ARTICLESPRACTICAL CONSIDERATIONS OF APPLYING UV TECHNOLOGY FOR REUSE WATER DISINFECTION

A SMART WAY TO VALIDATE UV SYSTEMS FOR REUSE APPLICATIONS

SAFETY OF POST-UV DISINFECTION OF WASTEWATER:BIO-STABILITY IN REUSE WATER PIPELINES

BIDDING, TESTING, AND START-UP OF A REUSE UVDISINFECTION SYSTEM IN FLORIDA

in the next issue . . .

FEATURES

IUVANEWSISSN 1528-2017

VOLUME 12/NO. 4 DECEMBER 2010

Municipal Applications

Toronto Callfor PapersNow Open!

ARTICLESPRACTICAL CONSIDERATIONS OF APPLYING UV TECHNOLOGY FOR REUSE WATER DISINFECTION

A SMART WAY TO VALIDATE UV SYSTEMS FOR REUSE APPLICATIONS

SAFETY OF POST-UV DISINFECTION OF WASTEWATER:BIO-STABILITY IN REUSE WATER PIPELINES

BIDDING, TESTING, AND START-UP OF A REUSE UVDISINFECTION SYSTEM IN FLORIDA

Calgon Carbon Corporation • 1-800-422-7266uvtechnologies@calgoncarbon-us.com

www.calgoncarbon.com/uv

Making Water and Air Safer and Cleaner

Ultraviolet Disinfection and Oxidation Technologies

• SENTINEL® UV disinfectionproven control of Cryptosporidium and Giardiain drinking water

• C3 SERIES™ wastewater disinfection systemsprevent the spread of waterborne pathogens to lakes,streams, rivers and coastal waters

• Our RAYOX® and SENTINEL® UV oxidation systemsdestroy organic compounds in contaminated groundwater, wastewater, and drinking water

CONTENTS INDEX OFADVERTISERS

President’s Letter =K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K 5

UV Industry News =K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K 6

Hot UV News =K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K 11

New IUVA Members =K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K 13

ARTICLES

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Editor in Chief:Mr. Paul Overbeckfrs^=kÉïë=Eéêáåí=îÉêëáçåF=Efppk=NROUJOMNTF=áëéìÄäáëÜÉÇ=èì~êíÉêäó=Äó=íÜÉ=fåíÉêå~íáçå~ä=räíê~îáçäÉí^ëëçÅá~íáçåI=fåÅK=Efrs^F=^å=ÉäÉÅíêçåáÅ=îÉêëáçå=áë=éêçîáÇÉÇÑêÉÉ=íç=~ää=frs^=jÉãÄÉêëK

Head Office:Paul Overbeck (paul.overbeck@iuva.org)Diana Mitchell (dianam@iuva.org)International Ultraviolet AssociationPO Box 28154, Scottsdale, AZ 85255Tel: (480) 544-0105 Fax: (480) 473-9068www.iuva.org

frs^=^ÇîÉêíáëáåÖ=C=bÇáíçêá~äProfessor James Bolton, PhD Jim.Bolton@iuva.org

IUVA Executive Operating Committee- President Bertrand Dussert, PhD

- President-Elect Paul Swaim, PE

- Secretary Kati Y. Bell

- Treasurer Christopher Schulz, PE

- Past Pres. Linda Gowman, PhD, PEng

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Practical Considerations of Applying UV Technology for Reuse Water Disinfection K=K=K=K=K=K= 14t~óåÉ=iÉãI=gÉååáÑÉê=jìääÉê

A Smart Way to Validate UV Systems for ReuseApplications K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K= 17j~ííÜá~ë=_çÉâÉêI=^åÇêÉï=p~äîÉëçåI=j~ÇÜìâ~ê=o~é~â~I=oçååáÉ=_Éãìë

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Bidding, Testing, and Start-Up of a Reuse UVDisinfection System in Florida K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K= 25gçëÉÑáå=jK=bÇÉÄ~ÅâI=bKfK=~åÇ=jÉä~åáÉ=^K=j~ååI=mKbK

Share Your News with the World-Author Guidelines K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K= 33

ON THE COVER:Toronto Call for Papers Now Open, see page 7

DECEMBER 2010 | 3

We are all aware that the rising demandfor and scarcity of potable water has led togrowing interest in water reuse andrecycling in many regions across theglobe. Huge areas of land mass withinAustralia, India, China and the USA havebeen highlighted as suffering extremepressure on their renewable water suppliesby a new index and map that evaluateswater stress down to 50km² worldwide.The Water Stress Index is developed byglobal risks advisory firm Maplecroft toidentify the risks to governments,

populations and business.

Not surprisingly, of the 159 countries in the Water Stress Index,those in the Middle East and North African countries of Egypt (1),Kuwait (2), UAE (3), Libya (4) and Saudi Arabia (5) as exposed tothe most overall risk. Water stress in this region expected as it onlyreceives 1% of the world’s precipitation, of which 85% is lostthrough evaporation. More strikingly, the key economies ofAustralia (19), India (29), China (40) and the USA (51) have allbeen rated as ‘high risk’ due to their ‘extreme risk’ areas of waterstress, where demand is exceeding 80% of total renewable waterresources.

Some regions have been reacting to dwindling supplies withreuse projects over the last decade but, this is hardly a newconcept. Water recycling, also referred to as water reclamationand reuse, dates back approximately 3,000 years when theMinoan Civilization in Crete, Greece used wastewater foragricultural irrigation.

The states of Florida and California are the nation's leaders involume of water recycled, with Arizona, Florida, Hawaii, Nevada,Texas and Washington all actively recycling water as well. Waterrecycling should grow significantly in the future, but only if thepublic and politicians recognize that water is a limited resourceand make money available to take action with.

The U.S. Government does not regulate water recycling. Rather,the U.S. EPA has published guidelines (U.S EPA, 2004) andindividual states have developed regulations or standards forwater reuse applications. Regulations and guidelines becomemore stringent and restrictive as the degree of human contactwith reclaimed waterincreases. Non-potableapplications typicallyfocus on the control ofpathogenic organisms,while potableapplications includecontrol of bothmicrobial andc h e m i c a l / p h y s i c a lconstituents. Stateregulations frequentlyspecify the type oftreatment required.

For instance, disinfected secondary treated effluent may beidentified where human contact with recycled water is incidentalor not likely to occur, whereas disinfected tertiary treatment isrequired where human contact is likely to occur. In all cases,disinfection is part of the treatment process.

The State of California's laws affecting recycled water arepublished together in a book that sometimes referred to as the“Purple Book” (State of California, 2001) available atwww.cdph.ca.gov/certlic/drinkingwater/Pages/Lawbook.aspx.

In Arizona, my home state, reuse was first applied in the GrandCanyon in 1926 and at the Peterson Farms in Phoenix in 1932.Overall, Arizona communities have been active participants inwastewater reuse, as I learned at a recent “Reuse 101 Workshop”held by the WateReuse Association of Arizona and the AZ WaterAssociation. Many communities became proactive planners onceresearch made it an unquestionable fact that the ground waterand surface water supplies would be overdrafted from populationgrowth even with the corresponding land use transition fromagriculture to residential.

Today, Arizona’s annual water resource budget is derived from theColorado River (37.8%), In-State Rivers (18.9%), ground water(amazingly 39.2%) and Reclaimed water (4.1%). Reclaimed wateris really our only “growing” water supply as access to ColoradoRiver water is limited by Federal Laws and 7-Basin StatesAgreements and rain is just not an increasing commodity underour current and foreseeable climate.

Opportunities for water recycling are many, and fall into eightgeneral categories:

• Agricultural irrigation for food and non food crops

• Landscape irrigation for unrestricted, limited, and restrictedaccess areas

• Groundwater recharge for replenishment and seawater intrusion

• Industrial reuse including cooling water, boiler feedwater, process water, and heavy construction (dust control, concrete manufacturing, curing, and fill compaction, and cleanup)

• Recreation and environmental uses for body contact and non contact applications such as artificial lakes, ponds and fountains

• Non-Potable uses such as toilet flushing, sewer flushing andcommercial car washes

• Indirect potable uses such as blending in public surface waters and groundwaters

EDITORIALPaul OverbeckEditor-in-Chief

4 | IUVA News / Vol. 12 No. 4

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Greetings to all members,

As we near the end of 2010, I would liketo thank each one of you for yourmembership and your contributions tothe UV industry. Your talent andenthusiasm help make IUVA the vibrantand leading-edge community it is today.

2010 brought with it another year ofstrong volunteer commitment - the veryheartbeat of the IUVA - and I would liketo take this opportunity to thank these

many champions of UV. We live in hectic and tough economictimes. It’s dedicated members like you, working at the grassrootslevel, assuring that the benefits of UV, our message and your UVvoice, don’t get lost in the shuffle.

It’s no secret; finding and keeping good volunteers is at the coreof every good organization’s planning strategy. Throughout itshistory, the IUVA has been very fortunate to have manyenthusiastic and devoted members who have taken time awayfrom their own businesses to roll up their sleeves and lead theorganization; working on its board, committees and task forces,coordinating workshops and getting the UV story told. I know ourstaff is grateful to those volunteers who have stepped up on IUVA’sbehalf over the past 11 years. Their work, your work, is what keepsthe IUVA vibrant and relevant, allowing us to provide even moreinformation and benefis to all members.

But, opportunities still abound. You have the chance to put yourpersonal stamp on this Organization. And, remember, when youhelp the IUVA, you create new benefits for your ownaffiliation/company and, therefore, yourself.

IUVA has all sorts of volunteer needs ranging from the quick “so,what do you think of this?” to an unlimited variety of projects.There is so much potential, in every direction. For those reallywanting to sink their teeth into something great, please look intojoining a global strategic initiative or planning a workshop in yourlocal area. Finding new ways to keep that momentum going is aperpetual reality and one where IUVA’s Strategic Initiatives (allgroups of volunteers, of course) take a very active role incultivating and welcoming interested new members that wish tobecome involved.

I say to all members: Let your voice be heard …you can make adifference! I encourage all members who are interested inknowing more about how they can advance their projectsthrough the IUVA to contact us and become part of the team.After all, we represent you; the UV community is as strong as wemake it together.

If you’re committed to championing our industry’s growth andsuccess, the IUVA is here to help. What will you champion in2011?

Season’s Greetings,

_Éêíê~åÇ

AMESSAGEfrom the IUVA President

Bertrand Dussert

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DECEMBER 2010 | 5

• Direct potable reuse – currently practiced on theInternational Space Station

In its Master Plan for 2030, the City of Surprise, Arizona isaddressing water reuse as a key strategy to support an estimatedincrease in population from the current 107,000 to 300,000 in2030. The plan includes six special planning areas withwastewater treatment plants offering indirect potable and directnon-potable reuse capabilities. Their philosophy is not “Whatshould we do to dispose of our effluent” but tÜ~í=áë=íÜÉ=ÄÉëíìëÉ=çÑ=íÜáë=î~äì~ÄäÉ=êÉëçìêÅÉÒ.

The City of Surprise is building on the examples set by the City ofTucson and the Palo Verde Nuclear Generating Station whicheach respectively started reuse programs many years ago.

Tucson, with its 11 inches of annual rainfall and historic relianceon non-renewable ground water, dictated that careful waterplanning was needed to support a growing population. Theysuccessfully implemented multiple strategies, including waterconservation, augmentation with Central Arizona Project(Colorado River) water and water reclamation. Now, they havethe ability to recover up to 32 MGD and 170 miles of pipeline forreuse distribution.

The Palo Verde Nuclear Generating Station, the largest in theUSA, is to the west of the City of Phoenix with its 7 inches ofannual rain fall. Why build it in the desert with no large bodies ofwater available? The answer was the demand for power tosupport the explosive population growth in Arizona and southernCalifornia.

The forward thinking planners on this project that broke groundin 1976 recognized that the effluent from the City of Phoenix91st Avenue Wastewater treatment was a valuable asset. Thenand today, the Palo Verde NGS is the only nuclear plant cooledby reclaimed effluent. They are transporting 90 MGD of the 135MGD secondary effluent from the 91st Avenue WWTP 28 milesby pipeline to their onsite treatment facility. There, tricklingfilters, cold lime softening, gravity filtration and chlorinationprepare the water for cooling use.

