cisco 3640 routers, startup output, 54Cisco Cache Engine, fresh content, 851–852Cisco IOS Software

CLI command modes, 55displaying version, 56–57enable password, setting, 57idle timer, 209QoS, 917–918

architecture, 919–923congestion, 937D-CAR, 928end-to-end capabilities, 922–923flows, 917for packetized voice, 948guaranteed, 944link efficiency mechanisms, 942–944management, 945–946MPLS, 947NBAR, 928on Ethernet, 946–947PBR, 926–927policy control architecture, 947signaling, 920streaming video, 949tools, 918within a single network element, 920–921

Cisco IOS Software


1036

reloads, 61router name, configuring, 57running configuration, viewing, 57–58upgrading, 61–62WCCP, 841–843

dynamic client bypass, 847, 849hierarchical deployment, 843network-based shared caching, 842overload bypass, 847reverse proxy caching, 850scalable clustering, 845transparent caching, 842–843

Web Cache Control Protocol, cache engine operation, 842–843

Cisco web site, 41class D addresses, 702classes of IP addresses, 573–574class of service.

See

COSclasses of Transport Protocols (DECnet/OSI), 655classifying packets, 925

in MPLS, 536QoS

CAR, 927D-CAR, 928NBAR, 928PBR, 926

CLECs (competitive local exchange carriers), 393CLI command modes, 55client-aware tunneling, 241–242clients

EAP, conversations, 454LECs, 514MPC, 519sockets, 608UAC, 426

client-transparent tunneling, 241clock recovery, 107clouds, 46CLP (Cell Loss Priority) bit (ATM cells), 498

setting, 508cluster controllers, 635clustering cache engines, 845–846CMIP (Common Management Information

Protocol), 565CMNS (Connection-Mode Network Service), 559CMTS

backbone, selecting, 364DOCSIS server specifications, 360–361hardware specifications, 363–364

keepalive messages, 361telco return data service, 365

coax cable, 331coaxial bus topologies, Ethernet, 94Code field (EAP), 452CODECs (coder/decoders), 201, 264

audio, 411–414master/slave determination, 408

bandwidth requirements, 267–269capability exchanges, 406comfort noise, 267delay, 267, 271measuring speech performance, 265–266playout buffer, 270VAD, 267voice/data integration, 252

codesREL, 405TLV, 748–749

collision domains, 37collisions, 614

Token Ring networks, 1011comfort noise, 267Command field

RIP v2 packets, 760RIP packets, 759

command modes (CLI), 55commands

dialer-in-band, 209ping, 581show queue, 934show version, 56–57SNMP, 899

Common Information Model (CIM), 813common-operations services (IBM), 887communication cost, 81communication phases, SVCs, 46communication protocols, 10community attribute (BGP), 669comparing, 318

AMI and HDSL, 345bridges and switches, 66CAP and DMT, 343DLSw and SRB, 543DOCSIS and OSI layers, 359H.323 and MGCP, 283H.323 and SIP, 280HDLC and SDLC, 219

Cisco IOS Software


1037

link-state and distance vector routing algorithms, 80

routing and bridging, 73VoIP alternatives, 283WLAN standards, 318X.25 and Frame Relay, 153

competitive local exchange carriers (CLECs), 393complexity, QAM/DFE, 311compliance statements (SMI), 905components of ATM LANE, 514composite metric (IGRP), calculating, 696compression schemes

ADPCM, 264presentation layer (OSI), 16

computer telephony integration, 253concentrators, FDDI, 141confederation, 752conferencing, MCU, 398configuration

ES-IS, 740–742LANE, 517Setup messages, H.323 network devices,

401–402configuration management (IBM), 886

standardization, 87–88configuration messages, transparent bridging, 467configuration mode, 55configuration services, APPN, 641configuring

router name, 57Web caching, TTL, 852

confirmation messages (RSVP), 771CONFREQ (configure request), 206congestion

flow control, 28Frame Relay, controlling, 157–158

congestion management, 920, 928class-based WFQ, 935–936custom queuing, 930FIFO queuing, 929flow-based WFQ, 931–935priority queuing, 929–930

congestion-avoidance methods, 937flow RED, 938–939WRED, 937–938

Connect message, 404connecting FDDI devices, 140–141

connection establishmentPPP, 205–207TCP, 582

connectionless network service, 559connectionless transport protocols, 20connectionless transport service, 562connection-management messages (ATM), 509connection-oriented network service, 559

LLC, 219connection-oriented transport protocols, 20, 562connections

asymmetric, 37ATM, 506ATM LANE, 515MGCP, 277SS7 networks, VoIP, 431

connectivitydialup.

See

dialupRSVP, tunneling, 770WANs, 47

CONP (Connection-Oriented Network Protocol), 559

constant bit rate (CBR), 258, 501containment, 811–81contention, LANs, 37context-sensitive help (CLI), 56control component of MPLS, 532control connections (LANE), 515Control field

LAPB frames, 229PPP frames, 183SDLC frames, 217

control information, OSI layers, 12control message header, DLSw, 550–553control messages, IGMP, 708control plane, G.ASON, 383control points (CPs), 637controlled-delay service, 765convergence, 77

EIGRP, 675conversations, EAP, 454converters (RF systems), 331converting analog signals to digital, 257–258copying images to Flash memory, 62core networks, 316

optical, 374COS (class of service), 642, 685

APPN routing, 686–687subarea routing, 685

COS (class of service)

ITHIX.fm 37 Friday, September 19, 2003 8:12 PM

1038

cost, IPv6, 593cost savings of voice/data integration, 252–253counter-rotating rings, FDDI, 137counters (SNMP SMI), 903CPE (customer premises equipment), 171

wireless technologies, 315CPs (control points), 637CP-to-CP sessions, 641CRC (cyclical redundancy check), 29

Frame Relay, 158CRC field (Level 2/3 PDUs), 195–195creating SMRP groups, 785CS (convergence sublayer), AAL3/4, 503CSA-CELP (conjugate structure algebraic

CELP), 264CSMA/CD (carrier sense multiple access collision

detect), 36–37, 100–102, 614half-duplex, 37switching, 125–126

CSNP (complete sequence number packet), 724CSU/DSU, 49CTI (computer telephone integration), 253cut-through switching, 66–68, 488CVM (Cisco Voice Manager), 284

D

D channel, LAPD, 175DA (destination address), Ethernet frames, 98DAC (dual-attachment concentrator), FDDI, 141DAP (Data-Access Protocol), 656DARPA (Defense Advanced Research Projects

Agency), 569DAS (dual-attachment station) ports, 140data (information units), 12data communication equipment.

See

DCEdata communications standards, 203–205data compression schemes, OSI presentation

layer, 16Data field

Ethernet frames, 99FDDI frames, 146LAPB frames, 229PPP frames, 183

data flows, 765flow specifications, QoS, 766RSVP, 764

reservations, 766traffic types, 765

sessions, 765data link layer (OSI model), 9, 14–15, 558

LAPB (Link Access Procedure, Balanced), 228LLAP, CSMA/CA, 614media access, DECnet, 653

data link layer (DNA), 650data link layer addresses, 21data link layers (AppleTalk), 612data link protocols, DQDB, 190–191data links, LMDS, 318data modeling, 809

containment, 811–812data terminal equipment.

See

DTEdata transfer

LANE, 518–519PVCs, 47SVCs, 46

data transfer mode (PLP), 227data transmission process, ELAP, 613data units, 19data/command frames (Token Ring), fields, 1014databases

LSDB, 744MIBs, 900

data-direct VCCs, 515datagrams, 18data-stream service, 1027dB (decibel), 331DBS (direct broadcast satellite), 351D-CAR (distributed CAR), 928DCC (data country code), ATM private addresses,

505DCE (data circuit-terminating equipment), 154–155

X.25, 223DCE (data communication equipment), 94

modems, 203, 205DDCMP (Digital Data Communications Message

Protocol), 653DDOS (distributed denial of service) attacks,

vulnerability of Internet, 7DDP (Datagram Delivery Protocol), 618–619

dynamically assigned sockets, 609FLAP encapsulation, 615–616packets, 627transmission process, 619

DDR (dial-on-demand routing), 47DE (Discard Eligibility) bit, 163

Frame Relay, 157–158decentralized mulitpoint conferencing, 398

cost, IPv6


1039

DECnethistory, 649–650media access, 653

DECnet Phase IVaddressing, 651–652DNA, relationship to OSI reference model, 650network application layer, 656network management layer, 656NSP, 655routing, 654session control layer, 657transport layer, 655Transport Protocol classes, 655upper layers, 656–658

default path, MPOA, 519delay

VoATM, 262VoIP, 267, 271

delay spread, 305delay-sensitive traffic, 765deleting SMRP groups, 785delta frames, 765demodulators, 332demultiplexing, 29–30DEN (directory-enabled networks), 814–815

application of, 829–830business policy modeling, 822–823directories, characteristics, 818directory services, 815

intelligent networking, 823in Cisco products, 830–831network management, 825–827policies, 825schema, 814, 827

dense mode (PIM), 713deploying

ATM LANE, 512Frame Relay networks, 159–160

private enterprise, 161public carrier-provided, 160

wireless solution, 317derivative protocols, SDLC, 218–220design constraints of VoIP, 266–271design goals

of routing algorithms, 77of XNS, 1015

Designated Intermediate System (DIS), 744designated nodes, SMRP, 783designated routers (OSPF), 734

Destination Address field (FDDI), 146Destination host number field, IDP packets, 1017Destination network number field, IDP packets,

1017Destination socket number field, IDP packets, 1017destination unreachable messages, 581destination/next hop routing table, example, 74destination-based routing

MPLS, 528, 532forwarding component, 529–530

QoS, 536deterministic networks, 37

Token Ring, 1012development of FDDI, 138device models, 814devices, 40

agents (SNMP), 898, 1003ATM, 495

proxy servers, 518bridges, 65, 67

buffering, 67MAC-layer, 67

business policy implementation, 823CableLabs Certified, 351CableLabs Qualified, 351CODECs, 201codecs

bandwidth requirements, 267–269delay, 267, 271measuring sp, 265–266VAD, 267

configuration management, 87–88Ethernet, 94FDDI, connecting, 140–141Frame Relay, 154–155gateways, 579H.323 network, 273–274, 395–398

audio CODECs, 411–414H.225, 400–406H.225 RAS, 414–421H.245, 406–410H.450, 410–411protocols, 398

hardware addresses, mapping to network addresses, 618

hubs, 40ISDN, 171–172LAN extenders, 40link-layer, 65–66

devices


1040

LLC, supported services, 220load, 81managed (SNMP), 898MGC (media gateway controller), 276models, 203–205QDM (Quality of Service Device Manager),

922, 946repeaters, 40routers

dial backup, 47dial-on-demand, 47

SMDS, 187switches, 65, 68

ATM, 69LANs, 70performance, 65ports, 66

terminal adapters, 202WANs, 47–48

access servers, 48CSU/DSU, 49ISDN terminal adapters, 49modems, 49switches, 47

waveform codecs, 264X.25

DCE, 223PAD, 224

DFE (decision feedback equalization), 311DGKs (directory gatekeepers), 397DHSSS (direct sequence spread spectrum), 312dial backup, 47dial peers, H.323 network devices, 397dialer interface, 209dialer map-based interfaces, 209dialer profiles, 209dialer-in-band command, 209dialup

AAA, 208BRI, 201connection costs, 210dialer interface, 209flexibility, 210interesting traffic, 209MMP, 208modems, 203, 205PPP

authentication, 206connection establishment, 205–207

T1/E1, 202–203WANs, 47

differential ECL (emitter-coupled logic), HSSI, 168differentiated service (QoS), 922

signaling, 926digital certificates, PKI support with EAP, 455–456Digital Corporation

DECnet.

See

DECnetDNA.

