izjksg ra=k - national institute of open schooling...ruk fdlh vkèkkj ds lgkjs Åij dh vksj o`f¼...

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ikni rFkk thoksa ds izdkj,oa izdk;Z

7

izjksg ra=k

izjksg ra=k ikni dk ok;oh; rFkk ÅèoZ Hkkx gksrk gS tks Åij dh vksj o`f¼ djrk gSA ;g vfèkdrjHkwfe dh lrg ds Åij gksrk gS rFkk Hkzw.k ds izkadqj ls foHksfnr gksrk gSA izjksg ra=k esa ruk (LraHk)]'kk[kk,¡] ifÙk;k¡] iq"i] iQy RkFkk cht lfEefyr gksrs gSaA bl ikB esa vki LraHk] iÙkh] iq"i rFkkiQy dh lajpuk] muds izdkj ,oa :ikarj.k rFkk dk;ks± ds fo"k; esa i<+sxsaA

mn~ns';

bl ikB ds vè;;u ds lekiu ds i'pkr~ vki %

rus ds fof'k"V y{k.k rFkk mudh tM+ ds y{k.kksa ls fHkUurk crk ik,¡xs_

izjksg 'kh"kZ dk Årdh; laxBu rFkk ik'ohZ; 'kk[kkvksa dh mRifÙk dk o.kZu dj ldsaxs_

rus ds izdkj] :ikarj.k rFkk izdk;Z dk o.kZu dj ldsaxs_

,dchti=kh ,oa f}chti=kh ruksa dh izkFkfed lajpuk dk fp=kksa lfgr o.kZu ,oa rqyuk djldsaxs_

f}chti=kh rus esa f}rh;d o`f¼ dk o.kZu dj ldsaxs_

dk"B dh ifjHkk"kk rFkk muds izdkj dks ifjHkkf"kr dj ldsaxs_

i.kZ dh lkekU; vkdkfjdh rFkk i.kZfoU;kl (phyllotaxy) dk o.kZu dj ik,¡xs_

fof'k"B dk;ks± ds fy, fofHkUu izdkj ds i.kZ :ikarj.kksa dk lfp=k o.kZu dj ldsaxs_

iz#ih f}chti=kh ,oa ,dchti=kh i.kks± dh vkarfjd lajpuk dk o.kZu ,oa rqyuk dj ldsaxs_

iq"iØe (inflorescence) dh ifjHkk"kk rFkk mldh lajpuk ,oa dk;Z dk o.kZu dj ldsaxs_

chtkaMU;kl (placentation) dh ifjHkk"kk rFkk mlds fofHkUu izdkjksa dk o.kZu dj ldsaxs_

iQy dh ifjHkk"kk ,oa lajpuk dk o.kZu rFkk mlds eq[; izdkjksa dh mnkgj.k lfgr oxhZÑrlwph cuk ldsaxsA

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7.1 LraHk (ruk)

7.1.1 rus ds fof'k"V y{k.k

(i) ;g izkadqj (Hkzw.k dk ,d fljk) ds nh?khZdj.k (c<+s gq, Hkkx) ls curk gSA

(ii) ruk izdk'k dh vksj (èkukRed izdk'kkuqorhZ) rFkk xq#Ro ds foijhr (½.kkRedxq#RokuqorhZ ;kuh xq#RokiorhZ) o`f¼ djrk gSA

(iii) ruk ioZlafèk;ksa (nodes) (ifÙk;ka yxus ds LFkku) rFkk ioksZ (internodes) esa foHkkftrgksrk gSA

(iv) ioZlafèk;ksa ij ifÙk;k¡] 'kk[kk,¡ rFkk dfydk,¡ ikbZ tkrh gSaA

(v) rus ij dkf;d dfydk,¡ ;k rks mlds vxz fljs ('kh"kZLFk dfydk&apical bud) ij ikbZ tkrhgSa] ftlls ikSèkk Åij dh vksj o`f¼ djrk gS] ;k fiQj iÙkh ds d{k {ks=k esa (d{kh; dfydk,¡)ikbZ tkrh gSa tks ik'oZ 'kk[kk cukrh gSaA

(vi) rus ij iq"ih dfydk,¡ ('kh"kZLFk vFkok d{kh;) curh gSa ftuls iq"i curs gSaA

7.1.2 LraHk rFkk tM+ esa foHksn

rkfydk 7-1 esa ruk rFkk tM+ esa vkdkfjdh; foHksn n'kkZ, x, gSaA

rkfydk 7-1 ruk rFkk tM+ esa vkdkfjdh; foHksn

ruk tM+

1. izkadqj ls ifjof/Zr ewykadqj ls fodflr

2. r#.k LraHk gjk gksrk gS] D;ksafd blesa i.kZgfjr vgfjr gksrk gS] D;ksafd i.kZgfjrmifLFkr gksrk gSA vuqifLFkr gksrk gS

3. ioZ ,oa ioZlafèk;ksa esa foHkkftr ioZ ,oa ioZlafèk;k¡ vuqifLFkr

4. ifÙk;k¡] dkf;d rFkk iq"ih dfydk,¡ fo|eku ;g vax vuqifLFkr

5. vxzLFk fljs ij dksbZ xksi (cap) ugha vxzLFk fljs ij xksi mifLFkr

6. èkukRedr% izdk'kkuqorhZ ijarq ½.kkRedr% ½.kkRed izdk'kkuqorhZ ijarq èkukRed xq#RokuqorhZxq#RokuqorhZ (;kuh xq#RokiorhZ)

7. ik'oZ 'kk[kkvksa dh mRifÙk cfg%tkZr (ckgj ik'ohZ; ewyksa dh mRifÙk vartkZr (vanj dh ijrksals mRiUu& exogenous) dh ijrksa ls mRiUu&endogenous)

ikBxr iz'u 7.1

1- ikSèks ds ml Hkkx dk uke crkb,¡ ftlesa ioZlafèk;k¡] ifÙk;k¡ rFkk iq"i ik;s tkrs gSaA............................................................................................................................

2- ik'oZ 'kk[kk fdl izdkj dh dfydk ls ifjof/Zr gksrh gS\............................................................................................................................

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3- ik'oZ 'kk[kkvksa dh rqyuk esa ik'oZ tM+ksa dks rksM+uk D;ksa dfBu gksrk gS\

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4- tM+sa ½.kkRedr% izdk'kkuqorhZ rFkk èkukRedr% xq#RokuqorhZ gksrh gSaA rus esa fdl izdkj o`f¼gksrh gS\

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7.1.3 izjksg 'kh"kZ (shoot apex)

izjksg 'kh"kZ rus dk vxzh; ,oa xqEcnkdkj Hkkx gSA ;g 'kh"kZLFk izjksg foHkT;ksrd (shoot meristem)

}kjk cuk gksrk gksrk gSA blds }kjk izkFkfed LFkk;h Ård dk ifjoèkZu ,oa foHksnu gksrk gS rFkkyackbZ esa o`f¼ gksrh gSA ;g nks Hkkxksa esa foHkkftr gksrk gSμV~;wfudk (tunica) rFkk dkWiZl (corpus);

fp=k 7-1

fp=k 7.1 a-b izjksg 'kh"kZ dk vuqnS?;Z dkV V~;wfudk rFkk dkWiZl n'kkZrk gqvk

(i) V~;wfudk (Tunica = vkoj.k) izjksg 'kh"kZ dk ckgjh {ks=k] 1&3 ijr eksVkA blls ckg~;Ropk(epidermis) curh gS rFkk lrg&o`f¼ gksrh gSA

(ii) dkWiZl (corpus = eq[; Hkkx) vanj dk cgqijrh; {ks=k ftldh dksf'kdk,¡ lHkh ryksa (planes)

esa foHkktu djrh gSA varr% izkd~,èkk (izksdsfEc;e) ls laoguh Ård rFkk foHkT;ksrd lsHkj.k Ård curk gSA bls ifÙk;ksa ds vk|d (= izkjafHkd voLFkk) Hkh dgrs gSaA

7.1.4 ik'oZ 'kk[kkvksa dh mRifÙk

ifÙk;ksa ds d{k esa mifLFkr d{kh; dfydkvksa ls 'kk[kk,¡ mRiUu gksrh gSA izR;sd d{kh; dfydk,d NksVh] laxfBr vYifodflr LraHk gS ftlds Åij cM+h la[;k esa vfrO;kih iÙkh vk|d gksrsgSaA bl dfydk ds ioZ yackbZ esa c<+dj 'kk[kk cukrs gSa] vr% 'kk[kkvksa dh bl izdkj dh mRifÙkcfgtkZr (exogenous) izdkj dh gksrh gSA

dapqd(V~;wfudk)

fiaM dkiZl

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ikni rFkk thoksa ds izdkj,oa izdk;ZikBxr iz'u 7.2

1- ml foHkT;ksrd {ks=k dk uke crkb, ftldh dksf'kdk,¡ lHkh ryksa esa foHkktu djrh gSaA

............................................................................................................................

