T.I.M.E European Summer School

Stand-Alone System for Supply of Energy and Water for a Refugee Camp

Fatma ARASİsmail BİLGEN

Goal of the project

• Learning of difficulties in life of refugee camp• Developing sustainable systems for supply of

energy and water

Work Plan

29.06.2015 Determining a refugee camp

30.06.2015 Analyzing the difficulties of sustainability in selected camp

01.07.2015 Researching Stand-Alone systems for supply of energy

…

03.07.2015 Researching Stand-Alone systems for supply of water

…

06.07.2015 Proposing the best solution for sustainability

07.07.2015 Preparation of the report

Methodology

• Determining a refugee camp• Gathering information about the camp– Geographic & demo graphic information– Analyzing the difficulties in the camp– Need of energy and water, currently how to deal with

• Researching stand-alone systems for supply of energy & water

• Proposing best alternatives for the chosen camp• Preparing the final report & presentation

Suruç / Şanlıurfa

Suruç / Şanlıurfa

Suruç / Şanlıurfa

• Altitude: 537 m• Near the Syrian border • Mean temperature: 18.3 – in summer: 37.2 – in winter: 5.1

• Mean amount of rainfall: 38.2 – In summer 4.4 – In winter 234.9

Life in Şanlıurfa-Suruç Syrian Refugee Camp

• About 25000 individuals• The camp area 1.47 million m2• 7000 tents• The tent area 16 m2• Energy supplied via generator and

transformers• Water is supplied from dam via pipelines • Water purification system

Life in Şanlıurfa-Suruç Syrian Refugee Camp

• Schools, field hospital, fire station, playgrounds, psychosocial health care centers, markets

• 79 laundries, 101 sculleries, 476 restrooms, 425 shower cabins

Syrian Refugee Camps in Turkey - AFAD

Number of Refugees

Syrian Refugee Camps in Turkey - AFAD

Gender

Syrian Refugee Camps in Turkey - AFAD

Age Group

Syrian Refugee Camps in Turkey - AFAD

Education

Syrian Refugee Camps in Turkey - AFAD

Reasons to Live in the Camps

How to make a refugee camp sustainable?

Stand-alone Energy Systems

Solar power

Wind

Biomass

Micro hydro

Micro combined heat and power

Solar Power

Photovoltaics (PV)• Convert solar power into

electric current using semiconducting materials that exhibit the photovoltaic effect

• Used as a source of renewable power

• Important and relatively inexpensive

Solar Power

Concentrated Solar Power (CSP)

• Also called concentrated solar thermal

• Use lenses / mirrors and tracking systems to focus a large area of sunlight into a small beam.

• Light Heat Engine (usually a steam turbine) connected to an electrical power generator

Solar Potential of Şanlıurfa

Global Radiation Values (KWh/m2-day)

10

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

1.942.48

4.09

5.08

6.186.83 6.58

5.94

5.02

3.79

2.421.8

Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May Jun.Jul. Aug. Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec.

Sunshine Duration (Hour)

10

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

4.685.62

6.928.14

9.96

12.24 12.4211.66

10.11

7.71

5.87

4.4

Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May Jun.Jul. Aug. Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec.

Producible Energy – Area (KWh-Year)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 1000

2000400060008000

10000120001400016000180002000022000240002600028000

m2

KWh

/ Ye

ar

Wind Power

• Wind is a clean source of renewable energy

• Once a turbine is erected, operational costs are nearly zero

• Smaller turbines can produce enough electricity for a single home while the bigger ones can feed many houses simultaneously

Wind Power

• Requires small wind tribune, charger, batteries, inverter, regulator, mounting and cabling.