See

DNAdigital signals, multipath, 306Dijkstra algorithm, 731directed broadcasts (XNS), 1018directed multicasts (XNS), 1018directories, 815

attributes, 817characteristics, 818hierarchical structure, 816–817

directory gatekeepers (DGKs), 397directory services, 815, 818–819

APPN, 641intelligent networking, 823

DIS (Designated Intermediate System), 744election process, 750

disappearing member endpoints (SMRP), detecting, 786

discovery processEIGRP, 676gatekeepers, 416IDRP, 581–582PNNI, 510

displaying, Cisco router version, 56–57distance vector routing algorithms, 80, 695distinct reservations, 766distributed call management schemes, VoIP, 263distributed management, SNMP, 910Distributed Queue Dual Bus, 190distribution manager, NetView, 890distribution methods, LDP, 528distribution of intelligence in networked

applications, 822

distribution treesshared trees, 709, 711source trees, 708–709

DIT (directory information tree), 816–817DLC (data link control), 636DLC (digital loop carrier) systems, 340DLC Header Length field (DLSw message header),

552

devices


1041

DLCI (data-link connection identifier), 161–162Frame Relay, 157

DLSw (Data Link Switching), 541adaptive pacing, 548–549canureach frames, 547capabilities exchange, 546–547circuit establishment, 546–548comparing to SRB, 543flow control, 546, 548

granted units, 549icanreach frames, 547message formats, 550–553SNA support, 544SSP, 545version 2, 541–542

DLSw+ (Data Link Switching Plus), 542DLUR/S (Dependent Logical-Unit Requestor/

Server), 691DLUS (Dependent Logical-Unit Server), 691DMA (direct memory access), 636DMT

comparing to CAP, 343latency, 344power consumption, 343speed, 344

DNA (Digital Network Architecture)DECnet Phase IV, 650

network application layer, 656network management layer, 656session control layer, 657upper layers, 656–657user layer, 656

DECnet/OSI, 652upper layers, 657–658

DNIC (Data Network Identification Code) field (X.121), 230

DNS (Domain Name System), 28DOCSIS (Data Over Cable Service Interface

Specification), 351bandwidth availability, 355–357business case model, 365–368cable plant infrastructure, 366CMTS

CM server specifications, 360–361hardware specifications, 363Telco return data service, 365uBR7246 deployment, 364

future applications, 368layer definitions, 357–359QPSK, nominal upstream data rates, 359–360

domains, 19, 732, 739IDRP, 751–752NLSP, 722routing, 75, 79

DoS attacks, 796resource reservation, 20

dotted decimal notation, 572downstream cable specifications, 355–357downstream data rates, ADSL, 338downstream-on-demand distribution, 529DPT (Dynamic Packet Transport), 439–440

packet format, 445resiliency, 443

DQDB (Distributed Queue Dual Bus), 190DRP (DECnet Routing Protocol), 654DS (Directory Services), 565DS0 (digital service 0), 202DS1 (digital service 1), 202DSAP (destination service access point) field

(SDLC), 220DSL (Digital Subscriber Line)

ADSL, 337–338, 340CAP, 342downstream data rate, 338error correction, 340performance, 340signaling, 342–343standards, 344

G.SHDSL, 346HDSL, 345HDSL-2, 346IDSL, 346SDSL, 345VDSL, 347

DSP (Digital Signal Processor), 251DSP (domain-specific part) fields, 560–561

ATM addresses, 504DSSS (direct sequence spread spectrum), 312DTE (data terminal equipment), 94, 154–155

HSSI, 167characteristics, 167–168peer-to-peer intelligence, 168

DTL (designated transit list), 510DUAL (Diffusing Update Algorithm), 675

feasible successors, 676dual homing (FDDI), 144

dual homing


1042

dual-ring topologyFDDI, 137, 142–143

duplication of resources, 6DWDM (Dense Wavelength Division

Multiplexing), 373D-WFQ (distributed weighted fair queuing), 935dynamic addresses, 27

AppleTalk, 616–617dynamic client bypass, WCCP, 847, 849dynamic routing algorithms, 79, 580dynamically assigned sockets, 609

E

E&M signaling, 257E.164 addresses, 503–504

ATM, NSAP encoding, 504–505EA (Extended Address), 162EAP (Entensible Authentication Protocol), 451–453

conversations, 454implementing, 456–457PKI support, 455–456RADIUS, 453–454

EAP-TLS (EAP Transport Layer Security), 456early token release, 1012EBGP (External BGP), 663echo cancellation, 341echo request messages (ICMP), 581ECL (emitter-coupled logic), 168economic advantages of voice/data integration,

252–253edge LSRs, 524efficiency of routing algorithms, 77egress switches, 510EIA (Electronic Industries Association), 31EIGRP (Enhanced IGRP)

AppleTalk implementation, 676DUAL, 675finite-state machine, 676metrics, 678neighbor discovery/recovery mechanism, 676neighbor tables, 677packet types, 679partial updates, 675protocol-dependent modules, 677route-tagging, 678RTP, 676topology tables, 677

EIRP (effective isotropic radiated power), 332ELANs (emulated LANs), joining, 518ELAP (EtherTalk Link Access Protocol), 612–613electromagnetic spectrum, 332ELLC (Enhanced Logical Link Control), 636embedded MAC addresses, translational bridging,

472EN (end nodes), 640enable passwords, setting, 57encapsulation, 13

AURP, 623DDP packets, FLAP, 615–616ELAP, 613IEEE 802.3, 68IPX, 600TLAP, 615

encoding techniques, Ethernet, 108end communications layer (DNA), 650End Delimiter field

FDDI , 146Token Ring, 1014

end systems (ESs), 19, 75, 739point-to-multipoint connections, 506polling, 86

End System-to-Intermediate System (ES-IS), 740–742

end-node directory service negotiation (APPN), 642endpoints

ATM, 495H.245 control channel capability exchange, 406master/slave determination, 407MGCP, 277MGs (media gateways), 276SIP, 279, 421–431

end-to-end delay, VoIP design constraints, 267end-to-end signaling, SIP, 421–431enpoints, MGCP, 276enterprise networks

DEN, 830voice/data integration

cost savings, 253web caching, 837

entity names, 620entity types, 620entries

EIGRP topology tables, 677route states, 678

IP routing tables, 580RIP routing tables, 761

dual-ring topology


1043

EP (Error Protocol), 1019EPONs (Ethernet passive optical networks), 375error checking, 16

FCS field (Ethernet), 99forward error-correcting codes, 108

error correction, ADSL, 340error messages (RSVP), 771error notification, 15Error Protocol (EP), 1019error rates, modulation schemes, 308error-checking schemes, 29ES hello messages (ESHs), 740ESCON (Enterprise Systems Connection), 636ESD (end-of-stream delimiter), 113ESF (extended super frame), 202ESHs (ES hello messages), 740ESI (end station identifier), NSAP format ATM

addresses, 504ESI (End System Identifier) field (ATM addresses),

506ES-IS (End System-to-Intermediate System),

740–742establishing

adjacencies (NLSP), 723ATM connections, 509–510RSVP multicast sessions, 766X.25 sessions, 225

establishment phase (SVCs), 46Ethernet, 38

10BaseT, 110100 Mbps, 111100BaseT2, 115–116100BaseT4, 114100BaseX, 112–1131000BaseT, 117–118

master/slave loop timing, 1201000BaseX, 120–121, 128autonegotiation, 124–125autonegotiation sublayer, 110baseband transmission, signal encoding,

106–108baseline wander, 107clock recovery, 107devices, 94encoding techniques, 108fabric, 859Gigabit Ethernet, 1000BaseT, 117–118history, 93

intermediate nodes, 94link aggregation, 131–132MAC addresses, 705MAC sublayer, 98

frame format, 98–99frame reception, 104frame transmission, 100–104VLAN tagging option, 105

migrating to higher-speed networks, 132–133multiple-rate, 129–131network management, 132NICs, multispeed, 126physical layers, 106QoS, 946–947SRT, 476switching, 125–126topologies, 94translational bridging, 473–475

challenges of, 471–472transparent bridging, 65

Ethernet version 2, IPX encapsulation type, 600EtherTalk, 612EtherTalk Link Access Protocol, 612–613ETSI (European Technical Standards Institute), 344events, MGCP, 278Events group (RMON), 895evolution of voice/data integration, 283–284examples

of destination/next hop routing table, 74of SMRP transaction session, 787

exception-notification packets, 1026exchange capabilities, SDP, 425–426execute command, IBM common operations

services, 887explicit routes, 684–685explicit scopes

FF (fixed-filter) reservations, 767SE (shared-explicit) reservations, 767

explorer frames, 472RIF field, 481SRB, 480

extended AppleTalk networks, 610extended DDP packets, 627extended long-haul networks, 378Extended-SuperFrames, 258extenders (LAN), 40

extenders (LAN)


1044

Extensible Authentication Protocol.

See

EAPextensions

EAP, 456–457Frame Relay, 154LMI, 158

exterior gateways, 579exterior routers, 580, 622External BGP (EBGP), 663external routes, EIGRP, 678

F

fabric, 859failure domains, 1012Fast Ethernet, 111

100BaseT2, 115–116100BaseT4, 114100BaseX, 112–113CSMA/CD, 101

fast fading, 307fault management

standardization, 88Token Ring, 1012–1013

fault toleranceFDDI, 142

dual homing, 144dual ring, 142–143optical bypass switch, 143

of cache clusters, 846FCS (Frame Check Sequence) field

Ethernet frames, 99FDDI frames, 146Frame Relay LMI, 164LAPB frames, 229PPP frames, 183SDLC frames, 217Token Ring, 1014

FDDI (Fiber Distributed Data Interface)concentrators, 141DAS ports, 140development, 138devices, connecting, 140–141dual-ring architecture, 137dual-ring topology, 142–143fault tolerance, 142

dual homing, 144dual ring, 142–143optical bypass switch, 143

frame format, 145–146modal dispersion, 138multi-mode fiber, 138SAS, 140single-mode fiber, 138specifications, 139transmission media, 138

FDDITalk, 615FDDITalk Link Access Protocol (FLAP), 615FDM (frequency-division multiplexing), 30,

311–313, 341feasible successors (EIGRP), 676FECN (Forward Explicit Congestion Notification),

157–158, 162, 935FEPs (front-end processors), 635FF (fixed-filter) reservations, 767FHSS (frequency hopping spread spectrum),

312–313FIB (forwarding information base), 528Fibre Channel, 861–862

addressing, 869classes of service, 872connection methodology, 866, 868distributed fabric services, 875–876fabric routing, 873flow control, 873frame format, 870, 872port types, 864–866topologies, 863

fieldsATM addresses, 506ATM cell headers, 497–498ATM cells, 496, 498BIUs, 643–645configuration messages, 468DDP packets, 629DLSw message headers, 551–553EAP, 452FDDI frames, 146Frame Relay, 161–162, 164IDP packets, 1017–1018IP packets, 571–572IPX packets, 602LAPB frames, 229Level 1 LAN Hello packets, 728–729Level 3 PDUs, 192–193OSPF header, 734PIUs, 645–646PLP, 228

Extensible Authentication Protocol


1045

PPP frames, 182–183RIF, 481–482RIP packets, 758–759RSVP message headers, 772–774RSVP objects, 774–775SDLC frames, 216–217SDP, 425–426SMRP packets, 787–788SNMPv1 PDUs, 913SNMPv2 PDUs, 912SRB frames, 481–482statusDeterminationNumber, 407TCP packets, 585TLV, 748–749Token Ring frames, 1013–1014transparent bridge configuration messages, 468VIP packets, 1023–1024WAN hello packets, 727

FIFO queues, 929filtering, 464

frames, 66SAP advertisements, 601

Filters group (RMON), 895fixed wireless, 332Flag field

LAPB frames, 229SLDC frames, 216

Flag fieldFrame Relay LMIs, 163PPP frames, 182

FLAP (FDDITalk Link Access Protocol), 615Flash memory, 53flat address space, 26flat routing algorithms, 79flexibility

of dialup, 210of routing algorithms, 78

flooding LSPs, 724, 749floor distributors, 131flow control, 15–16, 28, 104

ARB (adaptive rate-based), 691DLSw, 546–548

adaptive pacing, 548–549granted units, 549

SIP, 429–431QoS classification, 925–927TCP, 582windowing, 28

flow specifications, RSVP, 764–766Flow-Control Byte field (DLSw message

header), 551flush procedure, LANE, 518–519flush timer, IGRP, 697footprints, 332forking, 428format

of ATM cells, 494–498of ATM private addresses, 505of configuration messages, 468of DDP packets, 627of FDDI frames, 145

fields, 146of Frame Relay frames, 161–164of IPX packets, 602of LAPB frames, 229of RIP 2 packets, 759of RIP packets, 758–759of RSVP packets

message header fields, 772–774object fields, 774–775

of SDLC frames, 216–217of Token Ring frames, 1013

forward error-correcting codes, 108forwarding

LAN switches, 488packets, 75

forwarding component (MPLS), 526, 530label encapsulation, 531

forwarding information base (FIB), 528FQDNs (fully qualified distinguished names), 816fragmentation, 272Frame Control field (FDDI), 146Frame Direction field (DLSw message header), 552frame reception of MAC sublayer, 104Frame Relay, 153

C/R bit, 162comparing to X.25, 153congestion-control, 157

CRC, 158DE, 158

DCEs, 154–155DLCIs, 162DTEs, 154–155EA (Extended Address), 162frames, 161–162, 164implementing, 159–160LMI, 154, 158, 163–164

Frame Relay


1046

prioritizing voice frames, 263private enterprise networks, implementing, 161public carrier-provided networks,

implementing, 160RS-232 specification, 155standardization, 154VCs, 155

DLCIs, 157PVCs, 156SVCs, 156

Frame Status fieldToken Ring frames, 1014FDDI frames, 147

frame transmission, MAC sublayer, 100–104frame-based MPLS, 525–526frames, 547

best-effort delivery, LocalTalk, 613cut-through switching, 68Ethernet, broadcast/multicast bit, 704explorer, 472

SRB, 480FDDI, 145–146, 616filtering, 66Frame Relay, 161–164

LMI, 163–164standard, 161–162

giants, 488icanreach, 547I-frames (SDLC), 217ISDN, physical layer, 173–174LAPB, 228

format, 229LCP, 184PPP, 182–183RIF, fields, 481–482runts, 488SDLC, 216–217Token Ring

fields, 1013–1014reservation field, 1012RIF field, 472

VLAN-tagged, 105frame-status bits, 472framing, ESF, 202frequency reuse, 332fresh content, Cisco Cache Engine, 851–852

freshness factor, 852FRF.12, 263FRTS (frame relay traffic shaping), 941–942FSC (Fiber Switch-Capable) LSRs, 380FSPF (Fabric Shortest Path First), 873FTAM (File Transfer, Access, and Management),

565FTTH (Fiber To The Home), 373full peering model (UCP), 385full-duplex operation, 37, 103, 582

LAN switching, 486fully connected multipoint tunnels, AURP, 623future of telephony applications, 285FXO (foreign exchange office), 256FXS (foreign exchange service) interfaces, 256

G

G.ASON (Automatic Switched Optical Networks), 382

control plane, 383UCP, 383

overlay model, 384peer model, 384–385

G.SHDSL, 346gain, 332Garcia-Luna-Aceves, J.J., 675gatekeeper routed signaling (GRS), 414gatekeepers

discovery, 416H.225 RAS, 414–421H.323 network devices, 273, 397interzone calling, 419

gateways, 579.

