it’s not easy being (photosynthetic) green…. the origin and diversification of flowering plants ...
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It’s not easy being (photosynthetic) green…
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“…an abominable mystery…”
The origin and diversification of Flowering Plants
www.mrdowling.com
www.baruch.cuny.edu
http://patricianeelydorsey.webs.com
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Rafflesia arnoldi
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Amorphophallus titanium
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Wolffia
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Hydnora africana
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Amborella
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Austrobaileya
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Nymphales
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Illicium
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Monocots
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magnoliids
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eudicots
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www.gtlsys.com/TradeShow/Booth/117/flower.JPG
Late Jurassic-early Cretaceous
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Florissantia quilchenensis – Malvaceaewww.washington.edu/burkemuseum/images
Lower Cretaceous (145-99 Mya)
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Fossil data:lower Cretaceous – 130-140 Myapollen, Nymphaeales, Austrobaileyales
Molecular data:lower Jurassic – 175-200 MyaTriassic – 200-250 MyaPaleozoic – 300-350 Mya
Discordance
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Congruence btwn FR and molecular phylograms regarding sequence and mode of early AG diversification
BUT
Disagreement btwn fossil and molecular estimates on crown AG age
Conundrum
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Problematic Combinations of substitution rates and time Suspected to have biased MC estimates of
AG origins Exacerbated by lack of information
regarding substitution rates and/or absolute times to guide molecular dating
Long Branches
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Living Gymnos distant relatives Close AG relatives are extinct Phylogenetic relationships among living AG
unclear
Temporal constraints on LB
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Used fossil AG relatives to break the long branch
Nt sequences of fossil relatives were simulated using a “phylogeny and model parameters from living taxa” incorporated into molecular dating
Will breaking the long branch yield a more reliable dating of AG origin (congruent w/ FR?)
This study
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Question addressed by:◦ Breaking LB by including AG stem lineage
relatives◦ Using different relaxed clocks to estimate ages
across the tree◦ Focus on AG crown node
Does long AG BL misguide MCs?
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70 species, 69 genera 4 plastid genes Increasing taxonomic sample to break LB Bayesian analysis Branch lengths postulated by multiple
means (pg. 386) Sequences of AG stem relatives simulated
(pg. 386), introduced into 4 different RC analyses
Approach
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Only 1 of 4 dating methods resulted in younger age of AG crown
Hypothesis not supported:◦ Long AG stem branch causally responsible for
prior molecular estimates of crown AG age, or discrepancy btwn fossil record and molecular data.
◦ AG crown node sensitive to different relaxed clocks: 60 Myr difference btwn oldest and youngest (early Permian – upper Triassic)
Conclusions
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Large amount of extinct historical diversity Rapid radiations Possible substantial rate heterogeneity
among lineages thru time
Difficulty in aging crown AG
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“How exactly paleobiology can inform about molecular rates is an open question.”