UV disinfection has become an essential part of many water reuseand recycling systems globally. What’s happening in yourcommunity? Please send us information on your experience inthis application so that the IUVA can continue to educate onproven UV benefits.

m~äç=sÉêÇÉ=kìÅäÉ~ê=dÉåÉê~íáåÖ=pí~íáçåI=^êáòçå~

6 | IUVA News / Vol. 12 No. 4

UVINDUSTRYNEWS

The following are some items of note from IUVA Member Announcements:

Labsphere Launches High Speed LED CharacterizationSpectrometershttp://halmapr.com/news/labsphere

Labsphere has introduced the CDS-5400 and CDS-9800 High SpeedLED Spectrometers designed for a full range of LED characterizationmeasurements. Both models offer reliability, speed and accuracywith a choice of spectral range to suit specification applicationneeds.

The CDS spectrometers, when integrated into Labsphere’s systems,measure critical spectral characteristics of LEDs including flux;intensity; chromaticity coordinates; dominant, peak, and centroidwavelengths; color temperature and rendering properties; andpurity. The CDS-5400 works in the spectral range of 305-930 nm.For more high precision applications including fixed quantity UVand quantum efficiency measurement, the CDS-9800 has a widedynamic range and four models covering the spectral range of 240-1100 nm. With low stray light, the highly accurate CDS-9800 isintended for demanding R&D environments where precision iscritical and a wide variety of devices need to be tested.

LED UV Company Wins Cleantech Open 2010 BusinessCompetitionwww.puralytics.com

Puralytics, an early-stage company located in Beaverton, Oregonhas won the Cleantech Open 2010 business competition; defeating17 other finalists. The prize for this award is a package of investmentservices valued at $250,000.

Puralytics uses UV light (either from LEDs or direct sunlight) tocreate processes that reduce or remove contaminants from theenvironment without any wastewater or chemicals. Designed todeal with critical contaminants like petrochemicals andpharmaceuticals, Puralytics' water purification systems alsoeliminate heavy metals like arsenic, lead, and mercury, and providedisinfection of bacteria, viruses, and other pathogens. Initiallytargeting industrial and commercial facilities, Puralytics aims toexpand to provide a solution for water treatment in smallcommunities and remote areas.

"Puralytics solves a critical environmental problem with anenvironmentally superior solution," stated Byron McCann, regionalco-director of Cleantech Open's Pacific Northwest Region.

New York DEP Completes Key Milestone for UltravioletDisinfection Facilitywww.nyc.gov/dep

Environmental Protection Commissioner Cas Holloway announcedthat DEP has installed the first ultraviolet disinfection (UV) units atthe new Ultraviolet Disinfection Facility under construction inWestchester County. The project will be largest of its kind in theworld.

The $1.6 billion facility, located on a 153-acre property in the towns

of Mount Pleasant and Greenburgh, will provide enhanceddisinfection for the Catskill-Delaware water system, which currentlyprovides 90% of the drinking water for nine million New Yorkers.Each of the UV disinfection units will be able to treat up to 40 milliongallons of water per day. The project currently employs 400 workerson site, and, when completed in 2012, will be the largest ultravioletdisinfection facility in the world.

“Mayor Bloomberg has committed an unprecedented level ofresources to protect, treat, and distribute the drinking water thatnine million New Yorkers rely on every day,” said CommissionerHolloway. “The Ultraviolet Disinfection Facility is one of the mostsignificant projects undertaken in the history of New York City’swater system, and will provide a level of protection that will ensureNYC Water remains as safe, healthy, and delicious as it is today forgenerations to come. I would like to thank the many people who areworking hard to complete this project, which is critical to makingsure that New York City remains one of only five large cities in thecountry with an unfiltered drinking water supply.”

Site preparation for the Ultraviolet Disinfection Facility began in2006 and construction of the facility began in 2008. Whencompleted in 2012, the facility will be able to treat over two billiongallons of water per day. The 56 UV units consist of stainless steeldisinfection chambers, each chamber holding 210 UV lamps thatwill treat the water as it passes through.

Direct Potable Reuse Workshop Report Is Now Availablehttp://halmapr.com/news/hanovia

A new workshop report is available that identifies information gapsand existing barriers to developing direct potable reuse regulationsin California.

The 41-page report was prepared by the California Urban WaterAgencies, National Water Research Institute, and WateReuseAssociation California Section, who are interested in developing astrategic plan for addressing barriers to direct potable reuse as afeasible water resource option.

Direct potable reuse is the introduction of recycled water directlyinto a potable water distribution system. Criteria have yet to bedeveloped or proposed for direct potable reuse in the U.S.

The three agencies sponsored a 2-day “Direct Potable Reuse”workshop on April 26-27, 2010, in Sacramento, California, whichincluded over 60 representatives with various technical, scientific,policy, and social science backgrounds from regulatory, academia,environmental, and water and wastewater industries.

The objective of the workshop was to identify as many issues aspossible that need to be evaluated to address information gaps anddevelop direct potable reuse regulations. The following issues – andpossible strategies to address them – were summarized in theworkshop report:

• Public acceptance.

• Communication between agencies in the water supply chain and between agencies and the public/customers.

• Microbial and chemical constituents of concern. Continued to page 9

DECEMBER 2010 | 7

Share your exciting Ultraviolet Ozone and AOP technological advancements and experiences in this unique forum - showcasing the world’s premeir advanced treatment technologies! We are pleased to invite you to participate in our second joint regional event, Co-Chaired this year by Professor Daniel Smith, Ph.D.; Pamela Chelme-Ayala, Ph.D. and Professor Ron Hofmann, Ph.D.

This conference will provide current technical, process and operational information to engineers, scientists, and end users of Ultraviolet, Ozone and Advanced Oxidation technologies with focus on North American municipal

& industrial water, wastewater, water reuse and emerging contaminants.

TOPICS MAY INCLUDE:• Advanced Oxidation • Ozone Generation • UV and O3 Contactor Design

• Biofiltration • Ozone Mass Transfer • Ultraviolet Lamps

• Bromate Formation and Control • Ozone Measurement • Ultraviolet Measurement

• Chemical and Biochemical Reactions • Pools and Water Features • UV and O3 Power Supplies

• Disinfection • Regulatory Perspectives • Wastewater Treatment

• Emerging Contaminants • Soil Remediation • Water Reuse

• Drinking Water Treatment Additional Topics will be considered, please submit!

PO Box 28873 • Scottsdale, AZ 85255, USA • T: 480-544-0105 • F: 480-473-9068 • www.io3a.org • www.iuva.org

INTERNATIONAL OZONE ASSOCIATION INTERNATIONAL ULTRAVIOLET ASSOCIATION

2ND NORTH AMERICAN CONFERENCE

ON OZONE, ULTRAVIOLET & ADVANCED

OXIDATION TECHNOLOGIES

TORONTO, ONTARIO, CANADA

SEPTEMBER 19-20, 2011

CALL FOR PAPERS

Abstracts should be e-mailed to abstracts@io3a.org DATES TO REMEMBER

ABSTRACTS DUE

FEBRUARY 1, 2011

NOTIFICATION OF

ACCEPTANCE

MARCH 1, 2011

FULL PAPERS DUE

JULY 1, 2011

THE IUVA AND IOA-PAG REQUEST

ABSTRACTS FOR BOTH ORAL AND POSTER

PRESENTATIONS FOR THE

IOA / IUVA 2011 JOINT REGIONAL

CONFERENCE AND EXPOSITION

TO BE HELD AT THE

FAIRMONT ROYAL YORK

What good is UV efficiency without reliability?

Think about ITT.

The “ITT Engineered Blocks” symbol and “Engineered for life” are registered trademarks of ITT Corporation. ©2010

WEDECO’s renowned reliability and unmatched energy efficiency come together to form the WEDECO Spektron Series Closed Vessel UV Reactors. EPA and DVGW compliant, it features the unique CrossMix® module, which creates optimum hydraulic conditions inside the reactors resulting in enhanced flow capacity per lamp. That gives you a clean water disinfection system that provides energy efficiency and lower costs you can count on.

www.wedeco.com

• Effectiveness and reliability of treatment unit processes.

• Multiple barriers of protection.

• Monitoring needs (treatment processes and product water).

• Use of indicators/surrogates for both microbial and chemical constituents.

• Redundancy in treatment.

• Management and operational controls.

• Permitting issues.

Information provided in the workshop report is expected to helpsupport the needs of water, wastewater, and recycled wateragencies in long-term planning and in prioritizing research-relatedactivities. The workshop sponsors also intend to use the workshopreport as a basis for a work plan to conduct the studies and researchneeded to (1) support an evaluation of whether developing directpotable reuse regulations is appropriate and (2) support thedevelopment of any regulations.

The “Direct Potable Reuse Workshop Report” is available todownload at www.nwri-usa.org.

LED UV Company receives Small Business InnovationResearch Grantwww.s-et.com

Sensor Electronic Technology, Inc. (SETI), has been awarded a SmallBusiness Innovation Research (SBIR) Phase II award from theNational Science Foundation (NSF) for $475,000 to develop point-

of-use (POU) Deep Ultraviolet LED (DUV LED) based drinking waterdisinfection systems.

During this SBIR program, SETI will design, develop, fabricate anddemonstrate advanced all-LED water treatment units with reducedpower consumption and extended reliability. The main effort willfocus on increasing the germicidal efficacy and reducing the cost ofLED disinfection units through the advances in LED packaging anddisinfection chamber design.

Through Phase I of this NSF SBIR program, SETI recentlydemonstrated 99.99% disinfection of E-coli in a POU drinking watersystem with water flowing at 1 liter per minute using its 275nmUVCLEAN® LED lamps emitting around 30mW of optical power.Following this success, SETI has begun to ship proof-of-conceptunits to companies for evaluation in consumer products.

Further development of UV disinfection technology usingsemiconductor UV lamps will utilize unique device characteristics,such as controlled UV spectral power distribution, fast switchingtime, lower power consumption, high reliability, small size andruggedness. SETI believes that these advantages will enable newopportunities to incorporate UV disinfection into consumer waterpurification systems.

SETI is a commercial manufacturer of deep UV LEDs operating in thegermicidal wavelength range and has standard UVCLEAN® lampsavailable with up to 50mW of optical output power at 275nm. LEDsand LED lamps are also commercially available from 240nm to400nm for many other applications including air and surfacedisinfection, UV curing, scientific instrumentation medical diagnosisand therapy.

Trojan Technologies wins Metro Vancouver contract www.trojanuv.com/about/news?id=575

Trojan Technologies announced that it has been selected by MetroVancouver to provide an ultraviolet (UV) drinking water disinfectionsystem for the Coquitlam UV Disinfection Project. The UV system,which will use TrojanUVTorrent™ reactors equipped withTrojanUV™ Solo Lamp Technology, will be sized to treat 317 milliongallons of water per day.

Metro Vancouver had specific requirements for this projectincluding:

• An energy-efficient solution with the smallest environmental footprint

• Reduced carbon emissions

• An easy-maintenance system with low lamp count and the best possible lamp-cleaning system

• Flexibility to install the equipment in a vertical piping network

Greater Cincinnati Water Works to break ground for NewUV Disinfection System

The Greater Cincinnati Water Works (GCWW) held a groundbreakingceremony at the Richard Miller Treatment Plant for its new ultraviolet(UV) disinfection system on November 4. Attending were projectmanagers representing the collaborative partnership betweenGCWW, CDM, Carollo Engineers and RA Consultants.

Once completed, the Richard Miller Treatment Plant UV disinfectionfacility will be the sixth largest UV disinfection drinking water facilityin North America. It will employee eight Calgon Carbon Sentinel®

Continued to page 10

DECEMBER 2010 | 9

Continued from page 6

48” Chevron reactors. These UV reactors are scheduled to bedelivered and commissioned in 2012 and will have the capacity totreat up to 240 million gallons of drinking water per day.

GCWW initiated this project as a non-regulatory mandated initiativeto proactively improve, through UV disinfection, drinking waterquality and to better protect the public from microbialcontaminants in the Ohio River. In 2006, CDM, in partnership withCarollo Engineers, was awarded a contract by GCWW to providedesign and construction engineering services for the new UVdisinfection system and facility.

According to Mr. Jason Fleming of GCWW, theCDM/Carollo/GCWW collaborative partnership was key to the costefficiency and success of the initial design phase of this project,coming in well under the initial estimated $30M budget at $20.3Mto construct.

