itu proficiency exam

A A A A A A A A A A A ITU PREP. PROGRAMME PROFICIENCY EXAM September 5, 2006

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SECTION I. USE of ENGLISH / Questions 1-35 (35 x 1 = 35 points)

Choose the alternative that best fits in each blank to make the texts meaningful. Text 1.

Measles* Campaign Cuts Deaths by Almost Half

Measles is an infection of the breathing system. The cause is a virus. It is spread through the air when infected people cough or sneeze. Deaths from measles are often the result of related infections. Even 1_______ who survive can suffer brain damage, blindness or other disabilities.

The most recent 2_______ is that measles led to more than four hundred fifty

thousand deaths in 2004. Most who die are children under the age of five. And the highest numbers are in southern Africa.

Measles is now rare in wealthier countries where parents usually have their children 3

_______ against the disease, but it is still common in many developing countries. The World Health Organization says more than thirty million people are affected each year. Experts say weak vaccination programs are the main reason. They say almost all children who have not been vaccinated will get measles if they come into contact with the virus.

There has been a vaccine against measles for the past forty years. Still, measles remains the leading cause of vaccine-preventable deaths around the world, but there is good news. A new report said that an international campaign 4______ measles deaths by almost half the previous year. The report is from the World Health Organization and the United Nations Children’s Fund, UNICEF. It says countries in southern Africa had the largest reduction: cases and deaths had 5______ by sixty percent.

The Measles Initiative was launched in February of 2001. This international program is 6______ technical and financial support to countries in South Asia. They have the highest numbers of measles deaths outside of southern Africa.

The W.H.O. says children in developing countries 7______ get measles should

receive two doses of vitamin A given twenty-four hours apart. This can 8_______ eye

damage and improve chances of survival. 1. a) of those b) of these c) those d) these

2. a) establishment b) detection c) estimate d) determination

3. a) to vaccinate c) vaccinated

b) vaccinating d) for vaccination

4. a) had reduced c) would reduce

b) was reducing d) had been reduced

5. a) boosted b) enhanced c) risen d) dropped

6. a) extending b) exploiting c) extracting d) expressing

7. a) where b) which c) who d) whose

8. a) help preventing c) prevent by helping

b) help prevent d) prevent helping by

Measles*: an infectious disease


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Text 2.

Smoking

The statistics regarding cigarette smoking are anything but encouraging. The Federal Trade Commission recently announced that in 1980 Americans purchased 628.2 billion packets of cigarettes, a(n) 9_______ greater number than ever before. The average smoker 10_______ 11,633 cigarettes, of which 44.8 percent were low-tar cigarettes containing less than 15 milligrams of tar. In 1968, the average tar content was 22 milligrams. 11_______ every cigarette pack has a printed warning from the Surgeon General, those who still smoke are smoking more heavily. Many people have 12

_______ smoking for fear of lung cancer. The American Cancer Society reports that death rates from lung cancer have escalated, 13_______ those for other major cancers have leveled off or declined. Last year, 111,000 Americans died of lung cancer, while it 14_______ that 117,000 will die due to cancer this year. Lung cancer heads the list in

killing 35 percent of males 15_______ of cancer. Lung cancer accounts for 17 percent of women’s cancer deaths. 440,000 deaths from cancer will occur this year- 9,000 more than in the

16_______ year. Lung cancer accounts for two thirds of this

increase. 17_______ many cancer patients have survived the disease, the prognosis for

lung cancer patients is the most discouraging. Ninety-one percent 18_______ of lung cancer have been fatal. 9. a) disapprovingly b) alarmingly c) ultimately d) eventually 10. a) raised b) swayed c) prospered d) consumed 11. a) Despite the fact that c) Due to

b) Due to the fact that d) Despite 12. a) caused to stop c) opposed to quitting

b) promised to give up d) denied reducing 13. a) as long as b) whereas c) therefore d) in case 14. a) predicted b) is attributed c) is predicted d) attributed

15. a) being killed c) who die

b) having died d) having killed 16. a) latter b) previous c) inferior d) recent 17. a) Unless b) However c) As soon as d) Although

18. a) in diagnosed cases c) cases which were diagnosed

b) of all diagnosed cases d) within diagnosed cases


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Text 3.

