IUBS

REPRODUCTIVE BIOLOGY IN AQUACULTURE

A Proposa1 for an International Collaborative Programme of Research

Edited by P. G. W. J. van Oordt

REPRODUCTIVE BIOLOGY IN AQUACULTURE

A Proposal for an International Collaborative Programme of Research

B Y P. G. W. J. van Oordt

with the collaboration of

J. Benzie, R. Billard, W. H. Clark jr., H. J. Th Goos, C. L. Hew, D. E. Morse, Y. Nagahama, R. E. Peter

Y. Shaoyi and T. Younès

Special Issue No 26 Biology International

The International Union of Biological Sciences News Magazine

"Give a man a fish, and he has food for one day; teach a man to breed fish, and he has food for himself and his family

for the rest of their lives. "

(Paraphrase of a Chinese Proverb)

TABLE OF CONTENTS

01. Table of Contents 02. Foreword 03. Suminary

03.01. History 03.02. Rationale 03.03. Objectives 03.04. Structure

04. Introduction 04.01. Preparation of the RBA Programme 04.02. An IUBS Symposium on Reproductive Biology in Aquaculture,

Taipei, Apnl 1991 05. Rationale of the RBA Programme

05.01. Aquaculture for Food and Nature Conservation 05.02. RBA Research

06. General Objectives of the RBA Programme 06.01. Objective 1: Understanding and Control of the Development,

Growth, Differentiation and Maturation of the Reproductive System 06.02. Objective 2: Understanding and Control of Gamete Physiology,

Fertilization, and Early Embryonic Development 06.03. Objective 3: Improven-ient of Aquaculture by Hybridization,

Polyploidy, Cloning and Genetic Manipulation 07. Subdivision of the RBA Programme 08. Implementation of the RBA Programme 09. Extension of the RBA Programme 10. Organization of the RBA Programme 11. Future Activities: RBA Symposia in 1991 & 1992 12. References 13. Participants; Addresses and Main Research

Country names are used according to the list of Ordinary Members of the International Council of Scientific Unions (ICSU) in the ICSU Yearbook 1990, for the sake of brevity and common usage, G d are not intended to carry political or diplomatic iniplications.

FOREWORD

Following the resolution of the 23rd IUBS General Assembly in Canberra, Australia, in 1988, a feasibility study was undertaken in order to launch an international collaborative research programme in the broader area of reproduction and resources, with specific emphasis on reproductive biology in aquaculture. This "Special Issue" of Biology Iniernational on "Reproductive Biology in Aquaculture: A Proposa1 for an International Collahorative Programme of Research", represents the final outcome of a series of meetings, discussions and contacts made during the period 1989-1991. This proposa1 will be submitted to the 24th General Assembly of the Union, to be held on 1-6 September, 1991, in Amsterdam, the Netherlands.

There are various people and organizations who contributed to the success of this endeavour, and it is my pleasure, on behalf of the IUBS, to begin with the acknowledgement of the invaluable contribution of Professor P.G.W.J. van Oordt, Chairman of the IUBS Cornmittee in the Netherlands. Professor van Oordt devoted his considerable time and energy to help this programme take shape, resulting in the construction of a wide international network of distinguished scientists in the area of reproductive biology and aquaculture. Also, 1 would like to express Our most sincere thanks to Professor C.-H. Chou, Chairman of the IUBS Committee, Academia Sinica, Taiwan, as well as the Cornmittee Members, for their kind support and cooperation in the organization of the "International Symposium on Reproductive Biology in Aquaculture" in Taipei, 22-27 April, 1991, which represented an important step towards the development of this programme.

Finally, Our appreciation and gratitude to the International Council of Scientific Unions (ICSU), and in particular, the Biological Sciences' Working Group which met at the ICSU General Assembly, 1990, in Sofia, Bulgaria. It was at that time this programme was provided sponsorship and financial support as a common ground for cooperation between the IUBS and the ICSU Scientific Cornmittees for Biotechnology (COBTOTECH), and for the Application of Science to Agriculture, Forestry and Aquaculture (CASAFA).

Tala1 Younes Executive Secretary, IUBS

03. SUMMARY

03.01. History

Following discussions during the 23rd General Assembly in Canberra, October 1988, the Executive Committee of the IUBS allowed P.G.W.J. van Oordt to look into the feasibility of an international scientific programme in the field of Reproductive Biology in Aquaculture (RBA). Contacting colleagues in many centres of RBA research, resulted in more than 130 positive reactions from RBA research teams in 24 countries. Important aspects of the RBA Programme were discussed during the "International Symposium on Reproductive Biology in Aquaculture" in Taipei, 22-27 April 1991 , organized by the Academia Sinica in Taipei and its IUBS committee.

03.02. Rationale

The rapidly expanding human population of the earth consumes increasing amounts of food; not only food grown on land, but also food from natural aquatic ecosystems. A further exploitation of lakes, rivers and seas will lead to destruction of ecosystems and species extinction. Moreover, in many places water pollution has made aquatic food unacceptable for human consumption. Aquaculture is the obvious alternative as it can provide large quantities of healthier, protein rich food.

Aquaculture, however, needs a sound scientific basis. One of its important issues is the reproduction of aquatic animals under husbandry conditions. International cooperation in RBA research will enhance the understanding of reproductive processes in fish, molluscs, crustaceans and other fish farm animals, will lead to successful introduction of new species, and will induce the development of new techniques for solving practical problems of reproduction in aquaculture.

03.03. Objectives

The main objectives of the RBA Programme are: 1 .- to control de development, growth, differentiation and maturation of the reproductive

system; 2.- to understand and to control gametogenesis, gamete physiology, fertilization and

early embryonic development; 3.- to develop and improve techniques for hybridization, polyploidy, cloning and genetic

manipulation, in species of aquacultural importance.

These objectives will contribute to: A.- the development and dissemination of biological containment mechanisms in

aquaculture; B.- the transfer from model systems to practical application for control of the

reproductive cycle; C.- the optimalization of aquaculture production by the enhancement of the efficiency

and yield on a species-specific basis;

D.- the diversification of aquaculture production; E.- the protection of ecosystems by the prevention of the release of experimental

organisms, and the prevention of biological invasions; F.- the protection of aquatic biological diversity and conservation of the gene pool of

aquatic species.

03.04. Structure

For practical reasons the three objectives will be pursued in three Subprogrammes, i.e. 1) Reproductive Physiology, II) Gamete Physiology, and III) Cytogenetics and Genetic Manipulation. Each subprogramme will have a Coordinating Committee. These committees will a.0. advise on the development of research and training programmes, organize workshops and symposia, and report annually on the progress of the subprogramme.

The RBA Programme as such will be led by a Steering Committee. It a.0. appoints the members of the subprogramme committees; it assists in the drawing up of proposals for research and training projects; it assists in finding funds for such projects; it sees to it that regular intra- and intergroup meetings are organized; it reports anncially on the RBA Programme to the Executive Committee of the IUBS; and it establishes and promotes contacts with other relevant organizations, including other IUBS programmes, as may be useful for the RBA Programme itself.

04. INTRODUCTION

04.01. Preparation of the RBA Programme

The Executive Committee of the IUBS, meeting in Canberra, Australia, on 23 October 1988, immediately after the 23rd General Assembly, allowed the Professors B. Baccetti, D.F. Roberts and P.G.W.J. van Oordt to look into the possibility of international cooperation in the fields of lnsect Reproduction, Human Reproduction and Reproductive Biology in Aquaculture, respectively, within the scope of a future international scientific programme of the IUBS on "Reproduction and Resources".

During the meeting of the Executive Cornmittee in Paris in February 1989, it became clear that sufficient support for such a programme had only been found among scientists studying reproductive biology in aquaculture. Therefore, the Executive Committee asked Van Oordt to continue his investigations of this matter, and to coordinate the work necessary for the preparation of a proposal for an international scientific programme of the IUBS on "Reproductive Biology in Aquaculture" (RBA).

A first preparatory meeting was held in Utrecht in August 1989, in the presence of Drs. R. Billard (Paris), B. Borg (Stockholm), K.-H. Chang (Taipei), H.J.Th. Goos (Utrecht), C.-C. Huang (Taipei), E.A. Huisman (Wageningen), Y. Nagahama (Okasaki), P.G.W.J. van Oordt (Utrecht), Yan Shaoyi (Beijing) and T. Younès (Paris).

During that meeting a preparatory committee was formed, consisting of Drs. R. Billard, Y. Nagahama, R.E. Peter (Edmonton), P.G.W.J. van Oordt and T. Younes; and an invitation was received from the IUBS Committee of China in Taipei for a preparatory symposium in Taipei in April 1991.

An introductory paper on the RBA Programme was published in the February 1990 issue of "Biology International". Preprints of the article were sent in December 1989 to the Officers of the IUBS and over 100 colleagues and RBA research groups.

In the period May-August 1990 Van Oordt discussed the future RBA Programme and its preparatory symposium with colleagues from various countries, including the Netherlands, France, Czechoslovakia, Israel, Canada, Japan, China Cast, and China Taipei.

In September 1990 an lnterim Report was sent to more than 11 0 RBA research groups from 21 countries that had expressed the wish to join the programme, or had been enrolled by colleagues.

04.02. An IUBS Symposium on Reproductive Biology in Aquaculture, Taipei, April 1991

In further preparation of the RBA Programme, a very success- full International Symposium on Reproductive Biology in Aquaculture was organized for the IUBS Committee of China in Taipei and the Academia Sinica located in Taipei by Profs. C.-H. Chou, J.-L. Wu, J.Y.-L. Yu, K.-H. Chang and their colleagues of the lnstitute of Zoology of the Academia Sinica located in Taipei.

This symposium was held in Taipei from 22-27 April 1991 in the presence of the President of the IUBS, Professor J. Salanki, its Vice President, Dr. W.D.L. Ride, and its Executive Secretary, Dr. T. Younes, as well as 56 scientists, representing RBA research groups outside China Taipei, and 18 persons from technically developing countries that were following a course in aquaculture in Taiwan; plus many colleagues and students from RBA research groups in China Taipei.

Twenty six invited speakers discussed the state of the art and future developments in various fields of RBA research, and much time was spent on discussions on international cooperation within the scope of a RBA Programme of the IUBS. The proceedings of the symposium will this year be published by the lnstitute of Zoology of the Academia Sinica located in Taipei (cf. References).

Professor Van Oordt accepted to prepare a draft programme proposal, based on the suggestions brought forward during the symposium. All invited speakers and al1 other participants of the RBA Symposium in Taipei that expressed the wish to do so, plus some colleagues that had not been able to come to Taipei for the symposium, were given a chance to comment on this concept. With these comments a definite RBA Programme Proposal was prepared.

This proposal, therefore, is not the work of one person, but the result of close cooperation af many RBA scientists. It has been sent to the Executive Secretary of the IUBS before the end of June 1991, for evaluation by the Scientific Cornmittee of the IUBS. The 24th General Assernbly, meeting in Amsterdam (Netherlands) from 1 to 6 Septernber 1991, is asked to adopt the RBA Programme.

05. RATIONALE OF THE RBA PROGRAMME

05.01. Aquaculture for Food Supply and Nature Conservation

Since many centuries mankind has almost completely stopped to collect its food frorn nature, and grows practically al1 its own food on cultivated farm land, as far as this food consists of terrestrial plants and animals. When it comes to sea and fresh water plants and animals, however, modern man continues to collect these from natural sources, differing from his forefathers only in technical skill that enables him to catch enormous quantities in a short time. Indeed, fisheries cannot expand much further without becoming a real danger for aquatic ecosystems. Moreover, the pollution of open water has invariably led to an accumulation of toxicants and parasites in aquatic species, making them unacceptable for human consumption.

Aquatic animals, however, have always been and still are an important source of protein and minerals in human food. With the present rapid increase in the human population the demand of aquatic food will certainly not decrease, but increase with the dernand of high protein food from aquatic sources. This makes it necessary to find an alternative for capture fisheries; to find methods of obtaining unpolluted and uninfected marine and fresh water animals in sufficient quantities without affecting ecosystems in lakes, rivers and oceans. With that in mind, governments and organizations like the FA0 have time and again stressed the necessity of developing aquaculture, not in the least in countries with a low protein diet.

Fortunately, with an average annual growth of 9,2 %, aquaculture is now rapidly expanding worldwide. It is estimated that presently the contribution by fish farms to the world supply of fish is about 12OlO, and exceeds 13 million metric tonnes, 84% of which is produced in Asia (Dieleman, 1990). Indeed, aquaculture is becoming a important source of animal proteins for human consumption, and a considerable economic factor, supplying secure, year round employment to many hundred thousand people.