2- fdl foHkT;ksrd irZ ls laoguh Ård curk gS\

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3- dkSu&lh lajpuk ls ik'oZ 'kk[kk curh gS\ bl izdkj dh mRifÙk dk uke crkb,¡A

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4- ml lajpuk dk uke crkb;s tks tM+ ds 'kh"kZ foHkT;ksrd dks <drh gS ij rus esa og vuqifLFkrgSA

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7.1.5 rus ds izdkj

eq[; :i ls ruk rhu izdkj ds gksrs gSa%

(i) ok;oh; & ruk n`<+] izcy] lhèkk (ÅèoZ) [kM+k gqvkA mnkgj.kμ'kkd] >kM+h rFkk o`{k

(ii) miok;oh; & ruk detksj (nqcZy)] lhèkk [kM+s gksus esa vleFkZ vr% tehu ij {kSfrt voLFkkesa jsaxrk gqvk ftUgsa folihZ ikni (creepers) dgrs gSa vFkok vkjksgh (climber) ftlesa nqcZyruk fdlh vkèkkj ds lgkjs Åij dh vksj o`f¼ djrk gSA

(iii) Hkwfexr & ruk Hkwfexr (e`nk ds uhps) mxrk&c<+rk gSa rFkk blesa vuqdwy okrkoj.k esa ghok;oh; 'kk[kk,¡ curh gSaA

7.1.6 rus ds :ikarj.k

Hkwfexr] miok;oh; ,oa ok;oh; LraHk fofHkUu rFkk fof'k"V dk;ks±] tSls [kk| inkFkZ dk la'ys"k.k,oa lap;] fpjdkfydrk (izfrdwy tyok;oh; ifjfLFkfr;ksa dks ikj djuk)] izcy vkèkkj iznkudjus gsrq] lqj{kk rFkk dkf;d tuu ds fy, :ikarfjr gksrs gSaA

LraHk ds izdkj rFkk :ikarj.k

Hkwfexr miok;oh; ok;oh;(Underground) (Subaerial) (aerial)

izdan (Rhizome) mifjHkwLrkjh (Runner) izrku (Tendril)

?kudan (Corm) HkwLrkjh (Stolon) dkaVk (Thorns)

'kYddan (Bulb) HkwLrkfjdk (Offset) i.kkZHko`ar (Phylloclade)

dan (Tuber) var%HkwLrkfjdk (Sucker) i.kkZHkioZ (Cladode)

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Hkwfexr rus ds :ikarj.kμ,sls LrEHk ;|fi Hkwfe ds vanj gksrs gSa rFkk tM+&tSls yxrs gSa ysfdu;s LraHk gSa vkSj vki mu fof'k"V y{k.kksa ds vkèkkj ij mUgsa igpku ldrs gSa tks mu ij ik,tkrs gSaA tSlsμ(i) ioZ ,oa ioZ lafèk;k¡] (ii) 'kYdh gfjekghu ifÙk;k¡] (iii) dfydk,¡

bl :ikarj.k ds izeq[k nks dk;Z gSa %

fpjdkfydrk] i.kZfoghu lajpuk ds :i esa ;g LraHk 'khrdky esa izlqIr jgrk gS] ijarq vuqdwyifjfLFkfr;k¡ vkrs gh mlesa ls ok;oh; 'kk[kk,¡ fudyus yxrh gSaA

Hkkstu ds lap; ds fy, LraHk eksVk ,oa xwnsnkj gks tkrk gSA

fofHkUu izdkj ds Hkwfexr LraHk :ikarj.k rkfydk 7-2 esa fn, x, gSa %

rkfydk 7-2 Hkwfexr rus ds :ikarj.k

izdkj y{k.k mnkgj.k

1- izdan eksVk] xwnsnkj] piVk LraHk tks Hkwfe ds vnjd] gYnh(fp=k 7.2a) layXu {kSfrt o`f¼ djrk gSA bldh ioZlafèk;ksa

ij 'kYdh ifÙk;k¡] d{kh; dfydk,¡ ,oaviLFkkfud tM+sa rFkk vxz Hkkx ij vxzh;dfydk,¡ ikbZ tkrh gSaA

2- ?kudan xwnsnkj] xksykdkj ruk ftldk vkèkkj piVk dslj] t+ehdan(fp=k 7-2b) o`f¼ mnxz gksrh gS rFkk bl ij XySfM;ksyl

ioZ ,oa ioZlafèk;k¡] 'kYdh ifÙk;k¡] dfydk,¡]viLFkkfud tM+sa ikbZ tkrh gSaA

3- 'kYddan y?kqÑr , piVk] pfØdkHk I;kt(fp=k 7-2c) (discoid) LraHk ftlesa vusd ioZlafèk;k¡

lVh gqbZ rFkk vfrNknh gksrhgSa rFkk bu ij xwnsnkj (vanj dh vksj) ,oa'kYdh (ckgj dh vksj) ifÙk;k¡ fo|eku gksrh gSaAvxzh; dfydk (dsanz esa) lkekU;] gjh iÙkhcukrh gSA viLFkkfud tM+sa pfØdkHkvkèkkj ls fudyrh gSaA

4- dan Hkwfexr ik'ohZ; 'kk[kkvksa dk vR;fèkd vkyw(fp=k 7-2d) iQwyk gqvk vxz fljk tks eaM ds :i esa

[kk| laxzg djrk gSA bu ij ^vk¡[ksa* gksrhgSaA ^vk¡[k* ,d ioZlafèk gS ftl ij dfydkrFkk 'kYdh i.kZ dk {kr fpg~u gksrk gSA

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fp=k 7.2 Hkwfexr rus ds :ikarj.kμ(a) izdan (vnjd)] (b) ?kudan] (t+ehdan)](ci) 'kYddan (I;kt)] (cii) 'kYddan dh mnxz dkV] (d) dan (vkyw)

vook;oh; rus ds :ikarj.kμrus nqcZy] var%HkkSfed gq, {kSfrt iM+s jgrs gSa vFkok budk dqNHkkx feV~Vh dh Åijh lrg esa nck jgrk gSA ,sls rus okys ikSèkksa dks folihZ ikni dgrs gSaA ;grus dkf;d tuu dk dk;Z djrs gSaA

rkfydk 7-3 vook;oh; rus ds :ikarj.k

izdkj y{k.k mnkgj.k

1- mifjHkwLrkjh 'kk[kk,¡ yach] iryh] nqcZy] yacs&yacs ioZ nwc ?kkl](fp=k 7-3a) ;qDr@;s feV~Vh dh lrg ij {kSfrt vkWDt+Sfyl

voLFkk esa jsaxrh jgrh gSa rFkk ioZlafèk;ksals viLFkfud tM+sa fudyrh gSA

2 HkwLrkjh ,d nqcZy ik'oZ 'kk[kk] tks dqN nwj rd iqnhuk] pesyh(fp=k 7-3b) ok;q esa Åij dh vksj o`f¼ djrh gS] fiQj

pki cukrh gqbZ uhps feV~Vh dks Nwysrh gSA ;g uhps dh vksj tM+sarFkk Åij dh vksj u;k larfr ikSèkkcukrh gSA

3- HkwLrkfjdk mifjHkwLrkjh tSlk LraHk ijarq mlls NksVk tydqaHkh](fp=k 7-37c) ,oa eksVk] FkksM+h nwj o`f¼ djds Åij ,d ty&ysV~;wl

iq"iuqek ifÙk;ksa dk xqPNk rFkk uhpsvoLFkkfud tM+sa ckrk gS_ vfèkdrjtyh; ikSèkksa esa fn[kkbz nsrk gSA

4- var%HkwLrkjh mifjHkwLrkjh tSlk LraHk ijarq Hkwfexr tks xqynkÅnh(fp=k 7-3d) feV~Vh ds vanj dqN nwj {kSfrt o`f¼ djds

frjNk Åij dh vksj c<+rk gqvk feV~Vhls ckgj vk tkrk gS tgk¡ tM+sa rFkklarfr&ikSèkk cukrk gSA

ioZ

dfydk

'kh"kZ

'kYd i=k viLFkkfudtM+

'kYd vk/kj'kYd i=kviLFkkfud

tM+

'kYd vk/kj ekaly 'kYd i=k

viLFkkfudtM+

vka[k

?kudaan

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(a) (b) (c) (d)

fp=k 7.3 vook;oh; LraHk ds :ikarj.kμ(a) mifjHkwLrkjh] (b) HkwLrkjh](c) HkwLrkfjdk] (d) var%HkwLrkjh

ok;oh; LraHk ds :ikarj.kμlaiw.kZ LraHk ;k mldk dksbZ Hkkx (d{kh; ;k vxzh; dfydk) :ikarfjrgksdj fof'k"V dk;Z djrk gSA vki fuEu y{k.kksa ls mls igpku ldrs gSa fd og ruk gSA

(i) iÙkh d{k ls fudyrh gS (ii) ioZ o ioZlafèk;k¡ ikbZ tkrh gSa (iii) ml ij ifÙk;k¡] dfydk,¡ ,oaiq"i mifLFkr gks ldrs gSaA

rkfydk 7-4 ok;oh; rus ds fof'k"V :ikarj.k

izdkj y{k.k mnkgj.k

1- izrku ;g ,d èkkxs tSlh] lfiZy:ih dqaMfyr rFkk vaxwj dh csy(fp=k 7-4a) i.kZjfgr lajpuk gS tks vkl&ikl

dh oLrqvksa ds pkjksa vksj fyiVdj nqcZyikSèks dks p<+us esa enn djrh gSA

2- dk¡Vk lhèkh uqdhyh dBksj lajpuk (dk¡Vk) tks flnzl (uhacw)] MqjSaVk(fp=k 7-4b) d{kh; (uhacw) ;k vxzh; (djkSank) dfydk dSfjlk (djkSank)

dk :ikarj.k gSA ;g ,d lqj{kkdkjh rFkkvkjksg.k vax gSA

3- i.kkZHk oar gjk] piVk vFkok csyukdkj] xwnsnkj LraHk vksiqfU'k;k ukxiQuh(fp=k 7-4c) gS] ftlesa vusd ioZ] ioZlafèk;k¡ rFkk

