ivan pavlov - msmontagnon.com€¦ · ivan pavlov ¡ russian physiologist ¡ studying digestion ¡...
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� Ivan Pavlov ¡ Russian Physiologist ¡ Studying digestion ¡ Inadvertently “discovered” the concept of
classical conditioning while using dogs in his experiment
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� Involuntary � A type of associative learning � Learning occurs through the association of
stimuli and responses ¡ UCS = unconditioned stimulus
¢ Something that naturally elicits a response ¡ UCR = unconditioned response
¢ A natural (unlearned) response to a UCS ¡ NS = neutral stimulus
¢ Something that does not elicit a response ¡ CS = conditioned stimulus
¢ A learned stimulus ¡ CR = conditioned response
¢ A learned response
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What do you do when you see a spider??
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What happens when you see a pencil??
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� UCS = spider (because it naturally makes you have a response)
� UCR = being scared at the sight of the spider � NS = pencil (because you have no response to
seeing it) � CS = pencil (because you have learned to
associate the sight of the pencil with the spider)
� CR = being scared at the sight of the pencil (because you anticipate seeing the spider)
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� GS = generalized stimulus ¡ Stimuli that are close to the CS that elicit the
same CR ¢ Example – being scared at the sight of a pen because it
is similar to a pencil
¡ Also known as generalization
� Discrimination ¡ Being able to differentiate between a CS and
similar stimuli ¢ Example – not being scared of a pen because even
though it is similar to a pencil, you can tell the difference
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� Extinction ¡ No longer having a response to a CS
� Spontaneous Recovery ¡ After a period of extinction, you once again have
a CR to a CS
� Shaping ¡ Using classical conditioning to “shape” a
behavior using steps
� Successive Approximations ¡ The steps in shaping
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� https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9hBfnXACsOI
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� UCS = ¡ Loud noise
� UCR = ¡ Afraid, crying, scared
� NS = ¡ White rat
� CS= ¡ White rat
� CR = ¡ Afraid of the white rat
� GS = ¡ White, furry objects
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� Edward Thorndike ¡ Psychologist ¡ Studying the effect of rewards on desired
behavior ¡ Developed the LAW OF EFFECT
¢ Rewarded behavior is likely to be repeated
� http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BDujDOLre-8
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� B.F. Skinner ¡ Elaborated on Thorndike’s Law of Effect ¡ Believed that humans did not have free will,
rather we operate on rewards and punishments ¡ Utilized the Skinner Box
¢ A contraption used to train pigeons and rats to complete certain behaviors through using rewards and punishments
� http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I_ctJqjlrHA
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� Voluntary � Based on rewarding desired behavior and
punishing undesired behavior
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� Positive reinforcement ¡ The addition of something good for doing the
right behavior
� Negative reinforcement ¡ The subtraction of something bad for doing the
right behavior
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� Primary reinforcer ¡ Something biologically important, such as food or
water
� Secondary reinforcer ¡ Something neutral that is associated with
something good, such as a gold star or a homework pass
� Generalized reinforcer ¡ Something that can be associated with different
reinforcers, such as money
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� Continuous ¡ Reinforce every time the desired behavior is
done
� Intermittent ¡ Reinforce on a schedule
¢ Fixed ratio – reinforced after a specific number of responses
¢ Fixed interval – reinforced after a specific length of time
¢ Variable ratio – reinforced after a random number of responses
¢ Variable interval – reinforced after a random length of time
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� Positive punishment ¡ The addition of something bad due to undesired
behavior
� Negative punishment ¡ Also known as omission training ¡ Taking away something good for undesired
behavior
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� If you want to train a person or an animal to complete a complex behavior, you must use small, successive approximations in training.
� Shaping is when you start small and build on learning.
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� Albert Bandura ¡ Believed that humans DO think when learning ¡ Conducted the Bobo Doll experiment
¢ He believed that children can learn from watching others
¢ http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lCETgT_Xfzg
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� A type of cognitive learning � Also called modeling � Learning that occurs from watching others.
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� E.C. Tolman ¡ Believed that we learn even with the absence of
rewards ¡ Cognitive Mapping
¢ Mental picture of your surroundings � You are able to picture yourself walking to the gym
from this classroom.
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� Learning that occurs, although there is an absence of rewards and punishments.
� Learning that occurs at the subconscious level.