It is realized, however, that not only is aquaculture important for feeding the rapidly increasing hurnan population, but that it can also be a tool in preventing the extermination of endangered aquatic species.

The anirnals cultured in fish farms mainly belong to the taxonomic groups of the finfish or teleosts, the molluscs and the crustaceans; al1 together some 250 different species worldwide. However, the fact that a species has been subjected to aquaculture does not mean that al1 associated problems have been solved.

Contrary to agriculture, aquaculture is a new industry with scientific knowledge limited to only a few species. Indeed, reproduction and other physiological aspects have been studied only partially and in relatively few species of finfish and even less species of molluscs and crustaceans. Furthermore, the number of new species being introduced to aquaculture is growing and has to be increased in future, if only to avoid monoculture, and to select species that, when they escape from the fish farm, will not upset the local ecosystem. Also, the culture of carnivorous species that feed on marine organisms should be replaced by that of species that can be fed with agricultural products. With the introduction of every new species, however, a wide range of problems, including problems related to reproduction, needs to be solved for production of that species to be successful in the long run.

If one thing can be concluded from the need of developing aquaculture in order to satisfy the rapidly increasing demand of good quality aquatic food on the one hand, and from the necessity of protecting aquatic eco- systems on the other, it is that application directed, fundamental research in aquaculture and novel approaches should be stimulated, and that means should be provided for international collaboration in this area of bio- logical sciences.

05.02. RBA Research

Quoting Huisman (1989), it can be said that in the field of reproductive biology aquaculture "development needs the support of two different, but complementary areas of research.

"The first area concerns the mechanisms involved in reproduction of fish in natural "waterbodies. Such studies will give an appropriate eco-physiological database required "for conservation/establishrnent and management of natural and artificial spawning "grounds. The need is obvious in view of nature conservation but detailed knowledge on "behavioural, social and environmental requirements for natural spawning will also "provide a powerful tool in management of natural fish stocks and thereby their "production.

"Another point needs to be mentioned here: Research on the role and action "mechanisms of external factors controlling reproduction processes may provide "aquaculture with reproduction methodologies that are more comrnensurate with the "rural farmer's resource base than highly sophisticated hatchery methodologies.

"The second research area concerns the role of interna1 factors controlling the "respective steps in the reproduction process. This entails amongst others identification "of hormones, study of their synthesis, their secretion as well as their mode of action in "target cells and organs. This will lead to an increasing control of gonadal and sexual "differentiation and thereby offer enormous perspectives for aquaculture.

"Let us not forget: reproduction of fish is the main prerequisite for domestication of "fish; it is the foundation upon which a whole range of other scientific contributions to "aquaculture development can be based, like hybridization, selective breeding, gamete "manipulation, gene transfer, and others, which hold promises for the aquaculture "industry of the future.

This, of course, not only applies to fish, but also to rnolluscs, crustaceans and other underutilized groups of aquacultural interest.

Species important in aquaculture have evolved many diverse reproductive strategies, most of which are poorly understood. Each species uses distinct environmental cues for the timing of its reproduction. While some few elements regulating reproduction of aquaculture .species may be known, knowledge of the full range of neuroendocrine factors involved, fundamental aspects of the mechanisms of action of neuroendocrine factors, regulation of expression of underlying genes and how each species might adapt these elements for its reproductive strategy are largely unknown. Reproductive success, both in nature and in the confines of aquaculture, depends on the successful completion of each step of the life cycle.

Indeed, at the commencement of international cooperation in the area of application directed, fundamental RBA research under the auspices of the IUBS, it is realized that:

1) Reproductive success in aquaculture systems depends upon the optimization of: gametogenesis, gamete quality, spawning, fertilization, development, larval rnetamorphosis, sexual differentiation, growth, and sexual maturation under controlled conditions. Successful cornpletion of each step is the necessary prerequisite for the next.

2) Each of these stages in the reproductive cycle is regulated at multiple levels by interactions between various axes of the neuroendocrine system.

3) These regulatory interactions (and hence, the timing and success of reproduction) are modulated by signals and other influences from the interna1 and externat milieu, including hormonal feedback mechanisrns, social interactions, pheromones, and chemical and physical features of the environment, as well as by nutrition, stress, toxicants and disease.

4) Identification of signal molecules, receptors, transducers, and genes responsible for this control, as well as of genetic variation between individuals, can be used to develop practical applications for irnprovernents in the efficiency and yield of aquaculture.

5) Knowledge of the natural reproductive biology, including the aspects mentioned under 1-4, of a large number of species of fish, molluscs and crustaceans, but also the technical ability to adapt their genorne to man-made conditions, will make it possible to obtain the best species and varieties for aquaculture in the different regions of the world.

Thus, the RBA Programme will focus on an important aspect of the physiology of aquatic animals under man-made conditions: reproduction. Following Claude Bernard, the nineteenth century founding father of animal physiology, it can be said that this aspect depends on the "Milieu exterieur" and the "Milieu interieur" of the animal.

Research of reproductive biology in aquaculture animals, like other physiological research, is based on that principle, and studies either the (reproducing) animal as an integrative component of its external environment, or its internal environment and the integration of its molecules and cells into one living (and reproducing) animal. In other words, al1 RBA research directly or indirectly always deals with the animal as such and with the question of how it reproduces.

06. GENERAL OBJECTIVES OF THE RBA PROGRAMME

Although, like al1 true physiological research, RBA always deals with the entire animal, its various aspects can be divided into three main groups, each of which forms a major objective of the RBA Programme. These principal objectives are:

1 .- to control jhe development. arowth. differentiation and maturation of the reproductiv? svstem of such species of fish, molluscs and crustaceans as are of interest for human consumption and for assisting mankind in decreasing its detrimental influence on nature, by:

understanding the internal organ physiological, cellular and molecular systems regulating reproduction, and

- understanding the environmental signals appropriate for successful reproduction of such species.

2.- to understand and ta control gametoaenesis, aamete phvsioloav. fertilization and earlv embryonic development in species of aquacultural importance, and to identify the factors regulating these processes.

W l o i d v . clonina and 3.- to improve the success of aquaculture by hvbridi7atiok genetic manipulation.

Pursuing these objectives, international collaboration within the scope of the RBA Programme will contribute to:

A.- the development and dissemination of biological containment mechanisms in aquaculture;

B.- the transfer from model systems to practical application for control of the reproductive cycle in aquaculture species, important for food, commerce, and basic research;

C.- the optimization of aquaculture production by the enhancement of the efficiency and yield on a species-specific basis;

D.- the diversification of aquaculture production on regional and global levels;

E.- the protection of ecosystems by the prevention of the release of experimental organisms, and the prevention of biological invasions; and

F.- the protection of aquatic biological diversity and conservation of the gene pool of aquatic species.

06.01. Objective 1 : Understanding and Control of the Development, Growth, Differentiation and Maturation of the Reproductive System

This objective deals with the animal and its functional integration internally, and externally with its environment. Accordingly, there are multiple levels of organization to which research must be directed:

- The identification of interna1 signals and signal molecules, receptors, transducers, genes and cells, controlling critical stages of the reproductive cycle, and the characterization of their mechanisms of action and regulation. This aspect mainly focusses on cellular, genetic and molecular research into the neuro-endocrine regulation sex differentiation, development, larval metamorphosis, growth and maturation of the reproductive system, which includes cells producing gonadotropin-like hormones, gonads, secondary sex characters as well as brain centres, regulating reproductive behaviour. The regulation of natural and induced sex reversal are also problems for investigation in this relation. The development of sensitive methods for measuring hormones and drugs will be important in this respect: - for fundamental studies, as well as - for enabling scientists, farmers and people involved in the protection of the environment, to monitor the level of hormones andlor drugs administered to aquatic animals. For reviews of this aspect to be published in 1991, see Goos, Càeraerts et al., Laufer and Sagi, Lo et al., Morse and Morse, Peter et al., Van Herp and Payen, Yu et al., and Zohar.

- The influence of the external environment on reproduction under natural and fish farm conditions. This aspect pays special attention to whole-body and organ physiology, with the production of viable gametes and offspring as ultimate parameters. Particular attention will be given to the effects of physical factors such as the photoperiod, and physical aswell as chemical factors determining water condition, including temperature, and salinity. Attention is likewise given to the roles in reproduction of social interactions, more especially of reproductive behaviours and sex pheromones. Another topic is the effect of feeds and food composition on reproduction. Also, studies on the effects of stress, pollutants and parasites on reproductive success are of relevance. For reviews of this aspect to be published in 1991, see Aida, Stacey et al., and Sumpter.

- Much of the above research will be done using a few model organisms, as it is not possible to investigate al1 aquatic organisms to the same depth. On the basis of this information, key aspects of diversity of other organisms can be investigated. This aspect is particularly important when it comes to solving problems of maturation induction in some important species for aquaculture such as Eels (Anguilla spec.), European Catfish (Silurus glanis) and Black Carp (Mylopharyngodon Piceus). It is also important when it comes to the introduction of new species for aquaculture, whether fish, molluscs or crustaceans.

This aspect needs first of al1 an ecophysiological approach. Each species shows characteristic reproductive strategies according to its ecological niche, and these strategies are very important when it comes to adapting the species to fish farm circumstances. Successful reproduction under man-made conditions, however, often also depends on the development of appropriate methods for induced maturation and spawning. That requires detailed knowledge of the natural regulation of the reproductive cycle at the cellular and molecular level. For reviews on this aspect to be published in 1991, see Fontaine, Kuo, and Zohar.

06.02. Objective 2:Understanding and Control of Gametogenesis, Gamete Physiology, Fertilization, and Early Embryonic Development

This objective deals with structural and physiological characteristics of gametogenesis, fertilization and early embryonic development. Environmentai and endocrinolological factors affecting these processes are also studied. Some of the important aspects are:

i The influence of environmental factors, affecting gametogenesis and the quality and quantity of sperm cells and eggs.

- The processes leading to oogenesis, spermatogenesis, as well as oocyte and sperm cell maturation. Endocrine factors affecting these processes are also studied. These studies include the identification of chemical mediators of oocyte maturation and ovulation in various aquatic animals.

- Vitellogenesis: the quantity and the composition of yolk, and in that respect, the dynamics of accumulation of various constituents, and the question of how to manipulate that process. But, also the role of various hormones, such as thyroid hormones, steroids and growth factors, stored during vitellogenesis and embryogenesis.

- Sperm motility. This includes the ionic regulation of, and the effects of various compounds, accumulated during spermatogenesis, such as ATP and CAMP, on sperm motility and gamete survival, and on the mechanism of action and the use of energy by the cytoskeleton of the egg. This topic also deals with the role of fatty acids and other compounds on membrane structure and function in relation to sperm motility. Another issue is the study of the effects of thecomposition of seminal fluid on sperm cell viability, and the role of osmotic conditions, ions and proteins and of hormones, in the preservation and survival of spermatozoa. The role of ions and proteins in the inhibition, the initiation and the duration of sperm motility is studied.

- Ageing of gametes under in vivo and in vitro conditions, including the ageing of mitochondria in sperm cells and the capacity to restore energy stores, as well as the changes in permeability du ring ageing.

- The technical problems of cryoprese~ation of gametes with maintenance of viability and quality.

- Fertilization and early embryonic development, focussing on biochemical events of fertilization and of factors affecting that process. Also, the expression of genes during early stages of embryonic development and of factors affecting early development. This will enable embryo manipulation at early stages of development, as well as various types of transplantation and cryopreser- vation of embryos.

- Various aspects of this objective will be reviewed in 1991, a.o.by Billard et al., Chao, Chia and Koss, Clark jr. and Chen, Kudo, Linhart et al., and Nagahama.

06.03. Objective 3: lmprovement of Aquaculture by Hybridization, Polyploidy, Cloning and Genetic Manipulation

Both the Objectives 1 and 2 are to a certain extend not only dealing with physiological and biochemical, but also with genomic aspects of reproductive phenomena; the genomic control of cellular phenomena. There is, however, much important RBA research that concentrates on genetic aspects as such andior on various techniques of genetic manipulation. This type of RBA research has the study of

,chromosomes and especially the techniques of hybridization, polyploidy, cloning and gene transfer as its main objectives. It includes:

- Cytogenetics: the standardization and establishment of a caryotype atlas of cultivated species and genetic maps of economically important species.

- Stock and sex identification for wild and cultural strains: development of DNA probes for individuals, families and populations, development of Y-specific DNA probes for sex determination.

