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Computing anCommunication

Resources

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Learn the components of computers.

Learn about personal computing devices.

Understand the implications of the rapid advances in information and

communication technologies.

Be familiar with input and output resources.

Recognize the dierences and advantages between storage media.

Learn the advantages of prewritten software.

Learn about dierent networking strategies between computers.

Understand the dierences between communications over the public

telephone system and networks.

Learn about network protocols.

istinguish between intranets! e"tranets! and the #nternet.

Learning $b%ectives

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&ardware

'ersonal

Computing

evices

(oftware

Communicati

ons

)

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C'U

*emory

(torage

d

*u

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Controls calculationscomparisons of data,and controls the movof data from one lo

within the computanother

Central 'rocessing Unit

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Processor CharacterisProcessor Speed is measured by the number of

cycles per second

Word Size is the measure of the size of the proceregisters! or how many bits may be moved with onthe processor

, bit is a single value of zero or one

, byte is made of eight bits and each byte can sto

single character

Processing power combines word size and proc

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Memory located ocomputer’s main c

board called thmotherboard. at

memory is lost whepower to the computurned o!.

*emory -Ram or 'rimary (torag

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Memory located on athat is not on the circuit board. Many t

this storage is remoand can be ta"en fro

computer to another.not lost when the pothe computer is turn

(torage -isk (pace or (econdary (torag

#i$ed

%em

St

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& device that capturby a manual or elecmethod and transm

data to storage or m

#nput evices

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& device that repreand'or transmits dat

the computer to the

$utput evices

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& device that can peboth input and ou

functions.

*ultimedia

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Personal

ComputingDevices

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P l C ti D i

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Personal Computing Devices

P l C ti D i

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Personal Computing Devices

%earable

devices & !lor

'eo(eo %atc

T bl t H dh ld & P k t PC

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Tablets, Handheld & Pocket PCs

Personal Computing devices are rapidly coming together as a sin )ost use a version o* )icroso*t word processing presentation an

spreadsheet so*tware

+nternet browser so*tware, calendars, email, and other so*tware

comes with these devices

Their key *eature is nobility# )ost are now manu*actured with wirenetwork capabilities as well


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Figure 5.10 ($amples of PersonalComputing evices) *a+ Compa -abletPC-C/00 series1 *b+ iP&2 Poc"et PCh3430 Series1 *c+ hp 5ornada 6789andheld PC.


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Tablet &

Air

Tablets Handheld & Pocket PCs

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Tablet & (

'e-us .


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Tablet &

/amsung

(ala-y 'o

Pro 01#1


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Handheld

imate PD


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Pocket

!u2itsu

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Personal Digital Assistants

• (enerally called PDAs, these devices are mainly

personal organi3ation tasks• Calendars, contact lists, and notes are *eature m

people associate with PDAs

• PDAs are pocket si3e and have battery lives that

days to months without being recharged

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Cell Phones with Interactive

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Messaging Capabilities

Cell phone manu*acturers are now building an ability to display temessages and small images on their phone4s display screens, bl

distinction between cell phones and PDAs

Current cell phones still only have a rudimentary computing capa

however, and their keypad and displays screens are limited as in

output devices

Cell phones acting computer terminals will likely be the ne-t step

evolution o* these devices

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Home 'etworks

• Home computer networks have become popul

cable T5 companies and phone companies markmodems *or 6broadband7 +nternet connections us

cable modems or DS modems!

• %ireless security uses "ired e#uivalent privac

which encrypts the data trans*erred between thecomputer and wireless router#

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Home 'etworks

%ireless outer

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Home 'etworks

broadband

H C i / i

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Home Computing /ecurity

• Three important aspects o* security

– perating system updates

– 5iruses

– spyware

H C ti / it

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• perating system pdates

– +mportant *or security and e**iciency

• Hackers are people who try to break into compu

systems in order to: – (ather in*ormation;

– Deny the owner access to his resources; – Delete *iles;

– Disrupt the use by the owner

H C ti / it

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• 'iruses are small computer programs that replic

inserting themselves into computer resources suprograms or *iles#

• "orms are sel*contained *iles or programs – Does not have to attach to program or *ile#

– Can delete, change *iles, send emails, and cause pr

H C ti / it

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• Denial(o)(service attack is when the user is den

access to the services o* the computer because overwhelmed with email#

A ti i / *t

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Antivirus /o*tware

/

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/pyware

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programs for directing a compprocessing electronic data

01$ B,(#C 02'3(4

S:S-(M S;#-W&%(

-also called Operating System (oftperforms fundamental tasks that ausers of a particular computer re5u

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&PP S;#-W&%(

< #s a program that enable the

computer to carry out speci6ctasks.

< #t can be obtained in a prewrittenform or produced in a customfashion for a particular user.

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Prewritten Application /o*tware

aka o!theshelf software

'rewritten software has two very important bene6custom software4

< #t is available >;W.

< #t is C9(&P

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Custom Application /o*tware

,utomated 0eller *achines -,0*s

(upermarket checkout scanners

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The ole o* =ser !riendly /o*tware

< user friendly 7 computer software is simple and

intuitive to use

< means the application has been carefully engineaccommodate a wide range of users

< 1idespread use is the key.