See also

MGs (media gateways)bandwidth, modifying, 421call admission, 417–419call legs, 399H.323, 273registration, 416unregistration, 417

gauges (SNMP SMI), 903GE (Gigabit Ethernet) networks, 379general topology subnetworks, ES-IS, 740generic token cards, 453Get operation (SNMPv1), 903GetBulk operation (SNMPv2), 905

PDU format, 912GetNext operation (SNMPv1), 904

Frame Relay


1047

GFC (Generic Flow Control) field (ATM cells), 497GFI (General Formate Identifier) field (PLP

packets), 228giants, 488Gigabit Ethernet, 117–118

1000BaseT, 117–1181000BaseX, 120–121CSMA/CD, 101

glare, 257gleaning addresses (AARP), 618global addressing extension (LMI), 158global internetworks, 722global multicasts (XNS), 1018globally scoped addresses, 703glop addressing, 704GMPLS (Generalized Multiprotocol Label

Switching), 379LMP, 380

CCM, 381link property, 381

LSRs, 379–380UNI, 382

goalsof network management, 87–89of routing algorithms, 77

granted units, 549graph theory, 465graphic image formats, 17ground start, 257groups

capability exchanges, 407CODECs, 412confederation, 752RMON, 894–895

groups (multicast), CGMP, 707GRS (gatekeeper routed signaling), 414GTS (generic traffic shaping), 940guaranteed service (QoS), 765, 922

RSVP, 944

H

H.232, SCNs (switched circuit networks), 274H.225 RAS, 414–421

H.323 network devices, 400–406H.245 protocol

H.323 network devices, 406–410H.323, 272, 395–398.

See also

SIP

audio CODECs, 411–414call flow, 274comparing to MGCP, 283comparing to SIP, 280devices, 273–274gatekeeper, 273H.225, 400–406H.225 RAS, 414–421H.245, 406–410H.450, 410–411MC (multipoint controller), 274MCU (multipoint control unit), 273MP (multipoint processor), 274point-to-point conference, 274protocols, 398videoconferencing, 765

H.450 protocol, H.323 network devices, 410–411half-duplex transmission, 37, 100–102handling delay, VoIP, 267handshakes, 614

three-way, 583hardware addresses, mapping to network addresses,

618hardware monitor, NetView, 890hardware specifications, CMTS, 363–364HDLC (High-Level Data Link Control), 181,

218–219comparing to SDLC, 219transfer modes, 219

HDSL (High Bit-Rate DSL), 345–346HE (Header extension) field (Level 3 PDUs), 193head-end location (CATV), 352, 366header compression, RTP, 267 Header Length field (DLSw message header), 551Header Number field (DLSw message header), 551headers, 12

802.2, 220cells, 18DLSw, 550–553encapsulation, 13IPv6, 589–590OSPF, fields, 734prepending to DDP packets, 616RSVP messages, 772–774SAR PDUs, 503

HEC (header error control), 501ATM cells, 498

HEL (Header Extension Length) field (Level 3 PDUs), 193

HEL (Header Extension Length) field (Level 3 PDUs)


1048

hello packets, 723EIGRP, 679IS-IS, 744–746LANs, sending over NLSP, 724NSLP

LANs, 727–729WANs, 726–727

Hello protocol, 24OSPF, 734

help function, NetView, 890HFC (hybrid fiber coax)

bandwidth, 355RING topography, 354

hierarchical address space, 26NLSP, 725

hierarchical deployment, WCCP, 843hierarchical organization of AppleTalk

components, 607hierarchical routing, 79, 532

NLSPsending LAN hello packets, 724

hierarchical structureMIBs, 900of directories, 816–817repositories in data modeling, 811–812

High Bit-Rate DSL (HDSL), 345–346high-speed networks, migrating to, 132–133history

of AppleTalk, 607of DECnet, 649–650of Ethernet, 93of internetworking, 5–6of LAN switching, 486of RSVP, 763of SRB, 479of transparent brigding, 463

History group (RMON), 894HLPI (Higher layer protocol identifier) field (Level

3 PDUs), 193HO-DSP (High-Order Domain-Specific Part) field

(ATM addresses), 506holddowns, IGRP, 696hold-time variable, IGRP, 697hop count, 81

RIP, 758RTMP, calculating, 620

hops, 599horizontal cabling, 131

Host group (RMON), 894host-intelligent routing algorithms, 80hosts, ES-IS, 740–742HostTopN group (RMON), 894H-series recommendations (ITU-T), 272HSSI (High-Speed Serial Interface), 167

bandwidth, 168cabling, 168characteristics, 167–168differential ECL, 168loopback testing, 168

HTTP caching standards, fresh content, 851–852hubs, 40

I

IAB (Internet Activities Board), 31IBGP (Interior BGP), 663IBM

establishment controllers, 217network management, 885

change management, 887configuration management, 886ONA, 888operations management, 887performance and accounting

management, 886platforms, 889–890problem management, 886SystemView, 888

SNA routingAPPN, 689–691APPN connection networks, 691COS, 685–687explicit routes, 684–685session connectors, 683subarea routing, 688TGs, 684ToS, 948virtual routes, 684–685

SRB, history of, 479icanreach frames, 547ICD (international code designator)

ATM private addresses, 505ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol), 581ICP (Internet Control Protocol), 1021, 1026Identifier field, EAP, 452IDI (initial domain identifier), 504, 560

hello packets


1049

idle mode (PLP), 227idle timer, 209IDN (International Data Number) field (X.121), 230IDP (initial domain part) fields, 560IDP (Internet Datagram Protocol), 1017–1018IDRP (ICMP Router-Discovery Protocol), 581–582IDRP (Interdomain Routing Protocol), 751–752IDSL (ISDN DSL), 346IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronic

Engineers) specifications, 31IEEE 802.2, LLC, 219–220IEEE 802.3, 94

connecting to IEEE 802.5, 68physical layer, 98

IEEE 802.5, 1009IEEE802.2, headers, 220

IEs (information elements)Alerting message, 403–404Call Proceeding message, 402–403Call Setup message, 401Connect message, 404REL message, 405–406RLC message, 405–406

IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force)Internet drafts, MCML (Multiclass Extensions

to Multilink PPP), 942Policy Framework working group, 823

I-frames, 217, 228IGMP (Internet Group Management Protocol),

706–707IGMP snooping, 708IGPs (Interior Gateway Protocols), 580, 663IGRP (Interior Gateway Routing Protocol)

automatic route selection, 696characteristics, 695–696flush timer, 697holddowns, 696hold-time variable, 697invalid timer, 697metric, 696multipath routing, 696split horizon, 697stability, 696–697timers, 697triggered updates, 696

IKE, 238–240ILECs (incumbent local exchange carriers), 393

ILMI (Integrated Local Management Interface), 510image formats, 17images, copying to Flash memory, 62implementing

ATM LANE, 512EAP, 456–457Frame Relay, 159–160

private enterprise networks, 161public carrier-provided networks, 160

STA on bridged segments, 474implications of RSVP reservation styles, 767IMS (If-Modified-Since), 852IMTs (intermachine trunks), 393incumbent local exchange carriers (ILECs), 393Inform operation (SNMPv2), 905Information and Padding field (Level 3 PDUs), 193information elements (IEs).

See

IFsinformation formats

cells, 18datagrams, 18messages, 18packets, 18segments, 18

information header, DLSw, 550–553information modeling, 809–811

CIM (Common Information Model), 813–814DEN, 814–815

application of, 829–830business policy model, 822–823directory services, 818–819in Cisco products, 830–831intelligent networking, 819, 821–822network management, 825–827schema, 814schemata, 827

directories, 815attributes, 817characteristics, 818

information distribution, 818information modules (SNMPv2), 904information requests, 421information units, 12infrastructure

PKI, EAP support, 455–456VoIP, 394

ingress switches, 510

ingress switches


1050

initiating RSVP multicast sessions, 766integers (SNMP SMI), 903integrated IS-IS, 742intelligent networking

DEN, 819, 821–822directory services, 823

interaction between layers (OSI model), 11interarea routing, 732interdomain ISs, 19, 75interdomain routing algorithms, 80Interdomain Routing Protocol (IDRP), 751–752interesting traffic, 209interface serial number, 23interfaces

ATM, 496dialer, 209HSSI, 167

characteristics, 167–168loopback testing, 168

Interior BGP (IBGP), 663interior gateways, 579interior routers, 580intermachine trunks (IMTs), 393intermediate nodes, 94intermediate system (IS), 739Intermediate System-to-Intermediate System (IS-

IS), 742–749internal routes, EIGRP, 678International Organization for Standardization.

See

ISOInternet, vulnerability of, 7Internet Control Protocol (ICP), 1021, 1026Internet Protocol Device Control (IPDC), 276Internet protocols, mapping to OSI layers, 569internetworking, 5

addressesdata link layer, 21dynamic, 27MAC, 22mapping, 23network layer, 24static, 27

challenges of, 7history of, 6information formats

cells, 18datagrams, 18messages, 18

packets, 18segments, 18

names, 28standards organizations, 30–31

interoperability of DEN, 826interzone calling, gatekeepers, 419intra-area routing, 732intradomain ISs, 19, 75intradomain routing algorithms, 80invalid timer (IGRP), 697IP (Internet Protocol), 570

address classes, 573–574addressing, 572

RIP 2 packets, 760application layer protocols, 586logical AND operation, 578packet format, 571–572subnet masks, 575–578

IP multicastingclass D addresses, 702Ethernet MAC address mapping, 705globally scoped addresses, 703glop addressing, 704IGMP, 706–707Layer 2 multicast addresses, 704limited scope addresses, 704reserved local link addresses, 703

IP precedence bitssetting, 926–927weight, 934

IP routing tables, 580IP spoofing attacks, 796IPDC (Internet Protocol Device Protocol), 276IPPV, 357IPSec, 234

AH, 236ESP, 236IKE, 238–240SAs, 238transport mode, 237tunnel mode, 237

IPv6addressing, 590broadcasting methods, 591

anycast, 592multicast, 592unicast, 591

packet headers, 590

initiating RSVP multicast sessions


1051

IPX (Internetwork Packet Exchange), 599addresses, 599encapsulation types, 600packet format, 602SAP, 601

filters, 601ticks, 599

IS (intermediate system), 19, 739IS hello message (ISH) packets, 740iSCSI protocol, 876

frame format, 877services, 879–880

ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network), 45BRI, 201devices, 171frames, physical layer, 173–174LAPD, 175PRI, 173reference points, 172services, 173signaling, 175, 178terminal adapters, 49

ISH (IS hello message) packets, 740ISI (intersymbol interference), 306IS-IS (Intermediate System-to-Intermediate

System), 742–749ISL (Inter-Switch Link), 488ISO (International Organization for

Standardization), 31, 393network management model, 87

accounting management, 88configuration management, 87–88fault management, 88performance management, 87security management, 88–89

OSI reference model, 7ISO/IEC 11801 cable model, 129–131isolated LANs, 6ISR (intermediate session routing), 690ISs (intermediate systems), 75, 82ITU-T (International Telecommunications Union

Telecommunications Standardization Sector), 31ATM standards, 494

addressing, 503–504G.ASON (Automatic Switched Optical

Networks), 382control plane, 383UCP, 383–385

H-series recommendations, 272voice-coding standards, 265

IWF (interworking function) cards, 315

J-K

jitter, 270joining

ELANs, 518SMRP groups, 785

key frames, 765

L

L2SC (Layer 2 Switch-Capable) LSRs, 379L2TP (Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol), 240

client-aware tunneling, 241–242client-transparent tunneling, 241security, 243

L2VPNs, 245–246label bindings, 528label swapping, 529label switching, ATM, 531labels, 524Lamar, Heddy, 312LAN Network Manager, 890LAN protocols, 10, 36

FDDI, 137LAN switchingLAN-based telephony solutions, 285–286LANE

ELAN membership, 518configuration, 517control connections, 515data transfer, 518–519flush procedure, 518–519initialization, 517LEC registration, 517SSRP (Simple Server Redundancy Protocol),

514LANE (LAN Emulation), 511

architecture, 512components, 514connection types, 515

LAN-PBX, 285LANs (local-area networks), 5, 36.