Development in Size and Power of Wind Turbines (1990 - 2014)

Wind Power in Şanlıurfa

• Measurement at 50 meter• Wind speed in Şanlıurfa is about 4.5 – 5 m/s

(In Suruç 3.5 m/s)• It requires at least 7 m/s of wind speed for an

economic wind energy system• Capacity factor in Şanlıurfa is about 15 – 25%• It requires at least 35% of capacity factor for

an economic wind energy system

Wind Power in Suruç / Şanlıurfa

Biomass Energy

• Biomass is biological material derived from living, or recently living organisms.

• Biomass energy can be used in the areas where the grid power is absent

• Energy forest and agricultural land can be created as a source of biomass energy

• However, this is not economic for the short-term energy requirements.

Raw Materials of Biomass Energy

• Wood is the main biomass fuel• Tree-wastes • Agro-wastes • Municipal wastes• Animal matter

Biomass and Gasifier

• Gasifiers are devices in which dry biomass is transformed into combustible gases in processes

• Household biomass gasifier are used in rural areas of developing countries

• Household biomass gasifier may be suitable for refugee camps

Biomass Generator

• Producing electricity from biomass

• Can kick out up to 20 KW of electricity.

Biomass and CHP

• Producing both electricity and heat at the same time

• Biomass Fuels

Biomass in Suruç / Şanlıurfa

Forest Source for Biomass in Turkey

Stand-alone Water System

• Slow Sand Filtration• Ultrafiltration• Waste Water Purification using Aerobic

Bacteria

Slow Sand Filtration

• Physical filtration technique to obtain potable water

• Low energy requirements• Biological processes that can destroy

pathogenic bacterium• It doesn’t require pressure, chemicals or

electricity to operate.

Ultrafiltration

• Filter the water of which salinity content rate is not high

• Able to filter almost all bacterial content and most of the viral content

• Work in low pressure values, therefore economic

• It is possible to increase its capacity by adding more filter module or increasing the diameter of the module and membrane area

Waste Water Purification using Aerobic Bacteria

• Dirty water in which the organic waste is intensive

• Consuming of organic waste by the utilization of bacterial colonies.

• Hollow fiber membrane to filter bacterial population

Average Energy Consumption of a Tent/Container in Refugee Camp

Cost of PV Solar Panel System

Average Water Consumption in Refugee Camp

• Water consumption per person 75 liter/day• Total water consumption of the camp is

684375 m3/year. • Total potable water consumption of the camp

is 18250 m3/year. • Overall water consumption is 702625 m3/year

Cost of Ultrafiltration

• Daily consumption of potable water is 50 m3 in the camp

• it is needed 50 modules of which capacity is 1 m3/day

• Purchase cost of the module exceed 50,000 USD

Conclusion

• Energy is currently supplied from the main• Time of return for the PV investment is about

18 years, infeasible.• Wind power is not reasonable considering its

high setting up cost with low wind speed in Sanlıurfa

• Biomass energy is not suitable for Sanlıurfa, because forest source for Biomass is under the value of 500 tons

Conclusion

• Water is supplied from dam and there infrastructure

• Ultrafiltration is not viable camp due to high cost and low purification requirement of dam water

• Slow sand filtration is applicable for economical reasons although its quality of filtration is lower that ultrafiltration and it requires large area

References

1. https://www.afad.gov.tr/tr/HaberDetay.aspx?IcerikID=3410&ID=52. http://www.eie.gov.tr/YEKrepa/SANLIURFA-REPA.pdf3. I. Yeşilnacar, H. Gülşen., Climatic characteristics of Şanlıurfa and

surrounding region and the effects of Atatürk dam lake on regional climate, Proceeding of the 52. geological congress of Turkey., Ankara, 1999.

4. http://www.mgm.gov.tr/veridegerlendirme/il-ve-ilceler-istatistik.aspx?m=SANLIURFA#sfB

5. http://energytransition.de/2014/12/infographs/6. http://www.viessmann.com/com/en/products/Micro_CHP.html7. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stand-alone_power_system8. AFAD (Disaster and Emergency Management Presidency), Field Survey

Results about Syrian Refugees in Turkey, 2013.

Thanks…