it’s the immune system
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IT’S THE IMMUNE SYSTEM. [email protected]. BEFORE WE BEGIN:. Share this with others. It’s the most amusing thing I have seen in some time: http://www.dvo.com/newsletter/monthly/2004/august/pinkey.wmv Pinkey, pet of the week. Gotta love it. First a request from last time. Overview. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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BEFORE WE BEGIN:
• Share this with others. It’s the most amusing thing I have seen in some time:
http://www.dvo.com/newsletter/monthly/2004/august/pinkey.wmv
Pinkey, pet of the week. Gotta love it.
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First a request from last time
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Overview
• Where do all cells that constitute the immune system come from?
• What percentage of WBCs are monocytes?
• What do they become in tissue?
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Overview
• Where do all cells that constitute the immune system come from?– From a self-renewing stem cell in
the bone marrow• What percentage of WBCs are
monocytes?– 2-8%
• What do they become in tissue?
– macrophages
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Lymphocytes
• What percentage of WBCs are lymphocytes?
• What are the two broad categories of lymphocytes?
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Lymphocytes
• What percentage of WBCs are lymphocytes?– 20-30%
• What are the two broad categories of lymphocytes?– T-cells and B-cells
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B-cells
• What do B-cells give rise to?
• How can you ID them in H&E, EM?
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B-cells• What do B-cells give
rise to?– Plasma cells
• How can you ID them in H&E, EM?– H&E— beer belly
and golgi ghost– EM—lots of RER,
hypertrophied golgi• Remember they
synthesize antibodies
• No storage granules b/c ab secreted
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T-Cells
• What are the three categories of T-cells?
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T-Cells
• What are the three categories of T-cells?– Helper T cells– Cytotoxic/killer T cells– Suppressor T cells
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The Immune System
• What is the major responsibility of the immune system?
• What initiates the immune response?
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The Immune System
• What is the major responsibility of the immune system?– The discrimination of self from non-
self• What initiates the immune
response?– Antigen-presenting cells (APCs)
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• What are the two arms of the immune system?
• What happens once an immune response is initiated (generally speaking)?
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• What are the two arms of the immune system?– T-cell (cell mediated), B-cell (humoral)
• What happens once an immune response is initiated (generally speaking)?– Both arms generate effector cells and
memory cells– Effector cells are involved in elimination of
“non-self”– Memory cells go to lymph tissue and
hibernate
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T-Cell mediated immunity
• What is it synonymous with and an give an example of each
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T-Cell mediated immunity– Delayed-type Hypersensitivity
• think TB test at Holmes – you have to go back to get it read in 2 days to see if there is a rxn…. Or never go back like me
– Allograft rejection• Transplant rejection
– Contact Sensitivity• Poison ivy
– Graft-vs-Host Disease• Bone marrow transplant – the donor
attacks the host cells
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B-cell function
• What are the five classes of immunoglobulins and their functions?– IgA—secretory antibody (mucosal
immunity)• Secreted by transcytosis, has secretory
component– IgD—function unknown– IgE—allergic Ab… think mast cells– IgG—serum antibody – in BLOOD– IgM—first and largest antibody –
PENTAMERIC (in groups of 5)
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Major Histocompatibility Protiens
• What cells express Class I MHC?
• What do cells of the immune system have?
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Major Histocompatibility Protiens• What cells express Class I MHC?
– All nucleated cells– Class 1 MHC presents antigens that are
present INSIDE the cell. Makes sense that all cells express MHC 1 because any cell can be invaded by bacteria
What do cells of the immune system have?– Either class II MHC proteins or
receptors for Class II MHC proteins– Makes sense because class 2 presents
EXTRACELLULAR antigens and only phagocytes can engulf the extracellular bacteria
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Definitions
• Syngenic
• Allogenic
• Xenogenic
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Definitions• Syngenic
– Genetically identical
Allogenic– Genetically dissimilar individuals
within the same species (i.e. siblings)
• Xenogenic– Genetically dissimilar and from
a different species (man and mouse)
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Generation of Cytotoxic T-cells
• What are the stages of generation of cytotoxic T-cells?