'kwy ;k dafVdk,¡ ok"iksRltZu de djus gsrq(:ikarfjr ifÙk;k¡) ikbZ tkrh gSaA ;g izdk'kla'ys"k.k rFkk ty laxzg djrk gS rFkkmu ikSèkksa esa ik;k tkrk gS tks 'kq"d{ks=kksa esa mxrs gSaaA

4- i.kkZHkioZ ,slk i.kkZHk oar ftldh o`f¼ lhfer gksrh ,sLiSjsxl(fp=k 7-4 di, gS D;ksafd blesa dsoy ,d ;k nksdii) ioZ gh curs gSa tks izdk'kla'ys"k.k djrs gSaA

mifjHkwLrkjh

larfr ikS/k

LVksyu

HkwLrkjhvUr%HkwLrkjh

ikniekr`ikS/k

var%HkwLrjh

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fp=k 7.4 ok;oh; rus ds :ikarj.kμ(a) LraHk izrku] (b) dk¡Vs] (c) ukxiQuh dki.kkZHk o`ar] (di, dii) ,sLiSjsxl ds i.kkZHkioZ rFkk ,d foofèkZr Hkkx

ikBxr iz'u 7.3

1- mu ikniksa dks D;k dgrs gSa ftuds rus nqcZy gksrs gSa rFkk Hkwfe ij jsaxrs gSaA

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2- ml LraHk :ikarj.k ds izdkj dk uke crkb, ftlesa mifjHkwLrkjh] HkwLrkjh] HkwLrkfjdk rFkkvar%HkwLrkjh gksrs gSaA

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3- ,d ;k nks ioZ ik, tkus okys i.kkZHkoar dks D;k dgrs gSa\............................................................................................................................

4. gYnh rFkk I;kt esa Øe'k% fdl izdkj dk LraHk :ikarj.k ik;k tkrk gS\

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5- dkWye I esa fn, x, rduhdh 'kCnksa dks dkWye II dh rduhdh 'kCnksa ls lqesy dhft,A

I II

(a) izrku (i) lqj{kk

(b) var%HkwLrkjh (ii) fpjdkfydrk

(c) dkaVs (iii) tuu

(d) 'kYd ;k (dan) (iv) izdk'k la'ys"k.k

(e) i.kkZHk oar (v) vkjksg.k

'kh"kZLFk izrku

'kh"kZLFk izrku dks,d rjQ gVkrs gq,

dkaVk

i.kZ'kwyi.kkZHk o`ar

iq"i

dkaVk

i.kkZHk i.kZ

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7.1.7 LraHk ds dk;Z

d. izkFkfed dk;Z

1- ifÙk;ksa dks lgkjk nsuk rFkk mUgsa bl izdkj fn'kkU;kl iznku djuk rkfd os lw;Z ds izdk'k dslkeus gksa rFkk izdk'k&la'ys"k.k ,oa 'olu ds fy, dq'kyrkiwoZd xSl&fofue; dj ldsaA

2- ;g ty ,oa [kfut yo.kksa dks tM+ ls ifÙk;ksa rd rFkk Hkkstu dks ifÙk;ksa ls ikSèks ds vU;Hkkxksa rd laogu djrk gSA

3- bl ij iQwy vkSj iQy yxrs gSaA

[k. f}rh;d dk;Z

1- lap;μ LraHk ikSèkksa esa Hkkstu rFkk ty dk lap; djrk gS tSls vkyw A

2- fpjdkfydrkμ Hkwfexr LraHk izfrdwy o`f¼ dky dks ikj djus esa enn djrk gS tSls vnjdA

3- dkf;d iztuuμ LraHk }kjk ikSèkksa esa dkf;d tuu gksrk gS tSls xqykc] xUukA

4- izdk'kla'ys"k.kμ e:n~fHkn ikSèksa (desert plants) ds leku dqN ikSèks ftuesa ifÙk;k¡ y?kqÑr(reduced) gks tkrh gSa] izdk'kla'ys"k.k dk dk;Z i.kZgfjr;qDr LraHk }kjk gksrk gS tSls ukxiQuhA

5- lqj{kkμ dqN ikSèkksa esa d{kh; dfydk,¡ dk¡Vksa esa :ikarfjr gks tkrh gSa rFkk mUgsa i'kqvksa ls lqj{kkiznku djrh gS tSls uhacw] MqjSaVkA

6- vkjksg.kμ izrku ;k gqd :ikarfjr 'kk[kk,¡ vFkok dfydk,¡ gksrh gSaA ;s vkl&ikl dh oLrqvksads pkjksa vksj fyiVdj nqcZy ikSèks dks p<+us esa enn djrh gSa tSls vaxwj dh csyA

ikBxr iz'u 7.4

1- rus dk ,d izkFkfed dk;Z crkb;s\

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2- xUus ds ikSèks dk iztuu dSls gksrk gS\

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3- dkWye I ds enksa dk dkWye II ds enksa ls lqesyu dhft;sA

I II

(d) ukxiQuh vksiqfU'k;k (i) laogu

([k) MqjSaVk (ii) Hkkstu dk lap;

(x) vnjd (iii) izdk'kla'ys"k.k

(?k) vkyw (iv) fpjdkfydrk

(Ä) LraHk (v) lqj{kk

fVIi.kh

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7.1.8 rus dh vkarfjd ('kkjhjh;) lajpuk

;fn vki LraHk dh vuqizLFk dkV cukdj lw{en'khZ (ekbØksLdksi) esa ns[ksaxs rks mldh vkarfjdlajpuk ns[k ik,¡xsA

A. f}chti=kh rus dh vkarfjd lajpuk (mnkgj.kμlwjteq[kh)

r#.k f}chti=kh LraHk dh vuqizLFk dkV esa vkidks fuEufyf[kr lajpuk fn[kkbZ nsxh (fp=k 7-5a

rFkk 7-5b)

fp=k 7.5 f}chti=kh LraHk dh vuqizLFk dkV (a) vkjs[kh (b) ,d (vkof?kZr) Hkkx

1- ckg~;Ropk (Epidrmis)μlcls ckgj] dksf'kdk,¡ ,d mipeZ }kjk vkPNkfnr,cgqdksf'kdh;&jkse;qDr] tks vkarfjd Årdksa dks lqj{kk iznku djrh gSA

2- oYdqV (Cortex)μckg~;Ropk ds vanj dh vksj] rhu [kaMksa esa vèkLRopk (Hypoder-mis)μ4&6 ijrksa&;qDr LFkwydks.kksrd (collenchyma) }kjk fufeZr HkkSfrd lgkjk iznku djrhgSA

eè; ijrsaμ e`nwrd dh dqN ijrsaA

varLRopk (Endodermis)μoYdqV dh lcls Hkhrjh ijr <ksydkdkj dksf'kdkvksa }kjk cuhgqbZ] ftlesa eaM df.kdk,¡ ikbZ tkrh gS blfy, bl ijr dks eaM&vkPNn (varLRopk) dgrsgSaA

3- jaHk (Stele)μvarLRopk ds vanj dh vksj fLFkr lHkh Ård feydj jaHk cukrs gSa

(i) ifjjaHk (Pericycle)μvarLRopk ls vanj] cgqijrh] e`nwrdh ftlesa n`<+ Ård ds [kaMik, tkrs gSaA

ckg~;RopkoYdqVizkFkfed Ýyks,e

izkFkfed nk:

eTtk

iwyh; ,/k

eTtk

dk"BiSjsudkbek

vkfn nk:

essVktkbye

,/k

Ýyks,e

ckg~;Ropkv/%Ropk

(dkWysudkbek)lkekU; dkVsZDl(isjsUdkbek)varLRopkLdysjsudkbek

dkVsZDl

ifjjaHk

laog

u caM

y

(gkMZckLV)

fVIi.kh

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190

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(ii) laogu iwyksa (Vascular bundle)μvusd iwy] oy; esa fLFkr gksrs gSaA (fp=k 7-5a)izR;sd laogu iwy dh fof'k"V y{k.k ;s gSaμ(a) la;qDr (Conjointμtkbye rFkk Ýyks,e,d gh iwy esa bdV~Bs ik, tkrs gSa] (b) laikf'Zod (Collateralμtkbye ,oa Ýyks,e,d gh vj (Radius) ij ik, tkrs gSa ij ftlesa Ýyks,e ifjfèk dh vksj fLFkr) rFkk(c) [kqyk (openμ,èkk dh iV~Vh tkbye vkSj Ýyks,e ds chp esa fLFkr) gksrk gSA tkbyevar%vkfnnk:d (endarch) gksrk gS vFkkZr~ vkfnnk: (protoxylem) dsanz dh vksj rFkkvuqnk: (metaxylem) ifjfèk dh vksj fLFkr gksrh gSA