See also

WLANs

LANs (local-area networks)


1052

asymmetric connections, 37collision domains, 37collisions, 37contention, 37devices, 40

extenders, 40hubs, 40repeaters, 40

Ethernet/IEEE802.3, 38transparent devices, 65

FDDIconcentrators, 141DAS ports, 140development, 138devices, connecting, 140–141dual ring topology, 142–143frame format, 145–146SAS, 140specifications, 139transmission media, 138

full-duplex mode, 37isolation, 6LLC, 219–220media-access, 36microsegmentation, 485NLSP

adjacencies, 723hello packets, 727, 729receipt-confirmation process, 724

remote bridges, 67ring topology, 38SRB, 479

frame format, 481–482star topology, 39switches, 37switching, 70

asymmetric, 489bandwidth, 489forwarding, 488full-duplex operation, 486history, 486Layer 2, 489Layer 3, 489multilayer, 489segmentation, 66switch ports, 487symmetric, 489VLANs, 486, 488

Token Ring, 1009active monitor, 1012determinism, 1012early token release, 1012failure domains, 1012fault-management, 1012–1013frame fields, 1013–1014NAUN, 1013physical connections, 1010priority system, 1012token-passing, 1011

topologies, 38translational bridging, 473–475

challenges of, 471–472transmission methods, 38tree topology, 39

LAPB (Link Access Procedure, Balanced), 219, 228–229

LAPD (Link Access Procedure, D channel), 175Largest Frame Size field (DLSw message

header), 552latency

cut-through switching, 68DMT, 344VoATM, 262VoIP, 267, 271

Layer 2 LAN switches, 489Layer 2 multicast addresses, 704Layer 2 switching, multicast, 707Layer 3 LAN switching, 489layer definitions of DOCSIS specification, 357–359layered information models,

AppleTalk protocol suite, mapping to OSI layers, 627

ATM reference model, 499–500adaptation layers, 501–503physical layer, 501

CIM, 813–814DNA, relationship to OSI reference model, 650EAP-TLS, 456OSI model

application, 17characteristics, 9data link, 14–15information exchange, 12–13interaction between, 11LAN switching, 489network, 15physical, 13–14

LANs (local-area networks)


1053

presentation, 16services, 11–12session, 13, 16transport, 16

LCI (Logical Channel Identifier) field (PLP packets), 228

LCP (Link Control Protocol), 206.

See also

NCPframes, 184link quality determination, 183link termination, 183

LD-CELP (low delay CELP), 264LDP (Label Distribution Protocol), 525, 528, 532LDUP (LDAP Duplication and Update

Protocol), 820leaking routes, 751learning process of transparent bridges, 463leased lines, 44least-cost path, APPN, 643leave group messages (IGMP), 707leaves, 506leaving SMRP groups, 785LECs (LAN emulation clients), 514

registering with LES, 517LECS (LAN Emulation Configuration Server), 514legacy DDR, 209LEN (low-entry networking) nodes, 639, 642, 689Length field

EAP, 452Ethernet frames, 99IDP packets, 1017Level 3 PDUs, 193

LES (LAN Emulation Server), 514, 517Level 1 routers (NLSP), 722, 739Level 2 PDUs, 194Level 2 routers (NLSP), 722, 739Level 3 PDUs, 189, 192–193Level 3 routers (NLSP), 722LFI (link fragmentation interleaving) 942limitations of IDSL, 347limited scope addresses, 704link aggregation, 131–132Link Control Protocol.

See

LCPlink crossover requirements, 122link efficiency mechanisms, 921, 942, 944

LFI, 942RTP header compression, 943

link layer (OSI model), devices, 65–66link local addresses, 703link quality determination phase (LCP), 183

link state database (LSDB), 744link state packets (LSPs), 744, 749link-access protocols, ELAP, 613link-establishment frames (LCP), 184link-failure recovery, HPR, 691link-maintenance frames (LCP), 184links

dual homing (FDDI), 145efficiency, 921point-to-point, 44, 181–182reliability, 81serialization delay, 921wireless, LMDS, 318

link-state advertisements, 74link-state routing protocols, 80

backbone, 732NLSP, 721

adjacencies, 723hello packets, 726–729hierarchical routing, 722LSPs, 724reachability, 723receipt-confirmation process, 724WAN links, maintaining, 723

OSPF, 731areas, 732–733metrics, 735packet format, 734routing hierarchy, 732TOS-based routing, 735variable-length subnet masks, 736

SPF algorithm, 734link-termination frames (LCP), 184LLAP (LocalTalk Link Access Protocol), 613LLC sublayer (Logical Link Control), 15, 97,

219–220bridging, 67devices, supported services, 220

LMDS (Local Multipoint Distribution Service), 333data links, 318

LMI (Local Management Interface), 154, 158frames, 163–164

LMI DLCI field, 163LMP (Link Management Protocol), 380

CCM, 381link property, 381

LNM (LAN Network Manager), 890load, 81local bridges, 67

local bridges


1054

local form-session identifiers, 689local preference attribute (BGP), 665LocalTalk, 612–613

CSMA/CD, 614node IDs, 614TokenTalk, 614

LOCATE requests (APPN), 643location requests, 419location servers, SIP, 280logical addresses, 24logical AND operation, 578logical tree topology, 39logical units (LUs), 637long-haul networks, 376–378look ahead, 270loop start mode, 257loopback testing, HSSI, 168loops (routing), 77

maintenance signaling methods, 409split horizon, 697transparent bridging, 464

LOS (line of sight), 333lower layers of OSI reference model, 9low-latency queuing, 936LSC (Lambda Switch-Capable) LSRs, 380LSCs (label switch controllers), 525LSDB (link state database), 744LSP (link state packets), 744, 749LSPs (label-switched paths), 524LSRs (label switch routers), 379–380, 524LUs (logical units), 637LVCs (label virtual circuits), 524

M

MAC (Media Access Control) sublayer, 15, 98addressing, 22

embedded, 472reconciliation sublayer, 109STA, 465

bridging, 67Burst mode, 102frame format, 98–99frame reception, 104frame transmission, 100–104link aggregation, 131–132VLAN tagging option, 105

MADCAP (Multicast Address Dynamic Client Allocation Protocol), 717

managed devices, 898data representation, 902

managed objects (MIB), 900ASN.1 data types, 902SMI-specific data types, 903

managementcall control, 406–410dial peers, H.323 network devices, 397SIP, 421–431

management proxies, 86managing Ethernet networks, 132Manchester encoding, 108

10BaseT Ethernet, 110MANs (metropolitan-area networks)

DQDB, 190–191mapping addresses, 23

multicast addresses to network layer (SMRP), 782

names to addresses, 28market viability, voice/data integration, 252marking packets, 272masquerading (SNMP), 906master/slave determination, H.323 network

devices, 407master/slave loop timing, 1000Base-T, 120Matrix group (RMON, 895MBGP (Multiprotocol Border Gateway

Protocol), 714MC (multipoint controller), 274MCML (Multiclass Extensions to Multilink

PPP), 942MCNS (Multimedia Cable Network System

Partners, Ltd.), 351MCU (multipoint control unit), 273, 396–398MDI (medium-dependent interface), 110measuring

QoS service levels, 922voice quality, 265–266

MED (multi-exit discrimintor) attribute (BGP), 666media access

Banyan VINES, 1020CSMA/CD, half-duplex, 100–103DECnet, 653XNS, 1016

Media Gateway Control Protocol.

See

MGCPmedia-access implementations, LANs, 36

AppleTalk, 612CSMA/CD, 36–37

local form-session identifiers


1055

media-access protocolsLLAP (LocalTalk Link Access Protocol), 613NetWare, 598

media transport, basic telephony service, 256MEGACO, 276membership

ELANs, 518multicast groups, 706–710

memorizing OSI reference model layers, 8memory, 53

NVRAMsaving running configuration, 58startup config, viewing, 58–59

Message ID field (Level 2 PDUs), 194Message Length field (DLSw message header), 551Message Type field

DLSw message header, 551Frame Relay LMI, 163–164

messages, 18Alerting, 403–404ATM connection requests, negotiation, 509BPDUs, 467Call Proceeding, 402–403configuration (transparent bridging), 467confirmation (RSVP), 771Connect, 404connection signaling requests (ATM), 509connection-management (ATM), 509DLSw, 550–553error (RSVP), 771Frame Relay VC status, 158ICMP, 581IGMP version 2, 707ISDN, 175, 178leave group (IGMP), 707link-state advertisements, 74MGCP, 277path (RSVP), 771path-error (RSVP), 771RAS. See also RAS, 415REL, 405–406reservation-request, 768reservation-request (RSVP), 771RLC, 405–406routing updates, 74

RIP, 757RSVP, 772–774Setup, H.323 network, 401–402SIP, 281, 422–425

SNMPTrap PDUs, 913version1, 911version 2, 911

source-quench, 28system messages, severity levels, 60teardown (RSVP), 772topology-change (transparent bridging),

467–468Metric field

RIPv2 packets, 760RIP packets, 759

metric-notification packets, 1026metrics, 74, 80–81

EIGRP, 678IGRP, 696OSPF, 735RIP, 758

metro access networks, 376metro optical networks, 374MGC (media gateway controller), 276MGCP (Media Gateway Control Protocol), 275–277

call flow, 278centralized call control, 277comparing to H.323, 283comparing to SIP, 283events, 278messages, 277MGC, 276MGs, 276reliability, 278signals, 278

MGs (media gateways), 276MHS (message handling service), NetWare, 602MHSRP (Multigroup Hot-Standby Router Protocol),

846MIBs (Management Information Bases), 900microsegmentation, 485microwave communication systems, QAM, 304–308migrating to higher speed networks, 132–133millimeterwave, 307minimizing delay on Frame Relay networks, 263mitigating security threats, 801mixed media bridging

SRT, 476STA, 474translational bridging, 473–475

MMDS (multichannel multipoint distribution service), 333

MMDS (multichannel multipoint distribution service)


1056

MMP (multichassis multilink PPP), 207–208mnemonics, memorizing OSI reference model

layers, 8mobile wireless, 333modal dispersion, 138modems, 49, 203–205

ADSL, 338ISDN terminal adapters, 49

modes of switch ports, 487modification

bandwidth, 421modulation

ADPCM, 264ADSL, 342–343BPSK, symbols, 308BPSK, 308PCM, 264PSK, 308QAM, 308 311QPSK, 308

MOP (Maintenance Operations Protocol), 656MOS (mean opinion score), 265–266MP (multipoint processor), 274MPCs (multiprotocol clients), 519MPLS (Multiprotocol Label Switching), 947

AToM, 246cell-based label-switching, 531control component, 532downstream on-demand distribution, 529downstream unsolicited distribution, 529forwarding component, 526, 530

label encapsulation, 531frame-based, 525–526hierarchical routing, 532label bindings, 528label swapping, 529QoS, 535–536traffic engineering, 751

MPLS-based VPNs, 533–535BGP, 243–245L2VPNs, 245–246

MPOA (Multiprotocol over ATM), 519MPS (multiprotocol servers), 519MSAU (multistation access unit), 1009MSDP (Multicast Source Discovery Protocol),

715–716MSOs (multiple system operators), 351MTP (Multicast Transaction Protocol), 782–783

MTU (maximum transfer unit) sizes, translational bridging, 472

Mu-law, 264mulitcast gatekeeper discovery, 416multiaccess networks, Hello protocol (OSPF), 734multicast forward VCCs, 515multicast forwarding

RPF, 711–712MBGP, 714

multicast groupsclass D addresses, 702IGMP, 706–707membership, 710

multicast routesSMRP, 784

multicast send VCCs, 515multicast server, 507multicast transfers, mixed-media networks, 475multicast transmission, 38multicast update packets

EIGRP, 679multicasting

ATM, 507CGMP, 707distribution trees

shared trees, 709, 711source trees, 708–709

Ethernet MAC address mapping, 705globally scoped addresses, 703glop addressing, 704IGMP snooping, 708IPv6, 592Layer 2 addresses, 704Layer 2 multicast addresses, 704Layer 2 switching environments, 707limited scope addresses, 704link local addresses, 703PIM, 713

dense mode, 713sparse mode, 713sparse-dense Mode, 714

reserved local link addresses, 703sessions, 765

RSVP, 766SMRP

address management, 782forwarding datagrams, 786group management, 785topology maps, 786

MMP (multichassis multilink PPP)


1057

multicasting extension (LMI), 159multicasts

directed multicasts (XNS), 1018global multicasts (XNS), 1018

multihoming WCCP, 846multilayer LAN switches, 489multilink PPP, 207–208multi-mode fiber (FDDI), 138multipath, 304, 306

in analog systems, 306in non-LOS environments, 307ISI, 306spatial diversity, 314

multipath routing, IGRP, 696multipath routing algorithms, 79multiple authentication mechanisms.