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Generation of Cytotoxic T-cells• What are the stages of
generation of cytotoxic T-cells?– ACTIVATION: Precursor CT-
cells bind novel hybrid antigen on surface of APC
– MATURATION: Cytokines and lymphokines secreted by Th1 drive maturation to Tc
– KILLING: Activated Tc cells find infected target cells and deliver perforinapoptosis
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NOTE
• Activation of T cells requires MHC class II
• Killing requires MHC class I
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Activation of B cells
• Uncommitted B cells express bound IgM
• Encounters foreign epitope• Internalizes and processes
antigenAPC• Before transformation to plasma
cell it needs lymphokines from Th2 cells.
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Lab stuff
• What constitutes mucosa?
• What is the lamina propria
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Lab stuff• What constitutes
mucosa?– Epithelium and lamina
propria and sometimes a layer of smooth muscle or elastic fibers
• What is the lamina propria– Layer of loose CT
under epithelium of mucosal surfaces, where lymph tissue is found between red arrows
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Diffuse Lymphoid tissue
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Peyer’s Patches
• Have germinal centers– Inner light
zone surrounded by dark rim of lymphocytes
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Palatine Tonsil
• You will differentiate it because it has stratified squamous epithelium on one side or just CT on the other!
• Note CT septa and crypt (gap in middle of tonsil)!
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Macrophages
• “starry sky” appearance – i don’t see this but whatever
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Pharygeal tonsil
• ANY pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium on a tonsil makes it a pharyngeal tonsil
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What is the major product of this cell type?
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ID major product of this cell type?
• First what is the cell?– Note “cartwheel”
appearance of nucleus
– Lots of RER and Golgi
– Nucleus not centrally located
– THIS IS A PLASMA CELL
• What do plasma cells make? Antibodies!
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Identify
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• Hints:– Size of cell– Multi-lobed
nucleus
MEGAKARYOCYTE
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Identify
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• Hints:– It has a germinal center evident and
its dark purple– Look at the epithelium!
– PHARYNGEAL TONSIL because of the pseudostratified columnar epithelium
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Identify
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• Continuous capillary– Notice
endothelial cell and pericyte (shared basal lamina)
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Identify
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• Hints:– Epithelium– Germinal center
– PALATINE TONSIL
• Ideally you would look at the epithelium all the way around to make sure there was no pseudostratified columnar
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Identify what is indicated
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• Its part of a tonsil
• It’s a big gap
• It’s a crypt!
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The Thymus
• Allograft
• Isograft
• What is the basis for allograft rejections?
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The Thymus• Allograft
– Tissue graft between members of the same species but different genetics
• Isograft– Tissue graft between members
within a single species with the same genetic identity
• What is the basis for allograft rejections?– MHC class I antigens
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Nude Mice
• The thymus is responsible for T cell existance.
• Athymicno T cells– No allograft rejection
Feels exposed
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Thymus
• Located just above the aortic arch
• ENCAPSULATED• Multilobulated
– Each lobule has cortical and medullary portion
• Hassall’s corpuscles present – these are the key
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More lovely thymus
• What happens in the thymus
• Where are T-cells “born”?
• How do T cells get into the thymus?
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More lovely thymus• What happens in the thymus
– T-cells taught to discriminate self from non-self
• Where are T-cells “born”?– In the bone marrow
• How do T cells get into the thymus?– They express a T-cell receptor
(TCR) on membranes• It’s a glycoprotein recognized by
endothelial cells within the thymus
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More T CELL Univ.
• What are Epithelial Reticular Cells (ERCs)?
• What do they do?
• What happens when you fail out of T cell University?
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More Thymus… of DEATH!!!!!!!• What are Epithelial Reticular Cells (ERCs)?
– Stromal elements of the thymus—arise from ENDODERM and aren’t involved in fiber formation, have lots of RER and have granules that contain thymosin
• What do they do?– Provide education to the T cells—express a
bunch of self antigens to T cells and teach self-non-self discrimination
• What happens when you fail out of T cell University?– Apoptosis… greater than 90% of T cells die – lets
all take a second and be glad we don’t go there
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Diffuse Lymphoid Tissue
• Either fixed or transient aggregations of immune cells– E.g. peyer’s patches and tonsils are
fixed but parenchymal cells are transient – the bunches of dark lymphocytes
• BALT, GALT, and SALT
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Lymph Nodes
• ENCAPSULATED• Cortical
– Lymphoid follicles• and Medullary
regions
NO HASSALS CORPUSCLES
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Cortex capsule Medulla
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Lymph nodes
• How can lymph enter the nodes?• How does lymph leave the nodes?