- Monosex and chromosome manipulation: the production of monosex and sterile stocks by endocrine regulation of sex steroids, induction of gynogenesis and polyploidy by chromosome manipulation.

- Cloning and expression of bioactive compounds: these will include the production of biological active, recombinant derived protein hormones such as gonadotropin, growth hormone important in reproduction and growth.

Tradition,al protein fractionation methods for these hormones have not been successful to a wide variety of aquacultural important species. The availability of purified hormones will be useful to many investigators.

- The establishment of embryonic stem cells (ESC) and their uses in transgenesis.

- Transgenic constructs and gene transfer: Future research should focus on the following: - Development of suitable gene constructs for aquaculture; the use of "al1 fish" (or

all-mollusc, al1 crustacean, etc.) gene constructs which will be safer for human consumption, improvements in gene design that are regdatable, as well as the repertoire of fish promotors useful in transgenic studies are al1 vital to the acceptance of this technology in aquaculture.

- Exploration of other candidate genes. Presently, the only fish genes that have been studied are those for growth hormone, insuline and antifreeze protein; only a few other genes thus far have been studied in molluscs and crustaceans. The transfer of antifreeze protein gene will only be needed in cold water fish species. Many potentially beneficial gene products which confer disease resistance, sex differentiation and reproduction, and adaptation to extreme environment such as acidity, salinity and many others have not been explored.

- lmprovements in gene transfer technology and methods of analysis. The accessibility to large numbers of eggs from a single spawning female fish, mollusc and crustacean has the advantage that many samples can be performed. An improved mass gene transfer technique with selectable markers will simplify the operation. In addition, the use of polymerase chain reaction and other new, sensitive protein detection methods should facilitate the analysis of incorporation and expression of transgenes.

- Environmental impact and safety containment. The farming of transgenic and other genetically altered aquatic animals will pose a serious question of the potential impact on our ecosystem. Little is known of the competitive nature of the transgenic vs. wild type aquatic animals. Is the threat real? If so, how can we ensure that the containment facility is adequate and safe? What kind of regulations are needed? What about producing sterile transgenic aquatic animals? These are important issues the scientific community should address.

- Reviews on this aspect will be published in 1991, a.0. by Benzie, Chen et al., Hew et al., and Rab.

07. SUBDIVISION OF THE RBA PROGRAMME

It has been argued that since al1 RBA research is meant to contribute to understanding reproduction of aquatic animals as such, al1 subdivision of the RBA programme will be artificial.

On the other hand, an undivided RBA Programme will be almost too difficult to handle. Any subdivision of the RBA Programme into Subprogrammes must, therefore, be pragrnatic, and be based on the reality that most research groups are dealing with a limited number of aspects of RBA, and that, generally speaking, international cooperation will be realized mainly between groups interested in the same or closely related aspects.

Since many groups combine the study of effects of the internal and the external milieu, a subdivision along that line is impractical. A much more realistic subdivision can be made along the lines of the three main objectives of the RBA Programme. Indeed, the number of research groups studying the physiology of the reproductive system and at the same time the physiology of gametes and fertilization, andfor cytogenetics and genetic manipulation, is relatively small.

With this in mind, the following Subprogrammes are suggested:

1. Re~roductive Phvsioloay: Qevelopment, Growth, Differentiation and Maturation of the Reproductive System,

II. Gamete Phvsioloav: Gametogenesis, Gametes, Fertilization and Early Qeveiopment of Embryos,

Ill. Cvtoaenetics and Genetic Manipulation: Hybridization, Polyploidy, Cloning and Gene Transfer.

Each of these subprogrammes will include research on al1 three taxonomic groups of animals used in aquaculture, i.e. fish, molluscs and crustaceans.

This subdivision only serves practical purposes, and should never stand in the way of international cooperation, including formal RBA research and training projects that do not fit within the limits of one of the subprogrammes, or cover only part of a subpro- gramme. Thus, for example, international research and training projects on the effects of internal or external regulatory factors only, or such projects on one specific species or a limited number of species belonging to the same group, should be encouraged rather than be hindered by the subdivision of the programme.

In fact, al1 suggestions for international research andfor training projects within the scope of the RBA Programme and its Subprogramrnes, should have their origin in the scientific communication between the members of the Programme. Plans for international research and training projects should never be developed "top down", interfering with the freedom of the participating groups to choose their own research topics and the way in which they want to deal with those.

The main thing the Programme can do and should do, is to otfer a frameworK and thereby to stimulate international cooperation in the field of RBA research. The outcome of the Programme depends on its participants.

OS. IMPLEMENTATION OF THE RBA PROGRAMME

The basis for the work within the scope of the RBA Programme will be a numbeilof international research and training projects or networks. The participants of such networks will coordinate their research, and to that end be in close contact with each other by means of electronic communication systems, such as fax and bitnet, and by the exchange of scientists. They will also organize regular intra-group workshops and/or symposia, and prepare annual reports on the results of their scientific experiments.

Within each international research and training project there will be room for sunsets and successors.

There will be inter-group workshops, symposia and reports, a.0. within the scope of the relevant Subprogramme.

Every three years a general report on the RBA Programme will be prepared by the Programme Steering Committee (see below), with the help of the Subprogramme Coordination Committees, for evaluation by the Science Committee, the Executive Committee and the General Assembly of the IUBS.

An important aspect of the Programme and its research and training projects will be Training and Education. Thus, as a rule al1 workshops and symposia will be open for al1 participants of the Programme. Moreover, the projects will allow for training of scientists not actively participating in the project.

In this respect it will be important to have the active support of the JURS Commission gn Bioloaical Education, especially for assisting in the development of a greater awareness of the role of aquaculture, including awareness of the responsibility of scientists and farmers to avoid ecosystem disruption through indiscriminate aquaculture development.

Likewise, cooperation with other IUBS scientific programmes, including its Commission on Bioindicator~, will be much appreciated.

09. EXTENSION OF THE RBA PROGRAMME

As a rule the research and training projects will allow for training of RBA scientists, technicians and students, not belonging to groups participating in the RBA Programme, including those from technically developing countries.

Participants of research and training projects will take care of public education, informing people about the importance of protection for global marine and freshwater resources.

The results of scientific work concerning the reproductive biology of aquatic animals should reach the fish farmer. To that end books and practical manuals will have to be written, in which the scientific results are "translated" into practical instructions. Mernbers of the RBA Programme, and especially those participating in research and training projects, will have an important task in contributing to such publications.

10. ORGANIZATION OF THE RBA PROGRAMME

A leading principal of the RBA Programme will be that the importance of its participants exclusively depends on the importance of their contributions to international cooperation within the scope of the Programme. As scientists al1 are equal.

Yet, for practical reasons it will be necessary to have a Programme Steering Comrnittee and three Subprogramme Coordinating Committees.

The following perçons have agreed to serve on the Programme Steering Committee:

Prof.Dr. P.G.W.J. van Oordt, Utrecht, Netherlands Chairman

Prof.Dr. H.J.Th. Goos, Utrecht, Netherlands Prof.Dr. D.E. Morse, Santa Barbara, USA Prof.Dr. R.E. Peter, Edmonton, Canada

Prof.Dr. R. Billard, Paris, France Prof.Dr. W.H. Clark jr., Bodega Bay, USA Prof.Dr. Y. Nagahama, Okasaki, Japan

Dr. J. Benzie, Townsville, Australia Prof.Dr. Choy L. Hew, Toronto, Canada Prof.Dr. Yan Shaoyi, Beijing, China Cast

Subprogramme 1 Subprograrnme 1 Subprogramme 1

Subprograrnrne 2 Subprogramme 2 Subprogramrne 2

Subprogramme 3 Subprogramme 3 Subprogramme 3

Dr. T. Younès, Paris, France Executive Secretary IUBS

It will be the task of the Programme Steering Committee:

1.- to appoint Subprogramme Coordinating Committees for each of the three Subprogrammes, to keep contact with the members of these committees and to stimulate contacts between the Subprogrammes;

2.- to assist in the development of international research and training projects, including the drawing up of detailed proposals describing the aims, rationale, approach and provisional timetable of the projects;

3.- to decide on the funding required for organizing and administering the RBA Programme and its Subprogrammes at different stages of its development;

4.- to assist in finding funds for carrying out and administering research and training projects, and in drawing up motivations to this effect;

5.- to see to it that regular intra- and inter-group meetings will be organized, and progress reports will be prepared,

6.- to report annually, not later than in August, to the Executive Committee of the lUBS about the progress of the Programme during the preceding twelve months.

7.- to establish and promote contacts with other relevant organizations and scientific programmes, as may be useful for the RBA Programme.

So far, the following perçons have agreed to serve on one of the three Subprogramme Coordinating Committees (those indicated with an * have consented to serve as chief coordinators):

For Subprogramme 1 : Reproductive Physiology:

'Prof.Dr. H.J.Th. Goos, Utrecht, Netherlands 'Prof.Dr. D.E. Morse, Santa Barbara, USA, *Prof.Dr. R.E. Peter, Edmonton, Canada,

Dr. K. Aida, Tokyo, Japan, Prof.Dr. W.W. Dickhoff, Seattle, USA, Prof.Dr. Y.A. Fontaine, Paris, France, Dr. W.P.M. Geraerts, Amsterdam, Netherlands, Prof.Dr. L. Horvath, Godollo, Hungary, Dr. Y. Katakura, Yokahama, Japan, Prof.Dr. T.J. Lam, Singapore, Prof.Dr. H. Laufer, Storrs, USA, Prof.Dr. Lin Hao-Ren, Guangzhou, China Cast, Dr. C.J.J. Richter, Wageningen, Netherlands, Dr. S. Rothbard, Gan Shmuel, Israel, Prof.Dr. M.P. Schreibman, Brooklyn, USA,

Dr. N. Stacey, Edmonton, Canada, Dr. J.P. Sumpter, Uxbridge, UK, Prof.Dr. P. Thomas, Port Arkansas, USA, Dr. F. Van Herp, Nijmegen, Netherlands, Prof.Dr. Z. Yaron, Tel Aviv, Israel, Prof.Dr. J.Y.-L. Yu, Taipei, China Taipei, Prof.Dr. Y. Zohar, Baltimore, USA.

For Subprogramme 2: Gamete Physiology:

*Prof.Dr. R. Billard, Paris, France, *Prof.Dr. W.H. Clark jr., Bodega Bay, USA, *Prof.Dr. Y. Nagahama, Okasaki, Japan,

Mrs.Prof.Dr. N.-H. Chao Liao, Keelung, China Taipei, Mrs.Prof.Dr. G.W. Hinsch, Tampa, USA Prof.Dr. M. Hoshi, Tokyo, Japan, Dr. O. Linhart, Vodnany, Czechoslovakia, Dr. M. Tom, Haifa, Israel.

For Subprogramme 3: Cytogenetics and Genetic Manipulation:

*Dr. J. Benzie, Townsville, Australia, *Prof.Dr. Choy L. Hew, Toronto, Canada, *Prof.Dr. Yan Shaoyi, Beijing, China Cast,

Prof.Dr. T.T. Chen, Baltimore, USA, Dr. E.W. Donaldson, West Vancouver, Canada, Dr. K. Ozato, Kyoto, Japan, Dr. P. Rab, Libechov, Czechoslovakia, Prof.Dr. Wu Chinjiang, Wuhan, China Cast, Prof.Dr. J.-L. Wu, Taipei, China Taipei,

This list of Subprogramme Coordinators is open for additions. In fact, when research and training projects will be developed, one or two coordinators of each project will be appointed as members of the relevant Subprogramme Coordinating Committee.

The functions of the Subprogramme Coordinating Committees will be:

1.- to advise the Programme Steering Committee on the development of research and training projects, and to prepare grant applications for such projects;

2.- to keep contact with colleagues participating in relevant research and training projects, and to give them any advice which they consider necessary;

3.- to organize regular intra- and inter-group workshops andfor symposia together with the Programme Steering Committee, and to assist coordinators of research and training projects in doing so;

4.- to report annually, not later than in July, to the Programme Steering Committee on the progress of the Subprogramme during the past twelve months.

5.- to assist the Programme Steering Committee in establishing contacts with relevant organizations and other scientific programmes as may be useful for the Subprogramme.

11. FUTURE ACTIVITIES: RBA SYMPOSIA IN 1991 AND 1992

The enthusiasm of the present participants of the RBA Programme for international cooperation in RBA research and training under the auspices of the IUBS, may follow from the fact that practically al1 colleagues hearing of the RBA Programme want to join it.