User friendly application

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User friendly applicationcharacteristics4< *enus! step8down lists of commands! and icons

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53

T%%PH*+% S.ST%M• The speed of data transmission between computers

that takes place over public telephone systems is oft

slower than when computers are connected throughdedicated networks

• The wire making the connections is similar;yet mos

computer networks operate 100x faster than

connections routed through the public telephone

system because the protocols (the specification for

formatting data to be transferred were established f

voice grade communication when the !uality and

speed of communication lines did not need to be hig

Public Connections

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5"

• #rotocols for the public telephone system were

established to meet the minimum criteria of voice

transmissions $ low grade analog transmissions $

and that !uality for voice communications is

significantly below the needs of computer data

transmission

• The theoretical limit for telephone modems is

%"kbps but because of technical re!uirements for

administering the transmission& telephone modem

have a top transmission speed of 5%kbps

• 'ata rates for other communications types are

listed in Table 55

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55

Private >ines

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5%

Private >ines • ) private (leased or dedicated) line is a

circuit that is always open to carry

communication traffic

• #rovided by the common carrier& the

telephone company& your organi*ation pays

a fixed monthly fee to use the line The

more use the line receives& the smaller thecost is per$unit of data transmitted

5irtual Private 'etwork 85P's

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5+

8

• ,#-s give users the security and speed of a

private line along with the low cost of using

the .nternet

• Tunneling software establishes ,#-

through a set of intermediary locations that

host the data while its being transmitted

• Tunneling is conceptually similar to

establishing a private& secure circuit while

the data is being sent

C*MM+ICTI*+S ( +%T"*/0

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5/

C*MM+ICTI*+S +%T"*/0

• The .nternational rgani*ation for tandardi*ation

wwwisoch& founded in 12"%& established the Ope

Systems Interconnection (OSI) standardarchitecture for network connections

• . consists of a seven$layer model (Table 5% and

the levels are detailed so that the exact function for

each layer of communication can be plainly defined

• Two or more levels may be used by a single piece o

communications hardware& while end$ to$ end

communications involve all layers of the model

• ommon networking devices are listed in Table 5+

http://www.iso.ch/http://www.iso.ch/

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52

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%0

Protocols *or Computer

C i ti

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%1

Communication• omputers (4mainframes were initially designed

to share data with terminals that had no storage o

processor and to simply provide a means for

entering and displaying data from the computer

• .n response to the communications limitation&

.67 and others began developing

communications protocols• )n open protocol is a format whose specification

are open to the public and can be used at no cost

Proprietary Protocols

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%8

• System Network Architecture (SNA)& established by .67 as a proprietary protocol in 12+"& re!uiresa main host computer that polls other computers

connected by the network in a se!uence& much liketaking turns

• .f a polled computer has data to send& the data istransferred& otherwise the next computer is polled

• .67 was the first to develop a peer-to-peer

protocol that allows each computer to act as itsown controller& called Token ing (9igure 518

• .n token ring& a logical token is passed betweencomputers The computer with the token is thecomputer is in control of communications

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%3

thernet

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%"

• :erox in cooperation with .ntel and 'igital

!uipment orporation& developed a differen

open protocol peer$to$peer communicationsarchitecture in the late 12+0s called !therne

• t use tokens

•.nstead& if a computer on the network wishes send data over the communications medium i

simply checks to see if data is currently being

transmitted .f not& it sends its message

Packets

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%5

• 9or large data transfers& messages need to be

broken into smaller pieces so that the message

from one computer does not dominate thecommunications medium

• These smaller entities are called packets

• The most important packet$ switching protocol is

the one used by the .nternet& Transmission

"ontrol #rotocol$Internet #rotocol (T"#$I#)

• T#?.# handles packeti*ation and also decides

how the packets are best routed through the

network from source to destination computer

+nternet 'etwork Addresses

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%%

• .n order to route packets through the network&each computer handling packets of data must have

a uni!ue address• This is called the I# address

• .# addresses are made up of a set of four 1$bytenumbers& each between 0 to 855& separated by

periods

• They are often written in dotted decimal notation&such as@ 18/%"3881/

• The left part of this number represents the numberof the network the computer is on& while the right

part is the host number of that specific computer

+%T"*/0 T.P%S

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< Understanding the dierent types of networks is

important since plays a dierent role in a 6rm

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< , local area networ" *+ is a group of comand other devices -such as printers that areconnected together by a common networking m

< L,)s typically %oin together computers that are physical pro"imity! such as in the same room orbuilding

< L,)s will cover a total distance of less than half and can transfer data in >?*bps to >9igabit persecond.

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)etropolitan Area 'etworks and %ide Area 'e

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< , Metropolitan &rea >etwor" *M&>+ is one tha physical distance limit of roughly A? miles and

typically links several buildings of an organizatiotogether

< Wide &rea >etwor"s *W&>s+ are used to conncomputers and other devices when the distance

constraints of L,)s and *,)s and uses the publitelephone system. or practical purposes! 1,)s been replaced by the #nternet

+nternet

h l f i i i h di b

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C*MM+ICTI*+S

< Computing devices and communications devices

each incorporating features of the other into the

< (ome of the limits to the possibilities of convergerelate to battery life! communication speed and size of display and keyboard! and the user

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it.pptx

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