ITU Workshop on “E-health services in low-resource settings:

Requirements and ITU role”

(Tokyo, Japan, 4-5 February 2013)

Isao Nakajima, M.D., Ph.D., Ph.D.

Vice Rapporteur for eHealthProfessor, EMS Tokai University School of Medicine

Tokyo, Japan, 4-5 February 2013

The Final Decision Call after the Accident of Fukushima Nuclear

Power Plant

Agenda

1. Who we are.

2. The last eHealth Rappoteurs Meeting Tokyo 10-11 March 2011.

3. What does NBC mean.

4. Classification of disaster

5. Damage of the mobile communication networks after Great East Japan Earthquake

6. What Happened, Fukushima Nuclear Power Plant No.1

7. Conclusion and Recommendations

10 Years of ITU e-Health Expert Training Courses at Tokai University

Tokai University, Japan. Document RGQ14-3/2/INF/22-E

Tokai University Shonan Campus

Hiratsuka Kanagawa Japan

Tokai University HospitalIsehara Kanagawa Japan

http://www.tsj.gr.jp/tsj/tumri/nakajima/index.htm

Novel Mobile Telemedicine System for Real-time Transmission of 12-lead ECG

Data and Live Video from Moving Ambulance to Hospitalby Dr. Nagata, Dainippon Sumitomo Pharma Co.,Ltd., Japan.

Document RGQ14-3/2/INF/16-E

Mobile Telemedicine Package

IEEE802.11b and 802.11g are usable

Telemetry for Wild Birds and Future Technical Expectations to Prevent

Avian Influenza by Isao Nakajima, Tokai Univ. Japan. Document RGQ14-3/2/INF/17-E

Required C/No for navigationARGOS system

Field Experiments with 2.4GHz Packet Wireless Communications

Pheasant from Japan

Relations of an electromagnetic induction Generated by the coil and 3 axis acceleration

the ITU-MIC Regional Meeting on ICT for e-Health

Tokyo Japan,10-11 March 2011

Rapporteur and Vice Rapporteurs for Q14

the East-Japan Earthquake”

stroke on March 11, 2011

What does NBC mean?Nuclear disaster

NBC stands for nuclear, biological, chemical. It is a term used in the armed forces and in health and safety, mostly in the context of weapons of mass destruction (WMD)

Nuclear explosion out of the atmosphere

EMP occurs with the physical destructive power by strong bomb blast, heat rays and the evil caused by the radiation, and the thing which a scale has a big gives you a physical obstacle more than 1,600km to the away distant place.

The electronic equipment (communication, medical care) suffers crushing damage in a wide area

EMP

100~200 ｋ m

Gamma beam

3000km20 ～ 40 ｋ m

3000 ㎞

Nuclear explosion

EMP BombThe EMP bomb destroys an weak input and/or output element of the electronic equipment with the high electric charge of the high frequency using electromotive force to occur with the coil which accelerated with gunpowder. U.S.A. used it in the Iraqi War for the first time in the world in March, 2003.

Study on Communication Equipments after Nuclear Disaster and

EMPB(Elecrtomagnetic Pulses Bump)

VHF/UHF upto 　 6GHz

NVISNear Vertical Incidence Skywave

HF Packet radioAgus Subekti, Koredianto Usman, Futoshi Ohyama, Hiroshi Juzoji, Isao Nakajima. A Study of NVIS for Communication in Emergency and Disaster Medicine, APAMI 2003

Data of Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake in 1995

Great East Japan Earthquake

Cycle of Disaster

WarningImpactAcutePost-impactRecoveryMitigationPlanning

警告（潜伏期・警戒期）

被爆

急性期

被爆後期

回復

軽減

復興計画

Final Decision Call & First Aid

Who decide the order evacuation and sendthe last call to staffs of rescue team and

inhabitants.What kind of communications line

expected after a major disaster?