Moreover, already three international symposia will pay much attention to the RBA Programme and will stimulate discussions on the preparation of international research and training projects within the scope of the three Subprogrammes.

Thus, Van Oordt has been asked to introduce the RBA Programme at the 4th International Symposium on Reproductive Physiology of Fish, which will be held in Norwich (UK) from 7-12 July 1991. The discussions during this symposium will no doubt lead to good suggestions for international research and training projects in al1 three Subprogrammes.

On behalf of the Japanese Committee for the IUBS, Professors T.S. Okada and Y. Nagaharna are organizing a RBA Symposium, to be held in Toba (Japan) from 25 to 27 November 1991. The central topic will be Biotechnology and Biogenetics of Transgenic Fishes. It is hoped that during this symposium the participants will come to an agreement on international research and training projects within the scope of Subprogramme III (Bio- genetics).

The CEC has agreed to sponsor a workshop on the storage and cryopreservation of gametes, eggs and embryos of aquatic organisms. This meeting will be organized by Professor R. Billard, and will take place in Marly le Roy, near Paris (France) at the end of March or the beginning of April 1992. Topics will be: - Biology and preservation of gametes in non frozen state, - Cryopreservation of semen, eggs and embryos, and - Application to aquaculture and conservation of threatened species. Attention will be paid to the formation of international research and training projects within the scope of RBA Subprogramme Il, on Gamete Physiology.

12. REFERENCES

The Proceedings of the International Symposium on Reproductive Biology in Aquaculture, Taipei, April 22-27, 1991 will be published in 1991 as a special issue of volume 30 of the Bulletin of the lnstitute of Zoology of the Academia Sinica, Taipei. They will include the following papers:

Aida, K.: Environmental conditions and reproductive rhythms in fishes. Benzie, J.: The biogenetics of molluscs and crustaceans. Billard, R., Redondo, C., Cosson, J. and Cosson, M.P.: Maturation of carp semen

obtained through in vitro incubation. Chao, N.-H.: Fish sperm cryopreservation in Taiwan: Technology advancements and

extension efforts. Chen, T.T., Dunham, R.A. and Powers, D.A.: Application of transgenic fish technology to

aquaculture. Chia, F.-S. and Koss, R.: Larval settlement and metamorphosis of opistobranch molluscs. Clark jr., W.H. and Chen, T.-1.: The biology of gamete activation and fertilization in

Sicyonia ingentis (Penaeoidea): present knowledge and future applications. Fontaine, Y.A.: The eels: from life cycle to reproductive endocrinology. Geraerts, W.P.M., Joosse, J., Smit, A.B., Li, K.W. and Hordijk, P.L.: Molecular biology of

hormones involved in control of growth, metabolism and reproduction in molluscs. Goos, H.J.Th.: Gonadotropins and their releasing hormones: functional significances,

fundarnental and applied aspects. Hew, C., Gong, Z., Du, S.-J., Fletcher, G. and Davies, P.: Transgenic fish: present status

and future directions. Kudo, S.: Fertilization, cortical reaction, polyspermy-preventing and anti-microbial

mechanisms in fish eggs. Kuo, J.C.M.: Controlled maturation and spawning in grey mullet, Mugil cephalus. Laufer, H. and Sagi, A.: Juvenile hormone-like compounds and reproduction in male and

female spider crabs Libinia emarginata. Liao, 1.-C.: Aquaculture: The Taiwanese experience. Linhart, O., Slavik, T. and Pavlok, A.: Structure and biochemistry of fish sperm. Lo, T.-B., Hung, F.-L., Liu, C.-S., Chang, Y.-S., Chang, G.-D. and Huang, C.-J.: Studies

on piscine gonadotropins; structure, function, molecular cloning, expression and gene structure.

Morse, D.E. and Morse, A.N.C.: Molecular signals, receptors and genes controlling reproduction, development and growth: practical applications for improvements in molluscan aquaculture.

Nagahama, Y.: The molecular mechanisms of oocyte maturation in teleosts. Peter, R.E., Trudeau, V.L. and Sloley, B.D.: Brain regulation of reproduction in teleosts. Rab, P.: Fish cytogenetics and its application in fish reproductive biology. Stacey, N.E., Sorensen, P.W., Dulka, J.G., Cardwell, J.R. and Irvine, A.S.: Fish sex

pheromones: current status and potential applications. Sumpter, J.P.: The effects of stress on the performance of cultured fish. Van Herp, F. and Payen, G.G.: Crustacean neuroendocrinology: perspectives for the

control of reproduction in aquacultural systems. Yu, J.Y.-L., Shen, S.T., Wu, Y.C., Chen, S.H. and Liu, C.T.: Gonadotropin specificity and

species diversity of gonadal steroid hormone formation in fish.

Zohar, Y.: The gilthead sea-bream, Sparus aurata, a model for the study of sex reversal and manipulation of spawning in marine fish farming.

Papers referred to in the Programme Proposal, and recent reviews on aspects of Reproductive Biology in Aquaculture:

Dieleman, W.R.: Wereld aquacultuur in 1989 boven 13 miljoen ton. Aquacultuur 5, 26, 1990.(Comments on FA0 figures of fishculture in 1989).

Geraerts, W.P.M., Smit, A.B., Li, K.W., Vreugdenhil, E. and Van Heerikhuizen, H.: Neuropeptide gene families that control reproductive behaviour and growth in molluscs. In: "Current aspects of the neurosciences", Vol. 3 (N.N. Osborne, ed.), The Macmillan Press Ltd., Cambridge, pp. 256-304, 1991.

Hoshi, M. and Yamashita, 0. eds.: Advances in lnvertebrate Reproduction 5. Proceedings of the Fifth International Congress of lnvertebrate Reproduction held in Nagoya, Japan on July 23-28, 1989, Elsevier Science Publ. Amsterdam, 583 pp., 1990.

Huisman, E.A.: Aquaculture Development. An opportunity for basic research. In: "Reproductive endocrinology of fish: History and prospects". Department of Experimental Zoology, University of Utrecht, Netherlands, ed., pp. 27-36, 1989.

Idler, D.R.. Crim, L.W. and Walsh, J.M., eds.: "Reproductive Physiology of Fish 1987", Proceedings of the third international symposium on reproductive physiology of fish, St.John1s, Newfoundland, Canada, August 2-7, 1987.

Lam, T.L.: Technology development in aquaculture: New ideas and approaches. In: "Essays in Zoology" (L.M. Chou and P.K.L. Ng, eds.), Dept. of Zoology, National University of Singapore, pp. 357-370, 1990.

Laufer, H. and Downer, G.H., eds.: "Endocrinology of selected invertebrate types", Vo1.2, Alan Liss Inc., New York, 1988.

Lin, H.R. and Peter, R.E.: Aquaculture, In: "Cyprinid fishes: systematics, biology and exploitation." (I.J. Winfield and J.S. Nelson, eds.), Chapman and Hall Publishers, London, pp. 590-622, 1991.

Meusy, J.J. and Payen, G.P.: Female reproduction in malacostrean crustacea. Zool. Sci. 5, 217-165, 1988.

Morse, D.E.: Biotechnology in marine aquaculture, Aquacultural engineering 5, 347-355, 1986.

Morse, D.E.: Recent progress in larval settlement and metamorphosis: Closing the gaps between molecular biology andecology, Bulletin of Marine Science 46, 465-483, 1990.

Peter, R.E., Lin, H.R. and Van Der Kraak G.: lnduced ovulation and spawning of cultured freshwater fish in China: Advances in application of GnRH analogues and dopamine antagonists. Aquaculture 74, 1-1 0, 1988.

Peter, R.E., Schreibman, M.P., Pang, P.K.T. and Leatherland, J.F., eds.: "Proceedings of the first international symposium of fish endocrinology", Fish Physiology and Biochemistry, Kugla Publications, Amsterdam and Berkeley, Vol. 7, 420 pp, 1989.

Schreibman, M.P., Margolis-Nunno, H.: The Brain-pituitary-gonad axis in poikilotherms, In: "Development, Maturation, and Senescence of Neuroendocrine Systems: A Comparative Approach." (M.P. Schreibman and C.S. Scanes, eds.), Academic Press, Inc., Florida and California, pp. 97-1 13, 1989.

13. PARTICIPANTS. ADDRESSES AND MAIN RESEARCH

Prof.Dr. M. Abraham, Dept. of Zoology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Life Sciences Institute, Givat Ram, Jerusalem, Israel, Tel. x.972.2.585111, Fax Subpr. 1 : Various fish species: Histophysiology of pituitary and gonads.

Dr. K. Aida, Dept. of Fisheries, Faculty of Agriculture, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113, Japan, Tel. Fax Subpr. 1 : Various fish species: Ecophysiology.

Mrs-Dr. M. Andriyasheva, GosNIORKh, Laboratory on Coregonid Genetics and Selection, State Research lntitute on Lake and River Fisheries, 26 Makarova Embankment, Leningrad 199053, USSR, Tel. Fax Subnr. 3: Coregonid fishes: Genetic technologies of creation of highly productive peled brood stocks; Quantitative genetics; Chromosome and protein polymorphism; Inbreeding; Gynogenesis.

Mrs.Prof.Dr. I.A. Barannikova, Laboratory of Evolutionary Physiology, Physiological Institute, Leningrad University, 719 University Embankment, Leningrad, 199034, USSR, Tel. Fax S u b ~ r . 1 & 2: Sturgeons, salmonids and other fishes: Plurihormonal control of GTH II synthesis and release (GnRH-dopamine-steroids); Ontogenesis of reproductive functions in salmonids; Steroid hormones in growth and maturation of germ cells; Vitellogenesis and sex steroids in sturgeons.

Dr. A. Barbaro, lstituto di Biologia del Maro, CNR, Riviera 7 Martici, Venezia, Italia, Tel. Fax S u ? : For research projects, cf. L. Colombo.

Dr. J. Benzie, Australian lnstitute of Marine Science, Townsville, PMB no 3, MC, Queensland, 481 0, Australia, Tel. x.61.77.789211, Fax x.61.77,725852. Subpr. 3: Clams and prawns: Assessing genetic variation in wild populations, using protein and DNA markers; Genetic work on heretability and improving stocks; Estimating the heretability of desirable morphological or physiological traits; Selective breeding of improved stocks.

Prof-Dr. K. Bieniarz, Dept. of Ichthyobiology, Academy of Agriculture, Ambrozowa Str. 6, 30-149 Krakow, Poland, Tel. x.48.12.3751761375379, Fax x.48.12.336245. Subpr. 1 & 3: Carp and other fishes: Multiple regulation of gonadotropin secretion; Steroidogenesis; Sex reversal; Gynogenesis and polyploidization.

Prof.Dr. R. Billard: Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, lchthyologie générale et appliquée, 43 rue Cuvier, F-75231 Paris, Cedex 05, France, Tel. x.33.1.43314010, Fax x.33.1.40793484. Sub~ r . 2: Salmonids, carp and other fishes: Artificial insemination; Health criteria for gametes, and desinfection; Sperm motility.

Dr. B. Borg, Dept. of Zoology, University of Stockholm, S-10691 Stockholm, Sweden, Tel. x.46.8.164082/164072/164089, Fax x.46.8.167715. Subpr. 1: Stickleback and salmon: Plurihormonal control of GTH II synthesis and release (GnRH-dopamine-steroids); Regulation of smoltification in salmon.

Dr. R.D. Bradley, CIO Giant Clam Project, Zoology Dept., James Cook University, Townsville, Qld. 481 1, Australia,Tel. Fax Subor. 3: for research projects cf. J. Benzie.

Brof.Dr. B. Breton, Laboratoire de Physiologie des Poissons (INRA), Campus Beaulieu, F-35042 Rennes Cedex, France, Tel. x.33.99285020, Fax x.33.99285034. Sub~ r . 1 & 2: Salmonids and other fishes: Plurihormonal control of GTH II synthesis and release (GnRH-dopamine-steroids); Sex differentiation; Ontogenesis and endocrine mechanisms of sexual behaviour; Regulation of smoltification; Steroid endocrinology of gonads; Regulation of oocyte maturation; Endocrinology of the testis; Local regulation of spermatogenesis; Sperm biochemistry.

Dr. N. Bromage, lnstitute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, Scotland, UK, Tel. x.44.786.73171, Fax x.44.786.51462. Sub~r . 1 & 3: Trout and other fishes: Ecophysiology of reproduction; Genetic aspects.

