it’s cooperation, stupid

8/2/2019 ITS COOPERATION, STUPID

1/66

ITS

COOPERATION,STUPID

Charles Leadbeater


2/66

ITS COOPERATION,STUPID

Why RichaRd daWkins, Thomas hobbesand milTon FRiedman goT iT WRong

cr ltr

ittut r Pu P Rr 2012

in PaRTneRshiP WiTh


3/66

ABOUT IPPR

IPPR, the Institute or Public Policy Research, is the UKs leading

progressive thinktank. We produce rigorous research and innovative

policy ideas or a air, democratic and sustainable world.

We are open and independent in how we work, and with oces inLondon and the North o England, IPPR spans a ull range o local

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4/66

CONTENTS

awt ........................................................ 5

1. T upt ................................... 7

2. T prt ..................................... 12

3. d r prt ....................................... 35

4. cprt p t .................................... 46

5. our prtv utur............................................. 57

Rr ................................................................. 62


5/66


6/66

5

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

i wu t t n Pr t iPPR e m tc-prtv Uk r upprt t ppt ,

wt mr str, r prv vr pu t w

i w rt t.

iPPR w t t c-prtv Uk r tr

ttu trut t t ppr. c-

prtv Uk wr t prt, vp ut-prtv trpr. it uqu r tr

t r -prtv t p r -

prt, u c-prtv Frtt, r ttr

t wt p trt -prtv t.


7/66


8/66

7

1. ThE ASSUMPTION OfSELfIShNESS

i u r w w t trt trr

tp u t uuu prpt. h w v u

100 ut t: u v t pt t u wt

trr. i t pr u t t pt t wt

rjt ur r t t : u v t rtur

t t t r. yu tp t xt pr ttrt, xp t tut t r. Wt

r wu u ? a u wr t rv ,

wt r wu u pt?

i u r rtr rw r t p

txt rt, prt-x t

u u ut tt rtv w r, 5, u pt. it wu v u, t prpr,

wt 95 t pr t w u t r, t

rpr, u pp t v p up 5 r

ut t. Fr t prt t rt, -

trt t t wu t w wt t .

yt tt t wt pp t t t wt r w p ut tu xprt

ut tt r r utr,

r v t t, pr-utr t r t,

t u t . o ut t pp

wt wu rr w r: quvt t

20 r t 100 t t. W w r r ,


9/66

8

t r uu rjt ur rpr prr t

w w r r t r ut rtr t

p up 20 r t. i t vr t

xprt, w t Uttu g, ut x ut 10 prpr r r t 40: t r

tt r r t pt.

T Uttu g jut p ut

v tt w u jtt t upt, r

r tr, ur t,

tt ur ut . it tur ut w r t w rt tut.

T r t rt, w t t

t a st The Wealth o Nations, pp -

trt u r t pru t pu

r prutvt rtr . it t r t

v t utr, t rwr r t r tt wxpt ur r, st wr u, ut r tr rr t

tr w trt. evr tut -trt: tt

t u prp .

s-trt urp t r vrt

tt t t t T h, w wr

The Leviathan tt wtut vrt t rru t wu rt t t wr

t . T tt t rt t qut rt

ut t pr ut t trt r t

p: w r r . i t z-r

r, t upt t

tru w t pu p t .


10/66

9

Tr w tt t t w t t t

t pp t ur -trt wt r tv,

tr, tt ut w.

s p ur ut urv, wvr, u t w rv t

ttu prvr , wt Rr dw

t t tr. i TheSelfsh Gene, pu 1976,

dw wr:

i u w, i , t u t wvu prt ru u

twr , u xpt tt p

r tur. lt u tr t t rt

tru, u w r r . lt u

urt wt ur w r up t,

u w t t t v t tupt tr , t w tr p

pr t .

Wt dw wr?1 Wt t u, t

t t, wt t prtv u uqu

ptt t twr rprt wrtt t w w r tru pwru t

vut utur? Wt tru t u

1 s The Selfsh Gene, dw tpr pt

wt, r t r prt vutru.


11/66

10

tr, trt ur tu r, t tt

ur tur w t h wr t

ut rut prtv ut, tr,

prprt, -rr prtt? T upt p u t t tru t t

rt, t -t pp w r

w r t Uttu g. Wt , t, w

wr t t t ur t tru t

t prtv jrt w r r t

Uttu g?hu r r prtv t tr p

u w r p r -r r

prt: w r prpr t prt wt trr,

vr r t t, vr t

u utur. T p wr pt r

prt w r prtt t vr t u trt r ut t px , r

rut t t . yt t

ur t, ttut pu p

u t r, pvr vw urv

utrutwrt . T ppr tv rw

ut prt, uppt prtv ut wtt tt r tr tv. T r t

wr tr w .

T rut t ppt tt w u

jtt t t upt . it,

w u trt r t upt tt t t t,

t pp wt t prtv tt t t


12/66

11

ur, prutv, ptv ut w t

rt, u r r prt. o w

prtv ppr t u w tur t

ut tt -trt.i prv pt vt wt tr p. W

r prt rt t tru

w t ur t t utur. i t

1950 60, pu p w v fu t

k bvr, t pt-wr ttt

tt ut t rt upt rt ttt qut t, utr pt.

s t 1970, t v fu

rv r , z-r ,

t r prutvt w t rt

t ut t t . a w tu, qu

ur , r u, tru twr t t xtr ppt t , w

w t w ut u w t t upt

w t ppr wr . c t

t upt . a w pt w

r, t t qut, wpr r t

r rt rt w trt,ut t trt r rt t upt.

T ttu trt pt u t ut

v tt w r, rt rt, rprtr

prtr.


13/66

12

2. ThE SCIENCE OfCOOPERATION

our tru tur t . cprt, tru

rt r t w r pu, v t

p up u t w, vrt r ur. W

t r urv t prtv, w v t

rt t tt ur tur .