See

EAPMULTIPLE_FRAME_ESTABLISHED, 202multiple-rate Ethernet, 129–131multiplexing, 16, 29–30, 582

statistical, Frame Relay, 153VCs, X.25, 225–226VLANs, 488

Multipoint control unit (MCU), 396, 398multipoint tunnels, AURP, 623multipoint-to-multipoint connections, 506multispeed NICs, 126MZAP (Multicast-Scope Zone Announcement

Protocol), 717

N

name binding, 622name confirmation (NBP), 622name lookup (NBP), 622name recognition (NBP), 622names

comparing to addresses, 28internetworks, 28

naming Cisco IOS routers, 57NAS (Network Access Server), EAP, 453–454NAUN (nearest active upstream neighbor), 1013NAUs (network addressable units), 637, 688NBAR (network-based application recognition),

926–928NBP (Name Binding Protocol), 620–622NCP (NetWare Core Protocol), 602NCP (Network Control Protocol), 181, 207NDS (NetWare Directory Services), 601

negotiationATM connection requests, 509LCP, 206

neighbor discovery/recovery mechanism, EIGRP, 676–677

neighborsLSP, 749NAUN, 1013

NET (network entity title), 561, 741NetView (IBM), 889NetWare

application layer services, 602IPX, 599

addresses, 599SAP, 601

media-access protocols, 598NetBIOS emulation software, 602remote procedure calls, 597RPC, 602transport protocols, 601upper-layer protocols, 602

NetWare Core Protocol (NCP), 602NetWare Shell, 602Network Access Server (NAS)

EAP, 453–454EAP conversations, 454

network addresses, mapping to hardware addresses, 618

SNMP SMI, 903network application layer

DECnet Phase IV, 656DNA, 650

network control information field (Level 2 PDUs), 194

network entity title (NET), 741network integrated web caching, 839network interfaces, ATM, 496network layer

addressing, end-system NSAPs, 561Banyan VINEs, 1021Hello protocol, 24OSI protocol suite, 15, 558–560PPP protocol configuration, 183XNS, 1017

network layer addresses, 24network management, 85, 922–923

accounting management, 88agents, 86architecture, 86

network management


1058

as wireless solution, 316–317configuration management, 87–88DEN, 825–827Ethernet, 132fault management, 88history of, 85IBM

change management, 887configuration management, 886ONA, 888operations management, 887performance and accounting

management, 886platforms, 889–890problem management, 886SystemView, 888

management proxies, 86performance management, 87QoS, 917–918

architecture, 919–923flows, 917signaling, 920tools, 918

security management, 88–89SNMP

commands, 899data representation, 902distributed management, 910messages, 911–913MIBs, 900security, 906–907version 1, 902–904version 2, 904–906

standardization, 87network management layer


network models, 814network numbers, SMRP, 782network protocols, 10, 82network service access point (NSAP), 741network-based shared caching, WCCP, 842Next Hop field (RIP 2 packets), 760next hops, 75next-hop attribute (BGP), 667NICE (Network Information and Control Exchange)

protocol, 656NICs (network interface cards), 94

ATM LANE, 512

autonegotiation, 124–125multispeed, 126UTP-based, selecting, 123

NIU (network interface unit), wireless, 315NLMs (NetWare loadable modules), 602NLOS (non-line-of-sight), 333NLSP (NetWare Link Services Protocol), 721

adjacencies, 723maintaining over LANs, 723

CSNP (complete sequence number packet), 724hello packets

LANs, 724, 727, 729WANs, 726–727

hierarchical addressing, 725hierarchical routing, 722LSPs (link-state packets), 724receipt-confirmation process, 724scalabilty, 721–722WAN links, maintaining, 723

NMSs (network management systems), 898OSS (Operational Support System), 316

NNI (Network-to-Network Interface), 382 387NNs (network nodes), 640node addresses, DECnet Phase IV, 651–652node IDs (LocalTalk), 614node management, SMRP, 783Node type 2.1 routing, 689nodes

AppleTalk, 609name binding, 622reachability, 624zones, 611

APPN, 639LENs, directory services, 642LocalTalk, CSMA/CA, 614SDLC, 215–216SNA, 638

noise-mitigating countermeasures, CMTS, 363noncanonical formats, bit ordering, 472nonextended AppleTalk networks, 610non-line-of-sight microwave systems, multipath,

304–307notification messages, MGCP, 277Novell

IPX encapsulation types, 600NLSP, 721

adjacencies, 723hierarchical routing, 722

as wireless solution


1059

NRM (normal response mode), 219NSAP (network service access point), 741NSAP encoding

Address fields, 560–561ATM addresses, 504–505end-system NSAPs, 561shortcuts, 519

n-selector, 561NSP (Network Services Protocol), 655NT1 (network termination type 1), 171NT2 (network termination type 2), 171NVEs (Network-Visible Entities), 620–622NVRAM (nonvolatile RAM), 53

running configuration, saving to NVRAM, 58startup config, viewing, 58–59

Nyquist’s theorem, 201, 257

O

object classes, RSVP, 774–775object identifier (MIB), 900objective scoring (voice quality), MOS tests, 265object-oriented information modeling, 809–811

CIM (Common Information Model), 813–814DEN, 814–815

application of, 829–830business policy model, 822–823directory services, 818–819in Cisco products, 830–831intelligent networking, 819, 821–822network management, 825–827schemata, 827

data models, hierarchical structure, 811–812directories, 815

OCP-NNI (Optical Control Plane Network-to-Network Interface), 387

OCP-UNI (Optical Control Plane User Network Interface), 385–386

OFDM (orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing), 311, 313–314

ommand-control facility, NetView, 890ONA (Open Network Architecture), 885, 888one-time password (OTP), 453one-way hash, 207one-way operation, CATV, 353on-pass connection establishment (ATM), 509ONTs (Optical Network Terminals), 375ONUs (Optical Network Units), 375

opaques (SNMP SMI), 903Open System Interconnection.

See

OSIoperational model, RSVP, 768

general operation, 769tunneling, 770weighted fair queuing, 770

operational states, Frame Relay PVCs, 156operations management (IBM), 887optical bypass switch (FDDI), 143optical fiber, comparing to copper media, 138optical networking, 373

10GE networks, 379AOMs, 374core optical networks, 374DWDM, 373EPONs, 375extended long-haul networks, 378FTTH, 373G.ASON, 382

control plane, 383UCP, 383–385

GE networks, 379GMPLS, 379

LMP, 380–381LSRs, 379–380UNI, 382

long-haul networks, 376–377metro, 374metro access networks, 376OCP-NNI, 387OCP-UNI, 385–386PONs, 375protection and restoration, 387–388transparent optical networks, 376ULH networks, 378

optimality, routing algorithms, 77origin attribute (BGP), 666Origin Data-Link Correlator field (DLSw message

header), 553Origin DLC Port ID field (DLSw message

header), 553Origin LSAP field (DLSw message header), 552Origin MAC Address field (DLSw message

header), 552Origin Transport ID field (DLSw message

header), 553OSI (Open System Interconnection), 393

See also

OSI reference modelIDRP, 751–752

OSI (Open System Interconnection)


1060

networks, 739operations, 740

ES-IS, 740–742IDRP, 751–752IS-IS, 742–749LSP, 749

OSI reference model, 7application layer, 17, 564–565data link layer, 14–15, 65–66, 558LAN switching, 489layers

characteristics, 9control information, 12information exchange, 12–13interaction between, 11services, 11–12

mapping to AppleTalk protocol suite, 627media-access implementations, AppleTalk, 612network layer, 15, 558

addressing, 560–561connectionless network service, 559connection-oriented network service, 559

physical layer, 13–14, 558presentation layer, 16, 563relationship to DECnet Phase IV DNA network

architecture, 650relationship to DECnet/OSI DNA network

architecture, 652relationship to IEEE 802.3, 96–97session layer, 13, 16, 562transport layer, 16, 562upper-layer protocols

AppleTalk implementations, 624–625transparency, 66

OSPF (Open Shortest Path First), 731adjacencies, 734area partitioning, 732areas, 732–733backbone, 732designated routers, 734Hello protocol, 734metrics, 735packet format, 734routing hierarchy, 732TOS-based routing, 735variable-length subnet masks, 736

OSS (Operational Support System), 316OTNs (Optical Transport Networks), 376OTP (one-time password), 453

OUI (Organizationally Unique Identifier), 23output, Cisco 3640 startup, 54overhead bits, link efficiency, 921overlaid point-to-multipoint connections, 507overlay model (UCP), 384overload bypass, WCCP, 847

P

P/F (poll/final) bit (SDLC), 217Packet Capture group (RMON), 895packet communication model, XNS, 1016Packet Exchange Protocol (PEP), 1019packet scheduler, RSVP, 769packet sniffers, 795packet switching, 46Packet type field, IDP packets, 1017packet-based networks

VoATM, voice quality, 255VoFR, 262

addressing, 262–263signaling, 262voice quality, 263

voice/data integrationapplications, 253–254market viability, 252QoS, 948VoATM, 254–255

VoIP, 255, 263packets, 18

CSNP (complete sequence number packet), 724DDP, 627

encapsulation, 615FLAP encapsulation, 615–616

EIGRP, 679encapsulation, AURP, 623error-checking, 29exception notifications, 1026forwarding, 75fragmentation, 272IDP (Internet Datagram Protocol), fields,

1017–1018interesting traffic, 209IP, 571–572IPv6

header format, 589headers, 590

IPX, 602

OSI (Open System Interconnection)


1061

ISH, 740IS-IS, 744–746LSP, 744, 749LSPs (link-state packets), 724metric notifications, 1026multicast transmission, 38multiplexing, 29–30OSPF, 734path determination, 74PLP, fields, 228RIP, format, 758–759RIP v2, 759RSVP

message header fields, 772, 774object fields, 774–775

SIP, 421–431SMRP, 787–788SPP, 1018SRP, 445–447tagging, 272tail drops, 937TCP, 585tracking, 583unreliable datagram service, 1027variable-length, 153

packet-switched networks, Frame Relay, 153PAD (packet assembler/disassembler), 224PAP (Password Authentication Protocol), 206PAP (Printer Access Protocol), 624, 627PAR (Positive Acknowledgment and

Retransmission), 583parabolic antenna, 333partial deployment, RSVP, 770partially connected multipoint tunnels

AURP, 623passive link (dual homing), 145passive state, topology-table entries, 678passwords, OTP, 453path attributes (BGP), 714path control network (SNA), 635path cost, bridge ports, 465path determination, 74

convergence, 77destination/next hop routing table, 74link-state advertisements, 74metrics, 80–81

path length, 81path loss, 333path messages (RSVP), 771

path selection, BGP, 671path-error messages (RSVP), 771path-teardown messages (RSVP), 772payload, link efficiency, 921payload (cells), 18Payload length field (Level 2 PDUs), 195PBR (policy-based routing), 926PBXs (private branch exchanges), 171, 394PCM (pulse code modulated) voice, 264PCS (media-dependent physical coding

sublayer), 110PDLM (Packet Description Language Module), 928PDUs (protocol data units), 19

cells (SIP), 189–190Level 2, 194Level 3, 192–193

SAR (segmentation and reassembly), 503SIP Level 3, fields, 192–193SNMPv2 messages, 911–913

peak factor, DOCSIS, 366PEAP (Protected EAP), 456peer model (UCP), 384–385peer-based networking, APPN, 639

node types, 639services, 640–641, 643

peer-to-peer intelligence, HSSI, 168penetration rate, DOCSIS, 366PEP (Packet Exchange Protocol), 1019performance

ADSL, 340network management, 85

agents, 86architecture, 86history of, 85management proxies, 86standardization, 87–89

switches, 65VoATM, 255

performance and accounting management (IBM), 886

performance monitor, NetView, 890peripheral nodes, 638Perlman, Radia, 731PGM (Pragmatic General Multicast), 717phases of communication, SVC s, 46physical addressing, 14physical connections, Token Ring, 1010physical entities, SNA, 635physical layer, 9, 558

physical layer


1062

AppleTalk, 612ATM reference model, 501DNA, 650IEEE 802.3, 98, 106–109ISDN frames, 173–174media access, DECnet, 653PPP, requirements, 182X.21bis, 228

physical models, 814physical units,

637piecemeal deployment, RSVP, 770PIM (protocol-independent multicast), 713

dense mode, 713sparse mode, 713

MSDP, 715sparse-dense Mode, 714

ping command, 581PIUs (path information units), 645–646PKI (Public Key Infrastructure), 235

EAP, 455–456PLAR (Private Line Automatic Ringdown)

circuits, 283platforms, IBM network management, 889–890playout buffer, 270PLP (Packet-Layer Protocol), 227–228PMA (physical medium attachment), 110PMD (physical medium-dependent) sublayer, 112,

139, 501PNNI (private network-to-network interface),

261, 510point-to-multipoint connections

ATM, 506overlaid, 507

point-to-point conferences (H.323), 274point-to-point connections

ATM, 506Ethernet, 94

point-to-point links, 44Point-to-Point Protocol.