Dr. M. Carillo, Instituto de Acuicultura de Torre de la Sal (CSIC), Ribera de Cabanes, 12595 Torre de la Sal, Castellon, Spain,Tel. x.34.964.310325, Fax x.34.964.310350. Subpr. 1 & 2: Sea bass: Ecophysiology; Regulation of puberty; Problems of domestication; Sex differentiation; Germ cell differentiation, growth and maturation; Sex reversal.

Prof.Dr. Ching-Fong Chang, Dept. of Aquaculture, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan 20224, Republic of China,Tel. x.886.2.4622192 (ext. 659), Fax x.886.2.4620724. Subor. 1 & 2: Black porgy, tilapia and other fishes: Sex reversal in Black porgy; Plasma steroid-binding protein; Vitellin and vitellogenin in tilapia; Ecophysiology. Shrimps: Physiology and purification of vitellin and vitellogenin.

Dr. J.P. Chang, Address: cf. R.E. Peter. Suber. 1: Goldfish: Cell biological aspects of central regulation of GTH and STH secretion.

Prof.Dr. K.-H. Chang, lnstitute of Zoology, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei, Taiwan 11 529, Republic of China. Tel. x.886.2.782172417824595, Fax x.886.2.785805917823571. Subpr. 1 : Shrimps: Reproductive physiology.

Prof.Dr. Y.S. Chang, lnstitute of Biological Chemistry, Acadernia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China, Tel. Fax SubDr. 1 & 3: Carp: Genes encoding for $- and B-subunits of GTH.

Mrs.Prof.Dr. N.-H. Chao Liao, Taiwan Fisheries Research Institute, 199 Hou-lh Road, Keelung, Taiwan, 20220, Republic of China, Tel. x.886.2.4622101, Fax x.886.2.4629388. Suber 1 & 2: Marine and fresh water fishes: Various aspects of reproductive physiology in relation to fish culture and fisheries; Milt preservation. Abelone and other marine molluscs: Reproductive physiology.

Prof.Dr. Chen Song Lin, Reproductive Physiology Group, Changjiang Fisheries Institute, Shashi, Hubei, People's Republic of China, Tel. Fax S u b ~ r . 1, 2 & 3: Chinese sturgeon: lnduced oocyte maturation and ovulation; Purification of GTH and STH. Chinese carp and other cyprinids: Cryopreservation of sperm and embryos; Sperm banks; International transport of frozen sperm.

Dr. Tzyy-lng Chen, Tungkang Marine Laboratory, Taiwan Fisheries Research Institute, Tungkang, Pingtung, 92804, Taiwan, Republic of China, Tel. x.886.8.8324121(3), Fax x.886.8.8320234. Subpr. 2: Penaeoidean shrimps: Sperm-egg interaction.

Prof.Dr. T.T. Chen, Center of Marine Biotechnology, The University of Maryland, 600 E Lombard Street, Baltimore MD 21202, USA, Tel. x.1.301.7834800, Fax x.1.7834806. Subpr. 1 & 3: Various fish species: Physiology of reproduction; Transgenic fish; GTH- gene transfer.

Prof-Dr. Fu Shiang Chia, Dean of the Faculty of Graduate Studies and Research, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, T6G 2J9, Tel. x.1.403.492.3499, Fax x.1.403.492.0692. S u b ~ r . 2: Marine mol~luscs: Larval sensory receptors involved in detecting suitable substrate and the chemical signals from substrates that larvae respond to; Larval mortality and larval defense mechanisms.

Prof.Dr. G . Chieffi, Università di Napoli, I Facultà di Medicina e Chirurgia, lstituto di Biologia, Via Costantinopoli 16, 1-801 38 Napoli, Italia, Tel. x.39.81.211555, Fax Sub~ r . 1 : Various fish species: Influence of GnRH on gonadal processes.

Dr. D. Chourrout, Laboratoire de Génétique des Poissons, I.N.R.A., F-783. Jouy-en-Josas, France, Tel. x.33.1.34652121, Fax x.33.1.34652051. Subpr..a: Salmonids: Population genetics in wild and domestic salmonids; Quantitative genetics in commercial traits; Gynogenesis and polyploidy; Transgenic fish.

Prof-Dr. W.H. Clark jr., Bodega Marine Laboratory, University of California at Davis, Bodega Bay, CA 94923, USA, Tel. Fax Subpr. 1 & 2: Shrimps: Neuroendocrinology of reproduction, Cryopreservation of gametes, and fertilization.

Prof.Dr. P.C. Collins, Marine Biotechnology Center, Marine Science Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 931 06, USA,Tel. Fax Subpr. 1 & 2: Marine fishes: Sexual differentiation; Regulation of gametogenesis and spawning.

Prof.Dr. L. Colombo, Università di Padova, Dep. di Biologia, Via Trieste 75, 1-351 21 Padova, Italia, Tel. x.39.49.8286114, Fax x.39.49.8072213. Subpr. 1. 2 & 2: Various fish species, including salmonids, sea bream, gobies and sea bass: Reproductive pheromones in gobies; Hormonal induction, oocyte incorporation, and pre- and postfertilization processing of vitellogenin; Effects of exogenous GnRH priming on the endogenous ovulatory rhythm in ovogenetically asynchronous fish; Production of chromosome manipulated transgenic salmonids and sea bass.

Dr. M.P. Cosson, Biologie cellulaire marine, UA 671 du CNRS, Station zoologique, F-06230 Villefranche-sur-Mer, France, Tel. x.33.93763789, Fax x.33.93763898. Subgr. 2: Trout and carp: Control of sperm movement; Biochemistry of axonemal proteins.

Dr. O. Christoforov, Address: cf. !:A. Barannikova. S m : Atlantic salrnon and sea trout: Formation and functions of reproductive systern in ontogenesis (incl. maturation and aging); Comparative analysis of sexual cycles in different ecological conditions, and prediction of reproductive part of population structure; Hormonal control of different stages of maturation; Relation between smoking and sex maturation as well as between growth and maturation.

Prof-Dr. K. Dabrowski, School of Natural Resources, The Ohio State University, 2021 Coffey Road #210, Columbus, Ohio, 4321 0-1 085, USA, Tel. x.1.614.292.2265, Fax x.1.614.292.7162. S u b ~ r . 3: Goldfish, rainbow trout and muscellunge: Gene transfer technique and promotor specificity in goldfish; Transfer of gene to produce ascorbate in rainbow trout; Sex control and improved growth in muscellunge (Esox rnasquiningy).

Prof.Dr. P. Davies, Biochemistry Dept., Queen's University, Klngston,Ontario, Canada, K7L 3N6, Tel. x.1.613.545.2983, Fax x.1.613.545.6612. Subnr. 3: Atlantic salmon: Transgenic fish, antifreeze protein genes.

Dr. G. Degani, Migal, Kiriyat Shmone, Israel,Tel. Fax Sub~ r . 1 : Ornamental and other fresh water fishes: Ecophysiology and endocrinology of reproduction.

Dr. W.W. Dickhoff, Coastal Zone and Estuarian Studies Division, Northwest and Alaska Fisheries Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, 2725 Montlade Boulevard East, Seattle, Washington, 981 12, USA,Tel. Fax âubDr.1: Salmonids: Gonadotropins, cell physiological and rnolecular aspects of synthesis ans release.

Dr. L. Dolgov, cf. V.Z. Kasyanov.

Dr. E.M. Donaldson, West Vancouver Laboratory, Biological Sciences Branch, 4160 Marine Drive, West- Vancouver, B.C., Canada, V7V 1 N6,Tel. Fax 1.604.666.3497. Subpr. 1. 2 & 3: Salrnonids and other fishes: Utilization of photoperiod to delay maturation in cultured salmonids; Induction of ovulation in South East Asian and African fresh water fishes; Changes in the endocrine status of a variety of salrnonids during maturation; Development of irnproved means of producing monosex females and sterile salrnonids by endocrine and genetic rneans; A Y specific DNA probe for chinook salrnon ; Studies on the process of sex differentiation and characterization of associated genes; Studies on the production of transgenic fish which are modified with regard to reproductive development.

Prof-Dr. P. Epler, cf. K. Bieniarz.

Prof.Dr. L.-O. Eriksson, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Dept. of Aquaculture, Box 1457, S-90124 Umea, Sweden, Tel. x.46.90.190010, Fax x.46.90.19087. Sub~r . 1 : Atlantic salmon and arctic char: Ecophysiology.

Ing. M. Flajshans, cf. O. Linhart.

Dr. G. Fletcher, Ocean Sciences Center, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada A1 B 5S7, Tel. x.1.709.726.6681, Fax x.1.709.726.7711.

Atlantic salmon: Transgenic fish' antifreeze protein genes.

Prof.Dr. Y.A. Fontaine, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Laboratoire de PHysiology générale et comparée, 7 rue Cuvier, F-75005 Paris, France, Tel. x.33.1.3360072, Fax Sub~r . 1 & 2: Eel and other fishes: Identification of GTH 1; Plurihormonal control of GTH II synthesis and release (GnRH-dopamine-steroids); Mechanism of GTH action; GnRH neurons and their control; Vitellogenesis and vitellogenin uptake in oocytes; Eco- endocrinology, effects of hydrostatic pressure on gonadotropic function of pituitary.

Prof.Dr. A Fostier, cf. B. Breton.

Mrs.Dr. A. Franscescon, cf. A. Barbaro.

Mrs.Dr. B. Funkenstein, I,O.L.R., P.O.BOX 8030, Haifa, Tei-Shikmona, Israel, Tel. x.972.4.515202, Fax Subpr, 3: Gilthead sea bream: Gene transfer and growth hormone.

Dr. W.P.M. Geraerts, Biological Laboratory, Free University, De Boelelaan 1087, NI-1 081 HV Amsterdam, Netherlands, Tel. x.31.20.5482914, Fax x.31.20.429202. Sub~ r . 1 : Pondsnail and other gastropods: Neuroendocrinology of reproduction and growth.

Prof.Dr. F. Goetz, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, 46556, USA, Tel. x.1.219.239.5545, Fax x.1.219.239.7413. S u b ~ r . 1 & 2: Goldfish, brook trout and yellow perch: Ovulation: mechanism, role of proteases, eicosanoids, steroids and peptide agonists in control of ovulation; Molecular analysis of protease enzymes, mRNA and genes; Eicosanoids: ovarian synthesis and control of synthesis by steroids, catecholamines, gonadotropins, and growth factors, molecular analysis of eicosanoid enzymes, mRNA and genes; Second messengers: ovarian phosphatidylinositol cycling, protein kinase C, adenylate cyclase molecular analysis of 2nd messenger enzymes.

Dr. B.F. Goncharov, USSR Academy of Sciences, lnstitute of Developmental Biology, Vavilov Street 26, Moscow, 1 17808, USSR, Tel. Fax Subpr. 1 & 2: Sturgeon: GTH: purification, regulation of synthesis and release (GnRH- dopamine-steroids); Vitellogenesis; lnduced oocyte maturation, ovulation and spermiation.

Prof.Dr. H.J.Th. Goos, Jordan Centre for lntegrated Animal Physiology, University of Utrecht, Transitorium III, P.O.BOX 80.058, NI-3508 TB Utrecht, Netherlands, Tel. x.31.30.533664, Fax x.31.30.532837. Subpr. 1: African catfish, european eel, carp: Plurihormonal control of GTH II synthesis and release (GnRH-dopamine-steroids); GnRh neurons and their control; Identification of GTH 1; Mechanism of action of neuropeptides and neurotransmitters on the pituitary; Sex differentiation in eels; Gonadal steroidogenesis.

Dr. H. Gordin, National Centre for Mariculture, I.O.L.R., P.O.BOX 121 2, 881 12 Elat, Israel, Tel. x.972.5973154, Fax x.972.5975761. Subor. 1 & 2: Golden seabream and other fishes: Ecophysiology and endocrinology of reproduction; GnRH induced spawning.

Prof.Dr. E. Gordon Grau, Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology, University of Hawaii and Manoa, P.O.BOX 1346, Coconut Island, Kaneohe, Hawaii, 96744-1346, USA, Tel. Fax .-l: Tilapia: Physiology of growth and reproduction.

Dr. K. Gorycsko, Salmonid Research Laboratory Rutki, 83-330 Zukowo, Poland, Tel. x.48.818.4261818.427, Fax Sub~r . 3: Rainbow trout: Family selection; Phenotypic males and xx genotype; Polyploidization; Gynogenesis.

Prof.Dr. H. Goudeau, Equipe CNRS "Biologie cellulaire marine" URA 671, Station Zoologique, B.P. 28, Villefranche-sur-Mer, F-06230 France, Tel. x.33.93763778, Fax x.33.96763834. Subor. 2: Penaeid shrimps, European lobster, spider crab and common prawn: Environmental control of physico-chemical factors on the activation of naturally spawned eggs of prawn; Gamete interaction and fertilization.