T wr t pt t rwr t t 1970, t ttu tw

, z-r . T tw

tut ru u t tt t

u t r rtur w u t pr

ur .

T prt w Rr dw, rt, rutv t The Selfsh Gene:

l uu c tr, ur v

urvv, r r,

pttv wr. T tt u t xpt rt

qut ur . i ru tt prtqut t xpt uu rut

. T r w uu v

r t vur.

a Rr axr put t tr The Biology

o Moral Systems,t urt t


14/66

13

txt t t vu, puru

tr -trt, prp tr .

T vr p. T ut ut vut

p r rt t rt t . W r r t v r , w dw r

t rt rptr u. g r t

tt tur t vur t tt t t

t t p tv p . l rut,

u ptt r rprutv u w

pt uxur. evr t r t t t pp t rr. Wtvr w t put

t, w r tur.

aprt r rt t tt vr

p tu fw v t, rpr

u t , tr ut t

v tt t p rutv vw t wr wr.

Games and fairness

T rt t v r t

quvt rtr xprt: vv

, u t Uttu g, t up t tt wru prtv pp r. T xprt

w tt pp r r r ru: t t

t rjt prp w r r, v t

t t t , t r prpr t pu tr

pp w r pr- r, v p

put t tv ur t. y


15/66

14

br, hrvr w prr r prt,

u up t r tu t

xprt t w The Penguin and the Leviathan:

r, 20 pr t t t 30 pr t pr r r rr ; 50 t 60 pr t

r prtv r rr r, w r

t t prt.

su bw hrrt gt, t wr

rrr t rprt, u up t r

t xprt tu:

m t, t tr w rt,

t v r t t tur, tt tru

t r xpt

pr. T xprt v t t

tw t tr t tt vw.Bowles and Gintis 2011

T t vrt

. T Uttu g, w w t t t

trt, t t-w: -, tw-pr r.

atr vrt, t Pu g g xpr t prt rup, vr r pr

rprttv t w .

sx pr r v 10 r t

pprtut t vt p rur. T

p vr vr ru. at t t ,

wtvr t t pt w utp tr


16/66

15

t xprtr t pr v qu. T

r pp trut, t r t vtu p-. i

pr vt tr 10 p t t pt

ru t t t t u rv30, 20. but pur pr, wt

tr 10 r t p, t ut tt t

tr v pr trut 10 t t pt w

50. mutp tr, tt wu ut t 150,

v x w t pt wu vr p-ut 25 t

t x pr. T v pr w vt tr10 wu v wt 15: t . but t

pr w trut t wu t 25 tp

tr r 10: t wu v wt 35. T tv

t r-r p.

i t vr t , pp tur ut t

t prtr. i t ru t tvt ut tr ttt, ut twr t

trut t t zr, pp r tr w

pr r ru tr trut tt t r

ut t rpp . T t w t prtt tr

pt wt pr-ptv rtt: t pu tr

ut. evr wr rut, ut tt prpp r prpr t p t prvt pr

w wt t t pr.

cprt ut, wvr, t t

r t r rt. i prtr wr ttr,

v t t t tv, t

prt prv ur. m t r pp t


17/66

16

u up p tr rputt r prt

t u r r tr ptt prtr t pp

t wr wt. T t tt -prtr

ut pu. i pr r t t t ruwt trut v t pprtut t

-trutr, t prt ut.

Pp rtt t -prtr wtut ru

t tr . Tt tru v t t put

t pur, w v t p t xprtr

1 t p 3. T pr t pu -prtr u t t wt t t t w

wt t. but r t t tv pp v t

up t t t up t w. i tr r t w w-

upr t prt w p.

T Pu g g p

tu t rt tt t wtt pp r r t prt. but w r

t prtr. T r pu

p t t t t rt.

T v w w r r

prtv t w tut r xprt

wt t vur .

Babies and childcare

a t w tt vr r , w t p

t rp u, rt

urt ut t v t jut t r. T


18/66

17

ut trv pr: t t r jt

t u tr r r u. i t 90 pr t

t t w t t p t ut.

T p tr w fx rqur twpt tt r ut t ur -up tt w

t t r rt. Frt, t t ut prv

urt t ut tr t

urt wt t r tr t v. s, t

ut v pt r tru, t put tv ut

rr t p. hp wt t prt pr jut r tru tt u t p, r

t m T, t -rtr t mx P

ittut r evutr atrp lpz, w

pt t tu tru .

T wr wt t w r u t

tr p r r: t r t t w tt wt ur v prv u wt, r

utur r t t wr. dw w r r .

T rrr v u t ppt: t

r t trut; t prt wt pp

t t w. T t t r t ;

t p t ut--r jt r pp; t rrtv, pt t t t tt r.

T (2009) ru tt t t prut tur

t t pt wt tr tr rtr t

r r pr r rwr. Prv wt rwr

tt pt wtr r t t p. T t

tur pu, t t t t, t t t.


19/66

18

i xprt, r xp, 18- 24-t-

t ut r rpp up

rw tt tr ut . a

t pp t t t t tt tur tt vt wt r tr . i rt

xprt, t ut r t r t tr ut

t p t t t t t p wt. mt t

rtur t t t t p vt pprt

wt t ur tr t t

u. T u:

it tur urr ptt r ptt

rp t t vt pt t tr t

t p. it t r t xtr rwr tt

tvt u r p.

Ibid

a p r t p vur prv

rt. cpz tr p t r

pt ut rt r tr; 12-t- r .

Rrr t up tut w 12-t- t

wt w ut tp ppr ttr. T ut tt t r tr ut tr, v t tpr t

t t w. W t rt ut rtur t

r v r t tpr. at t r pt

t t tpr t : t urt wt t ut w

tr t v, r t wr twrt, r

tt t u p, pt ut wr t ut .