See

PPPpoint-to-point subnetworks, ES-IS, 740point-to-point tunnels, AURP, 623poison-reverse updates, 697policies

DEN, 825QoS, 271–272

QPM, 946policing, 271

CAR, 927traffic, 921

policing traffic, CAR, 939Policy Framework working group, 823policy models, 814polling, 86PONs (passive optical networks), 375

customer requirements, 375popularity of routing, 73ports

FDDI DAS, 140on switches, 66

Positive Acknowledgment and Retransmission (PAR), 583

POTS (plain old telephone service), 201power consumption, DMT, 343PPP (Point-to-Point Protocol), 181

authentication, 206connection establishment, 205–207frames, 182–183L2TP, 240LCP

frames, 184link quality determination, 183link termination, 183

link layer, 182–183NCPs, 181network layer protocol configuration, 183physical layer requirements, 182

PQCBWFQ (priority queue class-based WFQ), 936PRE (preamble),

Ethernet frames, 98FDDI frames, 146

precedence bits, setting, 926–927predefined community attributes (BGP), 669predictive codecs, 264–265predictive service, 765preempted service (optical networks), 388premises networks, 315prepending headers to DDP packets, 616presentation layer (OSI model), 16, 563, 657

AppleTalk, 625PRI (Primary Rate Interface), 173, 203primaries (SDLC), 216primary nodes

SMRP, 783SDLC, 215

prioritizing Frame Relay traffic, 263priority field (Token Ring), 1012priority queue class-based weighted fair queuing,

936

physical layer


1063

priority system, Token Ring, 1012private addressing schemes, VoATM, 260–261private ATM addressing, 505private branch exchange (PBX), 171, 394private enterprise networks, Frame Relay, 161private networks, DDOS attacks, 7private network-to-network interface, 261, 510private NNIs, 496private UNIs, 496privileged mode, 55proactive performance management, 87problem management (IBM), 886processors, 53propagation delay, VoIP, 267proprietary trunk protocols, 488Protected EAP (PEAP), 456protected service restoration, optical networks,

387–388Protocol Data Units.

See

PDUsProtocol Discriminator field (Frame Relay

LMI), 163Protocol field (PPP frames), 183Protocol ID field (DLSw message header), 551protocol operations (SNMPv2), 905protocol-dependent modules, EIGRP, 677proxy (H.323), 273proxy servers, 518, 839

SIP, 280PSC (Packet Switch-Capable) LSRs, 379PSEs (packet-switching exchanges), X.25, 226PSK (phase shift keying), 308PSTN (public switched telephone network), 393PS-users (presentation-service users), 563PT (payload type) field, ATM cells, 498PTI (Packet Type Identifier) field (PLP packets), 228public addressing schemes, VoATM, 260–261public carrier-provided networks, Frame Relay, 160Public Key Infrastructure (PKI), EAP, 455–456public NNIs, 496public switched telephone network, 393public UNIs, 496PUs (physical units), 637PVCs (permanent virtual circuits), 47

CIR, 263Frame Relay, 156X.25, 226

Q

Q.2931 public network signaling protocol, 508QAM (quadrature amplitude modulation, 308

with DFE, 311QDM (Quality of Service Device Manager),

922, 946QLLC (Qualified Logical Link Control), 220QoS (quality of service), 271–272, 395, 917–918

architecture, 919–923end-to-end, 922–923signaling, 920within a single network element, 920–921

ATM, 508baselining, 922CAR, 927–928classification, 925congestion management, 928

class-based WFQ, 935–936custom queuing, 930FIFO queuing, 929flow-based WFQ, 931–935priority queuing, 929–930

congestion-avoidance tools, 937flow RED, 938–939WRED, 937–938

differentiated service, signaling, 926flows, 917for packetized voice, 948for streaming video, 949guaranteed, 944link efficiency mechanisms, 942–944

LFI, 942–943management, 922, 945–946MPLS, 535–536, 947NBAR, 928on Ethernet, 946–947PBR (policy-based routing), 926policy control architecture, 947Precedence bits, weight, 934RSVP, 763, 766

confirmation messages, 771error messages, 771operational model, 769–770path messages, 771path-error messages, 771reservation-request messages, 771teardown messages, 772

service levels, 922–923

QoS (quality of service)


1064

tools, 918traffic policing, CAR, 939traffic shaping

FRTS, 941–942GTS, 940

QPM (QoS Policy Manager), 946QPM (Quality of Service Policy Manager), 922QPSK (quadrature phase shift keying), 308

nominal DOCSIS upstream data rates, 359–360qualifier bit (QLLC), 220quality of service (QoS), 395queries, EIGRP, 679queuing management, 920queuing methods, 920

D-WFQ, 935WRR, 946

queuing multicast transactions, MTP, 783quick mode (IKE), 240

R

radio frequency spread spectrum, 312RADIUS (Remote Access Dial-In User Service),

208, 453–454RARP (Reverse Address Resolution Protocol), 579rate-sensitive traffic, 765RD (routing domain), 752RDI (routing doman identifier), 752RDNs (relative distinguished names), 816reachability

AppleTalk nodes, 624NLSP, 723

reactive performance management, 87read command (SNMP), 899real-time services, SIP, 421–431receipt-confirmation process, NLSP, 724receivers, resource reservations, 768reconciliation sublayer (MAC addresses), 109RED (Random Early Detection), 271redirect message (ICMP), 581redundancy

cache clusters, 846fault management, Token Ring networks,

1012–1013FDDI, 142

dual homing, 144dual ring topology, 142–143optical bypass switch, 143

reference points, ISDN, 172registrars, SIP, 280registration process

CM, DOCSIS specification, 361gateways, 416LECs, 517

REL (Release) message, 405–406reliability, 81

MGCP, 278UDP, 585–586

reliable message service, 1027reliable transport services, 582reload/refresh command, 853reloading, 61remote bridges, 67Remote Data-Link Correlator field (DLSw message

header), 551Remote DLC Port ID field (DLSw message

header), 551remote procedure calls, 597remote-access VPNs, 234repeaters, 40replies, EIGRP, 679repositories

data modeling, 811–812directories, 815directory services, 815

request-queue entries, MTP, 783requests

gatekeeper discovery, 416information, 421location, 419modes, 409SIP messages, 422–425

requirementsATM traffic, timing, 502bandwidth, VoIP, 266–269link crossover, 122PPP physical layer operation, 182

reservation field (Token Ring), 1012reservation-request messages (RSVP), 771reservation-request teardown messages (RSVP), 772reservations, 766reserved local link addresses, 703residential PONs, 375resource-management service, IBM common-

operations services, 887

QoS (quality of service)


1065

resourcesavailability, 421entity names, 621

response-queue entries, MTP, 783responses, SIP, 422–425restarting mode (PLP), 228Reverse Address Resolution Protocol, 759reverse proxy caching, WCCP, 850RFCs (Requests for Comments), 569

RFC 1006, TP0 over TCP, 655RIB (routing information base), 752RIF (routing information field), 472

fields, 481–482SRB, 481translational bridging, 475

RII (routing information indicator) bit, 481ring number, translational bridges, 474ring topologies, 38RIP (Routing Information Protocol)

AFI, 759metric, 758packets, 758–759RFCs, 757routing table entries, 761routing updates, 757stability, 758timers, 758

RIPv 2, packet format, 759RLC (Release Complete) message, 405–406RMON (Remote Monitoring), 893

groups, 894–895robbed-bit signaling, 203, 258robustness

DEN, 829QPSK, 308routing algorithms, 77

ROM, 53root bridge, selecting (STA), 466root path cost, 466root ports, 466ROSE (Remote Operations Service Element),

565, 657round-trip delay determination, 408route selection, SRB, 480–481route states, EIGRP topology-tables, 678Route Tag field (RIP v2 packets), 760routed protocols, 82router of last resort, 79router-intelligent routing algorithms, 80

routersdial backup, 47dial-on-demand, 47discovery

EIGRP, 676ES-IS, 740–742IDRP, 751–752memory, 53reloading, 61version, displaying, 56–57

routes, leaking, 751route-tagging, EIGRP, 678route-timeout timer (RIP), 758routing

autonomous systems, 75backbone, 79comparing to bridging, 73DECnet, 654discovery process, PNNI, 510domains, 79EIGRP

neighbor tables, 677topology tables, 677

hierarchical, 532IDRP, 752loops, 77metric, 74metrics, 74, 80–81path determination, 74popularity of, 73SNA

APPN, 692APPN connection network, 691APPN routing, 689–691COS, 685–687explicit routes, 684–685session connectors, 683subarea routing, 688TGs, 684virtual routes, 684–685

update messages, 74VoATM, 261

routing algorithmsconvergence, 77design goals, 77distance vector, 80dynamic, 79efficiency, 77flat, 79

routing algorithms


1066

flexibility, 78hierarchical, 79host-intelligent, 80interdomain, 80intradomain, 80link-state, 80multipath, 79optimality, 77robustness, 77router-intelligent, 80single-path, 79static, 78–79

Routing Control field (SRB frames), 481–482routing delay, 81routing designator field (SRB frames), 482routing domain identifier (RDI), 752routing domains, 75routing information base (RIB), 752routing layer (DNA), 650routing loops, split horizon, 697routing protocols, 10

BGP, 663attributes, 664–670CIDR, 664

distance vector, 695NLSP, 721

adjacencies, 723hello packets, 726–727, 729hierarchical addressing, 725hierarchical routing, 722LSPs, 724reachability, 723receipt-confirmation process, 724scalability, 721sending LAN hello packets, 724WAN links, maintaining, 723

OSPF, 731areas, 732–733backbone, 732metrics, 735packet format, 734routing hierarchy, 732TOS-based routing, 735

RIPmetric, 758packet format, 758–759RFCs, 757stability, 758timers, 758

RIPv 2, packet format, 759SMRP, 779–780

example transaction session, 787forwarding multicast datagrams, 786MTP (Multicast Transaction ProtocoL),

782–783multicast address management, 782multicast group management, 785multicast routes, 784node management, 783packet format, 787–788terminology, 779–780topology maps, 786

SPF algorithms, 734routing tables

example, 74RIP, 761RTMP, 620

routing updates, RIP, 757routing-update timer, RIP, 758RPs (rendezvous points), 709

Anycast RP, 716RPC (Remote Procedure Call), NetWare, 602RPF (Reverse Path Forwarding), 711–714RS (redirect servers), SIP, 280RS-232 specification, 155RSS (route-selection services), 687RSVP (Resource Reservation Protocol), 944

confirmation messages, 771data flows, 764–765

traffic types, 765error messages, 771history, 763multicast sessions, initiating, 766object classes, 774–775operational model, 768

general operation, 769tunneling, 770weighted fair queuing, 770

packets, format, 772, 774–775path messages, 771path-error messages, 771QoS, 766reservation request messages, 771reservation styles, 766

implications, 767scheduler, 769soft state, 768teardown messages, 772

routing algorithms


1067

RTCP (RTP Control Protocol), 409RTMP (Routing Table Maintenance Protocol), 620RTP (Rapid-Transport Protocol), 690RTP (real-time protocol), 409RTP (Reliable Transport Protocol), 676RTP (Routing Table Protocol), 1021, 1025RTP Control Protocol (RTCP), 409RTP header compression, 267, 944RTSE (Reliable Transfer Service Element), 565, 657RTU (rooftop units), 315running configuration, viewing, 57–58runts, 488

SSA (source address), Ethernet frames, 98sampling, Nyquist theorem, 201, 257SAN (storage area networking) model, 857–858,

860–861SAP (service access point), 11–12SAP (Service Advertisement Protocol), 601, 1015SAR (segmentation and reassembly) sublayer,

AAL3/4, 503SAs, 238SAS (single-attachment station), FDDI, 140SASEs (specific-application service elements), 565saving running configuration to NVRAM, 58scalability

NLSP, 721–722SIP, 280

scalable clustering, WCCP, 845scalar objects (SNMP), 900scheduler (RSVP), 769schemata, 809

DEN, 814SCNs (switched circuit networks), 274scopes

explicit, FF (fixed-filter) reservations, 767wildcard, WF (wildcard-filter) reservations,

766SDLC (Synchronous Data Link Control)

comparing to HDLC, 219derivative protocols, 218–220frames, 216–217primaries, 216primary nodes, 215secondaries, 216secondary nodes, 215

SDP (Session Description Protocol), 425–426SDSL (Symmetric Digital Subscriber Line), 345SDUs (Service Data Units), 19, 189SE (shared-explicit) reservations, 767SEAL (simple and efficient adaptation layer), 503secondary nodes (SLDC), 215–216secure VPNs, 233security