Mrs.Prof.Dr. M. Goudeau, cf. H. Goudeau.

Dr. Y. Hasegawa, cf. Y. Katakura.

Dr. C. Haux, Dept. of Zoophysiology, University of Goteborg, P.O.BOX 25059, S-40031 Goteborg, Sweden, Tel. x.46.31.853679, Fax Sub~r . 1 & 2: Atlantic salmon and arctic char: Vitellugenesis, GTH I and II.

Prof-Dr. Choy L. Hew, Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5G 1 X8, Tel. x.1.416.978.6505, Fax x. 1.41 6.978.8802, and Dept. of Clinical Biochemistry, Banting Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5G 1 L5,Tel. Fax x.1.416.978.5650. Sub~r . 3: Salmonids and other fishes: Antifreese and growth hormone gene transfer.

Mrs.Prof.Dr. G.W. Hinsch, Dept. of Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, 33620, USA, Tel. x.1.813.974.2676, Fax x.1.813.974.5255. Sub~ r . 1 & 2: Various crustaceans, including crabs: Ovarian structure; Egg-sperm interaction in crabs; Chemical mediators involved in oviposition and spawning; Morphology and functional role of mandibular organs in reproduction.

Dr. K. Hirose, National Research Institute of Aquaculture, Nakatsuhama, Nantsei-cho, Mie, Japan, Tel. Fax x.81.5996.6.1962. Subor. 1 & 2: Various fish species: Physiology of reproduction.

Dr. C.P. Hodgson, cf. K. Dabrowski.

Prof.Dr. L. Horvath, University of Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Animal Husbandry, H-2103 Godollo, Hungary,Tel. Fax Sub~r . 1 & 2: Cyprinids: Physiology of reproduction.

Prof.Dr. M. Hoshi, Dept. of Life Sciences, Faculty of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152, Japan, Tel. x.81.3.726.1111 ext. 2570, Fax x.81.3.729.0335. Subpr. 1 & 2: lnvertebrate reproduction.

Prof.Dr. Hu Baotong, cf. Xia De-Quan.

Dr. F.L. Huang, lnstitute of Biological Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, 11529, Republic of China,Tel. Fax Subpr. 1.: Various fish species: Functional relationship of gonadotropins.

Prof-Dr. G. Hulata, Fish & Aquaculture Research Group, Agricultural Research Organization, Dor, Mobile Post Hof Hacarmel, 30820, Israel, Tel. x.972.6.90651, Fax x.972.3.993998. Sub~ r . 1 & 3: Carp and tilapia: Behaviour and pheromones; lnduced chromosome-set manipulations (gynogenesis and polyploidy) in common carp; Sex reversal in tilapia; Transgenic fish.

Prof.Dr. B. Jalabert, cf. B. Breton.

Prof.Dr. P.Jego, Université P. & M. Curie, CNRS (URA 4), Laboratoire de Physiologie des Regulations, Laboratoire de Biologie moleculaire, URA CNRS 256, F-35042 Rennes, Cedex, France, Tel. x.33.99286133, Fax Subpr. 1 : Rainbow trout: Plurihormonal control of GTH II synthesis and release (GnRH- dopamine-steroids).

Mrs.Prof.Dr. Jin Gung Qin, Fisheries Institute, Guanfxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, 8 Qingshan Road, Nanning, Guangxi, People's Republic of China,Tel. Fax Subpr. 3: Bream species and other fresh water fishes: Hybridization of fresh water fishes; Nuclear transplantation in bream species.

Prof.Dr. J. Joosse, cf. W.P.M. Geraerts.

Dr. K.P. Joy, Reproductive Physiology and Endocrinology Unit, Centre of Advanced Study in Zoology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India, Tel. x.91.54291.354, Fax Subnr. 1 : Catfish species: Plurihormonal control of GTH II synthesis and release (GnRH- dopamine-steroids).

Prof-Dr. V.Z. Kasyanov, lnstitute of Marine Biology, Palchevsky Street 17, 690032 Vladivostok 32, USSR,Tel. Fax S u b ~ r . 1 & 2: Bivalve molluscs: Reproductive cycles; Sex determination; Molecular and cellular aspects of neural and hormonal regulation of gametogenesis and gamete shedding; Biotechnical methods of obtaining matured germ cells; Sex expression and environmental stress; Distribution of pollutants in gonads and other organs, and their effects on gametogenesis, spawning and larval development.

Dr. Y. Katakura, Dept. of Biology, Kaio University, Yokahama 223, Japan, Tel. x.81.44.63.1111, Fax Subpr. 1: Isopod, Armadillidium vulgare: Purification of androgenic gland hormone; Production of anti-androgenic gland hormone serum.

Prof.Dr. V. Kavsan, lnstitute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Ukrainian SSR Academy of Sciences, Zabolotnogo Street 150, 252627 Kiev, USSR, TeI.x.7.44.2663498, Fax x.7.44.2663498. Subnr. 3: Fishes and marine invertebrates: Structure of hormone genes; Insulin gene, and genes of insulin-like growth factors and growth hormone of chum salmon; lnsulin gene evolution in invertebrates.

Prof.Dr. U.V. Kazakov, Laboratory of Salmonid Fishes, same address as M. Andriyasheva. Subpr. 3: Salmonids: Genetic structure in natural and hatchery populations of atlantic salmon in the Baltic, White and Barents Sea Basins; Genetic variability level of non- anadromous salmon; lntrapopulational structure of atlantic salmon in large rivers; Breeding and transportations of donor material effects on changes in genetic structure.

Mrç.Dr. N.N. Khmeleva, Laboratory of Comparative Hydroecology, F. Skoruna 27, Minsk 220600, USSR, Tel. Fax Sub~ r . 1 & 2: Prawns, Artemia and other crustaceans: Environmental control of reproduction; Regulation of puberty; Early development.

Dr. #.W. Khoo, cf. T.J. Lam.

Dr. Y.S. Khotimchenko, cf. V.Z. Kasyanov.

Dr. D.E. Kime, Dept. of Animal and Plant Sciences, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield S I0 2TN, England UK, Tel. x.44.742. 768555 (ext.4824), Fax x.44.742.760159. Subpr. 1 : Carp and catfish: Gonadal steroid biochemistry.

Dr. J. Klir, lnstitute of Physiology, Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 142 20 Prague 4, Czechoslovakia, Tel. x.42.2.4719741.5, Fax Subpr. 2: Carp and other fresh water fishes: Cryopreservation of gametes and early embryos.

Dr. E.F. Kopeika, Institute of Problems of Cryopreservation and Cryomedicine, Academy of Sciences of the Ukranian SSR, Pereyaslavskaya Street 23, Kharkov, 310015 Ukranian SSR, USSR, Tel. Fax Subpr. 2: Carp, Sturgeon and other fishes: Cryopreservation of fish sperm, and experience in application for obtaining carp progeny; Effect of low temperature conservation on phospholipid fatty acids of spermatozoa of grass carp; Hypothermal conservation of sturgeon sperm up to 5 days; Differences in resistance to cryopreservation and specificity of lipid properties of spermatozoa of sea and freshwater fishes.

Dr. J. Kouril, Address: cf. O. Linhart. Subpr. 1: Various fresh water fishes and Mugilids: lnduced reproduction.

Prof.Dr. S. Kudo, Dept. of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Gunma University, Showa-cho 3-39-22, Maebashi 371, Japan, Tel. x.81.272.31.7221 (ext. 539), Fax Subnr. 2: Various fish species: Fertilization.

Prof.Dr. J.C.M. Kuo, Institute of Fisheries Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, 10746, Republic of China,Tel. Fax Subpr. 1 & 2: Loach, mullets and grouper: Steroidogenesis; Oocyte maturation, ovulation and spawning; lnduced sex reversal. Tiger shrimp: Controlled maturation and spawning.

Prof-Dr. T.J. Lam, Aquaculture Reproductive Biology Group, Dept. of Zoology, National University of Singapore, Lower Kent RidgeRoad, Singapore 051 1, Tel. x.65.7722692, Fax x.65.7796155. Subpr. 1, 3 & (1: Various marine and fresh water fishes: Neuroendocrinology of reproduction; Biochemistry of GTH; Environmental factors, including nutrition and stress; Pheromones; Vitellogenin production and vitellogenesis; Steroidogenesis and role of steroids; Regulation of gestation in the Guppy; Polyploidy, gynogenesis and androgenesis; Transgenic fish. Mud crab and prawns: Reproductive endocrinology of prawns; Mandibular organ of mud crab.

Dr. J.G.D. Lambert, cf. H.J.Th. Goos.

Prof.Dr. H. Laufer, Dept. of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Box U-125, Room LSA 707, Storrs, Connecticut, 06269-31 25, USA, Tel. x. 1.203.486.41 17, Fax 1.203.486.4331 . ~ u b o r . 1 : Various crustaceans: Influence of juvenile hormone-like hormones on reproduction.

Prof.Dr. 1.-C. Liao, cf. N.-H. Chao Liao.

Ing. J. Libosvarsky, cf. M. Penaz.

Dr. P. Lieman, cf. J. Klir.

Prof.Dr. L in Hao-Ren, Laboratory of Fish Reproductive Endocrinology, Dept. of Biology, Zhongshan University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China, Tel. x.86.446300.591, Fax x.86.429173. Subpr. 1. 2 & 3: Eel and other fishes: Multiple regulation of GTH secretion; Sex differentiation and maturation in eels; Regulation of germ cell diferentiation, growth and maturation; lnduced ovulation and spawning; sex reversal; Transgenic fish.

Dr. O. Linhart, Research lnstitute of Fish Culture and Hydrobiology, 38925 Vodnany, Czechoslovakia, Tel. x.42.342.9051906-8, Fax x.42.342.906.206. Subor. 2 & Q: Carp, tench, catfish and other fresh water fishes: lnduced spermiation and ovulation; Preservation of gametes and embryos; Composition of spermial and ovarian plasma; Sperm morphology, sperm atlas; Gynogenesis and polyploidization, production of sterile fish.

Prof.Dr. L iu Rui-Yu, Experimental Marine Biology Laboratory, lnstitute of Oceanology, Academia Sinica, 7 Nan-Hai Road, Qingdao, 266071, People's Republic of China, Tel. x.86.532.279175, Fax x.86.532.270882. Subor. 1. 2 & 3: Marine shrimps: Gamete interaction and fertilization; Studies of karyotypes of important economic shrimps; Neuroendocrine regulation and growth; Neuroendocrinology of reproduction; Studies on the reproductive isolation mechanism and possibilities of interspecies hybridization in shrimps and scallops. Scallops: Chromosome set manipulation; Transgenic scallops.

Prof-Dr. Tung-Bin Lo, lnstitute of Biochemical Sciences, National Taiwan University, Roosevelt Raad, Section 4, Taipei, Taiwan, 10764, Republic of China, Tel. Fax Subor. 1 :Vanous fish species: Comparative study of piscine GTH.

Dr. M. Loire, cf. B. Breton.

Mrs.Prof.Dr. E. Lubzens, National Institute of Oceanography, IOLR, P.O.BOX 8030, Haifa, Tel-Shikmona, Israel, Tel. Fax Subpr. 1 & 2: Penaeid shrimps: Yolk deposition during oogenesis; Vitellin and vitellogenin synthesis and turnover in haemolymph; Changes in vitellin subunits during oogenesis and their physiological significance; Neuroendocrine control of vitellogenesis and vitellin synthesis; transport of lipids in the haemolymph and their accumulation in developing oocytes.

Dr. M. Luczynski, Dept. of Fish Genetics, Faculty of Fresh Water Fisheries and Water Protection, University of Agriculture and Technology, 10-71 8 Olsztyn-Kortowo, B1.37, Poland, Tel. x.48.89.2782621278388, Fax S u b ~ r . 2 & 2: Coregonids and other fishes: Hatching and early development; Biochemical fish genetics; Cytogenetics and cytotaxonomy.

Dr. H. Lundqvist, cf. L.-O Eriksson.

Ing. S. Lusk, cf. M. Penaz.

Dr. D.S. MacKenzie, Dept. of Biology, Texas A & M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA, Tel. x.1.409.845.7701, Fax x. 1.409.845.2891. S u b ~ r . 1 : Various fish species, including goldfish and channel catfish: Thyroid and reproduction.

Dr. G. Maisse, cf. B. Breton.