20/66

19

otr xprt t t mx P ittut v

pr w u t tr pz

utrprt r . cpz wr v

pt pu tr tw r t t t tr. T rt r vr tr t tr w .

T wu vr t tr w

t tr ur , t xtr t. T pz

pu rt. etr t t urt tt

t tr tr wt t tr ur r t t r.

cr r 25 t t , w rtwt t , vrw t t qut

pt. T pu t r.

T pt r prt xt p

xprt t rp tt. hu t v

rtr pt r r r prt.

cpz t prr pr ttrqur t t prt; t t t, t

prpt t t t pz wr

prt. cr, t tr , w t t

rp ru w t rt rr

trut . ev t r t

wt, t t t qur t up tv.T pt t wr t ut t ut t

trut t p prt , r t

T. a w tt v t trt wt

t pp t t r t t

tr . cpz t t pp

prt u r ut.


21/66

20

T t tt r r -

prtv t t. nr tt ur

tr ur prtv vur. cutur ur

r t prtv w t utuu t t rpp . gut, , rputt,

ru, r, ttut rwr p r

tr prt. T pt :

T vpt trut t

u r r p t.but t rrv t t pr wt prpt

r pu prt.

Ibid

sx rr t t rt dw tr

. T pt x t p ur . Tt w t: t x tr pprtut

t pr tr . F v t u r

utu u t ur pr. T

ru r tr t, urvvr w t prv

t wt t t p tr . Tt

w, r t t t tr xu t, r pr w w

tr . sx rut t

w ptt t r tt

trt. s r x , ru.

J Rur, prr vutr t

str Uvrt, ru tt r t ptt


22/66

21

prtv t. sw tru

u pu rt . T u

r t jut trt t qut t

r ut w tttv t w prt,tr x t pr v t

ut.

sr br hr (2009), prr trp

t t Uvrt cr, tr t rt ur

pt r utu urt t t vut

prtv r. W r tt vpw t r. mtr utr-trr

tr p, p r r w, t p

wt -rr uppt t rut

utr. T t t urvv wu

v t t upprt, w pr-

t t. mtr w prtvr prtv wu v

t p wt v r r, t r r

uu. ar t hr, prtv r

xp t prt r w: t t

v r tv ut t p ut vr-trt

tr. b w r t vt r rw p rr r wu v r

uu t t w wr t rut

t t ut.

T tr v r t rrr

w v rt rut t t r

urt ur tur.


23/66

22

Hunter-gatherers and food

T tt tur, r w vt w, r

r, vrt ttut, w t

rt ptt w t p t rtt t t tr r t tr . yt w

rrr t z t wr t r

-, r tr-r utr-trr t,

t tt v w u v r ur

tu r r t vt rutur

t, t u tt prt w wpr, vwt trr, p qut ptt

t r, utur r

rtr t w.

bw gt wr wt rrr t p

vr t uttu pu 15

- t, r ur tt, r thz t ar t t lr i

t Turuu tr a. T u tt

-rr vur w t t r;

prt w t t trt. a t w-

ut lr, r xp, 63 pr t prpr

t Uttu g v t p qu, t t w v t rr r w. i r

, t lr v t wt tuu r.

ewr, 79 pr t prpr t a

Pru r 40 r 50 pr t 16 pr t r

t v w r t . F tr t t

vp t r.


24/66

23

F r r, r t brtt

brt. mrt uxur w u r trv. but

brt w pt wr. Fr t u tr

t ur w t t rur w tv t prtv . sr t

prprt t t t

t tvt w urt, w w w r rt

t wrr u ut t r

t .

dt tu t t r rr, t !ku ar, w tt vu

rr t vr rtur wt u t

tv tr pt vr . o

w tr rt t r urpu tr

w r. sr p

ur p. T a, r xp, r tr w, rr t. a

pru t 1,000 r pr r ut

qurtr t t, ut tr r wt tr 3 pr

t t t t tu up wt t u

t t (gt t 2005).

it vrtu p r vu t ut rr . hut r rqur p, pt,

rt, ut pt: t

t twr tr w ptt x

u t t v. T wt v t trut t

tr t tr j; t tr v t trut t utr

t r t p.


25/66

24

Prt r wt r w t ut.

F r . aut wt - t

r . Wt utr-trr , r t r

t t pru r ut 20 r. T t ut tr pp v t u pp t

w t r t rt. i t tr

w ut t t wu v r t v

wr pr r t t ut r t r tv

r r .

Rr Wr (2009), prr trp t hrvr, ru tt ur r r

vv u ur tr wr ut w t

t t r t t prv r

r. hut, t ttr rqur

prt rwr trt tprt. m

r , ur tr t w t t rttr t ru t wtut ut wt

tr. T tt t tprt t t wr

r t t r , t rw tr t

r r uu. T tt ut t. W r

t pr uu prtr: pp w u

t ru r wt tr r t t prv t ut t , r, r r.

T w crtpr b u up ur r,

tu t rtrt 154

, tr-r rr t w t

r t t r ru 1.6 r

t t vt rutur ut 12,000 r :


26/66

25

T prtv , ut-

tp t urt

z, w vr, t ru

2030 vu wt t v r t tr. b pt tr

tt tr w w tr rup

tur r tr ur t,

r rt t tr

t t qut tr u

tr r t w p ptt t.

Boehm 2011

evutr t w v w r rv t

ur t rpt ur r t put v

prt. T xp t w tr -trt.mu prt tur, u u prt,

tt-r-tt x: u rt , i rt ur.

T tr xpt t: w r r t

trut twr pp w r ur . W r

prpr t r r , pr v

u, ut t r pp w r r tt rt.Tt-r-tt p xp prt

vr, rt, ft wr, vpr t tr,

ut t t ut r t t ttv

r u prt. hu prt p

w. W prt wt trr, t jut ur w .