Dr. Samuel Jeyanayagam Joins CH2M HILL www.ch2mhill.com

Dr. Samuel Jeyanayagam, PE, BCEE has joined the firm of CH2MHILL in Columbus, OH as Vice President and Senior PrincipalTechnologist. As a member of the company’s Global TechnologyTeam, he will provide technical leadership and direction onwastewater treatment projects nationally and internationally. Dr.Jeyanayagam has 30 years of consulting and academic experience.His areas of expertise include UV disinfection, nutrient removal, andbiosolids processing.

Dr. Jeyanayagam has written and presented over 130 technicalpapers, and has co-authored 15 Water Environment Federation(WEF) publications. He serves on the Editorial Board of the IUVANews, Water Environment Research and Water Environment &Technology. He is the Chair of WEF’s largest committee, theMunicipal Wastewater Treatment Design Committee. Dr.Jeyanayagam received his MS and Ph.D. degrees from Virginia Tech.

Headquartered in Denver, Colo., employee-owned CH2M HILL is aglobal leader in consulting, design, design-build, operations andprogram management for government, civil, industrial and energyclients. With $6.3 billion in revenue and 23,500 employees, thefirm’s work is concentrated in the areas of water, transportation,environmental, energy and power, and facilities and infrastructure.

10 | IUVA News / Vol. 12 No. 4

UVINDUSTRYNEWSContinued from page 9

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The following are interesting media items that may affectthe UV Industry:

Endocrine Disruptors List 2www.epa.gov/endo

The EPA has released its second round of 135 chemicals andsubstances to be tested for endocrine disruption. After testing, thosethat are found to have a significant effect on humans or fauna(lower standard) will most likely be subject to regulation.

The agency printed the list of chemicals to be tested under theEndocrine Disruptor Screening Program (EDSP) in the Wednesday,Nov. 17, 2010, Federal Register. The second list of chemicalsexpands the EDSP in an effort to include all pesticides, required byFFDCA, and adds priority drinking water chemicals into theprogram for screening.

Global Water Treatment Equipment and Supplies MarketTo Reach $38.2 Billion By 2015www.strategyr.com/Water_Treatment_Equipment_and_Supplies_Market_Report.asp

A new report by Global Industry Analysts, Inc defines the watertreatment equipment and supplies industry in sales volume by end-use segments: Industrial, Municipal, Residential, and Commercial.The report provides separate comprehensive analytics for the US,Canada, Japan, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America, and Middle East.Annual estimates and forecasts are provided for each region for theperiod 2007 through 2015. Also, a six-year historic analysis isprovided for these markets.

The report profiles 166 companies including many key and nicheplayers such as Asahi Kasei Corporation, Aqua America Inc., BRITA,BWT AG, Calgon Carbon Corp., Culligan International, 3MPurification, Inc., ITT Corporation, Aquious – PCI Water, WEDECOAG, Dow Chemical Company, Dow Water Solutions, GE Water &Process Technologies, Groupe Novasep, H2O Innovation, Inc.,Hitachi Plant Technologies Ltd., Koch Membrane Systems, KuritaWater Industries, Millipore Corp., Mitsubishi Rayon Co., Ltd., NittoDenko Corp., Hydranautics, Norit NV, Norit Americas, Inc., OzocanCorp., Ozonia International, Pall Corporation, Pentair Inc.,Prominent Dosiertechnik GMBH, Siemens Water Technologies, SuezEnvironnement, Infilco Degremont, Degremont Technologies, TorayIndustries, Toray Membrane USA Inc., Trojan Technologies, TriSepCorp, and Veolia Water. Market data and analytics are derived fromprimary and secondary research.

Global Ultraviolet Water & Wastewater DisinfectionSystems Market Data www.researchandmarkets.com/research/105dcb/global_ultraviolet

Research and Markets has announced the addition of Frost &Sullivan's new report "Global Ultraviolet (UV) Water and WastewaterDisinfection Systems Market" to their offering. Market profiles havebeen provided for the four regional segments, which included areview of the market in each region, analyzing the key market forcesof drivers and restraints, market measurements of market size for

base year, corresponding annual growth rate including thecompound annual growth rate for the forecast period and therevenue share trends by the key application segments of municipaland industrial sectors.

This research service titled Global Ultraviolet (UV) Water andWastewater Disinfection Systems Market provides industryoverview, market challenges, market forces, revenue forecasts bygeographic regions, applications and treatment segments,competitive structure of the market and market share analysis. Inthis research, Frost & Sullivan's expert analysts thoroughly examinethe revenues generated by the UV disinfection systems marketthrough its application in the municipal and industrial water andwastewater treatment process.

The market for UV disinfection has a great opportunity to comegood on its potential with passing of the Long term 2 enhancedsurface water treatment rule, which encourages the adoption of UVdisinfection systems in municipal water treatment plants. There is apressing need to treat the cryptosporidium and giardia present inthe surface water of North America and Europe, and UV has provedeffective in treating these microbes. Many major cities such as NewYork, Cincinnati, Paris and Washington D.C have already installedUV disinfection systems in their water treatment facilities to treatcryptosporidium. Further, European legislation such as the BathingWater Directive and Drinking Water Directive also greatly enhancethe uptake of UV systems in the wastewater and water treatmentsegments.

Ultrapure Water Market to Grow 32% By 2015www.mcilvainecompany.com/brochures/water.html#n029

The market for ultrapure water equipment, services, labor andconsumables will grow 32 percent to nearly $4.9 billion by 2015according to the latest forecast in the McIlvaine Ultrapure WaterWorld Markets Report. Coal-fired power plants and electronicsmanufacturers will be the leading purchasers.

fåÇìëíêó=qçí~äë=EA=qÜçìë~åÇëF

fåÇìëíêó OMNM OMNR

Coal-fired Power 1,007,443 1,213,680

Electronics 1,257,020 1,897,276

Flat Panel 494,393 693,412

Gas Turbines 60,987 67,737

Industrial Power 319,206 362,432

Other Industries 172,878 204,484

Pharmaceutical 384,631 445,129

Total PISVSIRRU QIUUQINRNContinued to page 12

DECEMBER 2010 | 11

HOT UVNEWS

The market in Asia will grow from $2.3 billion to $3.3 billion duringthe period and will account for virtually all the growth in the market.China is installing more coal-fired power plants than the rest of theworld combined. India is the second largest purchaser of new coal-fired power plants.

Taiwan, South Korea and China are leading the way in theelectronics sector. They are installing more wafer fabrication facilitiesthan the rest of the world. Asia dominates photo voltaicmanufacture and accounts for most of the flat panel manufacturing.A large semiconductor plant needs very pure water to wash thechips after each manufacturing step. The majority of the new coal-fired power plants in China use super critical steam pressures andtemperatures. This in turn also demands very pure water.

The one industry which still is expanding in Europe and the U.S. isthe pharmaceutical industry. Water for injection also requires verypure pathogen free water.

$280 Billion Air and Water Treatment Markets – Really?www.marketresearch.com

The McIlvaine Company offers eight reports on specific segments ofthe air and water industries.

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`~íÉÖçêó OMNM=oÉîÉåìÉë

Air equipment $65,000

Liquid equipment $65,000

Air systems $40,000

Liquid systems $40,000

Measurement technology $15,000

Process control/optimization $15,000

Consulting/contract operations and $40,000other services in air and water

Total $280,000

This definition includes the tiny filters used in computer disk drivesand the power plant dust collectors the size of a five storyapartment building. It includes the cartridges used with home tapwater and the huge desalination plants supplying the desert cities inthe Middle East.

This total also includes the treatment chemicals. Nalco is a goodexample of a chemical company which is expanding into the supplyof hardware for both air and water purification. GE is very active intreatment chemicals through the former Betz. It supplies liquidtreatment hardware through the former Ionics and Osmonics anddust collection through the former BHA.

Siemens has significant activities in measurement and control aswell as in treatment systems in both air and water. They also havecontract services including complete outsourcing of some types oftreatment.

California Enacts Landmark Water Recycling Legislationwww.leginfo.ca.gov/pub/09-10/bi l l /sen/sb_0901-0950/sb_918_bill_20100831_enrolled.pdf

A major milestone in California's efforts to securing sustainable,drought-resilient water for California occurred when GovernorArnold Schwarzenegger signed SB 918 by Senator Fran Pavley andco-sponsored by the Planning and Conservation League and theWateReuse Association which directs the State Department of PublicHealth to develop criteria for safely using recycled water tosupplement groundwater basins and reservoirs.

The legislation offers a unique solution to California’s water crisis,enabling millions of acre-feet of reusable water to be cost-effectivelyrecycled every year, rather than simply discharged to the ocean

SB 918 had no recorded opposition and was supported bytraditional water interests like the Association of California WaterAgencies and the Metropolitan Water District of Southern California,environmental groups like the Natural Resources Defense Counciland the Environmental Defense Fund, and municipalities like thecities of San Diego and San Jose.

12 | IUVA News / Vol. 12 No. 4

HOT UVNEWSContinued from page 11

Representing companies with the benefit ofover 60 years experience in UVC technology,American Air & Water, Inc. is a UVC air andwater purification industry leader.

A complete line of UVC Air and SurfaceSterilization and Water Purification Systems forANY residential, commercial or industrialfacility, including custom units, designed andbuilt to meet any specific requirements.

UVC TECHNOLOGY FOR AHEALTHY INDOOR ENVIRONMENT

American Air & Water, Inc.www.americanairandwater.com

Toll Free: 888-378-4892

DECEMBER 2010 | 13

Canada Bethany JonesRegion of PeelMississauga, ON

Reza RezaeiUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouver, BC

Rick Van SantUV Pure Technologies Inc.Toronto, ON

Denmark Ole GronborgSkjolstrup & Gronborg -UltraaquaAalborg

Jens SkjolstrupSkjolstrup & Gronborg - UltraaquaAalborg

France Clement DeshaysGermitecClichy

Germany Rainer KlingLighttechnology Institute KITDossenheim

Japan Masafumi NoguchiKashiba-shi

United Kingdom Michael BaranSevern Trent ServicesDordon

United States of America Adam AnthonyWindermere, FL

Todd LizotteHitachi ViaHooksett, NH

United States of America Aaron MaengBoston, MA

Jennifer OsgoodCDM Manchester, NH

Nidhi RawatArch Chemicals, Inc.Atlanta, GA

Jeremy SchweitzerSevern Trent ServicesColmar, PA

Christopher SommersNorth Wales, PA

Robert StockwellPurgenixAtlanta, GA

Boyko TchavdarovPentair Inc.North Aurora, IL

C

NEW IUVA MEMBERS Joining us in 2010The International Ultraviolet Association takes great pleasure in welcoming these new members… thank you for joining us!

Practical Considerations of Applying UV Technology for Reuse Water Disinfection

Wayne Lem, Jennifer MullerTrojan Technologies Inc., 3020 Gore Road, London, Ontario, Canada N5V 4T7

INTRODUCTIONWater scarcity has become a growing issue globally. Manycities in the world are experiencing water stress, i.e.,deterioration in water quality and growing shortage inwater quantity. Reuse of treated municipal wastewateroffers an attractive solution to the water stress problem.The treated wastewater can be reused for the purpose ofirrigation, landscaping, toilet flushing, car washing orindustrial use. In all these applications, reuse wastewaterrelieves the burden on existing municipal potable supplies.Since people are in direct or indirect contact with reusewastewater, its proper disinfection is critical for protectingpublic health. Chlorine is used for disinfecting wastewaterfor reuse purposes, but there are two issues associated withchlorine disinfection. First, it has been well established inthe literature that chlorine disinfection forms disinfectionbyproducts, such as THMs, HAAs and NDMA. Thesebyproducts can cause both acute and long-term healthefecto. Second, chlorine is ineffective in disinfectingCryptosporidium. In many parts of the world,Cryptosporidium is commonly found in municipalwastewater even after conventional treatment [1]. ACryptosporidium outbreak in Milwaukee, USA, in 1993affected 403,000 people.

Ultraviolet (UV) disinfection is effective in controlling abroad spectrum of pathogens including chlorine-resistantCryptosporidium. It is also environmentally friendly in thatno harmful byproducts are formed. UV disinfection ofwastewater for reuse purposes has been successfullyapplied for decades in large scale treatment plants in NorthAmerica and recently on a global scale. Reuse water iswastewater that has been treated to high standards andcan be used again for applications such as irrigation,landscaping, toilet flushing, car washing, industrial use andgroundwater recharge. Wastewater reuse requires effectivemeasures to protect public health and to ensure that theimpact on the environment is sustainable. To prevent thetransmission of waterborne diseases, disinfection ofreclaimed water is controlled by stringent regulations. InNorth America, more than 22 states have adoptedregulations pertaining to specific reuse applications. Theseregulations specify wastewater treatment processes,nutrient removal, final effluent quality and disinfection

criteria based upon the specific reuse applications. As arule, the resulting effluents have low turbidity - a cloudycondition in water stemming from suspended silt ororganic matter - and suspended solids. For such results,ultraviolet (UV) technology can economically achieve themost stringent disinfection targets as required by the statesof California and Florida for restricted and unrestrictedreuse applications. Given the potential for public exposurewith this water the disinfection and water quality standardsfor reuse water can be similar to drinking water standards.Hence, there are stringent equipment and sizingrequirements.