Deforestation in the Himalayas

The Himalayas may never be the same again. The forests growing on the roof of the world are disappearing at

19_______ a quarter of the animal and plant species

native to this biodiversity hotspot could be gone by the end of the century. What is worse, the Indian government is 20

_______ the problem that is approaching because official figures inaccurately suggest that forest cover will rise rather than fall. This mistake has led to the approval of new schemes, such as hydroelectric dams, that will worsen this destruction. The Himalayan region has long been recognized as extremely rich in animal and especially plant diversity, and its need for conservation cannot be 21_______. Now a team of researchers led by Maharaj Pandit, a professor at the University of Delhi, India, is compiling statistics about these forests using satellite images. 22_______ so far reveals that by 2000, the region had lost 15 per cent of its forest

cover compared with the early 1970s. The team also predicts that by 2100, it 23_______ almost half of its forests. And less than one-third of the dense forest

24_______ many native animal species depend will survive in the western Himalayas,

while less than three-quarters in the eastern Himalayas will remain. What is more, the researchers regard these predictions as highly optimistic estimates, as they think increases in population and agriculture will also increase the deforestation rate. They say immediate conservation precautions 25_______ to prevent the disappearance of these forests in the future.

19. a) so rapidly rate that c) such a rapidly rate that

b) such a rapid rate that d) so rapid rate that 20. a) unaware of c) susceptible to

b) acquainted with d) keen on 21. a) confessed b) seized c) ignored d) afforded 22. a) Whether they have found c) What they have found

b) Which they have found d) That they have found 23. a) loses c) will have lost

b) is losing d) will have been losing 24. a) on which b) that c) on that d) which 25. a) might have been taken c) used to be taken

b) have to be taken d) should have taken


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Text 4.

Boosting the Brain

Among the most amazing new medical devices are those that stimulate nerves electrically. “Almost every function in the body 26_______ electrical signals from the nervous system, so stimulating the nerves is potentially able to influence many functions,” says Gerald Loed, MD, professor of Biomedical engineering at the University of Southern California. Jackie Brown can confirm the beneficial power of electricity. Brown, age 50, suffers from Parkinson’s disease. A drug called Sinemet 27_______ the symptoms of the disease, which included shaking and losing her balance. 28_______, each night when the medication stopped working, the shaking started. As she lay on her bed, her husband, a 2-meter, 110-kilo former professional football player, 29_______ on top of her legs trying to stop her shaking. She recalls, “I was shaking so badly that I 30_______ him off the bed.”

In March, 2004 doctors drilled a hole on each side of Brown’s skull. Through each hole they inserted a pea-sized device deep into the brain. Then they put its wires under the skin of Brown’s head and neck, a process

31_______ electricians putting

wiring inside a wall. They spent two weeks programming it, and took her off the Sinemet. Brown no longer uses any medicine, but she lifts weights, drives her car and goes to bed like everyone else. “It’s a miracle,” she says. Deep brain stimulation (DBS) “is an opportunity to give people back their 32_______,” says Malcolm Stewart, MD at the Presbyterian Hospital, Dallas. A study

published in the New England Journal of Medicine shows that DBS reduces symptoms for five years after 33_______. The 34_______, however, is that it takes $100,000 and an expert team of doctors to install a DBS system. Still, systems like Brown’s are being used or tested to control symptoms in an amazing

35_______ of

illnesses, including migraines and severe depression. 26. a) controlled by b) controlling c) is controlled by d) is controlling

27. a) allowed her to control c) resulted in her control b) led to her control d) made controlling her

28. a) Nowadays b) Nevertheless c) Thus d) In fact

29. a) had sat b) has sat c) would sit d) used to sitting

30. a) could push c) should have pushed b) can’t have pushed d) must push

31. a) such as b) for example c) similar to d) alike

32. a) self-confident and proud c) self-confidence and proud b) self-confident and pride d) self-confidence and pride

33. a) being installed c) having installed b) installing d) is installed

34. a) drawback b) doubt c) profit d) fortune

35. a) total b) various c) diverse d) range


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SECTION II. READING COMPREHENSION / Questions 36-65 (30 x 1.5 = 45 points) Text 1. Read the text and choose the best alternative that answers each question.

Vampires on the Leading Edge

"Rabid vampire bats attack Brazilian children" may sound like something out of the tabloid Weekly World News, but the headline actually comes from the respected magazine New Scientist.