W r tt rp wt pp w r t


27/66

26

t rt t r tr .

W prt wt pp - utr v w

tr prpt t rprt.

a prt pr t t trv t x tt rqur tt pt: u r

t r rtur prt vrt. W w

v up r prt w tr prpt

rt rtur t u p u w v u

r u up r t r . W

v r ptt t t prt prtt tr p.

W rv t t prtv vur rt

prtt tr t tr v, ut u

r p r r px rr t

prt.

cprt t t t r ur tur;t wrtt t w w r. W r rwr t r

ut t w tr. our vutr u

p ur t r px pr-v, r

w t ut t t ttr t r

tr rv px pr-v p

prt. mrt nw, prr tt t hrvr, ru SuperCooperators (2011)

tt prt, wt tur t utt,

t t rtv r , p r u.

Tt u w vut prp u twr

prt, utur u up tt , v

utp t t.


28/66

27

Culture and cooperation

Frt, ut p prt. T r

tt pp ut r r t r

prt . a Rrt Wrt ru (2000)tr u ut u u

tr r tut w pp prt

t rt rr p t r. our pt r rpr

tru, ur pt t r wp vur

wtut p t, t r urt

t tvt wt , r urt t ut. lu p prtt

t rt r rprt. Tt-r-tt prt

u rt i rt ur p

t r . irt

rprt, rr vur , p

u up rputt, w rqur tv .

nw put t tw ut

prt t w:

a ur u tr, trt t

r r pt. W tr wr rpprtut r pt, put, prt

ft wt w pt u

t t upprt tr t ,

r t rt Wt rut

pt v tp wt tr

w -vut, pr twr r r


29/66

28

pxt u w r v

r put pt ut r

rt prt.

Nowack 2011

s, prt trv r.

our r tr u t v prpr wtut

prt t u prt r,

w tur p r pt t r ut

wt pp t tr. T pt t rjut xpr pt xprt

ut mr hur, rtr t ctv

evut l t hrvr Uvrt ( hur 2006). T

t u t.

i u tr pr r t r

vr rw tr u rw rr twr u, ut tr. T pr w w

t rr t t ur t t t tr. yu u

f wt rrt t rr w wr t

wu w t t ut tt w

pp t t . or u u trw t pr

t xt t u t r tt wu tp trr. i uttr tr, t t t t tw t

t : pr t v pp. W

t pr w p t tu pp ru t

wr, hur u tr rt: t

wu trw t pr t r. W ppr t

rwr t tu tw t tt v


30/66

29

pp ur pr urt t

tt v pp u rt

qu ur t.

hur tr vutr pt vut r xprt t r

t u: u vutr vt

t r r pt t -r r

, t t pt w ur ur t

t prt. hur ru t v tt

r pt rwr t u w t utwt ttr t tr pp trt tr

pt vw.

hur t ru tt ur tr ur

r. a pt r rt prt

p ut rt w rt utur. Jt

ht, prr p t t Uvrt Vr, ru tt rt t tt (2005).

our tu v t rptr r wt, vur,

t, ttr ur. W w tt t ttr w

t t pu ; t wt, w r rw

t t r. yt vr utur t w u, t w

w t p t tt rptr. T ttrptr uvr ut tt t v ru

p r utur vrt. Jut wt rt: w v

uvr rptr r r, r t,

t tr, tt rt w

u r r, ut utur t w

r rp r t tt.


31/66

30

d kr (2011) ru tt ur r

r t x w w u t prt

t rt px trt

t t tr prptv t ttu; t r rtt rt ur

t t ur tr t t xp tr; t

w t rv ft r w tt rtr rup

; t ur t r-rr, rr

t w p t trt r

rup w t u tr pwr t qur t r. mrt wrtt t u t, utur,

r rt, ut t t r vut

ptt.

Tr, ur pt r t prtv urp

ut t v, rttu, r, ut,

, rtu w t t u t t w tt ppr rrt r rrw, ut,

-trt pt vw. W rjt w r t

Uttu g u w r rt. gut p

t rtr r t r ru;

trt tt, trptv rt tt

w v rt tr w pt ur w;rtu t -tt tt w t

r t rt t. W t t t tt r

r u, t t rt, x. m

tu w tt w t pur r ru,

pu. W prtv w

urv w w r.


32/66

31

Conclusions

T ut t vutr r ur pt t

prt w t pru vr. o rt tt

xprt, u t Uttu g, r t trvt t u u ut r . Tr r t t t

xprt, ut tt t t r wrt,

p w t v r rut tr

rpt tu t rt t.

a gt bw pt ut, t r t r

rv r t w pp rr ut p r, u w t u

r r.

s ru tt ur prtv tur r

vutr vr r pr w ur tr

v -t rup t t

prt. T rut tt r, u,trt t t prpt t prt

p: w r tu wt tt tt vp

pt rt r. yt b tr v

w, ur r tr v ur tu

r wr r r pt t t

utr wt trr wr p.T tt ur pt r prt rwr

t u tru vut w r pp wr t

tr, rp w r t t

ptt vt vutr xpt

prt. T ru tt ur predispose u t

prt: w v tr prr t r


33/66

32

ut t w tr pp t jut ur

. but t t tr tt w w

prt, r w. Wt w wt ur t rt

p ur utur ur . Ptr Rr,Rrt b Jp hr, vutr

pt r t Us, r pr xpt -

vut:

it prp ur pp wt

prpt, t pt pt tt r pt prt tru

vr utur ttut our t

p ur t u

r t vut px t, w

utu tr t p t

t.Boyd and Richerson 2005

cprt t w . cr

prt, r rt pt prt

pr-tr qu. i t 1940 50, pp t

t t w t prtv u u tr. Pp prt t w t r

tt tt t w prt v w t r t

r prt wt t tt vv t t t

trut t u.

b Wrt tr Non Zero (2000) r px,

prutv, vtv r r tru t


34/66

33

rtv pwr prt: pp tt -zr-

u ut, w tr p- r r,

trup zr-u ut, w tr ptt

vr x p rur. Wrt vrt ast : rtv prt uu xp

t rur w v v, wr ptt

uu jut v up wt w v. cprt

generative: t rt r ut t rur.

nw ut prt ,

rv r vut wt r r prt ut w t u:

mutt tur t r t u

t urt . yu prt t.

cprt w t prp rtt 4

r vut. cprt ut t rttr , t r , t px

utur t uprr.