Although the use of ultraviolet radiation for disinfection inreuse water is growing rapidly due to its economical andecological advantages over chemical disinfection, there isstill a vast array of UV reactors available ranging fromdifferent lamp types to open channel/closed vessel systems.Often, local legislation and site conditions (i.e. planthydraulic profile) influences preliminary designs which arespecified by the Consulting Engineers. For example, theNational Water Research Institute (NWRI) and AmericanWater Works Association Research Foundation (AWWRF)åçï=êÉå~ãÉÇ=íÜÉ=t~íÉê=oÉëÉ~êÅÜ=cçìåÇ~íáçå=EtocF --"UV Disinfection Guidelines for Drinking Water and WaterReuse" presents a conservative basis for bioassay sizing forreuse projects involving UV. Although these Guidelinesapply to reuse projects in the State of California, they areoften referenced for guidelines in other states such asFlorida and Arizona. Furthermore, regions such as Australiahave designed their reuse projects based on theNWRI/AWWARF Guideline’s requirements, includingperformance and monitoring. It should be noted thattreated wastewater for reuse applications is also referred toas reclaimed or recycled water. Unrestricted or non-restricted water reuse is a term used by many States todescribe a range of applications where human contact mayoccur. For these applications the highest quality effluentand most stringent disinfection are generally required.Restricted reuse refers to applications where the risk ofhuman exposure is slight, as in the case of drip irrigation oftree plantations.

Filtration of suspended solids generally improves UVdisinfection performance to achieve lower microorganismcounts. The NWRI/AWWARF Guidelines define different

14 | IUVA News / Vol. 12 No. 4

minimum UV dose levels depending on the type offiltration technology used prior to UV treatment. Whilesuspended solids affect UV performance in allowing orpreventing the UV system to achieve a certain disinfectiongoal, the UV transmittance of the wastewater does not limitthe system effect. However, the lower the UVtransmittance, the more lamps (and hence, more energy)are required to apply the same UV dose. Thedetermination of UV transmittance is therefore a criticalstep in UV disinfection design. To ensure a UV system isrobust, it should be properly sized to respond accurately towater quality changes by, for example, increasing UVintensity at lower than design UV transmittance values.

Currently, all commercially available UV lamps operatebased on vaporization of mercury within the lampenvelope. The two lamp technologies: low and medium-pressure lamps differ in the partial pressure of mercury andcorresponding output spectrum. UV has been used forreuse disinfection since 1987. Presently, UV systems treatmore than 500 MGD produced by over 100 reuse sites inover 12 states. The majority of the UV installations arebased on conventional low-pressure lamp technology. Thelamps are arranged horizontally in open channels. Largerplants have medium-pressure UV lamp systems. There hasbeen a drastic rise in market share for "low pressure-highintensity" amalgam lamps in the past few years. This hasbeen primarily driven by the need for higher electricallyefficient lamps (thus lower electrical operating costs) andthe growing awareness in using “green” technologies toreduce carbon footprint.

Both open channel and closed vessel systems are currentlyused in reuse applications. For example, open channelreactors are generally installed in existing chlorine contactchambers without the need for major civil work, thusreducing installation costs. Furthermore, the open channelconfiguration provides a complete disinfection system withminimal headloss, thus there is virtually no impact on theexisting plant hydraulics. These open channel systems cantreat reuse flows from as low as a few million gallons perday to several hundred millions gallons per day. As the UVenergy destroys the water-borne pathogens, includingE.coli, Giardia and Cryptosporidium, lamp cleaningtechnology supports maximum lamp output reducingoperating, maintenance and labor costs.

With the rise of membrane bioreactors (MBR) replacingsecondary treatment – often providing higher qualitytreated water for reuse applications - many plants are facedwith a pressurized effluent which needs to be disinfected.Instead of “breaking head” and the need to re-pump, thusincreasing pumping/operating costs, a better alternativewould be to install a closed vessel UV system fordisinfection. As shown in cáÖìêÉ=N, Trojan’s closed vesselUVFitTM reactors are optimized for reuse applications andare easy to install within existing pipework, so there isminimal disruption to plant operation. Day to dayoperation is simple and maintenance is minor. The onlyregular requirement is changing the UV lamps and wiperrings annually – a simple task that can be carried out by on-

site personnel. Both the UV3000PlusTM and UVFitTM line ofreactors are third-party validated in accordance with theNWRI/AWWARF Guidelines.

In the city of Roseville, California, the Dry Creek WastewaterTreatment Plant (18 mgd average dry-weather flow) andthe Pleasant Grove Wastewater Treatment

Plant (12 mgd) had gone through a host of initiatives thathas put reuse water to the best possible use, cut energyconsumption and minimize chemical use. The plants’effluent meets stringent California Water Recycling Criteria(Title 22).

Recycled water from both plants is used to irrigate golfcourses, landscapes and commercial properties. Waterfrom Pleasant Grove, which went on line in 2004, suppliesthe cooling water for the Roseville Energy Park (REP). Thepark, next to the Pleasant Grove plant, is operated bymunicipal owned Roseville Electric. Reuse water is used ascooling tower makeup, firewater, service water and processmakeup. At Dry Creek, the plant’s five effluent channels aretreated with a Trojan UV3000PlusTM disinfection system(cáÖìêÉ=O). Each channel, with four banks of low-pressure,high-intensity lamps, can treat up to 9 mgd, for a peakdisinfection capacity of 45 mgd. The system beganoperation in May 2009. The system went throughextensive testing with plant staff to ensure they wereabsolutely confident in using the system to produce reusewater in compliance with the stringent regulatory limits.

In North America, especially in the southern and westernstates, urban centers are experiencing decreasing groundwater tables, land subsidence, saltwater intrusion andchemical pollution. Reuse of wastewater, now recognizedas an ecological and economic necessity, is increasinglypracticed not only in the United States, but globally as wellin water scarce regions such as Australia, Italy, Spain andPortugal. For the past two decades, and more so today,ultraviolet radiation has been successfully used to disinfect

Figure 1: Five 32AL50 UVFitTM closed vessel reactors installed inparallel in Spain for disinfection of filtered secondary effluent. The reusewater was used for an irrigation application.

DECEMBER 2010 | 15

reuse effluents. UV is a non-chemical disinfectiontechnology for wastewater that can protect the publicagainst pathogenic microorganisms including protozoa,bacteria and viruses. As an alternative to chemicaldisinfection, UV does not produce harmful by-products andis non-toxic to the environment.

REFERENCES[1]J.L. Clancy, K.G. Linden, R.M. McCuin,

“Cryptosporidium Occurrence in Wastewaters andControl Using UV disinfection”, IUVA News, Vol. 6, No.3, September 2004.

[2]U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) -Wastewater Technology Fact Sheet -www.epa.gov/owmitnet/mtb/uv.pdf

[3]EPA - Recent Developments in Ultraviolet (UV)Disinfection -www.epa.gov/rgytgrnj/programs/wwpd/workshop99/uv_disinfection.pdf

[4]WateReuse Association - www.watereuseorg

16 | IUVA News / Vol. 12 No. 4

Figure 2: The plant’s five effluent channels are treated with a TrojanUV3000PlusTM disinfection system. Each channel has four banks of low-pressure, high intensity amalgam lamps.

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A Smart Way to Validate UV Systems for Reuse Applications

Matthias Boeker1, Andrew Salveson2, Madhukar Rapaka3, Ronnie Bemus1

1ITT Water & Wastewater U.S.A., 14125 South Bridge Circle, Charlotte, NC 28273

2Carollo Engineers, 2700 Ygnacio Valley Road, Suite 300, Walnut Creek, CA 94598

3ITT Water & Wastewater Germany, Boschstrasse 4, 32051 Herford, Germany

ABSTRACTqÜÉ= ktofL^ïï~oc= OMMP= räíê~îáçäÉí= aáëáåÑÉÅíáçå= dìáÇÉäáåÉë= ÇÉëÅêáÄÉ= ~= ãÉíÜçÇçäçÖó= Ñçê= î~äáÇ~íáåÖ= rs= póëíÉãë= Ñçê= êÉìëÉ~ééäáÅ~íáçåëK

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hÉó=tçêÇëW=rs=ÇÉëáÖåI=rs=ÇáëáåÑÉÅíáçåI=kotfL^ïï~ocI=oÉìëÉI=_áç~ëë~óI=`ca

INTRODUCTIONStrict microbiological requirements are part of every reuseregulation. Therefore manufacturers of UV systems for reuseapplications are supposed to validate their equipmentaccording to the NWRI/AwwaRF 2003 UltravioletDisinfection Guidelines. The certification includes allprocess variables such as water level, UVT, flow, power,sleeve fouling, and lamp age. Since it is usually not practicalto conduct testing for the specified UV Dose via a bioassayon an installed full-scale UV system, the guidelines describea pilot plant, 10:1 ratio upscale approach. Verification of thefull scale system is done via microbiological performancetesting and measurement of velocity profiles.

Since their initial publication in 2000, several manufacturershave conducted 3rd party pilot tests and analyzed theresults in accordance with the NWRI/AwwaRF guidelines.The vast majority of these UV systems are of a modular,open channel configuration. However there is an increasingneed for smaller footprint, more efficient, closed vesselsystems.

Open channel UV systems usually have lamps arranged inidentical lamp spacing. Hence upscaling to full-scale UVsystems is pretty straight forward. Closed vessel UV reactorsare made of different sized vessels, employ different numberof lamps and may have variations in lamp arrangement.Therefore individual reactor certification would be required.

ITT Water & Wastewater’s WEDECO LBX series consists of 7closed vessel UV reactors employing identical low-pressurehigh-output (LPHO) UV lamps. Testing the entire productline the conventional method (bioassay alone) was notfeasible, because of estimated costs of more than onemillion dollars.

In early 2007, Carollo Engineers and ITT Water &Wastewater came up with an alternative method for testing:Conventional bioassay combined with CFD (ComputationalFluid Dynamics). The UV testing facility at Portland, OR wasused to complete full bioassays on 3 LBX closed vesselreactors; the smallest, medium and largest lamp vessel. Toenhance the scale-up/scale-down process for the remaining4 reactors within the range, Computational Fluid Dynamics(CFD) was employed.

DECEMBER 2010 | 17

LBX Reactor # Lamps per Reactor Bioassayed CFD Modeled

90 4 X X

120 6 X

200 10 X

400 16 X X

550 24 X

750 32 X

1000 40 X X

WEDECO LBX series

METHODOLOGYBioassay

The purpose of completing a bioassay is to determine,across a range of process conditions, the performance of theUV system, as related to the dose delivered to themicroorganisms.

The first step of a bioassay is the Bench Scale Testing with acollimated beam device. A Petri dish with challengeorganism is irradiated with different UV doses. Themeasured log inactivation results in a UV dose-responsecurve.

The next step is the Full-Scale Reactor Testing. During thetesting challenge microorganism are injected upstream thetest reactor while influent flow rate, UVT and microorganismconcentration are measured. In addition the UV intensityinside the test reactor is measured with a UV sensor. Theeffluent microorganism concentration is then measured andcompared to influent to calculate the log inactivation.

The Reduction Equivalent Dose (RED) is determined byputting the log inactivation from the Full-Scale ReactorTesting into the UV dose-response curve from the BenchScale Testing.

Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD)

CFD seeks to predict this dose delivery by modeling thedistribution of UV light and the flow tracks of the bacteriawithin the reactor. An effective CFD model will accuratelypredict dose delivery under a wide range of conditions andtherefore it is important that it is shown to be calibrated assuch. The steps for ensuring a fully calibrated and reliableCFD model are described in detail;

1. Initial CFD model is constructed for the complete range of UV vessels and each system performance iscalculated using the same CFD model.

2. A single bioassay is completed on one of the UV vessels within the range.

3. The CFD model parameters are verified against the bioassay results to show the relative sensitivity of theCFD model and modifications to the model are madeaccordingly.