Vampire bats have indeed been attacking Brazilian children. In fact, they've bitten over 1,300 people since September 2005 and 23 of their victims have died from 5 rabies, a disease which causes people and animals to go mad and die. However, beneath the sensational and bizarre story is more hopeful news about the emerging field of conservation medicine.

Conservation medicine is a relatively new discipline referring to the convergence of ecology and health science. It's a natural connection because the 10 health of individual plants, animals and people is intimately connected to the health of the ecosystems in which they are embedded.

What does this have to do with bats? Well, the reason for the recent increase in vampire bat attacks in Brazil is deforestation. The Amazon forests are being cleared for industry and agriculture — especially grazing animals. With their homes gone, 15 the bats are resting closer to humans and they have a new, plentiful supply of slow moving, warm-blooded victims – cattle (cows and bulls). This has led to larger colonies in smaller areas, which makes the bats more aggressive and no longer fear humans and also makes ideal breeding grounds for rabies.

Rabies isn't the only disease recently transferred to humans from bats. Bats are 20 also a natural reservoir for SARS, the respiratory virus that caused panic in Toronto and spread through Southeast Asia two years ago. Originally, scientists thought civet cats were the reservoir for SARS, but they now believe the civets were infected by bats. Bats often don't eat all of their meals. Fruit bats, for example, chew fruit to extract the sugars and then spit out what is left and that is eaten by animals searching 25 for food on the ground.

Scientists now believe that this is how the Nipah virus was spread through pig farms in Malaysia five years ago, when farms began displacing forests and bats began resting in barns. Authorities there had to kill one million pigs, and over 100 farm workers died from the virus. But before hunting down these winged terrors, consider 30 what ecologist Andrew Dobson wrote in an analysis in the journal Science: "Assuming we can control these diseases by simply controlling bats is both naïve and short sighted. Instead, we must recognize that increased disease transmission from bats to humans may simply reflect an increase in their contact because of modification of the bat's natural environment." 35

In other words, as humans continue to modify and destroy bat habitats, we will continue to run into these problems. To solve them, we must focus on conservation and learn more about bat ecology and immunology - about which we currently know very little. Ultimately, minimizing the conditions that lead to disease outbreak is much more effective than dealing with the problem after it has already occurred. 40

In nature, everything is connected. And while people tend to think that human society is somehow excluded from nature, like some sort of observer, we are in fact deeply embedded in it. Because of this, our actions can have extensive, unexpected


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and mysterious consequences. The new field of conservation medicine can help us to unlock those mysteries and build a healthier world. 45

36. The word ‘convergence’ in line 10 is closest in meaning to _________. a) division b) solution c) combination d) explanation

37. The word ‘their’ in line 15 refers to _________.

a) grazing animals b) the Amazon forests c) bats d) humans 38. The word ‘there’ in line 29 refers to _________.

a) barns b) forests c) pig farms d) Malaysia 39. The word ‘it’ in line 43 refers to _________.

a) nature b) observer c) human society d) disease outbreak 40. According to the article, _________.

a) there will be more problems caused by bats unless humans continue to modify their habitat b) Dobson thinks the best way to control diseases transferred to humans from bats is to control bats c) more research needs to be done in the field of bat ecology and immunology d) the headline about bats shows that New Scientist has become a tabloid magazine

41. Which of the following can be inferred from the article?

a) The Amazon forests have all been cleared to make barns for animals. b) Bats can’t have played a significant role in the transfer of SARS to humans. c) Bats are not afraid of humans any more because they have got used to humans. d) Conservation medicine aims to modify the natural environment of animals.

42. Which of the following is true according to the article?

a) There has been a decrease in the size of the natural environment of bats. b) Vampire bat attacks started after deforestation began. c) Fruit bats do not eat the pulp of fruit because they do not like sugar. d) Vampires face extinction because they have difficulty in finding food.

43. It can be inferred that the writer of the article _________.

a) thinks that humans must be excluded from the natural world b) suggests finding a solution to the outbreak after it occurs instead of preventive action c) is critical about the concept of conservation medicine d) has a holistic approach to nature

44. The writer’s main purpose in writing this article is to _________.

a) explain how to stop deforestation in the Amazon forests b) warn us about the diseases transferred to humans from bats c) inform readers of the possible benefits of conservation medicine d) underline the effects of bat attacks on Brazilian children


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Text 2. Read the text and choose the best alternative that answers each question.

Are Treasures Truly Safe?