F prt trut ut

cprt rw v ttr upwr

t r v rt. it rt

t pt r rtr vrt wpt, w w v

ur. cprt vut trutv

p W t v r t

rt vrt wr prt

fur w r t rp t rtv t.

Nowack 2011


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34

T qut nw v u wt t: wt

t ur vrt, utur ttut wu tr

t rtv prt w t t pr

tprr pr? hw w tur t t tw prt t pu p prt

ut?


36/66

35

3. DESIGNING fORCOOPERATION

W v wr vu , rt

ur, w ttr pp wt

t puru tr w vr t , wtut

u t t trt ut. yt w

r t r prtv t w v urv rt r.

Tt t w r utr-trut t t t.W r t prtr: w t t r

rt w t t vur prtv ut u t

rt r t r vv t u

ttr. T t t t t rt,

r tt v pt t p wr

ttr. i p tr, t r t rwr ttt t tr t t r

prtv ut r t.

Framing

i t Prr d, tw pp r r. i tr prt t t 2

t prt t t 5 . cr t p t

prt. but prt t tr t,

t t tr t 10 t prtr t

t t . s t pmore t vu t t,

u t ur prtr w prt. o twt


37/66

36

t pr utrt w t w w

tvt r tr wtr t ppr

prtv. a Us pt l R p

t Prr d wt tw rup; w t ru, ut rup w t t wr p

W strt t tr wr t t w

t cut g. T pr t cut

g prt 70 pr t t t; t W

strt jut 33 pr t t t.

T vu tt r tvt ttr v rt t u. cprt trv r

r, u pp quu r t tr

tur. cprt u rr tr r

u prt ut w t

ur. T v t Uttu g tt pp

rjt w r u t v tu r. b trt r t t.

cprt tt t r ut w p

t xpt xut tr tr w.

T sw t ert Fr rtr

v xpr w r ut uttu :

tr tt r ut pt wtw w wt.

Tt t w r brt: pp

ur t r ur brt t rr

t w t ut prt. T pt

t r pt ut br The Penguin and the

Leviathan:


38/66

37

Wtr u r u ,

wt, r ttut, vu r t

trtut. Fr t t u tt

t tr t prt ut w t prv r vt r prutvt v

. Fr tr t tv u

prt. W r ut r, w

w v tt t t w t trt u r,

w r w t prt r tv.

Benkler 2011

etv t r t t up r

r. cprt t trt r t

ut. o r w p r r t t

tp t tv u, v tr t

brt twrt The Bill, tt t p rt t ur t v t jut r. T Pu g g

w tt pp r prpr t p t t p

put r-rr prtr. nt vr w

tp rwr t vr put, t prprt

w t w rt tr t t

w t rr tv. i r-rr rt t r-r qu tt

pt. o tt pp, r t w

r tv.

i prt rqur t rr t,

tt p t ppt: tr tv

prt prt? T v uuu:


39/66

38

tr tv uu ru prt. o

t- 128 rtr tu u tt t

rwr t t v tv pt prtv

vur. Pp r t tt p xtr tprt prt p tt tr

prt r t t . Pp w

rr tt rt r t tp prt

t t tr rputt. U tv wr r

t pr ut t v p tv pt

t tr.Fr ttr: tvt r prtv,

t pp w ppr t tt t. Fr vt:

prt trv w pp tt t t

ut t ru t r r. o t tr

, t tv r prt,

ut tr tv rr prt t.

Learning

cprt wr t w tr t r r

pp t r r tr t r tr.

a n crt J Fwr (2009) pt ut Connected,tr tu t trt

t, t r r 57 pr t u

v r w . Jut w r

w t t ut r tr, w

r w t prt p wt r. cpx,

vur, r t t t prut


40/66

39

pp u, r r w pp prt, t

ut (er 2009).

yt t ur t r t

tt pp r v w t trut: t ru t ur u t urv tt w w r

r tr t t tt w u .

T , wvr, t t t r

t ru r prt prtv t. R

r ru rv ut t -t- v--t

pp jut t tr r w t t .o pt er otr tu w rr

r t rur tt

r t t t rv ut t r

rprt, w pr-v w

t t pu t v--t prtv vur

(otr 1990). cprt wr t w t ttrtv r pp t put t rt t rut

tr p prt v (gt t 2005).

ntr vrt rut r t r w

r t pwr tr tv wr wtut

rrvr r tt ut prt. Putv

t r u t rwr r vur rt tv w t r ut t t rtr

trt, rtr t p r t ut. Pp

r prtv vur r tr. b

r u r r t w tr r

r prur r t t ut t

t qut . cprtv ut wr t


41/66

40

wr tr t r p-, ut t p

t p v tru t trt xt wt

vr t t t . i t rut,

w pp wrvr t vt ,pp v t trut prt wt tr.

Communication

Prp t t prtt tr v

prtv ppr wtr pp r tut wt tr. o tu t -1990

Us rrr dv s u tt r t 100

xprt, ut wt tu

ujt vr vr , v prt r

45 pr t w pr wr w t ut -

t-. T prt u ut p t prt r pr: t pp t prt r r

t put tv t tr pr . T r

ur v r t pr, trt putr-

rt t t w r t ut prt.