4. A second bioassay is completed on another UV vesselwithin the range.

5. The CFD model parameters are again verified and modifications made accordingly.

6. A third bioassay is completed on another UV vessel within the range.

7. Final CFD model verification undertaken and modifications made accordingly.

8. The conditions for a stable CFD model are used to determine the capacity of all intermediateUV systems.

The CFD modeling process combines 4 reactorcharacteristics:

• Hydraulics of reactor (velocity profile)

• How particles flow through reactor

• Light intensity of reactor lamps

• Biological validation component

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONIdeal CFD Predictions would exactly match the measureddoses. The CFD models developed for the WEDECO LBXclosed vessel reactors allow to predict the dose delivered toMS-2 phage under a number of UV output, flow and UV-

18 | IUVA News / Vol. 12 No. 4

Collimated beam device and UV dose-response curve

Full-Scale Reactor and UV dose performance curve

Full-Scale Reactor and UV dose performance curve

Continued to page 20

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20 | IUVA News / Vol. 12 No. 4

Transmittance conditions with high accuracy. Multivariatelinear regression was performed on the sensor data setresulting in equations with high correlation factors (R2 =0.96 - 0.98). All terms were significant at a 95-percentconfidence level.

It could be demonstrated that CFD modeling together withrigorous bioassays allows to design with confidence. Thismethod can be used to enhance the scale-up/down frompilot test validations whilst remaining within the scope ofthe NWRI/AwwaRF guidelines.

REFERENCESNWRI (2003), Ultraviolet Disinfection Guidelines for

Drinking Water and Water Reuse. Second Edition.National Water Research Institute, Fountain Valley, CA, incollaboration with American Water Works AssociationResearch Foundation.

Janssen et al (2007), “Use of CFD to Validate UVDisinfection”, WEF Disinfection 2007

Salveson, Andrew (2008), “Wastewater/Reclaimed WaterCertification Process and Certified UV Reactors”, NWRIWorkshop “UV for Wastewater and Reuse”, Orlando,Florida

Velocity Profile

Particle Trace

Light Intensity Distribution

Full-Scale Reactor and UV dose performance curve

Continued from page 18

DECEMBER 2010 | 21

Meiting Guo* and Hongying HuEnvironmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory,

Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China

ABSTRACTräíê~îáçäÉí= ErsF=ÇáëáåÑÉÅíáçå=ï~ë= ÑçìåÇ=åçí= íç=ÄÉ=~ÄäÉ= íç=ã~áåí~áå= áíë=ÇáëáåÑÉÅíáçå=ÉÑÑÉÅí=çîÉê=~= ÑÉï=Ç~óëI= ëìÅÜ=íÜ~íI= íÜÉ= íçí~äÄ~ÅíÉêá~ä=Åçìåí=áåÅêÉ~ëÉÇ=ìé=íç=íÜÉ=ë~ãÉ=äÉîÉä=~ë=íÜ~í=Ñçê=åçå=ÇáëáåÑÉÅíÉÇ=ë~ãéäÉë=áå=çåäó=ÑáîÉ=Ç~óëK=eáÖÜÉê=íÉãéÉê~íìêÉ=ÉåÜ~åÅÉÇíÜÉ=áåÅêÉ~ëÉ=çÑ=Ä~ÅíÉêá~=áå=rs=íêÉ~íÉÇ=ë~ãéäÉëI=ïÜáäÉ=~í=íÜÉ=ë~ãÉ=íáãÉ=ÇÉÅêÉ~ëáåÖ=íÜ~í=Ñçê=åçå=ÇáëáåÑÉÅíÉÇ=ë~ãéäÉëK=qÜÉ=ÄáçÑáäãÅçåÅÉåíê~íáçåë=çÑ=Ä~ÅíÉêá~=áå=íÜÉ=ÉÑÑäìÉåí=Ñçê=rs=çê=ÅÜäçêáåÉ=íêÉ~íÉÇ=ë~ãéäÉë=ï~ë=ÇáÑÑÉêÉåíI=Äìí=êÉ~ÅÜÉÇ=íÜÉ=ëáãáä~ê=î~äìÉë=~ÑíÉê=NUÇ~óëK= rs= ÇáëáåÑÉÅíáçå= äÉÇ= íç= åç= ëáÖåáÑáÅ~åí= ÇáÑÑÉêÉåÅÉë= áå= íÜÉ= ãáÅêççêÖ~åáëã= ÅçããìåáíóI= ~ë= Åçãé~êÉÇ= íç= çíÜÉê= ÇáëáåÑÉÅíáçåíêÉ~íãÉåíëI=ëìÅÜ=~ë=ÅÜäçêáåÉK=

hÉó=ïçêÇëW=rs=ÇáëáåÑÉÅíáçåX=êÉÅä~áãÉÇ=ï~íÉêX=éáéÉäáåÉëX=ÄáçJëí~Äáäáíó

Safety of Post-UV Disinfection of Wastewater:Bio-stability in Reuse Water Pipelines

INTRODUCTIONContinuous population growth and economicdevelopment increase the water demand and forceagencies to look for alternative water sources. It isforecasted that future demands for water will not be met bytraditional sources, such as surface water and groundwater.In order to handle the increased water demand and withmore serious attention to water pollution, purifiedwastewater must be reused (Hu et al., 2005; Lazarova et al.,1999). Public health is the first important issue whenconsidering water reclamation; hence, disinfection ofwastewater becomes a necessary part of the treatment toensure the safety of water for reuse.

Although chlorine has been widely used throughout theworld, the advantages of ultraviolet (UV) disinfection overchlorine are: (1) absence of toxic disinfection byproductsand (2) safe and sound operation. However, a disadvantageis possible reactivation of UV-damaged microorganisms,including photo¬reactivation and dark repair (Hijnen et al.,2006). Photo-revival has gained considerable attention, notonly in the field of disinfection, and it is well documented.Dark repair is less popular because it is a less importantrepair mechanism, as compared to photoreactivation(Lindenauer et al., 1994; Kashimada et al., 1996; Oguma etal., 2004). One issue that needs to be addressed is that,during transport of the reused water, there might beenough time for the UV injured microorganisms to berepaired and hence raising a possible risk to public health.So the phenomenon of dark repair in the pipelines forreused water pipelines is worth paying attention to.

It is known that the issues of biofilm and the microbial

community in potable water distribution systems haveattracted considerable attention and have been studiedextensively. Meanwhile, wastewater, especially reclaimedwater, is not given much attention. Since reused water isbecoming another water resource, besides potable water,the safety of reused water is as important as that of drinkingwater.

There have been no studies focused on the impact of UVdisinfection on biofilm growth in reclaimed waterdistribution systems, and the four articles found in theliterature paid attention to that in the potable waterdistribution systems（Pozos et al., 2004; Camper, 2001;Momba, 1998; Lund, 1995）.

The objective of this study is to investigate whether theeffluent of wastewater that has been disinfected with UVtechnology can keep its biostability in pipelines for reusedwater and to what extent possible regrowth ofmicroorganisms occurs.

METHODOLOGY ANDMATERIALSWastewater

Tertiary effluent of a biological wastewater treatment plantin China was collected as water samples used in this study.The water quality such as COD, DOC, UV254, turbidity andpH were determined on the day water samples wascollected.

Disinfection Treatment

Part of the tertiary treated wastewater was disinfected with

UV dose of 5, 20 and 40 mJ/cm2. Experiments wereperformed using a collimated beam apparatus with a low-pressure UV lamp, as described by Bolton and Linden(2003). One water sample disinfected with chlorine (10mg/L) and was used as a contrast control.

Simulated Static Water Pipeline

Brown bottles (500 mL) were used to simulate pipelines forreused water. Polyvinyl chloride slides (7cm×1cm) were putinto bottles to simulate the pipeline walls. Water sampleswere mixed during the experiment in order to keep themicroorganisms in suspension in the water.

Microbial Investigation

The total number of bacteria in water were measured for 5days and in the biofilms for 18 days. Enumeration of themicroorganisms in the biofilms was carried out as follows.Slide samples were scraped with sterilized cotton stickswhich then were put into 10 mL sterilized PBS solution andsonicated for 10 min with power of 30 W. The enumerationof microorganisms used the method of spread plate countand membrane filtration at the same time. Triplicatesamples were applied.

DNA Extraction and Analysis

Single-Strand Conformation Polymorphism (SSCP) analysismethod was processed as described by Sunnucks et al.(2000).

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONTertiary treated effluent of a biological wastewatertreatment plant was used in the study. The quality of theeffluent was as follows:

From q~ÄäÉ= N, it can be seen that the organic mattercontained in the effluent was low.

Bulk Fluid Concentrations of Microorganism

It usually takes several days for reused water to reach theconsumers; hence, the concentration of microorganisms inthe water was investigated for 5 days. It was also known thatthis process might be affected by temperature, hence,temperature of 12℃, 20℃ and 30℃ were selected for theexperiment. The bulk fluid concentrations ofmicroorganisms are presented in cáÖìêÉ=N.

Figure 1 indicated that the primary concentration of totalbacteria was very low just after UV disinfection, whichproved the high disinfection efficiency of the UV treatment.But the total bacterial count of UV treated samples increasedwith time. The lower the UV dose was, the quicker theconcentration of bacteria increased. And low UV dose

treated samples led to high final concentration of bacteria atthe end of experiment. At the same time, the total bacterialcount of the control sample decreased moderately.Temperature enhanced both of the processes. The higherthe temperature was, the quicker the concentration ofbacteria increased and the total bacterial count of thecontrol sample decreased. So when the temperature was12℃, the final total bacterial counts for samples that wereUV treated or not were nearly the same. However, the UVtreated samples showed higher total bacterial counts thanthe control, when temperature was 30℃.

Table 1: The quality of tertiary effluent used in the experiment

22 | IUVA News / Vol. 12 No. 4

COD(mg/L)

DOC(mg/L)

UV254 Turbidity(NTU)

pH

66 3.89 0.11 0.30 7.29

Figure 1: Bulk fluid concentration of total bacteria in the tertiary effluentafter UV disinfection.

DECEMBER 2010 | 23

The results showed that UV disinfection can achieve a goodinstant disinfection effect, but cannot maintain this effect.There is a steady increase of microorganism counts to thesame level as that in the non disinfected water samples. Thisis possibly due to its lack ability to sustain disinfection, incontrast to chlorine residual. Water treated with a higher UVdose was able to maintain a good disinfection effect for alonger period of longer time, comparing to samplesreceiving a lower UV dose. Dark repair may be one of thepossible reasons for the increase of microorganisms afterextensive incubation. More details need to be confirmedbefore sound measures can be proposed.

Biofilm Microorganism Densities

The total bacteria counts in the biofilm were investigated.Chlorine disinfection was also applied as contrast (seecáÖìêÉ=O). The results showed that the total bacteria countin the biofilm kept nearly constant during the experimentalperiod, while that of UV treated sample varied, increasing atfirst and then decreasing to the same level as the control.The result of chlorine treated sample was a little different.The concentration increased slowly and up to the samevalue as that of the control after 10 days. The detention ofthe bacterial increase was possibly due to its residualdisinfection effect. But the further disinfection effect wastime limited, and it could not prevent the bacterial increase.

Community composition of the bulk fluid and thebiofilm

The main kinds of bacteria in the liquid and the biofilm ofthe effluent with and without disinfection were determinedusing the SSCP technique (shown in Figure 3). The resultshowed that there were three kinds of bacteria present inthe liquid. It made no difference as to the variety of bacteriawhether the effluent was disinfected or not, disinfected bychlorine or UV. But the shade of the colour of band told anapproximate story that the bacterial counts in the effluentwith chlorine or UV disinfection was lower than that for theeffluent without disinfection. That was in accordant with theresults and common sense.

However, the bacterial composition of the biofilm wasdifferent. There were also three bands in one biofilm sampleexcept for the biofilm with chlorine disinfection, whichshowed none. But the position of first band (from up todown in cáÖìêÉ=P) in the biofilm of the effluent was a littlehigher than in the liquid, which meant that theyrepresented two different kinds of bacteria. For the biofilmwith UV disinfection, the positions of three bands were thesame as that for the effluent with UV disinfection. Bothbiofilm samples showed a lighter colour of bands, indicatinga lower concentration of bacteria. The reason that no bandwas showed in the biofilm sample with chlorine disinfectionmight be because of its high disinfection efficiency andresidual disinfection effect.