(iii) eTtk jf'e (medullary ray)μe`nwrd dksf'kdkvksa dk cuk laoguh iwyksa ds eè;ladh.kZ {ks=kA

(iv) eTtk (Pith) dsanzorhZ] varjkdksf'kdh; xqgk,¡;qDr] e`nwrdh {ks=k

B. ,dchti=kh LraHk dh vkarfjd lajpuk (mnkgj.k] eDdk)

,dchti=kh LraHk dh vuqizLFk dkV fuEufyf[kr lajpuk n'kkZrh gS (fp=k 7.6a ,oa b)

fp=k 7.6 ,d chti=k LraHk dk vuqizLFk dkV (a) vkjs[kh] (b) ,d foofèkZr(enlarged) Hkkx] (c) ,d vkofèkZr (magnified) Hkkx

1- ckg~; Ropk (Epidcrmis)μ,d ijr;qDr] mipeZ }kjk vkofjr jkse vuqifLFkrA

2- Hkj.k Ård (Ground tissue)μe`nwrd }kjk fufeZr O;kid {ks=k ftlesa ckg~;Ropk ds uhpsdh dqN ifjèkh; ijrsa n`<+ksrdh (sclerenchymatous) gksrh gSa] mtkZ vèkLRopk dgykrh gSA

ckg~;Ropkv/%Ropk(n`<+rd)laoguh iwy

Hkj.k Ård

laogu iwy

Hkj.k Ård

tkbye e`nwrd

vkfnnk: xqgk

vkfnnk:

vuqnk:

lgk;ddksf'kdk,a

pkyuh ufydk,a

iwy vkPNn(n`<+rd)

ncs gq, Ýyks,e

ckg~;Ropk

v/%Ropk

n`<+rd

fVIi.kh

191

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3- laoguh iwy μ cgqla[;d] Hkj.k Ård esa fNrjs gq,] izR;sd iwy ds pkjksa vksj n`<+ksrdh vkPNngksrk gSA izR;sd caMy ds fof'k"V y{k.k ;s gksrs gSa%μ(a) laikf'kZod (Collateral) ,oa(b) can (Closed)μtkbye rFkk Ýyks,e ds chp ,èkk dh iV~Vh vuqifLFkr)] blesavar%vkfnnk:d (Endarch) tkbye ik;k tkrk gSA tkbye Ård dh vkÑfr vaxzsth dsv{kj ‘Y’ ds leku gksrh gS rFkk lcls vanj okyh vkfnnk: (protoxylem) fo?kfVr gksdjtyxqgk cukrh gSA

f}chti=kh ,oa ,dchti=kh rus esa jpukRed varj vkSj tM+ ,oa rus esa jpukRed varj rkfydk7-5 vkSj 7.6 esa fn;k x;k gS %

rkfydk 7-5 f}chti=kh rFkk ,dchti=kh LraHk ds varj

y{k.k f}chti=kh LraHk ,dchti=kh LraHk

1- ckg~;Ropk&jkse mifLFkr vuqifLFkr

2- vèk%LRopk LFkwydks.kksrd (Collechymatous) n`<+ksrdh

3- Hkj.k Ård foHksfnr gksdj oYdqV] vfoHksfnrvarLRopk] ifjjEHk] eTtk]eTtk jf'e;k¡ cukrk gSA

4- laoguh iwy (i) la[;k vfèkd ugha gksrh (i) cgqla[;

(ii) ,dleku vkdkj (ii) ifjfèk okys NksVs] dsanz esacM+s vkdkj ds

(iii) ,d oy; esa (iii) fNrjs gq,O;ofLFkr

(iv) [kqys (iv) can

(v) iwy vkPNn vuqifLFkr (v) caMy vkPNn mifLFkr

(vi) tkbye okfgdk,¡ (vi) tkbye okfgdk,¡ v{kj 'Y'vjh; iafDr;ksa esa O;ofLFkr ds :i esa O;ofLFkr

(vii) tyxqgk vuqifLFkr (vii) tyxqgk mifLFkr

5- f}rh;d o`f¼ mifLFkr vfèkdrj vuqifLFkr

rkfydk 7-6 LraHk rFkk tM+ esa 'kkjhjh; (anatomical) varj

y{k.k LraHk tM+

1- D;wfVdy mifLFkr vuqifLFkr

2- jkse cgqdksf'kd ,ddksf'kd

3- Hkj.k Ård foHksfnr (f}chti=kh) vFkok foHksfnrvfoHksfnr (,dchti=kh)

fVIi.kh

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4- oYdqV ladjh (}chti=kh) ;k vfoHksfnr pkSM+k(,dchti=kh)

5- ifjjaHk vusd ijr;qDr] n`<+ksrd rFkk ,d ijr;qDr] dsoy e`nwrdhe`nwrd }kjk cuk dksf'kdkvksa }kjk cuk

6- laoguh iwy cgqla[;d] la;qDr] laikf'oZd lhfer la[;k] vjh;

7- tkbye var%vkfnnk:d ckg~;vkfnnk:d

ikBxr iz'u 7.5

1- la;qDr rFkk laikf'Zod laoguh iwy esa varj crkb,A

............................................................................................................................

2- f}chti=kh rus ds laoguh iwyksa ds chp ds {ks=k dks D;k dgrs gSa\

............................................................................................................................

3- vkidks vjh; :i esa O;ofLFkr rFkk ckg~; vkfnnk:d tkbye&;qDr laoguh iwy dgk¡ feysaxs\

............................................................................................................................

4- ;fn vki ,d chti=kh rFkk f}chti=kh LraHk dh vkarfjd lajpuk ns[kuk pkgrs gSa] rks vkidkSu ls ikSèkksa dk pquko djsaxs] uke crkb,\

............................................................................................................................

7.1.9 rus esa f}rh;d o`f¼ (Secondary growth in Stem)

vkius ikB 6 esa tM+ esa f}rh;d o`f¼ ,oa mlds egÙo ds fo"k; esa i<+kA vc vki blh fØ;kdks LraHk ds lanHkZ esa i<sa+xsA f}rh;d o`f¼ dsoy f}chti=kh rus esa izjksg 'kh"kZ ls dqN nwjh ij lEiUugksrh gSA ;g ikSèks dh (a) ?ksjs (eksVkbZ) esa o`f¼ rFkk (b) mls vusd o"kks± rd n`<+rk ls lhèkk [kM+kjgus esa lgk;d gksrh gSA blfy, vkius ns[kk gksxk fd cgqr Åaps isM+ rst gok ds >ksads] ewlykèkkjcjlkr vkfn dks cxSj fxjs lgu dj ikrs gSa] ijarq ,dchti=kh ikSèks tSls] xsgw¡] pkoy] eDdk] ?kklvkfn f}rh;d o`f¼ ds vHkko esa >qd tkrs gSaA

f}chti=kh rus dh eksVkbZ esa o`f¼ nks ik'oZ foHkT;ksrd (lateral meristem) (i) laogu ,èkk ,oa(ii) dkdZ ,èkk }kjk fufeZr u, Årdksa ls gksrh gS (fp=k 7-7 a-d)A bu u, Årdksa dks f}rh;dÅrd (Secondary tissues) rFkk ?ksjs esa gksus okyh o`f¼ dks f}rh;d o`f¼ (Secondary growth)

dgrs gSaA

fVIi.kh

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(i) laogu ,èkk dh lfØ;rkμ;g f}rh;d laogu Ård fuEu izfØ;k ls cukrh gSμ

laogu caMy esa ikbZ tkus okyh ,èkk dks iwyh; ,èkk (Fascicular cambium) dgrsgSa (fp=k 7-7a)

caMy dh ,èkk ls lVh eTtkjf'e dh dksf'kdk,¡ foHkT;ksrdh (meristmatic) rFkkvarjkiwyh; ,èkk (inter fascicular cambium) cu tkrh gSa (fp=k 7-7b)

caMy dh rFkk varjcaMy dh ,èkk ijLij tqM+dj ,d vfofPNUu ,èkk oy; cuk nsrsgSa (fp=k 7-7b, c)

fp=k 7-7a-d f}chti=kh LraHk dh vuqizLFk dkVμf}rh;d o`f¼dh fofHkUu voLFkk,¡ (vkjs[kh)

,èkk ds foHkktu ls vanj dh vksj tks ubZ dksf'kdk,¡ curh gS os f}rh;d tkbye rFkkckgj vFkkZr~ ifjfèk dh vksj cuh dksf'kdk,¡ f}rh;d Ýyks,e esa foHksfnr gks tkrh gSaA(fp=k 7-7c)

mRikfnr f}rh;d tkbye dh ek=kk f}rh;d Ýyks,e ls vfèkd gksrh gS (fp=k 7-7d)

(ii) dkWdZ (dkx) ,èkk dh lfØ;rkμfuEu izfØ;k ls ifjpeZ (Periderm) curk gS %

dkx ,èkk (phellogen = dkxtu) oYdqV esa curh gSaA

dkxtu nksuksa vksj (vanj vkSj ckgj) dksf'kdk,¡ cukrh gSaA

vanj dh vksj cuh dksf'kdk,¡ f}rh;d oYdqV (Phelloderm = dkx vLrj) rFkk ckgjdh vksj cuh dksf'kdk,¡ dkx ;k dkWdZ (Phellem = dkx) esa foHksfnr gksrh gSa (fp=k7-7d)A

dkWdZ dh dksf'kdk,¡] dsoy okrjaèkz (Lenticel) okys {ks=kksa dks NksM+dj] l?ku (compact)

