itroduction to computer
TRANSCRIPT
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Welcome To EverybodyWelcome To Everybody
at Introduction to computerat Introduction to computer
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COMPUTER
The computer is an automatic machine made up of
electronic and elector-mechanical devices which
stores, retrieves and processes data.
It can not think or reason; it can only carry out
instructions given to it.
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A complete computer system consistsof taking the following four parts
1.Hardware2.Software
3.Human ware and
4.Operational procedures.
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HARDWAREHardware refers to machines or the
physical equipment that performs the
basic functions of the dataprocessing cycle.
Hardware is any part of computer which we can touch.
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SOFTWARE
Programs are referred as software.A program is a sequence of instruction, which
direct a computer to perform certain
functions.
Software is generally categorized as:
System software andApplication software.
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System Software
System software consists of programs that help
the use of a computer.
System software is computer software
designed to operate the computer hardware
and to provide and maintain a platform forrunning application software.
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Application Software
Application software is computer software
designed to help the user to perform a
singular or multiple related specific tasks.
Such programs are also called software
applications.Typical examples are word processor, spread
sheet analysis etc.
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HUMAN WARE
Human ware refers to the persons who design,
develop, and use program/software, and
operate a computer:
System analysts
ProgrammersComputer operators etc
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OPERATIONALPROCEDURES
Operational procedures generally include
obtaining, preparing, and entering data intothe computer, processing jobs, initiating new
programs and changing or deleting old ones
etc.
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Classification of computer system
We can classify the computer system in various
ways:
On the basis of purposes
On the basis of signal
On the basis of capacity
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On the basis of purpose
There are two kinds of computer according to
the basis of Purposes:
1. General Purpose Computer
and
2. Special Purpose Computer
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General purpose computer
General purpose computers are used to handle
a variety of tasks.
Special purpose computer
A special purpose computeris designed for a
special tasks or specific applications. It is
also known as dedicated computer system.
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On the basis ofSignal
There are two kinds of computer according to
the basis of Signal:
1.Analog Computer
and
1.Digital Computer
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Analog Computer
An analog computer represents quantities by
physical analogies.
An automobiles speedometer is an example of
analog computer.
Digital Computer
Digital computer represents data or digital databy converting analog data into digital form.
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On the basis ofCapacityThere are four kinds of computer according to
the basis of Capacity:
1. Super Computer
2. Mainframe Computer
3. Micro Computer / PC4. Mini Computer
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Organization of a computer systemPhysically a computer consists of taking the
following three parts. These are below:
1.Input /Output units
2.CPU (Central Processing Unit)
3.Memory unit
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Input UnitInput data are feed into computer by the help of
input devices. The most common input
devices are:
Keyboard
Mouse
Scanner
Joy Stick
Digital Camera and etc
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Output unit
Output data are presented to or before the userwith the help of output devices. The most
common output devices are:
1. Monitor
2. Printer
3. Speaker 4. Plotter etc
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CPU
Every computer system has a unit whose
primary function is to process data.
This is the control center of the entire
computer. It accepts data from input devices,
processes data and sends results to the output
devices.
This unit is referred to as the central processing
unit (CPU) or processor or microprocessor.
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CPU has the following three main parts:
ALU ( Arithmetic Logic Unit)
Control Unit (CU) and CPU registers (internal processor memory)
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The Function of aMicro processor (up)
The Function of a Micro processor (up) is as follows:
1. To fetch an instruction
2. Decode the instruction
3. Based on the instruction it fetches operands frommain memory or I/O module.
4. Execute the instruction
5. In addition to execution CPU also supervises andcontrols I/O devices.
6. Finally, sends result to the memory or I/O devices
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The Function of Arithmetic / LogicalUnit (ALU)
The Function of Arithmetic / Logical Unit (ALU) is
as following:
1. Arithmetic operations (Addition, Subtraction,
Multiplication, division etc)
2. Logical operations (And, OR, Not etc) and
3. Decision making
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The Function ofControl Unit (CU)
The functions of control unit is given below:Determine the instructions to be executed
Determine the operations to be performed
Determine what data are needed and where they are stored
Determine where results, if any, are to be stored
Determine where the next instruction is located
Transfers control to the next instruction
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Memory of computer
Computer memory refers to devices that are
used to store data or programs (sequences ofinstructions) on a temporary or permanent
basis for use in a computer.
Memory=Working Place + Storage Area
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Classification of memory
There are three kinds of memory.
Internal Processor Memory (Built in
Memory)
Primary memory / Main memory (RAM)
Secondary Memory (HD, CD)
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AnotherClassification ofMemory
On the basis of volatility memory are two
types:
Volatile memory and
Non-Volatile memory
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Volatile memory
Memory that loses its contents when the
power is turned off.All RAM except the CMOS RAM used for
the BIOS is volatile.
Non-V
olatile memoryNon-volatile memory is such a memory that
can retain the stored information even
when not powered.
ROM is the example ofnonvolatile memory.
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