From the primary results it can be concluded that, differentmodes of disinfection can lead to different communitycomposition in the liquid and the biofilm. More work shouldbe carried out to obtain a more detailed picture of thecomposition change.

CONCLUSIONSIt was found that UV disinfection can not maintain itsdisinfection effect after a few days and that the totalbacterial count could increases up to the same level withnon disinfected sample in five days. The biofilmconcentrations of bacteria in the effluent and UV or chlorinetreated samples varied differently, but reached nearly thesame value at the end of 18 days. UV disinfection led to nosignificant difference of microorganism community fromother disinfection treatments, such as chlorine.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTI gave thanks to Prof. Wenjun Liu and Prof. James Bolton fortheir kind help for my experiments and paper writing.

Figure 2: Total bacterial count of the biofilm after UV disinfection

Figure 3: The DNA electrophoresis result of bacterial species in liquid andthe biofilm after disinfection (from left to right: tertiary effluent; effluentwith chlorine disinfection; effluent with UV disinfection; biofilm of tertiaryeffluent; biofilm of effluent with UV disinfection)

REFERENCESBolton, J.R. and Linden, K.G. 2003. “Standardization of

methods for fluence (UV Dose) determination in bench-scale UV experiments”, J. Environ. Eng. 129: 209–216.

Camper A., Buis J. and Goodrum, L. 2001. “Effects of UVdisinfection on humic substances and biofilms”.Proceedings of the AWWA Water Quality TechnologyConference, Nashville, TN, pp. 11-14. American WaterWorks Association, Denver, CO.

Hijnen, W.A.M., Beerendonk, E.F. and Medema, G.J. 2006.“Inactivation credit of UV radiation for virus, bacteriaand protozoan (oo)cysts in water: A review”. Wat. Res.,40: 3–22.

Hu, H., Wang, L.,and Wei, D. 2005. “Technical Challengeand Resolution for Wastewater Disinfection”. World Sci.Technol. Res. Devel., 27(6): 36–41

Lazarova, V., Savoye, P. et al. 1999. “Advanced wastewaterdisinfection technologies: state of the art andperspectives”. Wat. Sci. Technol., 40(4):203-213.

Lindenauer, K.G. and Darby, J.L.1994. “Ultravioletdisinfection of wastewater : effect of dose on subsequentphotoreactivation”. Wat. Res., 28(4): 805–817.

Kashimada, K., Kamiko, N., Yamamoto, K. and Ohgaki, S.1996. “Assessment of photoreactivation followingultraviolet light disinfection”. Wat. Sci. Technol., 33(10-11): 261–269.

Momba, M., Cloete, T., Venter, S., and Kfir, R. 1998.“Evaluation of the impact of disinfection process on theformation of biofilms in potable surface waterdisinfection systems”. Wat. Sci. Technol., 38(8-9):283–289.

Oguma, K., Katayama, H. and Ohgaki, S. 2004.“Photoreactivation of Legionella pneumophila afterinactivation by low- or medium-pressure ultravioletlamp”. Wat. Res., 38:2757–2763.

Pozos, N., Scow, K., Wuertz, S. and Darby, J. 2004. “UVdisinfection in a model distribution system: biofilmgrowth and microbial community”. Wat. Res., 38:3083–3091.

Sunnucks, P., Wilson, A.C.C., Beheregaray, L.B., Zenger, K.,French, J. and Taylor, A.C. 2000. “SSCP is not so difficult:the application and utility of single-strandedconformation polymorphism in evolutionary biologyand molecular ecology ”. Molec. Ecol., 9(11):1699–1710.

24 | IUVA News / Vol. 12 No. 4

Providing UV Reactor Validation Microbial Support Worldwide

Advancing quality standards beyond industry expectations.

Dedicated to providing accurate & innovative analytical services.

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DECEMBER 2010 | 25

Josefin M. Edeback, E.I. and Melanie A. Mann, P.E.Hazen and Sawyer, P.C.

10002 Princess Palm Avenue, Suite 200Tampa, Florida 33619

ABSTRACTeáääëÄçêçìÖÜ=`çìåíóI=cäçêáÇ~=êÉÅÉåíäó=áåëí~ääÉÇ=~=åÉï=rs=ÇáëáåÑÉÅíáçå=ëóëíÉã=Ñçê=êÉìëÉ=~í=íÜÉ=c~äâÉåÄìêÖ=^Çî~åÅÉÇ=t~ëíÉï~íÉêqêÉ~íãÉåí= mä~åí= E^tqmF= ~ë= é~êí= çÑ= ~= éä~åí= Éñé~åëáçå= Ñêçã=VKM=jda= íç=NOKM=jda=~ååì~ä= ~îÉê~ÖÉ=Ç~áäó= Ñäçï= E^^acFK= qÜÉc~äâÉåÄìêÖ=^tqm=ãìëí=ãÉÉí=cäçêáÇ~Ûë=êÉèìáêÉãÉåíë=Ñçê=ÜáÖÜ=äÉîÉä=ÇáëáåÑÉÅíáçå=EeiaF=Ñçê=ÄçíÜ=áíë=ëìêÑ~ÅÉ=ï~íÉê=ÇáëÅÜ~êÖÉ=éÉêãáí~åÇ= áíë=éìÄäáÅ=~ÅÅÉëë= êÉìëÉ=éÉêãáíK=`çåëíêìÅíáçå=éä~åë=~åÇ=ëéÉÅáÑáÅ~íáçåë=~ääçïÉÇ=íÜÉ=rs= Ñ~Åáäáíó= íç=ìëÉ=ÉèìáéãÉåí=ïáíÜ=ÉáíÜÉêÜçêáòçåí~ä=çê=îÉêíáÅ~ä=rs=ä~ãéë=~åÇ=~ääçïÉÇ=ÄáÇÇÉêë=íç=ëÉäÉÅí=Ñêçã=íÜêÉÉ=å~ãÉÇ=ã~åìÑ~ÅíìêÉêëK=aìêáåÖ=ÅçåëíêìÅíáçåI=ÄÉÑçêÉ=íÜÉÄáÇÇÉêJëÉäÉÅíÉÇ= rs= ÉèìáéãÉåí= ëìÄãáíí~ä= ï~ë= ~ééêçîÉÇ= Ñçê= Ñ~ÄêáÅ~íáçåI= íÜÉ= rs= ã~åìÑ~ÅíìêÉê= ï~ë= êÉèìáêÉÇ= íç= éêçîÉ= íÜÉÉÑÑÉÅíáîÉåÉëë=çÑ=áíë=ãÉÅÜ~åáëã=Ñçê=ÅçåíêçääáåÖ=ä~ãé=ëäÉÉîÉ=ÑçìäáåÖ=ïáíÜ=~=éáäçíJëÅ~äÉ=ÇÉãçåëíê~íáçå=~í=íÜÉ=c~äâÉåÄìêÖ=^tqmK=låÅÉáåëí~ääÉÇI=eáääëÄçêçìÖÜ=`çìåíó=ï~ë=êÉèìáêÉÇ=íç=çÄí~áå=~ééêçî~ä=Ñêçã=íÜÉ=cäçêáÇ~=aÉé~êíãÉåí=çÑ=båîáêçåãÉåí~ä=mêçíÉÅíáçå=EcabmFçÑ=~=rs=léÉê~íáåÖ=mêçíçÅçä=éêáçê=íç=éä~ÅáåÖ=íÜÉ=åÉï=rs=ëóëíÉã=áå=ëÉêîáÅÉK=mÉêÑçêã~åÅÉ=íÉëíáåÖ=çÑ=íÜÉ=rs=ëóëíÉã=áë=áå=éêçÖêÉëë~åÇ=êÉëìäíë=íç=Ç~íÉ=~êÉ=ëìãã~êáòÉÇK

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Bidding, Testing, and Start-Up of a Reuse UVDisinfection System in Florida

PROJECT BACKGROUNDThe Falkenburg AWTP is an advanced domestic wastewatertreatment plant using a Type I oxidation ditch. TheHillsborough County Water Resources Department isexpanding the Falkenburg AWTP from a rated capacity of9.0 MGD AADF to 12.0 MGD AADF. The expansionincludes replacing the existing gaseous chlorinedisinfection system with a UV disinfection system, as part ofa County-wide effort to convert several treatment plants toUV disinfection. The UV disinfection system will treateffluent from seven new dual-media deep-beddenitrification filters to Florida’s high level disinfectionstandards.

The Falkenburg AWTP provides reuse water to theHillsborough County South-Central Master Reuse System.The permitted contribution from the Falkenburg AWTP to

the system is 12.0 MGD on an AADF basis. q~ÄäÉ= fsummarizes the current effluent limits for discharge to thereuse distribution system.

Chapter 62-610, Reuse of Reclaimed Water and LandApplication, of the Florida Administrative Code (F.A.C.) (1)establishes the requirements for design and operation ofreuse water treatment and disposal facilities. The South-Central Master Reuse System is in the category of “Part IIISlow-Rate Land Application Systems; Public Access Areas,Residential Irrigation, and Edible Crops”. The reclaimedwater must meet secondary treatment standards and highlevel disinfection standards. Total suspended solids (TSS) inthe filter effluent must be 5.0 mg/L or less prior todisinfection. Chemical feed facilities for coagulant,coagulant aids or polyelectrolytes (polymers) must beprovided. However, such chemical feed facilities mayremain idle if TSS limits are being achieved without

chemical use. The Falkenburg AWTP hasalum feed facilities for phosphorusremoval and coagulation.

The surface water discharge is permittedthrough the National Pollutant DischargeElimination System (NPDES). TheFalkenburg AWTP is currently permittedto discharge up to 6.0 MGD AADF to thePalm River / Hillsborough Bypass Canal.The Palm River flows to Hillsborough Bayand ultimately to Tampa Bay (Class III

Table I: PART III REUSE SYSTEM EFFLUENT LIM ITS

26 | IUVA News / Vol. 12 No. 4

marine waters). The capacity limit is a rolling annualaverage. Strict effluent limits apply to the surface waterdischarge system. Since Tampa Bay is a designated Grizzle-Figg water body, advanced treatment including nutrientremoval and high level disinfection is required. q~ÄäÉ= ffsummarizes the permitted effluent limits for surface waterdisposal for the Falkenburg AWTP.

In addition to treatment standards, F.A.C. 62-610 (1)includes requirements for the storage of reuse and rejectwater. These requirements ensure that disposal or storageof effluent is possible when the reuse water does not meetthe standards described above and when the reuse waterproduced exceeds demand. Effluent which meets Part IIIreuse water quality standards is stored on site in two aboveground storage tanks for a total of 10 MG of Part III reusewater storage. Effluent failing to meet Part III public accessreuse quality standards is directed to storage in twoseparate above ground storage tanks for a total of 12 MGof reject water storage. The reject water can be returned toeither the filters or the head of the plant. Effluent is sent toreject upon detection of high turbidity or if the UV systemcannot meet minimum dose (not enough healthy channels,low UVT, flow meter failure, etc.).

The FDEP does not specify requirements governing thedesign and operation of UV disinfection facilities for high-

level disinfection suitable for Part III PublicAccess Reuse. Instead, the FDEPreferences the 2003 NWRI/AwwaRFGuidelines (2) in their Program GuidanceMemo (3). The 2003 NWRI Guidelinesrequire the UV transmittance (UVT) ofgranular media filtered effluent to be 55percent or greater at 254 nanometers(nm) to be suitable for UV disinfection forreuse. The 2003 NWRI Guidelines allowthe UV system to be designed based on ahigher UVT value if the design UVT issupported by a minimum of six months ofUVT data, with a minimum of threesamples per day, including wet weatherperiods. In this case, the 10th percentilevalue of the UVT data set can be used todesign the UV system. The Falkenburg

AWTP staff performed the required six months of UVTmonitoring from May 2005 through November 2005. The10th-percentile UVT value during this period was 68percent. cáÖìêÉ= N presents a percentile plot of the UVtransmittance data. To maintain a conservative designapproach, a design UVT of 65 percent was used for the UVdisinfection facilities at the Falkenburg AWTP.

Laboratory dose-response data from collimated-beam testsare used to confirm the necessary UV dose for full-scale UVsystems. Collimated beam testing was performed on asample of secondary effluent from the Falkenburg AWTPtaken on September 19, 2005. q~ÄäÉ= fff presents thecollimated beam test results. The collimated beam testresults confirmed that the minimum design UV dose of 100mJ/cm2 was acceptable.