Dr. A. Mamcarz, Dept. of Fisheries and Aquaculture, Faculty of Fresh Water Fisheries and Water Protection, University of Agriculture and Technology, 10-71 8 Olsztyn Kortowo, BI. 37, Poland, Tel. Fax For research programme cf. M. Luczynski

Mrs-Dr. C.L. Marte, Aquaculture Dept., Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center, Box 256, lloila City, Phillipines, Tel. , Fax x.63.2.7211342 and x. 63.33.76642. Subpr. 1. 2. & Q: Various fish species and crustaceans, including sea bass, milk fish, grouper, tilapia and giant tiger prawn: lnduced sex differentiation; lnduced gonadal maturation and spawning in sea bass and milk fish; lnduced sex reversa1 in juvenile grouper; Genetic selection and selective breeding in Tilapia; Hormonal changes during vitellogenesis in the giant tiger prawn.

Dr. A. Maximovich, Laboratory of Physiology of Ontogenesis, Institute of Marine Biology, Palchevskogo Street 17, Vladivostok 690032, USSR, Tel. Fax Subpr. 1 & 3: Salmonids: Gonadotropic function of the pituitary, sexual maturation, hybridization.

Mrs-Dr. E.V. Mikodina, All-Union Research lnstitute of Marine Fisheries and Oceanography (VNIRO), 17a V. Krasnoselskaya, Moskow 1071 40, USSR, Tel. x.7.95.2683108, Fax x.7.95.2649187. Subpr. 1 & 2: Various marine and fresh water fishes: Effects of opiates and releasing hormones on reproduction; Effects of opiates on eggs, larvae and adults.

Dr. K.F. Miller, cf. K. Dabrowski.

Brof.Dr. Y. Milner, Aquaculture Production Technology (Israel) Ltd., Life Sciences Building, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, P.O.BOX 4330, Givat Ram, Jerusalem, Israel, Tel. x.972.2.718878/716871, Fax x.972.2.718898. Subor. 1 & 3: Prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii: Role of androgenic gland in regulation of somatic growth, sexual differentiation and reproduction, isolation of biologically active molecules; Induction of gonad maturation in Penaeus vannamei, using the continuously fecund Macrobrachium rosenbergii female as a source of gonad stimulating factors (from thoracic ganglia and mandibular organ); Establishment of monosex populations; Endocrine activity of the mandibular organ of the reproductively distinctive rnorphotype of M. rosenbergii.

Prof.Dr. D.E. Morse, Marine Biotechnology Center, Marine Science Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara CA 931 06, USA, Tel. x.1.805.961.3157 (961 -341 6 for messages), Fax x.1.805.961.8062. Subor. 1. 2 & 3: Abalone and other marine rnolluscs: Induction of spawning by hydrogen peroxyde activation of prostaglandin synthetase; Hormonal and environmental regulation of gametogenesis and spawning in aquaculture species; Molecular and environmental mechnisms controlling larval development, metamorphosis and rapid early growth in aquaculture species; Genetic engineering and transgenesis for improved regulation of growth.

Mrs-Dr. 1. Murza, State Research lnstitute on ' 3ke and River Fisheries, 26 Makarova Embankment, 199053 Leningrad, USSR,Tel. Fax For research programme cf. O. Christoforov.

Prof.Dr. Y. Nagahama, Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, National lnstitute for Basic Biology, Okazaki 444, Japan, Tel. x.81.564.53.7331, Fax x.81.564.52.4889. Subor. 1. & 2: Salmonids and other fishes: Molecular mechanisms of GTH biosynthesis; Purification and characterization of GTH receptors in ovarian follicle; Molecular mechnisms of biosynthesis of oocyte maturation inducing hormone; Characterization of receptors for the maturation inducing hormone on the oocyte surface; Purification, characterization and function of the maturation promoting factor; Definition of the rnolecules (proteins and steroids), involved in the initiation of meiosis, spermatogenesis and spermiation; Genetic control of sex differentiation.

Dr. C. Natarajan, Director of the Dept. of Biotechnology, Ministry of Science and Technology, C.G.O. Complex, Lodi Road, New Delhi, 110003, India, Tel. Fax , ubor.1. 2 & 3: lndian fish species, molluscs and crustaceans: General organization of aquaculture in India.

Dr. E.M. Okemwa, Kenya Marine and Fisheries Research Institute, P.O.BOX 81 651, Mombasa, Kenya, Tel. x.254.11.472245, Fax x.254.11.472215. Subpr. 1 & 2: Marine fishes: Reproductive physiology.

Prof.Dr. F.P. Ollevier, Catholic University of Louvain, Zoological Institute, Laboratory for Ecology and Aquaculture, Naamsestraat 59, 8-3000 Leuven, Belgiurn, Tel. x.32.16.283966, Fax x.32.16.284575. Subpr. 1. 2 & 3: European eel, catfish and sea bass: Sex determination and differentiation in eels; Central aspects of gonad maturation in sea bass; Environmental control of reproduction in catfish; Sex reversal in sea bass; Ploidy manipulation; Transgenesis.

Dr. K. Ozato, Dept. of Biology, Faculty of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606, Japan, Tel. x.81.75.753.6857, Fax x.81.564.537400. Subpr. 3: Medaka: Gene transfer by injection into the oocyte nucleus.

Prof-Dr. J. Palacek, Dept. of Physiology and Developmental Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Vinicna 7, 12800 Prague 2, Czechoslovakia, Tel. Fax (aspr. 1: Carp: Hormonal sex reversal.

Prof.Dr. T.J. Pandian, School of Biological Sciences, Maaurai Kamaraji University, Madurai, 625021, Tamilnadu, IndialTel. Fax Sub~ r . 1. 2 & 3: Fishes, moluscs and crustaceans in India: Organization of aquacultural research in India.

Prof-Dr. V. Pantic, Serbian Academy of Science and Arts, Knez Mihailova 35, 11000 Belgrade, Yugoslavia, Tel. x.38.11.187144, Fax x.38.11.182.825. Sub~ r . 1 : Carp: Hormonal sex reversal.

Dr. R. Patino, Texas Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Unit, Dept. of Range and Wildlife Management, Texas Tech university, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA, Tel. x. 1.806.742.2851 , Fax x.1.806.742.2836. Sub~ r . 2: Various fish species: Hormonal, cellular and molecular regulation of oocyte maturation cornpetence; Maturation-inducing steroid receptor physiology and biochemistry; lnduced spawning of aquaculture species.

Ing. M. Penaz, Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences, lnstitute of Systematic and Ecological Biology, Dept. of Ichtyology, Kveta 8, 603 65 Brno, Czechoslovakia, Tel. Fax Subnr. 1 : Various fish species: Taxonomy, reproduction and early developrnent of fishes under various environmental conditions.

Prof-Dr. R.E. Peter, Dept. of Zoology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, T6G 2E9, Tel. x. 1.403.492.3464, Fax x. 1.403.492.7033. Subnr. 1 : Goldfish: Plurihormonal control of GTH II synthesis and release (GnRH- dopamine-steroids, etc.); Mechanism of action of neuropeptides and neurotransmitters on the pituitary.

Dr. V.B. Petukhov, lnstitute of Zoology, B.S.S.R. Academy of Sciences, F.Skoryna 27, Minsk, 220072, USSR, Tel. Fax Subpr. 1 R 7: European eel: Sex differentiation and maturation; Gametogenesis, germ cell growth and maturation; Ecophysiology, culture in natural water bodies; Early development; Industrial methods of eel culture.

Dr. J. Peute, cf. H.J.Th. Goos.

Dr. A.D. Pickering, lnstitute of Fresh Water Ecology, The Windemere Laboratory, The Ferry House, Far Sawrey, Cumbria LA22 OLP, United Kingdom, Tel. Fax Subnr. 1 : Trout: Steroid Hormorss, biosynthesis and physiological function.

Prof.Dr. R. Pierantoni, cf. G. Chieffi.

Dr. J. Podkorny, cf. O. Linhart.

Mrs.Prof.Dr. A. Polzonetti, Dipartimento di Biologia, Via Camerini 2, 1-62032 Camarino (MC), Italia, Tel. Fax For research programme cf. L. Colombo.

Dr. T.G. Pottinger, cf. A.D. Pickering.

Dr. J.H. Primavera, cf. C.L. Marte.

Dr. P. Rab, lnstitute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Dept. of Genetics, Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences, 277 21 Libechov, Czechoslovakia, Tel. x.42.206.971124, Fax x.42.206.971286. Sub~ r . 3: Carp and other fresh water fishes: Biochemical genetics and cytogenetics.

Dr. C.J.J. Richter, Dept. of Fish Culture and Fisheries, Agricultural University of Wageningen, P.O.BOX 338, NI-6700 AH Wageningen, Netherlands, Tel. x.31.8370.83380, Fax x.31.8370.83962. Sub~r .1 & 3: European eel, african catfish, carp: Effects of ternperature and density on gonadal sex determination and sex control in elvers frorn North and South European countries; Feminization and production of gynogenetic clones in common carp; Genotype-environment interactions in eel; Analysis of sex ratios in elvers of the european eel, originating from natural populations, using a H-Y antiserum.

Dr. A. Romanovsky, Charles University, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Dept. of Universal and Comparative Zoology, Vinicna 7, 12844 Prague 2, Czechoslovakia. Tel. Fax

a b g r . 3: Tench: Sex inversions in gynogenetic tench.

Dr. S. Rothbard, Fish Breeding Station, 38810 Gan-Shmuel, Israel, Tel.x.972.6.321982, Fax x.972.6.320404. Subnr. 1 & 3: Ornamental fresh water fish, tilapia, carp: Endocrinology amd ecophysiology of reproduction; Sexual maturation; Hybridization.

Prof.Dr. J.E. Saayman, Dept. of Zoology, University of the North, Private bag X 1106, Sovenga, 0727, Republic of South Africa, Tel. x.27.1522.4310 (ext. 2306), Fax x.27.1522.4942. Sub~r . 1 & 2: Various fresh water fishes: lnduced maturation and spawning.

ProfAr. H.J. Schoonbee, Dept. of Zoology, Rand Afrikaans University, P.O.BOX 524, Johannesburg 2000, Republic of South Afnca, Tel. x.27.11.489.2467, Fax x.27.11.489.3207. Subpr. 2 & 9: African catfish: Cryopreservation of sperm; Molecular genetics of natural and domesticated catfish populations; Determination of genetic composition of fish showing superior growth; Population genetics.

Prof.CN. M.P. Schreibman, Dept. of Biology, Brooklyn College, City University of New York, Brooklyn, New York 11210, USA, Tel.x.l.718.780.5631, Fax x.1.718.951.7602. Subpr. 1 & 3: Platyfish, winter flounder, gilthead seabrearn, black carp: Genetic and environmatal influences on, and developrnent of brain-pituitary-gonadal axis and sexual maturation.

Dr. R. Schulz, cf. H.J.Th. Goos.

Dr. A.P. Scott, Directorate of Fisheries Research, Fisheries Laboratory, MAFF, Lowestoft, Suffolk NR33 OHT, United Kingdom, Tel. x.44.502.562244, Fax x.44.502.513865. Subpr. 1 : Trout and other fishes: Steroid hormones, biosynthesis and physiological function.

Prof.Dr. W.L. Shelton, Zoology Dept., University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 7301 9, USA, Tel. x.1.405.325.4821, Fax x.1.405.325.5068. Subpr. 1 & 3: Tilapia, Carp and other fishes: Density effects on gonadal differentiation; Gynogenesis and hormone-induced differentiation; Sex determination in tilapia; Artificial propagation through hormonal intervention;

Prof.Dr. Shen Junbao, Heilongjiang River Fishery Research Institute, The Chinese Acaderny of Fishery Science, 20 Huaxingwu-daojie, Daoli District, Harbin, Heilonggjiang Province, People's Republic of China,Tel. Fax Subpr. 3 : Salmonids and other fishes: Hetero- and homo-cell fusion, and nuclear transplantation in rainbow trout; Transfer of Salmon growth hormone gene ino eggs of rainbow trout; Monosex culture of rainbow trout; Breeding of sterile strain of rainbow trout; Hybridity triploids; Gene pool of cold water fishes.

Prof.Dr. Shen Xiao-Zhou, cf. Zhang Zhiyi.

Mrs.Prof.Dr. N. Sherwood, Biology ~e$t . , University of Victoria, Victoria, B.C., Canada V8W 2Y2, Tel. Fax Sub~ r . 1 : Marine and fresh water fishes: Comparative biochemistry of GnRH's.