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Lymph nodes• How can lymph enter the nodes?
– 1) lymph collected in periphery and brought to nodes via afferent lymphatics
– 2) lymph enters nodes via High Endothelial Venules (HEVs) in cortical region
• How does lymph leave the nodes?– Via efferent lymphatics that originate
at the hilus
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Spleen
• Filters blood• Has red pulp and
white pulp• Is NOT dark
purple• Has a thick
capsule– Gives rise to
trabeculae
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Spleen
• What is the order of blood flow through the spleen?
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Spleen• What is the order of blood flow
through the spleen?– Enters through the splenic artery
which branches to follow the trabeculaetrabecular arteries these branch to enter spleencentral arterioles branching from these penicillar arterioles a few capillariescollects in venous sinusestrabecular veinssplenic vein
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Spleen
• What is the red pulp?• What is the white pulp
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Spleen
• What is the red pulp?– Filtration part of the spleen– Contains splenic cords of billroth
• What is the white pulp– The lymphoid function of the spleen
• T-cells form Periarteriolar lymphoid sheath (PALS)
• B cells form lymphoid follicles
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Identify the region indicated
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– That’s where the efferent lymphatics are
• The hilus
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Identify the regions outlined
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• First, what organ are you in… – Do you have any germinal centers? NO. so
you are in either the medulla of a lymph node, or a section of spleen or thymus that doesn’t have any B cells
– Color? Red would suggest spleen• Dark purple or hassal’s corpuscles would
suggest thymus• Since you don’t have either of those you are in
the lymph node
• The red are the medullary sinuses• The blue are the medullary cords
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What is enclosed in the blue line?
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• What has a capsule?– Thymus, lymph
node, spleen• Does it look like
spleen?• Does it look like
thymus?• NO, so it’s a
lymph node
• Subcapsular sinus of a lymph node
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Identify the organ
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• It has a capsule• It has RED and purple
• It’s the spleen!
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Identify
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• What organ?• What specifically
are we looking at?
• Central artery– The white pulp
usually surrounds the central artery
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Identify
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• Hassel’s corpuscle• Therefore you are looking at the
thymus
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Identify
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• Thymus of..……
YOUR MOM!!!!no, seriously
• As you age the thymus gets replaced with fat
• Also the hassel’s corpuscles become calcified
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Macrophage terminology
• In the liverkupffer cells• In the lungdust cells• You’ll learn more later aren’t you
excited!?
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LETS REVIEW SOME PICS, SHALL WE???
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Identify the tissue
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• Spleen– Notice the
red area surrounding the lymphoid follicle and the central artery within the lymphoid follicle
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Identify the tissue
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• EPITHELIUM– Lymph tissue
• Palatine tonsil– Stratified
squamous epithelium
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Identify
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• Lymph node
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Identify
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• Thymus– Note hassel’s corpuscles
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Identify
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• Germinal center– Light ring surrounded by dark rim of
lymphocytes
– What causes the dark ring around the outside?
• Immature lymphocytes pushed out to the side
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Identify the area indicated
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• The cortex of the lymph node– You know because it has germinal
centers• You know it’s a lymph node because it
has a capsule, a cortex and a medulla and a hilus and no hassel’s corpuscles
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Identify
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I don’t know?!?! Is it poop????
Well no, it actually isnt…..
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• Your mom’s thymus– Lots of adipose tissue
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DIFFUSE LYMPHOID TISSUE
Just a nice little lymphocyte gathering in the lamina propria
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Reticular cell
Note the heavy BRANCHING
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• What cells are where?
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• Orange = b cells turning into plasma cells
• Blue = b cells and t cells – called corona…….. Like the BEER, our good friend
• Have both light center and dark rim so this is a SECONDARY germinal center – if it were ALL DARK it would be primary
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• I would HIGHLY recommend that you go through and fill out the chart in your lab manuals about the various lymph organs and whether they are encapsulated have efferent/afferent lymphatics etc. Last year we had a bunch of questions on both parts that that chart helped A TON!