Bid Approach

Four UV disinfection products were initially considered forthe Falkenburg AWTP, as listed in q~ÄäÉ= fs. All wereintended for installation in open channels for wastewaterdisinfection. All had third-party validation testing for reuseapplications in accordance with the 2003 NWRI Guidelines(2), and all were acceptable to the FDEP for reusedisinfection projects in Florida.

Table II: SURFACE WATER DISCHARGE EFFLUENT LIMITS

Figure 1: UV Transmittance Data

UV Dose

(mJ/cm2)

Fecal Coliform

CFU/100 mL

0 3,500

5 210

10 3

20 <2

40 <2

80 <2

100 <2

Table III: COLLIMATED BEAM TEST RESULTS

DECEMBER 2010 | 27

A cost comparison was made of the estimated installed costof each type of UV equipment and the 20-year presentworth of estimated annual costs for operation andmaintenance. Estimated costs are summarized in q~ÄäÉ=s inyear 2005 dollars. The three low pressure, high output(LPHO) lamp systems had significantly lower estimatedpresent worth than the medium pressure (MP) system, andthe medium pressure system was eliminated from furtherconsideration. Hillsborough County staff visited a number ofexisting installations for each of the three LPHO UV suppliersand found that any of the three LPHO systems wereacceptable to the County.

Hillsborough County initially pursued a pre-purchasemethod for procurement of the UV disinfection system. TheCounty planned to issue a request for proposals (RFP) to theapproved UV manufacturers and select the UV manufacturerbefore finalizing the construction plans and specifications.Three of the County’s wastewater treatment facilities wereundergoing design for expansions including conversion toUV disinfection: the Falkenburg AWTP, the Valrico AWTP,and the Northwest AWTP. The pre-purchase approach wasintended to ensure that the UV equipment for all threeplants would be supplied by a single manufacturer for easeof training and operations and maintenance, and for sparepart compatibility. The County planned to pre-purchase UVequipment that would later be installed, tested and placedinto operation by the Contractors selected to construct theexpansions at each of these plants.

A single technical specification for the UV disinfectionequipment at all three plants was developed by the threeengineering firms involved in the expansions and wassubmitted to the County for developing the pre-purchaseRFP. The three LPHO UV products listed herein were namedas approved in the specification. It was determined that theCounty’s processes for RFP development, release, bid andthe subsequent selection process would take approximately6 to 10 months. This would cause a delay in each of thethree plant expansion designs, because the selected UVvendor might not be known before the contract deadlinesfor submitting final design documents. As a result, theCounty decided not to proceed with pre-purchasing the UVequipment. The design firms for the three treatment plantswere directed to specify the UV system as part of each plantexpansion project. The UV specification developed for thejoint pre-purchase approach was modified for use in theFalkenburg AWTP construction contract documents, andremained open to any of the three named vendors.Contractors were required to name in their proposals the UVmanufacturer that their bid was based upon, and were notallowed to change UV manufacturers after the bid. The UVequipment included in the bid of the lowest responsiblebidder would be installed.

Contract drawings included two alternative layouts for theUV facility. The horizontal lamp configuration depicted incáÖìêÉ= O was applicable to the Trojan and ITT-Wedecosystems, and the vertical lamp configuration depicted incáÖìêÉ=P was applicable to the Ozonia system. All systemswere capable of providing a validated UV dose of 100mJ/cm2 at the maximum day flow of 16.7 mgd, with onechannel out of service or one bank of lamps per channel outof service for redundancy.

The UV facility was designed for installation of UVequipment in one of two existing chlorine contact tanks.The UV system was specified to be installed in up to threechannels, which left space in the tank for adding a fourthchannel of UV equipment if needed in the future. Forhorizontal lamp systems, a minimum of two duty banks oflamps per channel were required, and space was availablefor up to four banks of horizontal lamps per channel ifneeded by the manufacturers. For the vertical lamp layout,three channels with seven duty banks of lamps per channelwere required to meet the design UV dose, and an eighthbank of lamps was required per channel for redundancy.Space was available for these 24 banks of vertical lamps inthree channels now, with room for two additional banks perchannel if needed in the future. The UV facility designincluded space for additional UV equipment in each channeland/or in the fourth channel to allow for expansion to a futureplant capacity of 15.0 MGD AADF. Alternatively, currentlyunused space in the UV facility can be used if a higher UVdose becomes necessary or if the UV transmittance of theplant effluent becomes lower in the future.

Bid packaging played a role in the Contractor’s selection ofthe UV equipment. Two of the three named UV suppliers

Manufacturer Model Lamp Type

ITT-Wedeco TAK55HP Low pressure, high outputAmalgamHorizontal, parallel to flow

Ozonia –DegremontTechnologies

Aquaray 40HO Low pressure, high outputMercury vaporVertical, perpendicular toflow

Trojan Technologies UV3000Plus Low pressure, high outputAmalgamHorizontal, parallel to flow

Trojan Technologies UV4000Plus Medium pressureHorizontal, parallel to flow

Table IV: UV DISINFECTION PRODUCTS INITIALLY CONSIDERED

Capital Cost Present

Worth

O&M Costs

Total

ITT-Wedeco TAK55HP $3,000,000 $2,250,000 $5,250,000

Ozonia Aquaray 40HO $2,850,000 $1,950,000 $4,800,000

Trojan UV3000Plus $2,200,000 $1,400,000 $3,600,000

Trojan UV4000Plus (MP) $4,800,000 $4,800,000 $9,600,000

Table V: UV FACILITY PRELIMINARY COST ESTIMATES

28 | IUVA News / Vol. 12 No. 4

were represented by the same sales firms that represent thetwo major aeration and clarifier equipment vendors. Thisgave these two suppliers an advantage during the bid. Onlytwo contractors bid on the construction contract, and bothbased their bids on Trojan UV equipment. The lowestresponsible bid was based on the Trojan UV3000Plus LPHOsystem, and this system was installed.

Lamp Sleeve Fouling Factor Demonstration Test

UV disinfection designs must account for reducedeffectiveness as a result of UV lamp sleeve fouling, which isthe accumulation of material on UV lamp sleeves thatinhibits transmitting UV light to the effluent. A “foulingfactor”, expressed as a decimal less than 1.00, is used toestimate this reduced effectiveness. The 2003 NWRIGuidelines allow the use of a fouling factor of 0.80 formanually cleaned UV systems and for automatically cleanedUV systems that have not demonstrated a higher foulingfactor with third-party testing. Higher fouling factors maybe used when appropriate third-party testing has beenperformed.

Bid documentation for the Falkenburg AWTP includedsubmitting the lamp fouling factor used by themanufacturer at the time of the bid and the number of UVlamps required based on that fouling factor. The Countyrequired the UV manufacturer to provide a pilot unit for asix-month test to determine a site-specific fouling factor.The fouling test was required because two of the threenamed UV vendors were using the unproven 0.80 foulingfactor in their designs. The Trojan scope was based on afouling factor of 0.95. The UV manufacturer was required toprovide a pilot unit with at least eight lamps with the samelamp model and lamp cleaning mechanism as proposed forthe full scale UV facility. A feed pump was used to transfereffluent from the filter clearwell to the UV pilot unit at a flowrate that provided velocity through the UV lamps equal tothe average velocity through UV lamps in full scale at the UVfacility. cáÖìêÉ=Q is a photograph of the pilot unit providedby Trojan.

Trojan provided a pilot unit with twelve lamps which wereoperated continuously at 100 percent power using thewiping frequency recommended for the full scaleinstallation. Also provided by the UV manufacturer was aspectrophotometer fitted for measuring the UVtransmittance of the sleeves. UV transmittancemeasurements were made at a wavelength of 254nanometers. Twenty-five random measurements along thelength and around the circumference of each sleeve weretaken at 0 days, 30 days, 60 days, 90 days, 120 days and180 days of operation. cáÖìêÉ= R is a photograph of thespectrophotometer used for measuring the sleevetransmittance.

The spectrophotometer measured the UV transmittancethrough both walls of the round lamp sleeves, giving“double-wall” sleeve transmittance data. The single-wallsleeve transmittance was calculated by taking the squareroot of the double-wall sleeve transmittance value. Theaverage of all transmittance measurements taken from onesleeve was considered the fouled UV transmittance for that

Figure 3: Vertical Lamp Layout Configuration

Figure 2: Horizontal Lamp Layout Configuration

Figure 4: Photograph of On-site Fouling Factor Pilot Unit

sleeve for that operating time period. cáÖìêÉ=S depicts the trendof the average single-wall percent transmittance for all sleevesfor each time period, and shows the range of transmittancevalues for each sleeve for each time period. Single-wall UVTranged from 88% to 90% for new, clean sleeves.

The fouling factor was determined by dividing thetransmittance of each fouled sleeve after each operatingperiod by the original, clean transmittance for that sleeve at0 days. The average fouling factor was determined for all ofthe sleeves for each time period. The lowest of the foulingfactors from the 30, 60, and 90 day periods was then usedto confirm the final sizing of the UV system in the mainsubmittal for the UV equipment.

Trojan came to the site after 120 and 180 days of operationof the fouling factor pilot unit to repeat the above tests tofulfill the full 6-month testing requirement of the 2003NWRI Guidelines (2) and that measurements be taken everytwo months. If the fouling factor was found to be lowerthan that reported in the first 90 days, the UV equipmentsubmittal would be revised to reflect the lowest foulingfactor measured. cáÖìêÉ= T presents the fouling factorcalculated for each time period. The fouling factor waslowest when it was 0.965 after 30 days of operation, and ithad increased to 0.984 after 180 days of testing.

Trojan demonstrated the effectiveness of their quartz sleevechemical/mechanical cleaning system with respect to itsability to maintain relative quartz sleeve transmittancegreater than 0.95 as claimed in the bid. The number oflamps provided for the project was not reduced as a resultof the on-site fouling test. If the site-specific fouling factorhad been less than that used by the manufacturer in the bid,additional lamps would have been required at no additionalcost to the Owner.

UV Operating Protocol

The County submitted to the FDEP a revised OperatingProtocol designed to comply with the requirements of Rule62-610.320(6)(d), of the F.A.C. (1) and provide reasonableassurance that the high-level disinfection requirements willbe met. The operating protocol was approved by theDepartment before the startup performance testing began.The reuse protocol developed for the Falkenburg AWTPincludes the following sections:

• Background

• UV Disinfection System (UVDS) Standard OperationalProcedure

• Training

• UVDS Monitoring and Alarm System Design

• UVDS Operating Parameters – Continuous Monitoring

• UVDS – System Component Status Monitoring

• Steps and Procedures – Alarm Conditions

• Return to Normal Operation

DECEMBER 2010 | 29

Figure 5: Photograph of Spectrophotometer

Figure 6: Single-Wall Sleeve UV Transmittance

Fig ure 7: låJëáíÉ=aÉíÉêãáå~íáçå=çÑ=cçìäáåÖ=c~Åíçê

30 | IUVA News / Vol. 12 No. 4

The protocol was developed to be used as a tool foroperators to understand the UV disinfection system,monitor if the system is operating correctly, maintain thesystem, and direct the necessary steps to be taken if thesystem goes into a reject condition. The implementation ofalarms classified as low-priority alarms assist operators inmaintaining a healthy system without causing a rejectcondition. The low-priority alarms are:

1.Individual Lamp Failure

2.Low UV Intensity

3.Low UV Transmittance

4.High Turbidity

5.Near Capacity Alarm

Turbidity is monitored as a surrogate for TSS in the filtereffluent (UV influent) water. The measured turbidity valuecorrelates to the level of solids removal prior to disinfection.Alarm set points were established at 1.5 NTU for highturbidity and 2.4 NTU for high-high turbidity to indicatethat operational compliance with treatment standards is notbeing met.

The high-priority alarms are listed below. All the high-priority alarms require immediate attention, but only thefive bolded alarms will initiate an immediate reject event. Ifleft unattended, conditions can escalate and compromisethe performance of the UV system resulting in the initiationof a reject event. For example, if an Adjacent Lamp Failurealarm is generated, the lamp failure must be attended to ormultiple Adjacent Lamp Failure alarms will result in a MultipleLamp Failure alarm and an unhealthy bank. MultipleUnhealthy Bank alarms will result in an unhealthy channel.If flow conditions require both channels to be healthy forproper disinfection, a Not Enough Healthy Channels Availablealarm will be generated and a reject event will automaticallybe initiated.