W t putr tr r pp t r

r r pt. yt t pwr tw t r w pp r u t t tur

ut t prt r tt

t t t ttr. br u:

nt r ut t prt t

ut. T t p; tru t w


42/66

41

t ur prr, , r

tut; t u utu pt; tt wt

r r pprprt wt ur t r;

t u trut urt tr cprtv t r t v t

: T p ut.

Benkler 2011

T ru tt p u pr

vp w t p prt, trt ut wtt ru tur w u t p tr wt uu

rt. J sr Making the Social World

R Tu The Philosophy o Socialityxpr wt

t r t w w rt r rt. T

ru u r uqu p r pt vw

t rt rt, prt t,pt trt rr. sr ru tt t

wr rt ur r tt, wt

p t p t, w w r t r

w rt t , r xp, r up

t w r t t u t

r prt r drt. W ttut rt t w w t rt t tr.

Tt p u w v pt r r

t tt, t r ut t t

w wr ttr. it t jut tt u p

u t prt t wr, t u t rt r

wr ttut rtt.


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42

Reputation

cprt trv w pp r t u up

rputt r prtr, rputt tt

r t vu ttu. i t t pp t r u rputt, u r

rt r t t tt p r

prt, t t u urpr tt t wtr

w. i prtr t r wt t

ur rr rputt, t w t ut tr.

Rputt-u r w prtv vur rv. i pp t r t tr

tt t r jt up r r tt

t r r tr t w ut. i prtv vur

rv t t r r pt t t r r

ut t ut. c p rur r u

r t w tr tv, p, pr-t-pr tr w t r u r. Pp r

r t t t rv r rur t

tr pu tt t . cprt trv

w pp tr t w vu

rputt ut up prt.

Membership

cprt wt rup t r

t rup rut ttr t

tr u tw prt

v. bw gt prt


44/66

43

depends r trrup rvr. it p

r r tr wt rup ut

ur rw ru rup t rt

r tt. Tt r wr t v t w rr, trt

ur t t vtv: F, ir, Tw,

spr. ivt t vv t trt

wr , -t rup w ut

t w .

T t tw p pt prt r w t t uuu

. gt ut, ru tv ,

rrupt r p- jurt u

, tr w, t prtv. ev w r

rwr t prt, w t t t wtr

w r prtv r t rt r wt t rtpp. W t t t r prt

w t trw urv t t. W r w t

prt wt, w?

T qut t t rt t urrt t vr

brt. i t pt, t tt r

utur prv wr: w prtwt pp u, w t r brt. but t t

brt r rt vr

t pu w. o t r

prt r ut t Uk tt

pu trtv t r t rp r rt

t rtur tt.


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44

Conclusion

Pp r r t prt w:

t tvt r w tt urprt

tr r rwr r, u tv

t t r-rr

pp r t r r rprt pr-

t-pr r t r t, rtr t tr

tv trt ru, t w t tur prt

tr r t pprtut r ut,

u -t-, t prt pr

t pt r purp

t r prtr t tr u

t r t ut t p pp u up vu rputt pp w

trut t tr r r t wr

pp tt tr r prt t rup.

W r t prtr: w prt w t

t r rt. our prt vr-r pr,r, ru- t tr tv tt

pp t -trt r r xtu ur

utur prt. T t v -

u: t ur t vr -trt vur

t r t .


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45

Wt w t r t, t, pu

p ttut w r t rw ut ur

prtv rtr. T pu p t

t u t rtr t t, t t tt w trt t prp r

prt t p ttv t t r .


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46

4. COOPERATION POLICyIN ACTION

mr t 5,000 trpr brt prt r t

prtv prp. T prtv tr rw

u tr t t Uk w. yt rw t

tr prtv rt jut ppt

prt p. T pt t t tur vr rt

t prtv ut t w w rt u t r r prtv.

T t prtt ppt prt p

w rr tprr pu p .

Fr w v u t r pr

tru t t rt. Wt w

tur tt t t tru t prt? T t rf t tr p u:

t rt e vr t ur 2011, t

t vr rt, t rr t t.

The riotersT t w t urt t rt t wt wt wr

w t t put t rt tru t prt.

T rt t tt wpt tru brt t

t ur 2011 w ut pu p

prtv utur. T rt ut tt t

h wr t , r pprtut,


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47

tr, ur jut t t ur ur,

pt t t pr pr t p,

r t rupt t t t r tru t vr

rptt.T tt tt r u t t

r prt p wr pu prtv vur

quz t t r, wr ur r

ut wrr t t t t t. Tr tt

p tv r u pp r t tt

t u up rputt r prt tru wr r vur. Tr tt t -

tur . hwvr, r rt u pp,

trt r t rr r

prtv vur: utur. T v u

pp r r r v tr t v

tt t tt t r t t rw pt v u, pt w tr

xp, jurt w t t

t tr p.

T rtr rv tr r t r v

t, tr , w w t

p t w rup pt t u g srt t r t tut t wr prt

t p. a w t p trr, wtut xpt

t rtur, t r ttv u

prt; t rt wr t u pp

up wt trr r Jd sprt ut u t

tt t t u r r. T rt


49/66

48

wr t prut prtrt p t t

t ut prt, p t

t tt. hw u prt prt

rut?cprt p r-rr pu. s

u t v t t put w t

r. but t ru, prt w t rut

tru t, w ru r v- p. i

t, tt wu u urtr w r -tr ut.

Fr t t ru w rv ut wt : rw prtv r -vr. nr

t lur prt pr rutv rtqu t u

vr r: t tt u pp tr u,

, t ut t w w wtrw

jut r t tt rvv ru . mtr

tv u t r tt t prt prt.a ttr p t trt wu wt t vr

t r: t rrt r v prt.