:i ls O;ofLFkr] e`r rFkk lqcsfju ls fu{ksfir gks tkrh gSaA okrjaèkz esa dksf'kdk,¡ fNrjh

izkFkfed Ýyks,eiwyh; ,/k

dkVsZDl,fiMfeZl

izkFkfedtkbyefiFk varjiwyh; ,/k f}rh;d Ýyks,e

dSfEc;e ?ksjkoy;

esM~;wyjh fdj.ksaf}rh;dtkbye

iQsyse ;k dkdZiQSykstsu

fVIi.kh

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izjksg ra=k

194

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gqbZ rFkk lqcsfjujfgr gksrh gSa] rFkk iwjd dksf'kdk,¡ (complementary cells) dgykrhgSaA okrjaèkzksa ls eksVh 'kk[kk,¡ ,oa isM+ ds rus xSl fofue; dj ldrs gSa (fp=k 7-8)A

dkx (iQsye), dkxtu (iQs+ykstu) rFkk dkxvLrj (Phelloderm) la;qDr :i ls ifjpeZ(Periderm) cukrs gSa (fp=k 7-8)A Hkhrj ds O;kl esa o`f¼ ls ckg~;Ropk lesr ckgjhijrksa ij ncko iM+rk gS vkSj os iQV dj u"V gks tkrs gSaA varr% ifjpeZ ckg~;Ropkdk LFkku ys ysrh gS rFkk lqj{kk dk dk;Z djrh gSA

lfØ; dkxtu ds ckgj fLFkr lHkh e`r dksf'kdk,¡ lkewfgd :i ls Nky cukrh gSaA

fp=k 7.8 eksVs iqjkus LraHk dk vuqizLFk dkVμ,d foofèkZr Hkkx

Hkksti=k (Betula bhojpatra) dh Nky dkxt dh rjg rus ij ls fNy mrj tkrh gSA mu ijfy[kh izkphu ikaMqfyfi;k¡ vHkh rd lqjf{kr gSaA dkWdZ o`{k (Quercus suber) dk dkdZ bruk eksVkgks tkrk gS fd mlls cksry dh MkWV] twrs dk ryk] fo|qr~jksèkh lkeku vkfn O;kikfjd rkSj ij cuk,tkrs gSaA

okrjaèkz

Nky

dkxckg~;Ropk

dkx ,/k isjhMeZf}rh;d oYdqVdksysudkbekoYdqVLdsysjsudkbek

f}rh;d Ýyks,e

,/k'kjn dk"B

f}rh;desM~;wyjhfdj.ksa

f}rh;dokf"kZd oy;

f}rh;ddk"B

'kjn dk"Bclar dk"B

izFkeokf"kZd oy;

f}rh;desM~;wyjhfdj.ksaclar dk"B

izkFkfed dk"B

eTtk

fVIi.kh

195

izjksg ra=k

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ikBxr iz'u 7.6

1- mu nks ik'oZ foHkT;ksrdksa ds uke crkb;s ftuds }kjk ikSèks dh ?ksjs (eksVkbZ) esa o`f¼ djrkgS\

............................................................................................................................

2- fdl {ks=k ls varjkiwyh; ,/k curh gS\

............................................................................................................................

3- Nky dh ifjHkk"kk fyf[k,A\

............................................................................................................................

4- okrjaèkz lqcsfjujfgr D;ksa gksrs gSa\

............................................................................................................................

5- ?kkl vkSj pkoy ds rus irys vkSj nqcZy D;ksa gksrs gSa\

............................................................................................................................

6- ifjpeZ fdu ijrksa ls curk gS\ mldk D;k izdk;Z gS\

............................................................................................................................

7.1.10 dk"B (wood)

dk"B f}rh;d nk: gksrk gS tks f}chti=kh rus esa laogu ,èkk dh lfØ;rk ls curk gSA

okf"kZd oy; (o`{k dh vk;q Kkr djus dk jgL;)

'khrks".k {ks=kksa esa tyok;q n'kk ekSleh cnyko n'kkZrh gSA laoguh ,èkk dh lfØ;rk Hkh vkorhZgks tkrh gS rRi'pkr~ tkbye esa Li"V o`f¼ oy;sa curh gSaA clar esa ,èkk vfèkd fØ;k'khy gksrhgS rFkk vusd vfèkd O;kl okyh okfgdk,¡ foHksfnr djrh gSaA clar esa cuus okys dk"B dks iwoZdk"B(Earlywood) ;k clar dk"B (Spring wood) dgrs gSaA xzh"e esa ,èkk lfØ; gksrh gS vkSj ladh.kZokfgdk,¡ cukrh gS] bl dk"B dks i'pdk"B (latewood) vFkok xzh"e dk"B (summer wood)

dgrs gSaA rus dh vuqizLFk dkV esa ;s nksuksa izdkj ds dk"B ,dkarfjr Øe esa ladsfnzd oy;ksa ds:i esa fn[krh gSa rFkk ,df=kr gksdj ,d okf"kZd oy; dgykrh gS (fp=k 7-8)A bu oy;ksa dhla[;k dks fxudj o`{k dh vk;q dk irk yxk;k tk ldrk gSA okf"kZd oy;ksa dh x.kuk djds isM+dh vk;q tkuus ds foKku dks o`{kdkykuqØe.k (dendrochronology) ;k nzqedkyØe foKkudgrs gSaA

jldk"B (Sapwood) rFkk var%dk"B (Heartwood)

ckgj dh vksj mifLFkr lfØ; uohu cus gqvk dk"B ftlesa dqN thfor dksf'kdk,¡ gksrh gSa]jldk"B dgykrk gSA tSls&tSls o`{k dh vk;q c<+rh gS rus ds dsanzh; Hkkx esa jldk"B dh

fVIi.kh

thofoKku

izjksg ra=k

196

ekWM~;wy - 2


Hkhrjh dksf'kdk,¡ fuf"Ø; gksrh tkrh gSa vkSj xgjs jax dh gks tkrh gS] ;g var%dk"B dgykrk gS(fp=k 7-9)A

fp=k 7.9 iqjkus rus dk vuqizLFk dkVμjldk"B rFkk var%dk"B n'kkZrk gqvk

rkfydk 7-7 esa jldk"B rFkk var%dk"B esa eq[; varj fn;s x;s gSa %

rkfydk 7-7 : jldk"B rFk var%dk"B esa varj

jldk"B var%dk"B

1. ;g iqjkus LraHk dk ckgjh gYds jax dk dk"B ;g iqjkus LraHk dk dsanzh; xgjs jax dk dk"B gksrk gSAgksrk gSA

2. gYds jax dk gksrk gS xgjs jax dk gksrk gS D;ksafd blesa xksan] jsft+u]

3. blesa thfor dksf'kdk,¡ gksrh gS] rsy] VSfuu vkfn mifLFkr gksrs gSaA

4. okfgdk, can ugha gksrh vkSj ty rFkk [kfut okfgdk,a Vkbykslksa }kjk can gksrh gSaA thfor dksf'kdk,¡inkFkks± ds Åij dh vksj c<+us esa lgk;rk djrh gSaA vuqifLFkr gksrh gSa]

5. dk"B otu esa gYdk gksrk gS dk"B Hkkjh gksrk gSA

6. de fVdkÅ] D;ksafd blesa jksxtudksa dk vf/d le; rd fVdkm gksrk gS rFkk jksxtudksa dsvkØe.k gks ldrk gSA vkØe.k ds izfr izfrjksèkd gksrk gSA

7. vkfFkZd n`f"V ls de mi;ksxhA vkfFkZd n`f"V ls vfèkd mi;ksxh

LraHk esa HkkSfrd ÅrdμÅ¡ps o`{k ds ruksa dks (i) rst gok ds >ksadksa ds cyiwoZd f[kapko ls cpukrFkk (ii) xq#Rokd"kZ.k ds foijhr lhèks [kM+k gksuk iM+rk gSA ruk dks buds fy, n`<+rk feyrh gSμ(i)

n`<+ksrd ls tks vèkLRopk esa ,oa ifjjaHk rFkk f}rh;d Ýyks,e esa [kaMksa ds :i esa mifLFkr gksrkgSaA (ii) f}rh;d nk: vFkkZr~ dk"B esa izpqj fyfXuu;qDr okfgdk,a] VSdhMsa vkSj js'ks rFkk (iii) eTtkesa n`<+ksrdh vo;oksa dh mifLFkfr lsA

nk: jf'e;ka

okf"kZd oy;

var%dk"B

jldk"B

Ýyks,e

Nky

fVIi.kh

197

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ikBxr iz'u 7.7

1- tc ,èkk de lfØ; gksrk gS rc fdl izdkj dk dk"B curk gS\

............................................................................................................................

2- vki o`{k dh vk;q dSls Kkr dj ldrs gSa\

............................................................................................................................

3- var%dk"B vkfFkZd n`f"V ls D;ksa vfèkd mi;ksxh gS\

............................................................................................................................