A once famous American bank robber said he robbed banks because ‘that is where the money

is.’ Actually, today museums are ‘where the money is’. Where else can one find so many moveable items of great value within arm’s reach? In one art gallery alone, there can be paintings worth more than a whole fleet of expensive jets. What’s more, while banks can hide their money in vaults, museums are obliged to display their valuables. 5

So, the theft of a well-known painting would be discouraging news not only for anyone who cares about art but especially for museum officials and gallery owners, who know how vulnerable their treasures are. Art theft is a vast problem around the world. As many as 10,000 precious items of all kinds disappear each year and it may not be a problem which smaller museums, in particular, can afford to solve. 10

As an example, on August 22, 2004, two famous paintings, The Scream and Madonna – both by Edvard Munch – were stolen from the Munch Museum in Oslo, Norway. They were stolen by two men wearing masks, one of them armed, at 11:00 a.m., about an hour after the museum opened. Like many great works, neither painting was insured for theft. The high insurance premiums on very famous paintings would ruin the budgets of even the largest 15 museums. An earlier version of The Scream had been stolen from the National Gallery in Oslo in 1994. Three months after the theft, officers from Scotland Yard, posing as experts from a museum in Los Angeles to catch the thieves, approached them with an offer to buy the painting and arrested them when they were given it.

However, with some other high-profile art-theft cases, the outcome is still in doubt and 20 many cases are still unsolved. Large museums have had their share of embarrassing robberies. For example, in 1911 the Mona Lisa was stolen from the Louvre Museum. However, the bigger problem is small institutions like the Munch Museum in Oslo or private homes open to the public. Neither can afford elaborate security systems. Large museums attach alarms to their most valuable pictures, but a modest alarm system can cost at least $500,000. Some museums are 25 looking into tracking devices that would enable them to follow stolen items once they leave the building. “But officials are concerned that if they have to insert something, it might damage the picture,” says the former head of security at the Getty Museum.

Meanwhile, smaller museums can barely afford enough guards. Instead, they depend on their elderly staff. After being caught, a museum thief confessed at trial that there were only two 30 guards for the three floors of the museum which he had robbed, so he had simply slipped the painting, worth $240,000, under his shirt and just walked out of the door. He told the court, “It’s probably more difficult to steal a T-shirt from a shop.”

What can thieves do with the valuable paintings they steal? Their fame makes it very difficult to sell them on the black market. A famous stolen painting worth thousands of dollars is 35 not the kind of thing that a buyer could display openly in his / her mansion. Thus, it’s hard to imagine an underworld drug lord owning a masterpiece that is known to be missing.

Thieves sometimes try using artworks as a means of making other kinds of deals. For example, the men who organized the 1986 robbery of Russborough House near Dublin for the theft of 18 paintings tried unsuccessfully to exchange them for Irish Republican Army members 40 who were being kept in British jails.

Others demand ransom money from the museum that owns the pictures. In 1994, thieves in Frankfurt, Germany, ran away with two major paintings that had been borrowed from the Tate Gallery in London. The paintings were worth more than $80 million. They were recovered in 2002 after the Tate Gallery paid more than $5 million to people who had ‘information’ about 45 where they were. Although ransom is illegal in Britain, money for secret information in an


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investigation is considered legal, provided that the police agree that the source of this information is unconnected to the crime itself. Nevertheless, it is hard to draw the line between information money and ransom. In other words, ‘where information money ends and ransom begins’ is unclear.50 45. The phrase ‘posing as’ in line 17 can best be replaced by ________.

a) disagreeing with b) pretending to be c) aiming at d) promoted to 46. The word ‘outcome’ in line 20 is closest in meaning to ________.

a) ending b) benefit c) processing d) disadvantage 47. The word ‘Neither’ in line 24 can best be replaced by ‘Neither _______ nor _______’.

a) private homes / the public c) large museums / smaller museums b) the Louvre / Munch Museum d) small institutions / private homes

48. The word ‘Others’ in line 42 refers to ‘Other ________’. a) bargains b) jails c) thieves d) members

49. The phrase ‘draw the line’ in line 48 can best be replaced by ________. a) get confused b) make a picture c) make a distinction d) do a favor

50. Which of the following is not implied in the article? a) Museums are usually easier to rob than banks. b) Museums may be very tempting to thieves. c) Large museums are totally protected against thieves. d) Shops may have more protection than small museums.