DDOS attacks, vulnerability of Internet, 7DOS attacks, resource reservation, 20EAP-TLS, 456IPSec, 234

AH, 236ESP, 236IKE, 238–240SAs, 238transport mode, 237tunnel mode, 237

L2TP, 243policies, 797–798SNMP, 906–907threats, mitigating, 801tools, 802–803VPNs

client-aware tunneling, 242client-transparent tunneling, 241L2TP, 240

vulnerabilities, 794–797security management, standardization, 88–89security wheel, 798, 800segment type field (Level 2 PDUs), 194segmentation, LAN switches, 66Segmentation unit field (Level 2 PDUs), 194segments, 18

microsegmentation, 485SEL (selector byte), NSAP format ATM

addresses, 504SEL (selector field), ATM addresses, 506selecting

1000BaseX components, 128CMTS backbone, 364QoS type of service, 923root bridge (STA), 466routes, SRB, 480–481UTP-based components, 123

selecting best path BGP, 671metrics, 80–81

Selector field (DSP), 561

Selector field (DSP)


1068

senders, resource reservations, 768Sequenced Packet Protocol (SPP), 1018serialization delay, 921servers

CA, EAP-TLS, 456DOCSIS CMTS specifications, 360–361RADIUS, EAP authentication, 453–454UAS, 426

service levels (QoS), 922differentiated service, signaling, 926

servicesAPPN, 642–643

configuration services, 641directory services, 641routing services, 642session services, 643

ATM, 498–499flow specifications, 764

RSVP traffic types, 765H.450, 410–411ISDN, 173LLC, 219–220OSI layers, 11–12SIP, 421–431

session connectors (SNA), 683session control layer, DECnet Phase IV, 657session control layer (DNA), 650Session Description Protocol (SDP), 425–426session establishment, APPN, 643Session Initation Protocol. See SIP, 421session layer, DECnet/OSI DNA, 658session layer protocols

ADSP, 625AppleTalk, 625ASP, 626PAP, 627ZIP, 626

session protocol (OSI protocol suite), 562session service, 563sessions, 765

AppleTalk, 626multicast, 765RSVP multicast, initiating, 766simplex, 765X.25, establishing, 225

sessions layer (OSI model), 13, 16Set operation (SNMPv1), 904setting IP precedence bits, 926–927setting CLP bit, 508

setting the C bit, 473Setup messages, H.323 network devices, 401–402severity levels for system messages, 60S-frames (supervisory frames), 228shaping traffic, 921

FRTS, 941–942GTS, 940

shared reservations, 766shared trees, 709, 711short DDP packets, 627shortcuts (MPOA), 519shortcuts (NSAP addresses), 519show queue command, 934show version command, 56–57signaling

ADSL, 342–343ATM, 508

connection establishment, 509basband transmission, 106–108basic telephony service, 256DSSS (direct sequence spread spectrum), 312end-to-end, SIP, 421–431FHSS, 313ISDN, 175, 178maintenance loops method, 409QoS, 920robbed bit, 258SIP, 279–280

VoATM, 259–260VoFR, 262VoIP, comparing alternatives, 283

signaling rate, HSSI, 167signaling transfer points (STPs), 393Simple Gateway Control Protocol, 276simplex sessions, 765single-mode fiber (FDDI), 138single-path routing algorithms, 79SIP (Session Initiation Protocol), 279–280, 421–431

addressing, 281call flow, 281comparing to MGCP, 283endpoints, 279Level 2 PDUs, 194Level 3 PDUs, 189, 192–193messages, 281methods, 281

SIP (SMDS Interface Protocol), 188Skinny Station Protocol, 285

senders, resource reservations


1069

sliding windows, 583slot time, 101SMDS (Switched Multimegabit Data Service), 187

AAL3/4, 503access classes, 191addressing, 191Level 2 PDU, 194Level 3 PDU, 192–193network components, 187SDUs (service data units), 189SIP (SMDS Interface Protocol), 188

SMI (Structure of Management Information), 902–904

SMRP (Simple Multicast Routing Protocol), 779–780

example transaction session, 787MTP (Multicast Transaction Protocol), 782–

783multicast address management, 782multicast routes, 784multicasting

forwarding datagrams, 786group management, 785

node management, 783packet format, 787–788terminology, 779–780topology maps, 786

SMT (Station Management) specification, FDDI, 139

SNAAPPN, 639, 689–691

border nodes, 692DLUR/S, 691ISR, 690nodes, 639Node type 2.1 routing, 689routing services, 642services, 641–643session services, 643

architecture, 634COS, 685

APPN routing, 686–687subarea routing, 685

DLC, 636explicit routes, 684–685IBM network management, 885NAUs, 637nodes, 638path control network, 635

physical entities, 635session connectors, 683subarea routing, 688TGs, 684ToS, 948virtual routes, 684–685

SNAP, 600SNI (SNA network interconnection) gateways, 683SNI (subscriber network interface)

SMDS, 187SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol)

agents, 898, 1003commands, 899data representation, 902distributed management, 910managed devices, 898managed objects

ASN.1 data types, 902SMI-specific data types, 903

MIBs, 900security, 906–907traversal operations, 899USM model, 909–910VACM, 910version 1, 902

message formats, 911, 913MIB tables, 903protocol operations, 903–904SMI, 902–903

version 2, 904, 906information modules, 904messages, 911protocol operations, 905SMI, 904

snooping, 708SNPA (subnetwork point of attachment), 742sockets, 608

ATP (AppleTalk Transaction Protocol), 624well-known, 1018

SOF (Start-of-frame) delimiter, Ethernet, 98soft savings, packet-based voice systems, 251soft state (RSVP), 768software agents, 86solutions, wireless, 316–317

access networks, 316core networks, 316deployment, 317premises networks, 315

Source Address field (FDDI), 146

Source Address field (FDDI)


1070

Source host number field (IPD packets), 1018Source network number field (IDP packets), 1018source routing, 80source trees, 708–709source-quench messages, 28source-route bridging, 65–66source-route transparent bridging, 65sparse mode (PIM), 713–716sparse-dense Mode (PIM), 714spatial diversity, 314specifications

ATM, 494CDDI cable, 147FDDI, 139

spectrum management, CMTS, 363SPF (Shortest Path First) algorithm, 731, 734split horizon, 697SPP (Sequenced Packet Protocol), 1018spread spectrum, 312

FHHS, 313SPT (shortest path tree), 709SPX (Sequenced Packet Exchange), 601SRB (source-route bridging), 479

comparing to DLSw, 543explorer frames, 480frames

Routing Control field, 481–482routing designator fields, 482

RIF (routing information field), 481–482route selection, 480–481translational bridging, 473–475

SRP (Spatial Reuse Protocol), 441multicast support, 448packets, 442, 445–447

SRP-fa, 442SRT (source-route transparent bridging), 476SS7 (Signaling System 7) networks, connecting, 431SSAPs (session-service access points), 562SSCP (system services control point), SNA COS,

685–686SSCPs (system services control points), 637, 688SSD (start-of-stream delimiter), 113SSP (Switch-to-Switch Protocol), 541, 545SSP Flags field (DLSw message header), 552SSRP (Simple Server Redundancy Protocol), 514SS-users, 562STA (spanning-tree algorithm), 465–467

BPDUs, 467

bridge portspath cost, 465

calculating, 467mixed media implementations, 474translational bridging, 473

stabilityIGRP, 696–697RIP, 758

standalone caches, 840standard Frame Relay frames, 161–162standardization of network management, 87

accounting management, 88configuration management, 87–88fault management, 88performance management, 87security management, 88–89

standardsADSL, 344data communications, 203, 205Frame Relay, 154ITU-T, H-series recommendations, 272OSI network layer, 559voice coding, ITU-T, 265voice/data integration, 251

standards organizations, 30–31standby condition, bridge ports, 465star topology, 39

Token Ring, 1009, 1012start delimiter, Token Ring frames, 1014Start Delimiter (FDDI frames), 146Start Delimiter field (Token Ring), 1013starting RSVP multicast sessions, 766Start-of-frame delimiter (SOF), 98startup config, viewing, 58–59static addresses, 27static routing, 580static routing algorithms, 78–79Station field (DSP), 561statistical multiplexing, 30

Frame Relay, 153Statistics group (RMON), 894status messages, LMI, 158status monitor, NetView, 890statusDeterminationNumber field, 407storage networking, 857–858, 860–861store-and-forward switching, 68, 488storing web pages, 837–838

browser-based client caching, 840proxy servers, 839

Source host number field (IPD packets)


1071

standalone caches, 840WCCP, 841–843, 845, 847, 849–850Web Cache Control Protocol, 842–843

stovepipe application designs, 820STPs (signaling transfer points), 393stranded groups (SMRP), detecting, 786streaming video, QoS, 949StreetTalk, 1027styles of RSVP reservations, implications, 767subarea nodes, 638subarea routing, 688

COS, 685subfields

DNIC, 230of Routing Control field, 481Routing Control field, 482Routing Designator field, 482

sublayersAAL3/4, 503data link layer (OSI model), 15

Subnet Mask field (RIP 2 packets), 760subnet masks, 575–578subnets, 575

ATM, 504VLANs, 486

subnetwork point of attachment (SNPA), 742subnetworks, ES-IS, 740–742subsystems, security management, 88–89summarization, EIGRP, 675SuperFrames, 258supervision signaling, 256

basic telephony service, 256Supervisory frames (SDLC), 217SVCs (switched virtual circuits)

Frame Relay, 156X.25, 226–227phases of communication, 46

switch ports, modes, 487switched circuits, 45

dial backup, 47Switched Multimegabit Data Service. See SMDSswitching, 37, 65–66, 68, 75

10/100, 489asymmetric, 489ATM, 69

cell delineation, 501cell header format, 496, 498cell-rate decoupling, 501endpoints, 495

HEC, 501ILMI, 510LANE, 511–512leaves, 506MPOA, 519multicast server, 507multicasting, 507network interfaces, 496PNNI, 510QoS, 508services, 498–499signaling, 508transmission path, 499VBR traffic, 502VCCs, 515VCs, 498virtual paths, 499VP multicast, 507

Catalyst 2924XL, 66Catalyst 6500, 66comparing to bridging, 66CSMA/CD networks, 125–126cut-through, 66, 488full-duplex mode, 37LANs, 70Layer 2 multicasting, 707performance, 65PSEs, X.25, 226store-and-forward, 488symmetric, 489WANs, 47

Switch-to-Switch Protocol, 541, 545symbols, 308

ISI (intersymbol interference), 306Symmetric Digital Subscriber Line (SDSL), 345symmetric switching, 489synchronization, directory services, 819–820syntax, directory attributes, 817system messages, severity levels, 60system models, 814system services control poin, 637, 688SystemView (IBM), 888

TT1/E1, 202–203

CAS, 203PRI, 203

T1/E1


1072

T2 (node type 2), 638T4 (node type 4), 638T5 (node type 5), 638tables

capabilityTable, 407SNMP MIB, 903ZIT (Zone Information Table), 626

tabular objects (SNMP), 900TACACS, 208tag switching, 947

QoS, 535–536tagging packets, 272tail drops, 937Target Data-Link Correlator field (DLSw message

header), 553Target LSAP field (DLSw message header), 552Target MAC Address field (DLSw message

header), 552TC (transmission convergence) sublayer, 501TCP (Transmission Control Protocol), 582

connection establishment, 582flow control, 582multiplexing, 582packets, 585sliding window, 583

TDM (time-division mulitplexing), 30, 202, 393TE1 (terminal equipment type 1), 171, 396TE2 (terminal equipment type 2), 171teardown messages (RSVP), 772technology breakthroughs, voice/data integration,

251–252telco return data service, 365telephony service. See basic telephony serviceterminal adapters (ISDN), 49, 202terminal equipment type 1 (TE1), 396terminals, H.323, 273, 396, 407terminology, SMRP, 779–780TFTP (Trivial File Transfer Protocol) servers,

CMTS DOCSIS specification, 360TG (transmission group), 684, 687threats to network security, 794–797

mitigating, 801solutions, 798–800

three-way handshakes, 583throughput, full-duplex operation, 486ticks, 599time slots, MULTIPLE_FRAME_ESTABLISHED,

202time ticks (SNMP SMI), 903

time variation, 307time-division mulitplexing, 30, 202, 393time-exceeded message (ICMP), 581timers

AMT, 618IGR , 697RIP, 758

time-sharing networks, 5timing requirements, ATM traffic, 502TLAP (TokenTalk Link Access Protocol), 614–615TLVS, 748–749TOD (Time of Day) servers, CMTS DOCSIS

specification, 360token buckets, 927token passing LANs, FDDI, 138Token Ring, 1009

active monitor, 1012autoreconfiguration, 1012data/command frames, fields, 1014determinism, 1012early token release, 1012failure domains, 1012fault management, 1012–1013frame fields, 1013–1014frame-status bits, 472NAUN, 1013physical connections, 1010priority system, 1012RIF field handling, 472source-route bridging, 65SRT, 476star topology, 1012token passing, 1011translational bridging, 473–475

challenges of, 471–472token-passing LANs, 37

FDDI, 137, 145switches, 37Token Ring, 1011

TokenTalk, 614TLAP, 615

topologiesareas, 19bus, 613campus, 131data link layer, 14–15domains, 19, 79dual ring (FDDI), 142–143Ethernet, 94