4- rst gok rFkk ewlykèkkj o"kkZ esa Hkh Å¡ps isM+ D;ksa lhèks [kM+s jg ikrs gSa\

............................................................................................................................

5- dk"B dh ifjHkk"kk nhft;s\

............................................................................................................................

7.2 iÙkh

iÙkh piVh rFkk iQSyh gqbZ lajpuk gS tks rus ;k 'kk[kk dk ik'oZ mikax gS rFkk mldh ioZlafèk lsfudyrh gSA ;g izjksg foHkT;ksrd (shoot meristem) ls fudys i.kZ vk|d (leaf primordium)ls fodflr gksrh gSA blds d{k esa dfydk gksrh gS ftls d{kh; dfydk (axillary bud) dgrsgSaA iÙkh og izeq[k LFkku gS] tgk¡ ij izdk'kla'ys"k.k] ok"iksRltZu rFkk 'olu dh fØ;k,¡ lEiUugksrh gSaA d{kh; dfydk dh lqj{kk ds vykok iÙkh μ[kk| ,oa ty laxzg] vkjksg.k] dkf;d izoèkZu(propagation) vkfn ds fy, :ikUrfjr gks ldrh gSA

7.2.1 iÙkh dh lajpuk

,d izk:fid iÙkh ds rhu Hkkx gksrs gSa (fp=k 7-9) %

(i) i.kkZèkkj (leafbase) &;g iÙkh dk lcls fupyk Hkkx gS] ftlls og ioZlafèk ls tqM+h jgrhgSA ,dchti=kh esa ;g vkPNn dh rjg iQSyk gksrk gS rFkk f}chti=kh ikSèkksa esa i.kkZèkkj ijvuqi.kZ (stipule) uked ik'oZ vfro`f¼;k¡ ikbZ tkrh gSaA

(ii) i.kZoar (Petiole)μ;g iÙkh dk oar (Stalk) gSA ifÙk;k¡ oar;qDr (petiolate) tSls dbZf}chti=kh esa ;k oarghu (sessile) tSls vfèkdrj ,dchti=kh ikSèkksa esa gksrh gSaA i.kZoar :ikarfjrgksdj iQwy ldrk gS (tSls tydqaHkh esa)] ;k nksuksa vksj ia[k :ih (tSls larjk) ;k lkekU;iÙkh dh Hkk¡fr piVk (tSls vkLVªsfy;kbZ ccwy esa) gks tkrk gSA

(iii) i.kZiQyd (Lamina or leaf blade)μ;g iÙkh dk gjk] iryk] piVk rFkk iQSyk gqvk HkkxgS ftldh lrg ij vusd f'kjk,¡ (veins) ,oa f'kfjdk,¡ (veinlets) iQSyh jgrh gSA i.kZiQyd

fVIi.kh

thofoKku

izjksg ra=k

198

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ds eè; esa vkèkkj ls 'kh"kZ rd tkrh gqbZ ,d izeq[k f'kjk ikbZ tkrh gS ftls eè;f'kjk(midrib) dgrs gSaA f'kjk,¡ iÙkh dks lgkjk nsrh gSa rFkk ty] [kfut yo.k [kk| inkFkZ dkifjogu djrh gSaA

iÙkh esa vusd izdkj dh fofoèkrk,¡ ikbZ tkrh gS tks mlds fuEu Hkkxksa esa gksrh gSa %

(i) i.kZiQyd dh vkÑfr (fp=k 7-10)

(ii) i.kZ'kh"kZ (fp=k 7-11)

(iii) i.kZfdukjs (fp=k 7-11)

fp=k 7.9 ,d iÙkh vkSj mlds Hkkx fp=k 7.10 iÙkh dh vkÑfr;ksa esa fofoèkrk

fp=k 7.11 i.kZ'kh"kZ esa fofoèkrk fp=k 7.12 i.kZ ds fdukjksa esa fofoèkrk

7.2.2 ifÙk;ksa esa f'kjkfoU;kl (Venation in leaves)

i.kZiQyd ij f'kjkvksa ,oa f'kfjdkvksa dh O;oLFkk dks f'kjkfoU;kl dgrs gSaA ;g nks izdkj dh gksrhgS %

tkfydk:ih (reticulate) f'kjkfoU;klμf'kjk,¡ tky :i esa iQSyh jgrh gSa] tSls] f}chtiÙkhikSèkksa esa (fp=k 7-13 A-a,b)

lekarj (parallel) f'kjkfoU;klμf'kjk,¡ ijLij lekukarj gksrh gS] tSls ,dchti=kh ikSèkksa esa(fp=k 7-13 B-c,d)

i.kZ 'kh"kZi.kZ fljk

eè;f'kjk

ysfeuk

vuqi.kZ

i.kZo`UriÙkh dkvk/kj

d{kLFkdfydk

fVIi.kh

199

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tkfydk:ih ,oa lekarj f'kjkfoU;kl ,df'kjh; (unicostate) gks ldrs gSa ftlesa dsoy ,dn`<+ eè;f'kjk gksrh gS ftlls ia[k dh Hkk¡fr vusd f}rh;d f'kjk,¡ fudyrh gSa] vr% fiPNkdkj(pinnate) dgykrh gSa (fp=k 7-13a,c) vFkok cgqf'kjh; (Multicostate) ftlesa ,d lsvfèkd n`<+ eq[; f'kjk,¡ ,d dsanz ls gFksyh dh m¡xfy;ksa tSls fudyrh gqbZ ,d&nwljs ls nwjpyh tkrh gS vr% gLrkdkj (palmate) dgykrh gS (fp=k 7-13b,d)

(a) (b) (a) (b)

A B

tkfydk:ih f'kjkfoU;kl lekarj f'kjkfoU;kl

(a) ,df'kjh; (ihiy) (a) ,df'kjh; (dSuk)

(b) cgqf'kjh; (vaxwj) (b) cgqf'kjh; (ike)

fp=k 7.13 i.kZ f'kjkfoU;kl ds izdkj

ikBxr iz'u 7.8

1- f'kjkfoU;kl dh ifjHkk"kk nhft,A

............................................................................................................................

2- ,df'kjh; ,oa cgqf'kjh; f'kjkfoU;kl esa Hksn crkb;sA

............................................................................................................................

3- ihiy rFkk vke dh ifÙk;ksa esa fdl izdkj dk f'kjkfoU;kl ik;k tkrk gS\

............................................................................................................................

4- iÙkh ds d{k ls fudyus okyh lajpuk dk uke crkb;sA

............................................................................................................................

5- ml izeq[k f'kjk dks D;k dgrs gSa tks i.kZiQyd ds eè; esa fLFkr gksrh gS rFkk vkèkkj ls 'kh"kZrd tkrh gS\

............................................................................................................................

tkfydkor~foU;kl

isfydy ls fudyhlqn`<+ f'kjk,a

fiPNkdkj gLrkdkj

fVIi.kh

thofoKku

izjksg ra=k

200

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7.2.3 iÙkh ds izdkj

ifÙk;k¡ nks izdkj dh gksrh gSaμljy (Simple) rFkk la;qDr (Compound)A pwafd iÙkh ds d{k esadfydk gksrh gSa vr% vki la;qDr iÙkh dks ljy iÙkh ls fHkUu dj ldrs gSaA bldh tkudkjh dsfy, vkidks d{kh; dfydk dh fLFkfr irk yxkuh iM+sxhA dfydk] nksuksa ljy rFkk la;qDr iÙkhds d{k esa ikbZ tkrh gSaA ijarq la;qDr iÙkh ds i.kZdksa (leaflets) ds d{k esa ughaA nksuksa izdkj dhifÙk;ksa esa varj rkfydk 7-7 esa fn, x, gSaA

rkfydk 7-7 ljy rFkk la;qDr iÙkh esa varj

ljy iÙkh la;qDr iÙkh

1- iÙkh esa i.kZ iQyd vfofPNUu (entire) i.kZiQyd vusd NksVh bdkb;ksa esa caV tkrk gSgksrk gS vFkkZr caVk gqvk ugha gksrk gS ftUgsa i.kZd (leaflets) dgrs gSa (fp=k 7.14)(fp=k 7-9)

2. ;fn i.kZiQyd ds fdukjksa esa dVko gksrk dVko eè;f'kjk rd igq¡p tkrs gSa (fp=k 7.15)gS rks dVko eè;f'kjk (fp=k 7-13d) rd

ugha igq¡prsA

la;qDr iÙkh ds izdkjμ;g nks izdkj dh gksrh gS (rkfydk 7-8)

rkfydk 7-8 la;qDr iÙkh ds izdkj

fiPNkdkj gLrkdkj

1- i.kZd eè;f'kjk vFkok jsfdl (rachls) i.kZd i.kZo`ar ds vxzfljs ls tqM+s jgrs gSa rFkkls tqM+s gksrs gSa rFkk ikf'oZd :i ls gFksyh ls fudyrh m¡xfy;ksa dh Hkk¡fr izrhr gksrsO;ofLFkr jgrs gSa (fp=k 7-15) gSa (fp=k 7-14)

2- i.kZd rFkk eè;f'kjk fiQj ls foHkkftr gksdj i.kZd dh la[;k ij vkèkkfjr f}i.khZ (bifoliate),

,dfiPNdh (Unipinnate), f}fiPNdh f=ki.khZ (trifoliate), prq"i.khZ (quadrifolate) rFkk(Bipinnate), f=kfiPNdh (Tripinnate) rFkk cgqi.khZ (Multifoliate) izdkj dh la;qDr iÙkh gksfola;qDr iÙkh cukrh gS ldrh gS (fp=k 7-14)

(fp=k 7-15)

fp=k 7.14 gLrkdkj la;qDr iÙkh rFkk mlds izdkj

d{kLFkdfydk

gLrkdkj la;qDr iÙks f}i.khZ f=ki.khZ prq"i.khZ cgqi.khZ

fVIi.kh

201

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fp=k 7.15 fiPNkdkj la;qDr iÙkh rFkk mlds izdkj

ikBxr iz'u 7.9

1- la;qDr iÙkh dh ml lajpuk dk uke crkb,¡ ftl ij i.kZd tqM+sa gksrs gSaA

............................................................................................................................