51. Which of the following is true according to the article? a) Both of Edward Munch’s paintings were found by experts from a museum in Los Angeles. b) Some large museums have also been robbed of masterpieces despite their alarm systems and guards. c) Most museums are using tracking devices to protect their valuable paintings. d) Many great works of art in both large and smaller museums are insured against theft. 52. The article states that _________.

a) criminals like to buy stolen paintings because thieves do not charge them high prices

b) most stolen paintings have been recovered quickly through the cooperation of experts and policemen

c) the 1986 Russborough House robbers returned the 18 paintings they had stolen d) thieves who steal famous paintings from museums cannot find buyers even on the

black market 53. Which of the following can be inferred from the article?

a) The Tate Gallery probably paid the thieves themselves more than $5 million to get the two paintings back. b) Museum thieves in Britain do not ask for ransom money for the paintings they steal because ransom is illegal there. c) Thieves steal valuable artworks from museums to sell them to underworld people

at prices higher than they’re worth. d) Museums are banned from hiding their valuable items.

54. The article mainly explains _________. a) the duties and responsibilities of senior museum officials b) how and why museums or art galleries are robbed c) why some museum theft cases are still unsolved d) the systems used for the security of museums and art galleries


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Text 3. Read the text and choose the best alternative that answers each question.

The 11-Year Quest to Create Disappearing Colored Bubbles

Tim Kehoe has stained his face, his car and several bathtubs. He has also left marks on a few dozen children. He and his family have had to evacuate their house quickly because he had filled it with dangerous gas. He’s ruined every kitchen he’s ever had. Kehoe, a 35-year-old American inventor, has done all this work to realise an idea he first had more than 10 years ago. It’s one he’s been told repeatedly cannot be realised: a colored bubble. No, not the rainbow effect you see when the light catches a clear 5 bubble, but a bubble that gives off a single bright color through the entire sphere, a green bubble, an orange bubble, or a hot-pink bubble. Kehoe made a bubble like that when he was 26, after only two years of ruined pans and chemical fires. He showed it to toy company executives, who were absolutely amazed. But then it broke, as bubbles always do. When it did, the dye inside escaped onto clothes and carpets and walls and skin, 10 tingeing everything it touched. The executives told him to come back with a bubble they could wash off their boardroom table. With a baby on the way and a house to pay for, Kehoe had to concentrate on other things. However, in 2003 the software company Kehoe was working for was sold, putting him out of a job but making its founders rich. Their high opinion of Kehoe inspired them to launch a new toy company with 15 him. Kehoe contributed 219 ideas, they contributed half a million dollars. Only after the deal was secure and Kehoe had cashed the check, did he tell them about the bubbles. “I’d been avoiding it because I knew they’d get excited and want to do it,” Kehoe says. “And I didn’t know that I could.” In eight years of experiments, he had created bubbles with dozens of colors, with dozens of dyes, yet never one that was washable enough to sell. “I tried to talk them out of it, but they were adamant. I told them that neither 20 money nor manpower would be enough, but they still insisted that I try.” This happened on a Friday. His business partner Guy Haddleton, the man who paid his salary, told him to bring the bubbles in on Monday morning, so Kehoe started destroying his wife’s new kitchen. “And I couldn’t get it,” he says. “All Friday night, into Saturday morning, I tried everything I had done before, and all I saw was clear bubbles. I really panicked.” Finally, he started trying new dyes. “I 25 emptied stores of any products with color. The salesclerks thought I was crazy. I spent hundreds of dollars buying one of everything. One store had specialty inks that were $30 a bottle that I had never tried.” This new ink worked even better than he hoped. Not only did it produce colored bubbles, but also when Kehoe dumped the bubble solution on his clothes and his kids’ clothes, much to his surprise it washed out every time. When Haddleton saw the bubbles on Monday, he was thrilled. 30 A few months later, in July 2004, Kehoe and his partners invited dozens of kids and their parents to a media event to unveil their new bubbles. They hired a film crew and rented massive bubble machines to fill the air with their new bubbles. At first the party was great. Mothers were amazed at the sight of the strangely bright bubbles glowing in the sunlight. Kids yelled for joy and chased after them. Eventually, however, the bubbles broke, on the kids, on the parents and on cars. It looked as if there had 35 been a paint fight. Kehoe told the parents that the color would wash out, but that wasn’t enough, not when their kids were covered from head to toe in blue and pink spots, and the color was getting into their shoes and hair. In the faces of the horrified mothers, Kehoe immediately understood the lesson: “You can’t put something on the market that leaves so much color, even if it is washable.” He needed color that disappeared on its own, but in the history of organic chemistry, no one had ever created a dye like that. 40 Kehoe put an advertisement on the Internet, looking for someone who could make a disappearing dye that could color the very thin wall of a bubble. Only one person thought he could do it. Ram Sabnis is one of the very few people who has a Ph.D. in dye-chemistry. Like Kehoe, Sabnis didn’t seem to consider the possibility that a problem could not be solved, but he had no idea how hard this one would turn out to be. Nevertheless, after a year of experimenting, he finally created a dye that would attach itself 45 to the surface of a bubble, giving it a bright color. The bubble would also lose its color with friction, water or exposure to air—not fade or transfer to something else, but go away completely as if it had never been there. When one of these bubbles broke on your hands, you could rub them together a few times and the color would disappear. If the bubble broke on your shirt or the carpet or the dog, you would have two choices: use plain water and remove it immediately, or forget about it for half an hour. Either way, the 50 color would be gone.