Wtr t Tur ppr w ttr

t tr p st nwt; t pp w

ut ttr t up wr trt; t

rup w r t rp rr p Ttt; t t t-w--v--up--t

vt t vr t v prt u

t t t r t -tr pu p rp.

o xp wt tt t t prtv

ut- p c ut

Us pt tt ar Fu (2004). c


50/66

49

ut p ttv trt wt t p rt

tt, w t t v rur, t w t pp

t ut w t w tvt t

u t tv. T t w t wr ttr.Frt, t c p prtt t r

rp rp ut put t t wr ut

pt, t trt, v t t t t t

t rt. T, t ut pt

t t t wt ut ur t r

. Tru t -t- t t ut up trut u tr :

t ruptv r tr ut. T, t

trvr, t r cu erv vt

r t ut, tru t ur, t j

wt p r prr v t t

ru trt rr. T v wr uttu: t u p rt tt

t r w urp tr jt rt t

ut p. cut p wr w t

rt trut t prt ut tt

tur u pt rt.

ittut t tr t rw utr t rw prtv trut. extr trvt,

r p r wr t, w t r

xpr tr fu, rw ut tr

tvt. s-trt -t ur

vu rp prtv. T t

t u tr tvt twr prt.


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50

The immigrants

ctrvr vr rt r ut

u w w r prpr t prt wt.

at-rt u tt t pr rt t u-f w prtr.

irt v tr w u-utur. F-t-

trt wt pp ut tr ut r rr.

it u rt t p e fut

t ut r r prt ut t

t. T t pr pt rt r-rr, t vt ur w: t t

u u-r urutt w

up t nhs. h v rt r t rt

p vr pt ur t, w

tr ur pt r prt. i rt

u, t rut , t prtv, tutur w pt p. T r bw

gt rt rprt tt prt wt

rup w t rup ttr t

. Fr , rt prv jut tt

, t tt t rtr r tt.

a pt prt w u t t rrtv, t xtt, tt rt r prt. s, t w,

t rtr ur pt r t , rt

t trt t r-rr t

rv ut. yt t u pt br

d, w ut t fu bnP wt

wr r t r rt,


52/66

51

w wt t rr

ru prtv pt t t rtr vrt.

cprtv p t x rur. it t vt

tt prt w vrw utur vrt.it p w rtv w rp.

a prtv rp wu u t r

r vu wt trut rt : t

r t t t t Uk, t r t

v t u t brt utur. it wu rt w r

rt t u up tr rputt prtr trutr, t tp t vr t rrr

u ut, rt tv t

rt utur. i , t

t trtr tt r tr put r r-

rr w.

W t tur ur rt, r w turt t r r brt w

tt r fu. at vrt brt

utur r tr wr . W v t

w, r rtv pttr prt tt v u,

tut rt, w t j ttr ut.

The bankers

i t Uttu g, w w t t t trt,

prpr v u , uu ut 100,

t t r t tr, t rpr. i t

rpr rjt t r, t w 100 t: t


53/66

52

t t xprtr. i t vr t ,

t t, rpr rjt r w 25 pr

t (r 25 t ), u t r r

t trt ur. T r 50 pr t, t pp r r t tt. W w

t t ru r, r, prpr

t jut t r t t . it t onlytt t

rpr r t pt r r. Prpr

t r ru. T rut v

vr t w dttr, w trpr t v t pt rjt t r:

v t, w t prpr t rpr t tr

r, t t t r r (kr 2011). mt

pp r t ut ut t trt.

hwvr trt vrt t Uttu

g t ut w tt xp urprt wt t r rp r t

r. i t prpr putr t pp r

r r t pt w r. Pp t t tr

u pt tt r wt putr prr tt

r. T r pr, ru-

vr putr ur x , t t r t ut prt. i tr twt, t tw

pr v tt t w u

t prpr, t t rpr r r t pt

w r. Pp pt tt u prpr rv t

p r t . it t ut t w t p

ut ur t: rup pp, r r xp,


54/66

53

pru t rt u t r upr-rt, tt tr

rt r vr t wr, w r r

t pt tt t u t u u w ur w

r r w .F, prpr r t vr pt

rpr, prt r , t prpr t

w wt w r u t r r t

rpr w w urut tr pr.

W t Uttu g t up r

utr, wt r pwr, rpr rjtr t rr ur prpr r wt t

ru prtv. but t ru trt

putr t r pp w t v p

w tt t t w w, r

t rpr tv pt wt tr

t t wtvr t , t t t tttwr r t pt.

o rt pp r tv, rt utr

w utru , w r t Uttu

g. o rt pp r r-rr t Pu

g g, w p t prt r tr w pr

v rt. i t t rup, w t r rt rprt, up ru

u t, u up wt t w r

r p v u r t uupprt r

puru r vt,

t t tv, r ut txpr,

w t v t r t t tru r pu


55/66

54

utrt. Put t tr w: r t t 15 r, brt

t tt x t Uttu g

Pu g g, w t rt 2008

wt t r w wt t p, v u wr t w p t r r t .

T r t pu t tr jut r.

T rt r w wt putr tt

tr rt. Tt p put t ut t rt

t r rt r r r. mrvr,

pp r r t pt ur r t prpr t v p . T ct vt v

rputt r p t t t rtt,

pp p u pxt prur.

T rv utr tt -

trt; r t xpt ur .

it tr wt t t w wt.i 2007, 40 pr t rprt prt t Uk

r t tr. mt t tur ut t ppr-

t. T rt 1,000 t wr rprt pr-tx

prt $800 t r 2007/08, r 150 pr

t r 2000/01. yt t t prt wr u,

t prut r rrw r w rt, t r , t pp w u t

r t rp t, t u prprt tt w tur ut t

vrtu wrt. i t qurtr 2008, t r pr

t jr ru 50 pr t,

rt vu $640 . T t u

w t t r t vur.