2- og dkSu&lh lajpuk gS ftldh enn ls vki i.kZ vkSj i.kZd esa varj crk ldrs gSa\

............................................................................................................................

3- la;qDr iÙkh ds nks izdkj dkSu&ls gSa\

............................................................................................................................

vkidks fuEu fØ;kdyki djus esa vkuan vk,xk %

dk;Z 7.1

mn~ns'; % dqN ifÙk;ksa dks bdV~Bk djds mudk vè;;u djuk

lkexzhμihiy] uhe] dsyk] ike (Palm), xqykc] ?kkl] beyh rFkk rqylh dh ifÙk;k¡ bdV~Bh dhft,

fofèkμbdV~Bh dh gqbZ lkexzh esa fuEu y{k.k nsf[k, %

(i) ljy vFkok la;qDr iÙkh

(ii) tkfydk:ih vFkok lekarj f'kjkfoU;kl

f'kjkfoU;kl ds izdkj ds vkèkkj ij ifÙk;ksa dks ,dchti=kh ,oa f}chti=kh ifÙk;ksa esa oxhZÑr dhft,A

7.2.4 i.kZfoU;kl (Phyllotaxy)

ruk ;k 'kk[kk ij ifÙk;ksa ds yxus dh O;oLFkk dks i.kZfoU;kl dgrs gSaA ifÙk;ksa dh O;oLFkkØebl izdkj gksrh gS rkfd mUgsa izdk'kla'ys"k.k ds fy, mi;qDr izdk'k fey ldsA ;g rhu izdkjdh gksrh gSa %

d{kLFkdfydk

fiPNkdkj la;qDr iÙkh ,d fiPNdh

f=kfiPNdhf}fiPNdhlefiPNdh vlefiPNdh fola;qDr

fVIi.kh

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izjksg ra=k

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(i) ,dkarj (Alternate) (fp=k 7-16d)μizR;sd ioZlafèk ij dsoy ,d gh iÙkh tqM+h gksrhgSμmnkgj.k xqM+gy] vkeA

(ii) lEeq[k (Opposite) fp=k 7-16a-b)μizR;sd ioZlafèk ij nks ifÙk;k¡ tksM+s esa vkeus&lkeusikbZ tkrh gSA ;g nks izdkj dh gksrh gSμ

(a) Økflr (Decussate) fp=k 7-16a)μtc Åij o uhps dh ioZlafèk ij tqM+h ifÙk;ksads tksM+sa ,d nwljs ds lkFk ledks.k cukrs gSa] mnkgj.k rqylh] dSyksVªkWfil (calotropis)

(b) vè;kjksfir (Superposedμfp=k 7-16b)μtc Åij vkSj uhps dh ioZlafèk ij tqM+hifÙk;ksa ds tksM+s Bhd ,d nwljs ds Åij ,d gh ry esa ik, tkrs gSaA mnkgj.k ve:nA

(iii) pfØr (Whorledμfp=k 7-16c)μtc izR;sd ioZlafèk ij nks ls vfèkd ifÙk;k¡ o`Ùk ;k pØ(whorl) esa O;ofLFkr jgrh gS mnkgj.k usfj;e (Nerium)A

fp=k 7.16 (a-b) i.kZfoU;klμ(a) lEeq[k&Økflr] (b) lEeq[kμvè;ksjksfir(c) pfØr (d) ,dkarj

7.2.5 i.kZ :ikarj.k

;|fi ifÙk;ksa dk eq[; dk;Z Hkkstu la'ys"k.k gS] dqN ikniksa esa ifÙk;k¡ fofHkUu lajpukvksa esa :ikarfjrgksdj blds vfrfjDr fof'k"V dk;Z tSls ikni dks vkèkkj ,oa lqj{kk nsuk] ty ,oa Hkkstu laxzgdjuk vFkok dhVHk{kh ikniksa esa dhV idM+us esa enn djrh gSaA (rkfydk 7-9)A

rkfydk 7-9: i.kZ&:ikarj.k

izdkj y{k.k mnkgj.k

1- i.kZ izrku (Leaf Tendril) iryh] rarquqek] dqaMfyr] laosnu'khy eVj] Xyksjh fyyh(fp=k 7-17a) lajpuk ftls izrku dgk tkrk gS vkSj tks

ikSèks dks vkjksg.k esa enn djrh gSA

2- i.kZ'kwy (leaf spine) ifÙk;k¡ vFkok mudk va'k rst] uqdhys lR;kuk'kh (vkthZeksu)(fp=k 7-17b) dk¡Vksa esa :ikarfjr gks tkrs gSa rkfd vksifU'k;k

ikni dh j{kk rFkk ok"iksRltZunj de gks ldsA

fVIi.kh

203

izjksg ra=k

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3- i.kkZHk (Phyllode) la;qDr i.kZ dk i.kZo`ar piVk vkWLVªsfy;kbZ ,sdsf'k;k(fp=k 7-17c) iÙkhuqek lajpuk esa :ikarfjr gksdj

izdk'kla'ys"k.k esa enn djrk gSAi.kZd èkhjs&èkhjs >M+ tkrs gSa

4- dhVHk{kh ikniksa dh ?kVi.khZ ikni (Pitcher plant) esa iwjh ?kVi.khZ ikni (usisfUFkl):ikarfjr ifÙk;k¡ iÙkh ?kM+k esa :ikarfjr gks tkrh gS CySMjoVZ (;qVªhD;qysfj;k)(fp=k 7-17d, e) tcfd CySMjoVZ esa dqN [kafMr

ifÙk;k¡ FkSyh (bladder) tSlh jpukvksa esaifjofrZr gks tkrh gSA ;g jpuk,¡dhVksa dks iQ¡lkus esa enn djrh gSA

fp=k 7.17 iÙkh ds :ikarj.k a-d (a) i.kZ izrku_ (b) i.kZ 'kwy_(c) ?kVi.khZ ikni (d) CySMjoVZ

fo"kei.kZrk (Heterophylly)μdqN ikSèkksa esa ,d ls vfèkd izdkj dh ifÙk;k¡ ikbZ tkrh gS] blfLFkr dks fo"kei.kZrk dgrs gSaA ;s dqN tyh; ikSèkksa esa] tks vkaf'kd :i ls tyfueXu (ty esaMwck gqvk) jgrs gSa] ns[kh tk ldrh gSa tSlsμfla?kkM+k] fyEuksfiQyk

ikBxr iz'u 7.10

1- vke] ^rqylh* rFkk ve:n ds ikniksa esa fdl izdkj dk i.kZfoU;kl ik;k tkrk gS\............................................................................................................................

2- dkWye A ds fn, x, rduhdh 'kCnksa dk dkWye B ds rduhdh 'kCnksa ds lkFk lqesy dhft,

A B

(a) ?kV (i) izdk'kla'ys"k.k

(b) 'kwy (ii) vkjksg.k

(c) i.kkZHk (iii) dhM+ksa dks iQalkuk

(d) izrku (iv) lqj{kk

?kV

CySMj (FkSyh)

fVIi.kh

thofoKku

izjksg ra=k

204

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3- nks dhVHk{kh ikniksa ds mnkgj.k nhft,A............................................................................................................................

4- fla?kkM+s ds ikni esa nks fHkUu izdkj dh ifÙk;k¡ ikbZ tkrh gSa] bl n'kk dks D;k dgrs gSa\............................................................................................................................