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Without Sabnis’ breakthrough, Kehoe might have plodded on in his basement for many more

years and never made the dye he needed. Without Kehoe’s dedication and belief in the idea, the project would never have been funded. But thanks to their efforts, you will be able to find Zubbles, Kehoe’s name for his colored bubbles, in a store near you soon. 55

55. The word ‘evacuate’ in line 2 is closest in meaning to _______ . a) clean b) dry off c) leave d) turn off 56. The word ‘one’ in line 4 refers to _______ . a) what Kehoe has done b) an inventor c) an idea d) doing all this work 57. The word ‘it’ in line 17 refers to _______ .

a) a half million dollars c) cashing the check b) telling the company’s founders about the bubbles d) the deal

58. The word ‘adamant’ in line 20 can best be replaced by _______ . a) unlucky b) determined c) frustrated d) delighted 59. The word ‘unveil’ in line 32 is closest in meaning to _______ . a) introduce b) debate c) produce d) supply 60. The phrase ‘plodded on’ in line 52 is a synonym for _______ . a) relaxed b) hidden c) worked d) given up 61. The bubbles Kehoe made when he was 26 years old _______ .

a) had the rainbow effect you see when light catches a clear bubble b) were well-liked by toy company executives until they broke c) made the executives so angry that they never wanted to see him again d) were actually easier to clean up than the executives realized

62. The media event was a disappointment because _______ . a) it was clear that mothers would not buy Kehoe’s bubbles b) the bubbles left permanent stains on the children’s clothes c) the bubbles broke more quickly than Kehoe expected d) the children had a fight because of the bubbles

63. Ram Sabnis _______ . a) was able to find a solution to the staining problem quicker than he expected b) made a dye that transferred its color before going away completely c) and Tim Kehoe were both experts in dye-chemistry d) succeeded in making a dye that went away completely by itself

64. Which one of the following statements can be inferred from the text? a) After the executives rejected his colored bubbles, Kehoe spent more time than ever working on them. b) When Kehoe left the software company in 2003, he had saved enough money to start his own toy company. c) In July 2004, Kehoe and his partners thought they had invented a colored bubble that would become very popular. d) Ram Sabnis was confident he could help Kehoe because he had worked on a similar dye while doing his Ph.D. 65. Which of the statements below about Zubbles is not supported by the text?

a) They will come in a variety of colors b) They will not leave stains on either clothes or skin. c) If they leave a mark, you can rub it and it will disappear. d) Sabnis must still improve his dye if Zubbles are to be in stores soon.


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SECTION III. WRITING (20 points)

Write an essay of 250 – 300 words on ONE of the topics given below. Your essay must have an

introduction with a clear thesis statement that includes controlling idea/s, at least 2 body

paragraphs with relevant supporting ideas and a concluding paragraph. Your ideas should be

organized properly. 1. Life in the future will be much better than it is today. Agree or disagree. 2. High school students in Turkey feel the need to go to private courses in order to be successful in the university entrance exam. What are the causes of this? Discuss. 3. What are the effects of living in another country on people? Discuss.

DO NOT WRITE HERE

WRITE YOUR ESSAY ON THE SHEET PROVIDED.

Essays written on the pages of this booklet will NOT be graded.

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