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55

Tr r tr tt trt.

yt tr r r v rp: t oup

vt t p u t rr ur tr

rrt r , prt rprt.T vt t t t ptt w t up r

t r v prt tt t r

v fut.

s-trt r w ut t r.

o prt, t r pu ru tz,

v t t. o prt w v tgr it . o prt tw

a, eurp t Us w v t vp wr

r r r.

cprt trv w prtr

tr. yt t r t v u pt

ut t trut t prtrp wt utr- t,tvt tr . Tt w w r

prt rt prt t t. i t

prt t , t putv tr

vtt r, wr pt , t t utr-

u tr t t tr. Tt wu

v t rt u r r vr r prtv t wr urv.

cprt trv w pp r

rputt pu, ut t t rpt

v t r t tt rputt r

. T r pu p t

r trt t v r gv r h k,


57/66

56

t r tx t u r tr u r pp.

T tvt r-tr, trprur u

xutv r vt t t utr vr.

yt u prtv u vt, t r ttvt trut. a rtv rup upr-trut

vutr, vr, rr t t t r prt

r wr t. i w wr t t upr-trut

u t wr t wtrw t tr , t ur

t pt t rt prt wu t

w. i w r prpr t u tx p t rwrpttv r-tr, wt p u

pt t prt t qu prtt upr-trut

w r vt t prt? it pu

p t pt b d, w ut t t

prt t upr-trut ur t?


58/66


59/66

58

p r ur, u, vr,

vut t tt p twr, t

tr t pr t pr trt

w pp vr . Pp w tvur prt v w tr r t

vt , rt r-rr v tt trt

w tr rt p t qut tr w v. W

v t wr pp prz t vu r

xpr t t t rt t.

yt t t r prtv rrt, tt t tr rvt. W v t pt

xpt ru, r t tr tv,

w t t rv ut prt. it, w t

u r ut vr r

trut, rtr t t ru, ppr

t pu p w p up t pprtut rprt rtr t t w r t utt.

cprt r r qut rt

u t t prt t t, t

uu r, prt . b

vr , w w urt r

ut w t ut prt tru r,ut, r rputt-u. T w

r wr vur prt,

p rr rtp. sr

prt r r tr t ur utur

wt t r grup ar bb. crt

prt t t rt ur t vtv tvt


60/66

59

, utur u. crtvt vr

r ut tt r rut ttr

u. ivt t vr jut

t, r t t ru u, r r pt. T rr t wr tt u

rt t t wtr rtp

rprt. a t brz trt Rrt

Ur put t, rt t wr qu t

pt. mw, t rvv pt pr rt

wt t c pt ppr mr kw prtv tzp: tz r t

rtv, u wt tr wt vrt.

Pt trt rt t r w rw

trt vr vt t rt rt

vr, r Pp b, t R Tr, t mr

str Everyday Democracy.nw r prt w t vr v

ur v, r t tt,

t , rur pt, ut ,

t t r t trr trt

wr tt, t ut t t r

tv t t r t tr t v t. Prp t prtt, wvr, tr

rw rt tt prt rtp r

t t fur . mt wt ttr

t t u v, r, rp, rpt, trut

tru rtp, tvt t r u ut rtr

tt w wt tr.


61/66

60

gt bw u t w:

Fr r r, ut

vr ppr t u r rtrt prt t utur. T r

tt t tp pr tt ut v,

w rt vrt rt ut,

r w vu trt w tt t

rut pt trt r xtr

t u t t pxt t trt rt prvt tur rt vv. T

trt r r r

rt tv t prut rp

tr t

ut t ur rv uurp t prt

r, t utput put, p ur qutt wtt t. i

r qut rtr t

qutt, t uprr vr pt

ut r t t r

r uttr tr r r

it tt xtr uqu tw pttv vt t utur

u tr trutur prv tr

rwr t t pt ut vr

t tt t quttv trt tt urp

t r .


62/66

61

T h ru tt w t tt

u t tt tur w , rut wr

t . h w wr: ur tt tur prt

w t t x, rr, urvv.mt Fr ru tt -trt ut

t , t pur t t t. h w wr:

t pp, t t t, r tvt prt

r, w -trt. a tt

t prt r w t vt rw.

Rr dw tt w u t tru rt u w r r . h w wr:

t u r r pu ru, prt

wrtt t w w r.

our utur rt ur pt r prt,

t rt r tv -.

Fr, rtv -rr t w ttrt prt tt t r v, uqu rv

v. T utur rtrv rvv

tt ur. W r rprtr.


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62

References

axr R (1987) The Biology o Moral Systems, a

Trt Pur

br y (2011) The Penguin and The Leviathan: How Cooperation

Triumphs Over Sel-Interest, nw yr: crw bu

b c (2011) Moral Origins, b b

bw s gt h (2011)A Cooperative Species: Human

Reciprocity and Its Evolution, Prt Uvrt Pr

b R Rr P (2005) The origin and evolution o cultures,

oxr Uvrt Pr

crt n Fwr J (2009) Connected: The Surprising Power

o Our Social Networks and How They Shape Our Lives, ltt,

brw & c

dw R (1976) The Selfsh Gene, oxr Uvrt PrFu a (2004) Empowered Participation: Reinventing Urban

Democracy, Prt Uvrt Pr

gt h, bw s, b R Fr e (2005) Moral Sentiments and

Material Interests: The Foundations o Cooperation in Economic

Lie, T miT Pr

er m (2009) Herd: How to Change Mass Behaviours By

Harnessing Our True Nature, W

ht J (2005) The Happiness Hypothesis, b b

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POSITIVE IDEAS

it’s cooperation, stupid

Documents