T2 (node type 2)


1073

LANs, 38–39loops, 465–467ring, 38Token Ring, 1009, 1012

topology maps, SMRP, 786topology tables

EIGRP, 677route states, 678

topology-change messages, transparent bridging, 467–468

ToS (Type of Service), 735, 948TP0 (Transport Protocol Class 0), 562TP1 (Transport Protocol Class 1), 562TP2 (Transport Protocol Class 2), 562TP3 (Transport Protocol Class 3), 562TP4 (Transport Protocol Class 4), 562TP-PMD (Twisted-Pair Physical Medium

Dependent) standard, 147TPRI (transmission priority), APPN, 687tracking

gatekeepers, 397packets, 583

traffic, 729ATM

timing requirements, 502VBR, 502

bandwidth, 81CBR (constant bit rate), 501classification method, 926, 928classification methods

CAR, 927D-, 928

collisions, 614congestion management, 920, 928

class-based WFQ, 935–936custom queuing, 930FIFO queuing, 929flow-based WFQ, 931–933, 935priority queuing, 929–930

congestion-avoidance techniques, 937flow RED, 938–939WRED, 937–938

data flowsflow specifications, 764–765RSVP, 765

differentiated service, 922filtering, 464flow control, 28

ARB (adaptive rate-based), 691

DLSw, 546QoS, 918

Frame Relaycontrolling, 157–158prioritizing, 263

guaranteed service, 922interesting, 209LAN switching, bandwidth, 489MPLS engineering, 751multiplexing, 29–30policing, 271, 921

CAR, 939QoS classification, 925queue management, 920shaping, 921

FRTS, 941–942GTS, 940

VLANs, multiplexing, 488traffic contracts, 508traffic engineering, 537traffic localization, web caching, 838–839traffic policing, 508traffic shaping, 271, 508trailers, 12

encapsulation, 13transaction services, ATP, 624transfer modes, HDLC, 219translational bridging, 65, 68, 473–475

challenges of, 471–472explorer frames, 472ring number, 474

transmission media, FDDI, 138transmission methods, LANs, 38transmission path (ATM), 499transmission process, DDP, 619transparency

upper-layer protocols, 66WCCP, 842

transparent bridging, 65, 463configuration messages, 467–468filtering, 464history, 463loops, 464SRT, 476STA, 465

calculating, 467designated bridge selection, 466root bridge selection, 466

topology-change messages, 467–468translational bridging, 473–475

transparent bridging


1074

transparent caching, WCCP, 842–843transparent optical networks, 376Transport control field, IDP packets, 1017Transport ID field (DLSw message header), 553transport layer protocols, 16, 562

ATP, 624AppleTalk, 619

NBP, 620, 622RTMP, 620

DECnet Phase IV, 655TCP, 582

connection establishment, 583packets, 584–585PAR, 583sliding windows, 584

transport layer servicesBanyan VINES, 1027

transport mode (IPSec), 237Transport Protocol Classes, 562transport protocols

connectionless, 20connection-oriented, 20DECnet/OSI, 655PGM (Pragmatic General Multicast), 717SPX, 601UDP, 585–586XNS, 1018–1019

trap command (SNMP), 899, 904traversal operations (SNMP), 899tree topologies, 39triggered updates, IGRP, 696troubleshooting IBM problem management, 887trunks, 487trusted VPNs, 233TTL (time-to-live), configuring web content, 852tunnel mode (IPSec), 237

SMRP, 783tunneling

AURP, 622RSVP, 770

two-way operation, CATV, 353two-way transmission, 103–104Type field (EAP), 452–453

UUAC (user agent client), 426UAS (user agent server), 426UBR (unspecified bit rate), 258UCP (unified control plane), 383

overlay model, 384peer model, 384–385

UDP (User Datagram Protocol), 585–586AURP encapsulation, 623

U-frames (unnumbered frames), 228u-law, 257ULH (ultra long-haul) networks, 378unacknowledged connectionless service (LLC), 219UNI (user-to-network interface), 382

OCP-UNI, 385–386UNI 3.1 specification, 508unicast gatekeeper discovery, 416unicast sessions, 765unicast transfers, mixed-media networks, 475unicast transmission, LANs, 38unicast update packets, EIGRP, 679unicasting, IPv6, 591Unified Messaging systems, 253unified namespace directories, 818unified network management, DEN, 821U-NII (Unlicensed National Information

Infrastructure), 334UNIs, 496Unnumbered frames (SDLC), 217Unnumbered Information Indicator field (Frame

Relay LMI), 163Un-PBX, 285unprotecting service protection (optical

networks), 388unreachable destinations, RIP, 758unregistration, gateways, 417unreliable datagram service, 1027unsigned integers (SNMP SMI), 903unspecified bit rate (UBR), 258Unused field (RIP 2 packets), 760update messages, 74update packets, EIGRP, 679update timer, IGRP, 697

transparent caching, WCCP


1075

updatesIGRP, triggered updates, 696RIP, 757

upgrading Cisco IOS Software, 61–62upper layers

DECnet Phase IV, 656–657DECnet/OSI, 657–658OSI reference model, 9

upper-layer protocolsAppleTalk, 624–625

ADSP, 625AFP, 627ASP, 626PAP, 627ZIP, 626

Banyan VINES, 1027NetWare, 602transparency, 66

upstream amplifiers, two-way HFC, 353upstream CATV specifications, 355–357URLs

browser-based client caching, 840web caching, 837–838

user agent client (UAC), 426user agent server (UAS), 426User Data field (PLP packets), 228user layer


user mode, 55user models, 814user-user IEs

Alerting message, 403–404Call Proceeding message, 402–403Call Setup message, 401Connect message, 404REL message, 405–406RLC message, 405–406

user-user IEs, 401. See also IEsUSM (user-based security model), 909–910UTP

autonegotiation, 124–125horizontal cabling, 131selecting, 123

VV.34 connectivity, 201V.90 modems, 205VACM (view-based access model), 910VAD (voice activity detection), 267variable bit rate (VBR), 258, 502variable-length packets, 153variable-length subnet masks, 736VBR (variable bit rate), 258, 502VCCs, 515VCI (Virtual Channel Identifier) field, ATM

cells, 497VCs (virtual circuits)

Frame Relay, 155–156DLCIs, 157status messages, 158

PVCs, 47SVCs, phases of communication, 46VINES transport layer, 1027X.25, 225–226

VCs (virtual channels), 498 VDSL (Very-High-Data-Rate DSL), 347Version field (RIP 2 packets), 760Version Number field (DLSw message header), 551video

capability exchanges, 406QoS, 949SIP, 421–431

videoconferencing, H.323, 272, 765viewing

running configuration, 57–58startup config, 58–59

VINES (Virtual Integrated Network Service), 1020ARP, 1026ICP, 1026media access, 1020network layer, 1021RTP, 1025transport layer services, 1027upper-layer protocols, 1027

VIP (VINES Internetworking Protocol), 1021–1023virtual addresses, 24virtual circuits, 16, 46

WANs, 46–47virtual connections, ATM, 498Virtual Integrated Network Service (VINES),

1021–1023

Virtual Integrated Network Service (VINES)


1076

virtual paths, 499virtual ring, 544virtual routes, 684–685virtual telecommunication access method

(VTAM), 637VLAN tagging, MAC sublayer, 105VLANs (virtual LANs), 486

multiplexing, 488proprietary trunk protocols, 488trunks, 487

VLSM (variable-length subnet masking), EIGRP, 675

VoATM (Voice over ATM), 254–255addressing, 260–261delay, 262routing, 261signaling, 259–260voice quality, 255

VOFDM (vectored orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing), 314–315

VoFR (Voice over Frame Relay), 255, 262addressing, 262–263signaling, 262voice quality, 263

Voice over Frame Relay. See VOFRVoice over IP. See VoIPvoice quality, 265–266

VoATM, 255VoFR, 263

voice/data integration, 948applications, 253–254codec technology, 252economic advantages of, 252–253evolution, 283–284H.323, 272

call flow, 274–275devices, 273–274

market viability, 252MGCP, 275–276

protocol definitions, 277–278SIP, 279–280

addressing, 281call flow, 281messages, 281

standards, 251VoATM, 258

addressing, 260–261routing, 261signaling, 259–260

VoIP (Voice over IP), 255, 393centralized call management schemes, 263comparing alternatives, 283design constraints, 266–269

delay, 267, 271distributed call management schemes, 263H.323 network devices, 395–398

audio CODECs, 411–414H.225, 400–406H.225 RAS, 414–421H.245, 406–410H.450, 410–411protocols, 398

infrastructure, 394jitter, 270QoS, 271–272SS7 networks, connecting, 431

VP multicast, 507VPI (Virtual Path Identifier) field, ATM cells, 497VPNs (virtual private networks), 233

applications, 234L2TP, 240

client-aware tunneling, 241–242client-transparent tunneling, 241security, 243

MPLS VPNsBGP, 243–245L2VPNs, 245–246

MPLS-based, 533, 535VPWS (Virtual Private Wire Service), 246VTAM (virtual telecommunication access

method), 637vulnerability of Internet, 7

WWANs, 5, 10, 43

access servers, 48CSU/DSU, 49development of, 6devices, 47–48dialup services, 47Frame Relay, 153

comparing to X.25, 153congestion-control mechanisms, 157–158DCEs, 154–155DLCIs, 157DTEs, 154–155

virtual paths


1077

frames, 161–162, 164implementing, 159–160LMI, 154, 158private enterprise networks, 161public carrier-provided networks, 160PVCs, 156RS-232 specification, 155standardization, 154SVCs, 156VCs, 155

hello packets, 723HSSI, 167

bandwidth, 168characteristics, 167–168loopback testing, 168

ISDN terminal adapters, 49leased lines, 44modems, 49NLSP

hello packets, 726–727receipt-confirmation process, 724

packet switching, 46point-to-point links, 44remote bridging, 67switched circuits, 45switches, 47virtual circuits, 46–47X.25, 223

DCE, 223LAPB, 228PAD, 224PLP, 227PVCs, 226session establishment, 225VCs, 225–226X.121 addressing, 230X.21bis, 228

WAP (Wireless Access Protocol), 334waveform codecs, 264WCCP (Web Cache Control Protocol), 841–843\

cache engine operation, 842–843dynamic client bypass, 847, 849hierarchical deployment, 843multihoming, 846network-based shared caching, 842overload bypass, 847proxy servers, 839

reverse proxy caching, 850scalable clustering, 845standalone servers, 840transparent caching, 842–843

WDM (wave-division multiplexing), 373web caching, 837–838

browser-based client caching, 840Cisco Cache Engine, fresh content, 851–852network integrated, 839reload/refresh command, 853traffic localizationl, 838–839TTL, configuring, 852

web pages, caching. See WCCP web sites, Cisco Systems, 41weight attribute (BGP), 664weights, 934well-known socket numbers, 1018WF (weighted field), 687WF (wildcard-filter) reservations, 766WFQ (weighted fair queuing), 770

IP precedence, 934–935wildcard notation, shared trees, 710windowing, 28wire, 308wireless technologies

DSSS, 312FDM (frequency-division multiplexing), 313FHSS, 313LMDS data links, 318microwave, multipath, 304, 306OFDM, 313–314QAM, DFE, 311solutions, components of

access networks, 316core networks, 316deployment, 317network management, 316–317premises networks, 315

spatial diversity, 314spread spectrum, 312VOFDM (vectored orthogonal frequency-

division multiplexing), 314–315WLANs (wireless LANs), standards

comparison, 318WRED (weighed random early detection), 271write command (SNMP), 899WRR (weighted round robin), 946

WRR (weighted round robin)


1078

XX+ field (SIP Level 3 PDUs), 192–193X.121 addressing, 230X.21bis, 228X.25 protocol suite, 223, 226

comparing to Frame Relay, 153DCE (data circuit-terminating equipment), 223devices, PAD, 224LAPB frames, 228–229LAPB (Link Access Procedure, Balanced), 228PLP, 227–228PVCs, 226session establishment, 225VCs, 225–226X.121 addressing, 230X.21bis, 228

Xerox, history of Ethernet, 93XmplsATM, 525XNS (Xerox Network Systems), 1015

design objectives, 1015directed broadcasts, 1018directed multicasts, 1018global multicasts, 1018media access, 1016network layer, 1017packet communication model, 1016tranport layer functions, 1018–1019

XO (Exactly-Once) transactions, 624

ZZero field (RIP packets), 759ZIP (Zone Information Protocol), 617, 626ZIT (Zone Information Table), 626zones

AppleTalk, 610–611managing H.323 network devices, 397

X+ field (SIP Level 3 PDUs)


ithix.fm page 1028 friday, september 19, 2003 8:12...

Documents