Prof.Dr. G.L. Smit, Dept. of Physiology, University of the North, Sovenga 0727, Republic of South Africa, Tel. Fax Sub~ r . 1 : Fresh water fishes: Endocrinology of reproduction and stress.

Dr. P. Sorensen, College of Natural Resources, Dept. of Fisheries and Wild Life, 200 Hodson Hall, 1980 Folwell Avenue, St. Paul, Minnesota 551 08, USA, Tel. x.1.612.624.4997, Fax x.1.612.625.5299. Subpr. 1 : Goldfish, carp and other fishes: Sex pheromone function and identity; Behavioural endocrinology; Chemoreception.

Dr. N. Stacey, Dept. of Zoology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2E9. Tel. x.1.403.492.1253, Fax x.1.403.492.7033. Subpr. 1 : Goldfish: Sex pheromones.

Dr. G. Steyn, cf. H.J. Schoonbee.

Dr. J.P. Sumpter, Dept. of Biology and Biochemistry, Brunel University, Uxbridge, Middlesex UB8 3HP, United Kingdom, Tel.x.44.895.74000 (ext.2089), Fax x.44.895.74348. Subpr. 1 & 2: Rainbow trout: Endocrine control of vitellogenesis and oocyte growth; effects of stress on reproduction; stroids involved in oocyte maturation.

Prof.Dr. T. Subramoniam, Dept. of Zoology, Madras University, Guindy Campus, Madras 600 025, lndia, Tel. x.91.418494, Fax Subpr. 1 & 2: Prawns, lobsters and crabs: Environmental control of reproduction; Gametogenesis; Biochemical investigations on seminal plasma and spermatophores in relation to sperm maturation, maintenance and transport to females; Endocrine control of male reproduction, including androgenic gland functioning; Mating beheviour and sperm transfer strategy; Histology and histochemistry of oogenesis and vitellogenesis; Biochemical and serological studies in identifying yolk precursor molecules in serum and extra-ovarian sites of vitellogenin synthesis; Neuroendocrine control,of vitellogenesis, influences of vertebtrate hormones; Cryopreservation of spermatophores and embryos; Biology of fertilization in penaeid prawns, acrosome reaction to natural and artificial inducers, in vitro gamete interaction and fusion, identification of sperm receptor molecules on the vitellin envelope of eggs.

Mrs.Dr. S. Suzuki, Laboratory of Biology, Kanagawa Prefectural College, Nakao-cho 50-1, Asahiku, Yokohama 241, Japan,Tel. Fax Subpr. 1 & 2: Terrestrial isopod Armadillidium vulgare: Vitellogenin synthesis and its hormonal control, oostegite formation; Sex determination and differentiation; Sex reversal.

Mrs-Dr. P. Swanson, cf. W.W. Dickhoff.

Prof.Dr. F. Takashima, Laboratory of Fish Culture, Tokyo University of Fisheries, Konan, Minato, Tokyo 108, Japan, Tel. Fax Subnr. 1 : Various fish species: Physiology of reproduction.

Dr. C.H. Tan, cf. T.J. Lam.

Prof.Dr. P. Thomas, University of Texas, Marine Science Institute, P.O.BOX 1267, Port Aransas TX 78373, USA, Tel. x.1.512.749.6768, Fax x.1.512.749.6777. Subpr. 1 & 2: Marine fish, including Atlantic croacker: Gonadotropins, characterization, physiology and neuroendocrine control; Vitellogenesis, molecular mechanisms of estrogen receptor and vitellogenin biosynthesis; Final oocyte maturation, endocrine control, maturation-inducing steroids and their receptors; Environmental factors, effects of salinity, stress and pollution on reproduction.

Dr. Tian Chun En, Research lnstitute of Aquatic Products, 90 Tianjinzhuang, Yongdinmenwai, People's Republic of China, Tel. Fax Subnr. 3: Carp: Growth hormone gene transfer, using sperm cells as vector.

Dr. M. Tom, cf. E. Lubzens.

Dr. H.J. Tsai, Institute of Fisheries Sciences, National Taiwan University, 1 Roosevelt Road, Section 4, Taipei, Taiwan, 10746, Republic of China, Tel. Fax S u b ~ r . 3: Various fish species: Expressing growth hormone gene of fish on yeast; Molecular cloning of seabrearn growth hormone gene.

Dr. C. Tyler, cf. J.P. Sumpter

Prof.Dr. Y. Valotaire, cf. P. Jego.

Prof.Dr. R.A. Van den Berg, Address: cf. H.J. Schoonbee. Subpr. 1 & 2: Shrirnps: Culture of Australian fresh-water shrirnps in South Africa.

Prof.Dr. G. Van Der Kraak, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N IG 1W1, Tel. x.1.519.824.4120 (ext. 2593), Fax x.1.519.767.1656. Sub~ r . 1 : Goldfish: Regulation ot ovarian steroidogenesis.

Dr. F. Van Herp, Zoological Laboratory, Catholic University of Nijmegen, Toernooiveld, NI-6525 EN Nijrnegen, Netherlands, Tel. x.31.80.612728, Fax S u b ~ r . 1: Crayfish and lobsters: Purification and characterization of crustacean neuropeptides; Properties and mode of action of neuropeptides; Identification and cytophysiology of neuroendocrine centres.

Prof-Dr. P.G.W.J. Van Oordt, cf. H.J.Th. Goos.

Prof.Dr. J. Vassetsky , lnstitute of Developrnental Biology, 26 Vavilov Street, Moscow 117334, USSR, Tel. x.7.095.1356473, Fax x.7.095.1358012. Subpr. 2 & 3: Various fish species: Gamete physiology; Meiosis; Polyploidization.

Prof.Dr. S.E. Wendelaar Bonga, Dept. of Zoology,.Catholic University of Nijrnegen, Toernooiveld, NI-6525 EN Nijrnegen, Netherlands, Tel. x.31.80.558833, Fax Subpr. 1 : Tilapia and Carp: Toxicology aspects; Influence of calcium, magnesiurn and phosphate on differentiation of endocrine organs.

Prof.Dr. Wu Chinjiang, lnstitute of Hydrobiology, Academia Sinica Wuhan, People's Republic of China, Tel. x.86.27.813481, Fax. x.86.27.711242. Subr. 1 & 3: Cyprinids: Sex deterrnination; In vitro induction of oocyte maturation; Hybridization and genome manipulation; ldentifification and production of pure lines; Control mechanisms of gynogenesis; Fish growth hormone gene clone and transfer into fish embryos. lnduced sex reversal. Various crustaceans: Cytoengineering.

Prof-Dr. J.-L. Wu, Address: cf. K.-H. Chang. Subnr. 3: Various fish species: Gene expression during developrnent.

Dr. W.L. Wu, Address: cf. K.-H. Chang. Sub~r . 2 & 3: Abalone and other rnolluscs: Cryopreservation and cryobiology of gametes of abalone; Growth hormone gene transfer in Taiwan abalone.

Prof.Dr. Xia De-Quan, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Science, Wuxi, Jangsu, People's Republic of China, Tel. Fax a b p r . 3: Tilapia: Gene expression during development; Biotechnology of cold resistance, using nuclear transplantation.

Prof.Dr. Xiang Jian-Hai, cf. Liu Rui-yu.

Prof.Dr. K. Yamauchi, Reproductive Biology Group, Dept. of Biology, Faculty of Fisheries, Hokkaido University, Hakodate 041, Japan, Tel. x.81.138.41 .O1 31, Fax x.81.138.43.5015. u ~ r . 1 & 2: Eels, salmonids and other fishes: Sexual maturation in eels; Regulation of sperrnatogenesis in eels; Hormonal regulation of sperm rnotility in eels and salrnonids; Oocyte developrnent and vitellogenesis in salrnonids; Smoltification and precautious maturation in salrnonids.

Prof.Dr. Yan Shaoyi, lnstitute of Developrnental Biology, Acadernia Sinica, Beijing, 100080, People's Republic of China, Tel. x.86.81.1.283286, Fax x.86.1.256.1269. Subnr. 3: Various fish species: Transgenic fish, using nuclear transplantation.

Dr. Yang Yong Quan, Aquatic Products Bureau and Research Association of Fishreis Science in Hubei Province, 237, Peng liu Ynag Road, Wuhan, People's Republic of China, Tel. Fax Sub~r . 1 & 3: Tilapia: Monosex culture.

Dr. 1. Yano, Reproduction technology section, National Research lnstitute of Aquaculture, Fisheries Agency, Nakatsuhama, Nantsei-cho, Mie, Japan, Tel. Fax x.81.5996.6.1962. S u b ~ r . 1 & 2: Penaeid shrimps: Hormone induces maturation in captivity; Neuroendocrine regulation of reproduction, including vitellogenin synthesis and release; Oogenesis and oocyte maturation.

Prof-Dr. 2. Yaron, Dept. of Zoology, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 69978, Israel, Tel. x.972.3.5459041, Fax x.972.3.6425518. Subpr. 1 : Tilapia and cyprinids: Sex differentiation and hormonal sex inversion in tilapia; Sexual maturation in black carp; Methods of spawning induction in cyprinids and tilapia; Multihormonal control of gonadotropin secretion in tilapia; lntracellular mediation of GnRH and dopamine affects in gonadotropic cells of tilapia.

Dr. T. Younés, Executive Secretary of the International Union of Biological Sciences, 51 Bld. de Montmorency, F-75015 Paris, France, Tel. x.33.1.45250009, Fax x.33.1.42889431.

Prof.Dr. J.Y.-L. Yu, Address: cf. K.-H. Chang. Sibpr, 1: Black silver carp and other fishes: GTH and TSH, identification, synthesis and release, physiological function.

Mrs.Dr. S. Zanuy, cf. M. Carillo.

Prof.!%. Zhang Nianci, Zhejiang Institute of Freshwater Fisheries, Huzhou Municipality, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China,Tel. Fax Subpr. 3: Tilapia: Biotechnology of cold resistance, using tissue culture, cell fusion and nuclear transplantation.

Prof.Dr. Zhang Tianyin, Dept. of Biology, Shendong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China, Tel.x.86.531.45961, Fax x.86.531.42167. - 2 : Cyprinids: Morphology of hatching gland cells; SEM study of sperm-egg fusion.

Prof.Dr. Zhang Xingzhong, Yangtze River Fishery Research Institute, Shashi, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China, Tel. Fax Subor. 1 & 2: Sturgeon: Ecophysiology of reproduction. Cyprinids and other fresh water fishes: Cryopreservation of sperm.

Prof-Dr. Zhang Zhiyi, Open Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, lnstitute of Zoology, Academia Sinica, Beijing People's Republic of China, Tel. Fax S u b ~ r . 3: Carp: Transgenesis, use of carp sperm cells as vector for introducing metellothionin-promotor and Onchorynchus keta growth hormone gene into carp oocytes.

Prof.Dr. Y. Zohar, Center of Marine Biotechnology, The University of Maryland, 600 East Lombard Street Baltimore, MD 21 202, USA, Tel. x.1.301.783-48.90, Fax x. 1.301.783-48.06, Bitnet: ZOHAR@COMBl .C0MB.UMD.EDU. Sibpr. 1 & 3: Goldhead sea bream, Black carp and other fishes: Ecophysiology and endocrinology of reproduction; Controlled administration of hormones, including GnRH, and drugs; Development of sensitive methods for measuring hormones and drugs.

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ARGENTWA- Ginsep N . Q d de Investigaciones CientXcas y Technicas AUSTRALIA- A u s i d m Audany of Sciena AUSTRIA- O d c h k h ALa&anie da W h s c h d t m . BEUJIUM- AcrdCmie Roy& de Belgique B R A Z L C a i h Naamai de Fiquisas BULGARIA- Bulgarian Audemy of Scimces CANADA- National Research Council CHILE- S o c i d & Biologia de Chile CHINA- Associatiai for Sciena and Technology. Beijing CIWA- Acadania S h b , Tai* CUBA- Audemia & Cimciu CZECHOSLOVAKIA- Czechosbvak Acadany of Sciences DENMARK- Dd Kaigeiige Dansk Vidaiskabcmes Selskab EGYPT- Academy of %tific R e s d and Technology FINLAND Societas SQmtPnun Fmnica FRANCE- Acad&nie der Sciences GERMANY FR - Deutache Forrchungsgcmeineschaft HUNGARY- Acdany d Sciena INDIA- indian N a b a i &aice A d e m y IRAQ- Scimtific Resurdi Cwnd IRELAND- Royai Irish Academy ISRAEL-Academy of Scienas and Humanitier ITALY- Consiglio N a z i d e d e k R i d e

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