EMS’ ４ TsTriage （選択）、Transportation （輸送）、Telecommunication( 通信 ) 、early Treatment （初期治療）を施すか

NTT DoCoMo’s websitehttp://www.nttdocomo.co.jp/english/binary/pdf/corporate/technology/rd/technical_journal/bn/vol13_4/vol13_4_096en.pd

Great East Japan Earthquake service area restoration status

Relationship between Cut-off Electric Power and Disfunction stations of NTT

DoCoMo

Loss of functionality at the Off-site Center

The Off-site Center of the Fukushima Dai-ichi NPS was located about 5km from the Fukushima Dai-ichi site but it could not function as intended.

The Act on Special Measures Concerning Nuclear Emergency Preparedness (“Nuclear Emergency Preparedness Act”) and the Nuclear Emergency Response Manual of the Government stipulate that once a nuclear accident occurs, a local nuclear emergency response headquarters (“local NERHQ”) shall be established close to the accident site, as the center of the emergency response coordination. A local NERHQ is to be located at a local standing facility for emergency responses and measures (“Off-site Center”).

Before construction, it was the hill of the altitude of 35m.As the ability of the seawater suction pump of GE was low, so sharpened it to an

altitude of 10m expressly and built a power station.

The height of the breakwater was 5.7m.

Tokyo Electric employee reports to an academic society before the Fukushima nuclear power plant accident

the Probability of Expectance during 50 Years

Tsunami over the water wall of 5.7m by 4% !!!

Non-common use DC 115V power supply battery

Trouble of the circuit of the SPEEDI SPEEDI :Prediction of Environmental Emergency Dose

Information

The Network System for Prediction of Environmental Emergency Dose Information (SPEEDI) is expected to play an important role in protecting local population from radiation exposure and the planning of evacuation. However, the system was not utilized when evacuation was instructed.

The communication links were disrupted for 2 months and inoperative due to the earthquakes, and the SPEEDI could not receive the basic source term information of released radioactivity.

It was therefore not possible for the SPEEDI to estimate atmospheric dispersion of radioactive materials on the basis of the basic source term information.

Trend of the radiation exposure dose

from the webhttp://japan.resiliencesystem.org/fukushima-nuclear-accident-radiation-comparison

How nuclear accidents damage human health

DNA and RNA will be broken

Exposure to any radioactive material is bad: assumes that exposure to anything higher than normal background levels increases health risks.

When damaged DNA and/or RNA aren’t restored precisely, or have errors in the DNA replication process, some cells mutate to a cancer cell.

opened AO valve for decompression with a nitrogen gas cylinder

Mark I : Core fusion and Hydrogen explosion by the countercurrent to the

vent gasUnit Mark I lost its all power supplies shortly after the arrival of the tsunami.

The isolation condensers (IC) seemed to have lost its functionality as its isolation valves were fully or almost fully closed by the fail-safe circuits. But at the initial stage of the accident, appropriate corrective actions were not taken, nor were instructions given.

By the operators mistake, IC was switched off. As a result, within early stage of 24 hours, MarkI caused core fusion.

Because a blowout panel dropped naturally,

the II unit didn’t explode

The hydrogen vent gas flowed backward from an opened valve into the I unit building and exploded several hours later.

Confirmation of a blowout panel

DISASTER PREVENTION, DISASTER CAUTION COMMUNICATION SYSTEM IN JAPAN

1. Cities, towns and villages disaster prevention administration radio

2. LASCOM :Local Authorities Satellite Communications Organization

3. Nuclear Power Plant Satellite Networks Inmarsat after March, 2010, such as JAEA, Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, a nuclear power plant, a nuclear power plant

4. J-ALERT National second warning systemtransmits emergency information to the people in case of critical situation

Tokyo, Japan, 4-5 February 2013 33

Tokyo, Japan, 4-5 February 2013 34

Conclusions and Recommendations

Due to the physical damage caused by an earthquake and the tsunami, electricity stopped.The gateway stations for Mobile phone were unable to function.Even the mayor of the district concerned knew the evacuation advisory to hear via only police radio for the first time.Many residents of Fukushima were intellect and ignorant of the order of " the Final Decision :evading“ Therefore the exposure doses of many inhabitants increased.It is a problem how you find a emergency channel to transmit “the Final Decision Call” for all residents after a nuclear accident.