1.Adjacent Lamp Failure

2.Multiple Lamp Failure

3.Low-low UV Intensity

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RKiçï=léÉê~íáçå~ä=rs=açëÉ

SKeáÖÜJÜáÖÜ=qìêÄáÇáíó

7.High Water Level

8.Low Water Level

VKcäçï=jÉíÉê=c~ìäí

NMK kçí=båçìÖÜ=eÉ~äíÜó=`Ü~ååÉäë=^î~áä~ÄäÉ

11. Not Enough Healthy Banks Available

When the on-line continuous monitoring devices registerthe alarms that initiate a reject condition for five minutes,the alarm is considered valid and the reject protocol valveclosing sequence is automatically activated which directs

the flow to the reject water storage tanks. In the event thereject storage tanks are no longer available due to limitedstorage tank capacity, the reject water will be directed to thePalm River discharge through the permitted Palm Riveroutfall. The applicable reuse parameters must be met on acontinuous basis for two hours, and the UV disinfectionchamber flushed before the system is automatically resetout of reject mode.

Performance Testing

After approval of the operating protocol by FDEP,installation of the equipment, and successful functionaltesting, the performance testing commenced. Performancetesting included head loss measurements, powerconsumption measurements, and intensive effluent qualitytesting. The primary goal of this testing was to demonstratethat all aspects of the systems were functioning properly todisinfect the plant wastewater flow and that all performanceand design criteria were met, most importantly:

1.At least 75 percent of fecal coliform values are non-detectable (below the detection limit of <1 cfu/100mL);

2.No single fecal coliform value exceeds 25 cfu/100 mL;and

3.The system is capable of delivering the specified minimum UV dose (100 mJ/cm2) at all times.

The testing was required to continue for 30 continuous dayswithout significant interruption. A significant interruptionwould require the test, then in progress, to be stopped andrestarted after corrections were made, beginning a new 30day test. Significant interruptions could include any of thefollowing events:

• Failure to provide operational dose at any time and failure to meet specified performance, provided that the minimum wastewater characteristics were equal to or better than the design criteria;

• Failure of any critical equipment unit, system, or subsystem; and/or

• Failure of noncritical unit, system, or subsystem that was not satisfactorily corrected within 48 hours after failure.

Water quality testing was performed by the HillsboroughCounty Environmental laboratory (HC) and the Contractor’slaboratory, Advanced Environmental Laboratories (AEL).Samples were collected from the influent and effluentchannels of the UV system. The following parameters wererecorded when samples were collected:

• Filter Effluent Flow (MGD)

• UV Transmittance (%)

• UV Intensity (%) for each operating bank of lamps

• UV Dose (mJ/cm2)

• Turbidity (NTU)

DECEMBER 2010 | 31

The performance testing commenced October 15, 2008and ceased November 12, 2008. Table VI presents asummary of the fecal coliform test results. The notation NSin the table indicates no samples were taken, whichoccurred once for a holiday and once because of plantprocess problems unrelated to the UV system.

During the testing, occasional instances of UV dose less than100 mJ/cm2 occurred, and these were attributed tooccasional very sharp increases in flow. It could not bedetermined whether these flow spikes were truly changes inflow or were inaccuracies of the new plant flow meter. Toaddress the situation, the target operational UV dose wasraised to 104 mJ/cm2 and the low dose alarm was set to 96percent of this value (<100 mJ/cm2) during the performancetesting. The system was tested at high and varying flows,and it was expected that this correction would prevent thedose from going below the 100 mJ/cm2 minimum

requirement because of fluctuations in flow. As shown inq~ÄäÉ=sf, there was one day that the fecal coliform limit wasnot met. The County decided to require that the 30-dayperformance testing be re-started, and that the issues withthe plant flow meter be resolved before re-starting the test.

During the initial performance test, it was noted that therewere numerous hydraulic oil leaks in the automatedcleaning system. Trojan believed the leaks were due to o-ring seals that were not suitable for this application. Trojanreplaced all the seals in the system and subsequently foundthat each leak was actually attributed to broken sealconnectors damaged during installation. All leaks wererepaired shortly after the initial test was completed.

At the end of the initial performance test, Trojan informedthe County that Trojan’s validation report from February2006, which was the basis of their design for the FalkenburgAWTP UV system, had been found to contain an error.

SAMPLE

DATE

SCHEDULED

SAMPLE

TIME

FLOW

(MGD)

UV

DOSE

(mJ/cm2)

AEL FECAL

COLIFORM

(CFU/100mL)

TROJAN

BEFORE UV

AEL FECAL

COLIFORM

TROJAN

(CFU/100mL)

AFTER UV

AEL FECAL

COLIFORM

TROJAN

(CFU/100mL)

AFTER UV -

Duplicate

HC

FECAL

COLIFORM

(CFU/100

mL)

POST UV

10/15/08 15:00 7.99 102.05 160 <1 <1 <1

10/16/08 15:00 6.50 107.33 170 <1 <1 <1

10/17/08 9:00 11.59 106.54 100 <1 <1 <1

10/18/08 10:00 11.84 104.38 6000 <1 <1 <1

10/19/08 11:00 10.32 103.98 2000 <1 <1 <1

10/20/08 12:00 8.34 106.30 4600 6000 (Z) 6000 (Z) NS (PLANT

PROBLEMS)

10/21/08 13:00 8.90 107.57 500 <1 <1 <1

10/22/08 14:00 9.17 104.71 1700 <1 <1 <1

10/23/08 15:00 8.71 106.29 300 <1 <1 <1

10/24/08 9:00 10.45 103.61 85 <1 <1 <1

10/25/08 10:00 11.82 101.47 600 5 3 <1

10/26/08 11:00 12.18 103.10 400 <1 <1 <1

10/27/08 12:00 8.30 105.24 1200 <1 <1 <1

10/28/08 13:00 7.40 146.27 1900 <1 <1 <1

10/29/08 14:00 8.23 108.44 300 <1 <1 <1

10/30/08 15:00 6.79 103.22 1500 <1 <1 <1

10/31/08 9:00 11.45 105.58 <1 <1 <1 <1

11/01/08 10:00 11.66 103.22 6000 <1 <1 <1

11/02/08 11:00 11.43 104.38 500 <1 <1 <1

11/03/08 12:00 7.74 102.39 400 <1 <1 <1

11/04/08 13:00 7.97 107.58 2500 <1 <1 <1

11/05/08 14:00 7.04 104.48 300 <1 <1 1

11/06/08 15:00 4.70 124.33 300 <1 <1 <1

11/07/08 9:00 12.94 101.54 9700 100 120 1

11/08/08 10:00 11.92 106.84 400 <1 <1 <1

11/09/08 11:00 13.07 105.40 600 <1 <1 <1

11/10/08 12:00 8.84 110.73 6000 <1 <1 <1

11/11/08 13:00 NS NS 400 <1 <1 NS (holiday)

11/12/08 14:00 7.02 113.83 200 <1 <1 <1

11/13/08 15:00 6.73 107.81 200 <1 <1 <1

Table VI: INITIAL PERFORMANCE TESTING RESULTS

32 | IUVA News / Vol. 12 No. 4

In January 2009, Trojan submitted a validation test reportfrom 2008, which showed the UV dose provided by theinstalled system to be lower than 100 mJ/cm2 at the designUVT of 65%. Trojan’s 2008 validation test was acceptable toHazen and Sawyer and FDEP for the purpose of temporarilyre-programming the Falkenburg UV system. With the newdose control program, the UV system was able to providethe required UV dose of 100 mJ/cm2 at the maximum dayflow rate and at a UVT of 66.7% instead of 65%. It isestimated that the new dose control program will cause thesystem to consume 10-15% more power than wasanticipated with the previous program. FDEP approved re-starting the performance test after Trojan re-programmedsystem controls based on the 2008 validation test. WhenTrojan obtains FDEP’s full acceptance of this or anothervalidation test for reuse applications, further changes toprogramming may be needed.

The performance test was re-started on February 18, 2009.Final performance test results will be complete in March2009. q~ÄäÉ= sff= provides the performance testing resultsrecorded prior to submittal of this paper. As depicted in theresults of the additional 30-day performance testing, therehave been no occurrences of fecal coliform detection.

CONCLUSIONThe Falkenburg AWTP expansion from a rated capacity of9.0 mgd AADF to 12.0 mgd AADF was designed and bid toinclude conversion from gaseous chlorine disinfection to UVdisinfection. The lowest responsible bid was based on theTrojan UV3000Plus LPHO system, and this system wasinstalled. Trojan demonstrated the effectiveness of theirquartz sleeve chemical/mechanical cleaning system withrespect to its ability to maintain relative quartz sleevetransmittance or fouling factor greater than 0.95. The

SAMPLE

DATE

SCHEDULED

SAMPLE

TIME

FLOW

(MGD)

UV

DOSE

(MJ/cm2)

AEL FECAL

COLIFORM

(CFU/100mL)

TROJAN

BEFORE UV

AEL FECAL

COLIFORM

TROJAN

(CFU/100mL)

AFTER UV

AEL FECAL

COLIFORM

TROJAN

(CFU/100ml)

AFTER UV -

Duplicate

HC

FECAL

COLIFORM

(CFU\100 mL)

POST UV

02/18/09 2:00 7.31 104.44 >60 <1 <1 <1

02/19/09 3:00 8.42 106.33 >60 <1 <1 <1

02/20/09 9:00 16.35 109.14 1,100 <1 <1 <1

02/21/09 10:00 12 104.1 >60 <1 <1 <1

02/22/09 11:00 12.01 105.83 >60 <1 <1 <1

02/23/09 12:00 8.11 104.19 400 <1 <1 <1

02/24/09 1:00 10.66 107.71 300 <1 <1 <1

02/25/09 2:00 11.72 105.86 1,200 <1 <1 <1

02/26/09 3:00 8.28 108.29 <1 <1 <1 <1

02/27/09 9:00 12.33 104.04 300 <1 <1 <1

02/28/09 10:00 13.20 108.00 NS1 NS NS <1

03/01/09 11:00 12.04 106.1 900 <1 <1 <1

03/02/09 12:00 10.90 106.52 400 <1 <1 <1

03/03/09 1:00 11.96 111.56 100 <1 <1 <1 03/04/09 2:00 11.97 105.22 200 <1 <1 <1 03/05/09 3:00 9.53 146.53 400 <1 <1 <1 03/06/09 9:00 9.99 142.48 2,000 <1 <1 <1 03/07/09 10:00 14.04 107.94 1,100 <1 <1 <1 03/08/09 11:00 11.20 139.78 <1 03/09/09 12:00 10.70 142.78

03/10/09 1:00 7.97 144.19

03/11/09 2:00

03/12/09 3:00

03/13/09 9:00

03/14/09 10:00

03/15/09 11:00

03/16/09 12:00

03/17/09 1:00

03/18/09 2:00

03/19/09 3:00

1. The fecal results were disqualified due to a problem at the laboratory.

Table VII: RE-START PERFORMANCE TESTING RESULTS

DECEMBER 2010 | 33

Falkenburg AWTP performance testing results to dateindicate that the conversion to UV disinfection is meetingthe plant’s permit limits for high level disinfection and publicaccess reuse.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTThe authors would like to thank Hillsborough County WaterResource Services who gave us the opportunity to designtheir UV disinfection system for the Falkenburg AWTP. Theauthors would also like to thank Trojan Technologies,Wharton Smith Construction, and Advanced EnvironmentalLaboratories Inc. for their invaluable assistance with thisproject:

REFERENCESFlorida Department of Environmental Protection Florida

Administrative Code, Chapter 62-610.

National Water Research Institute/American Water WorksAssociation Research Foundation. Ultraviolet DisinfectionGuidelines for Drinking Water and Water Reuse, 2nd Ed. (NWRI,Fountain Valley, California/AwwaRF, Denver, Colorado, 2003).

Florida Department of Environmental Protection ProgramGuidance Memo (OWM-03-06), dated December 19, 2003.

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We have dedicated two sections called eçí=rs=kÉïëÒ andrs=fåÇìëíêó=kÉïëÒ to your submissions. Thiscomplimentary feature is open to all - we select items to bepublished on a first received/first included basis - and makeevery effort to fit as many articles as possible into each issue.(Sorry, no photos.)

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Technical papers will be reviewed for scientific validity andnecessary revisions will be requested. Technical papersshould include an abstract of approximately 100-200 wordshighlighting the key findings of the paper. Also, a list of keywords should be included at the end of the abstract.Corresponding photos, charts, etc. are always welcome &appreciated.

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