7.2.6 iÙkh ds izdk;Z

iÙkh fuEu dk;Z lEiUu djrh gS %

(i) izdk'kla'ys"k.kμlw;Z ds izdk'k dh mifLFkfr esa iÙkh Hkkstu dk la'ys"k.k djrh gSA

(ii) xSl fofu;eμbuesa fo|eku jaèkzksa }kjk xSl fofue; gksrk gS tks 'olu ,oa izdk'kla'ys"k.kds fy, vko';d gSaA

(iii) ok"iksRltZu (Transpiration)μjaèkzksa }kjk vfrfjDr ty dk ok"ihdj.k (ok"i ds :i)esa gksrk gS tks iÙkh dh lrg dks BaMd nsrk gS rFkk jlkjksg.k (ascent of sap) esa enndjrk gSA

(iv) fcanqLkzko (Guttation)μue tyok;q esa ik, tkus okys ikSèkksa dh ifÙk;ksa ds fdukjksa ls vfrfjDryo.kh; ty dh cwanksa ds :i esa fjlko (exudation) gksrk gSA

(v) fof'k"V dk;ks± ds fy, :ikarj.kμdqN ikniksa esa ifÙk;k¡ :ikarfjr gksdj vU; dk;Z djrhgSa tSlsμHkkstu&la'ys"k.k ,oa laxzg] vkèkkj ,oa lqj{kk] dkf;d izo/Zu (propagation) rFkkdhVksa dks iQ¡lkukA

7.2.7 iÙkh dh vkarfjd lajpuk (fp=k 7.18-19)

A. lkekU; y{k.k

vfèkdka'k f}chti=kh ikniksa esa iÙkh i`"Bkèkkjh vFkkZr~ {kSfrt n'kk esa vfHkfoU;Lr rFkk foHksfnri.kZeè;ksrd (mesophyll) ;qDr gksrh gSA ijarq ,dchti=kh ikniksa esa iÙkh lef}ik'ohZ;(isobilateral) vFkkZr~ ÅèoZ rFkk vfoHksfnr i.kZeè;ksrd (mesophyll) ;qDr gksrh gS

iÙkh dh mnxz dkV rhu eq[; Hkkx n'kkZrh gSμ(i) ckg~;Ropk ,fiMfeZl (ii) i.kZ eè;ksrd(iii) laoguh ra=k

(i) ckg~;RopkμiÙkh dh nksuksa Åijh rFkk fupyh lrg ij ikbZ tkrh gSA bldh dqNdksf'kdk,¡ }kj (xkMZ) dksf'kdk,a cukrh gSa tks O;ofLFkr gksdj fNnzsa cukrh gSa ftUgsaLVksesVk dgk tkrk gS tks izdk'kla'ys"k.k ,oa 'olu gsrq xSl fofue; rFkk ok"iksRltZuds le; ty ok"iu esa enn djrh gSSaA dqN ,dchti=kh ifÙk;ksa esa dqN ckg~; Roph;dksf'kdk,a tks Åijh ,fiMfeZl ij jgrh gSa cM+h gksdj cqyhiQkeZ dksf'kdkvksa dk fuekZ.kdjrh gSa ftuls ty ckgj fudyrk gSA blds dkj.k ifÙk;ka ufydkdkj gks tkrh gSa rkfdrst xehZ esa ok"iksRltZu de gksA

(ii) i.kZ eè;ksrdμ;g gfjryod;qDr e`nwrd (gfjrÅrd) dk cuk gksrk gS rFkk izdk'kla'ys"k.k dk dk;Z djrk gSaA f}chti=kh ifÙk;ksa esa ;g nks izdkj dh dksf'kdkvksa esa foHksfnr

fVIi.kh

205

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gksrk gS tks [kaHkksrd (Palisade) rFkk Liath; dksf'kdk,¡ dgykrh gSaA ,dchti=kh ifÙk;ksaesa [kaHkksrd ugha gksrh] dsoy Liath; Ård gksrs gSaA

[kEHkksrdh dksf'kdk,¡μÅijh ckg~;Ropk ds uhps O;ofLFkr

μ vjh; yach] ikl&ikl O;ofLFkr dksf'kdk,a

μ gfjryod vfèkd la[;k esa fo|eku

Liath dksf'kdk,aμ[kEHkksrdh dksf'kdkvksa ds uhps fLFkr

μ dksf'kdkvksa dh vkÑfr vfu;fer rFkk f'kfFkyrk ls O;ofLFkr] gfjryod de la[;kesa mifLFkrA

μ varjdksf'kdk,a dks"kksa esa xSlksa dk laxzg djrh gSaA

(iii) lagouh iwyμ;s la;qDr laikf'Zod ,oa can gksrs gSaA

μ izR;sd iwy esa tkbye Åijh lrg dh vksj (i`"Bh;) fLFkr gksrk gSaA

μ vfèkdka'k laoguh iwy jaxghu e`nwrdh dksf'kdkvksa ls f?kjk jgrk gS ftls caMy vkPNnvFkok lhekard e`nwrd (border parenchyma) dgrs gSaA

fp=k 7.19 ,dchti=kh (lef}ikf'Zod) iÙkh dk mnxz dkV

Åijh ckg~;RopkisyhlsM isjsUdkbek

caMy 'khFk (iwyh; vkPNn)tkbye

Liath isjsUdkbek

mijUèkzh; xqgk (lcLVksekVk&xqgk)

Ýyks,e

fuEu ckg~;Ropkja/z (LVksek)caMy 'khFk (iwyvkPNn) foLrkj

fp=k 7.18 f}chti=kh (i`"Bk/kj) iÙkh dk mnxz dkV

[kaHkksrdhe`nwrd

Åijh ckg~;Ropk

laoguh caMy

iwyh; caMy 'khFk

tkbye

eè;i.khZ Ård(eè;ksrd)

mijUèkzh; d{k

Ýyks,e

fuEu ckg~;Ropkja/zLdsysjsUdkbek (n`<+ksrd)

cqYyhiQkeZ dksf'kdk,a

fVIi.kh

thofoKku

izjksg ra=k

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jaèkzh; midj.k dh lajpuk (Structure of stomatal apparatus)

f}chti=kh ifÙk;ksa esa izR;sd jaèkz esa nks vèkZo`Ùkkdkj }kj&dksf'kdk,¡ gksrh gSa tks ,d fNnz&LVkek (jaèkz)dks ?ksjs jgrh gSa (fp=k 7-21)A }kj dksf'kdk,¡ gfjryodksa;qDr gksrh gSa rFkk jaèkzksa ds [kqyus ,oa cangksus dks fu;af=kr djrh gSaA jaèkz&fNnz varjdksf'kdh; xqgkμvèkksjaèkzh dks"B (Substomatal chamber)

esa [kqyrk gSaA (fp=k 7-19) jaèkzksa dh la[;k] vkdkj rFkk forj.k fHkUu gksrs gSa& (rkfydk 7-10)vkSj ;g bl ij fuHkZj djrk gS fd ikni e#n~fHkn (xerophyte) gS ;k eslksiQkbV (mesophyte)A

rkfydk 7-10: jèkzksa dk forj.k

ikni jaèkz&y{k.k mnkgj.k

1. f}chti=kh }kjdksf'kdk,a vèkZo`Ùkkdkj] o`Ddkdkj vfèkdrj vke] uheiÙkh dh fupyh lrg ij mifLFkr

2. ,dchti=kh }kj&dksf'kdk,a eqnxj&le vkSj nksuksa lrgksa ij eDdk esaAmifLFkr

3. e#n~fHkn~ ok"iksRltZu de djus ds fy, usfj;e

(i) dsoy fupyh lrg ij mifLFkr(ii) Åijh lrg ij de la[;k esa ;k vuqifLFkr(iii) èkals gq, gks ldrs gSa

4. tyksn~fHkn~μ rSjrh ifÙk;ksa;qDr dsoy Åijh lrg ij mifLFkr dey

μ fueXu ifÙk;ksa;qDr jaèkz vuqifLFkr gkbfMªyk

vc vki fp=k 7-18&19 rFkk rkfydk 7-11 }kjk f}chti=kh ,oa ,dchti=kh ifÙk;ksa dh vkarfjdlajpuk esa rqyuk dj ldrs gSaA

rkfydk 7-11 f}chti=kh ,oa ,dchti=kh ifÙk;ksa dh vkarfjd lajpuk esa rqyuk

Ård f}chti=kh iÙkh ,dchti=kh iÙkhi`"Bkèkj (i`"B&v/j) iÙkh (lef}ik'ohZ; iÙkh)

1. ckg~;Ropk

(i) jaèkz (stomata) vfèkdj fupyh ckg~;Ropk ij nksuksa Åijh ,oa fupyh ckg~;RopkvksamifLFkr ij mifLFkr

(ii) cqyhiQkWeZ vuqifLFkr mifLFkr dksf'kdk,¡ (Bulli

form cells)

2. i.kZeè;ksrd [kEHkksrd ,oa Liatle e`nwrd esa dsoy Liatle e`nwrd mifLFkrfoHksfnr

3- laoguh ra=k (i) tkyØe ds :i esa mifLFkr (i) iafDr;ksa esa

(Vascular (ii) laoguh iwy eè; f'kjk esa (ii) laoguh iwy vfèkdrj leku(system) cM+k] ckdh NksVs iÙkh ds eki ds

fdukjs esa)

B. fof'k"V y{k.k

fVIi.kh

207

izjksg ra=k

thofoKku

ekWM~;wy - 2


(i) cqyhiQkWeZ dksf'kdk,¡ (fp=k 7-19)

;g fo'ks"k izdkj dh dksf'kdk,¡ (izsjd dksf'kdk,¡ = motor cells) gSa tks eDdk] cktjk]Tokj vkfn tks dqN ,dchti=kh ikniksa dh ifÙk;ksa dh Åijh lrg ij mifLFkrgksrh gSaA

LiQhfr esa cnyko gksus ls ;s iÙkh dks xksy (roll) gksus rFkk [kqyus esa enn djrh gSaA

[kldj xehZ ds ekSle esa nksigj esa ok"iksRltZu nj vf/d gksus ds dkj.k tc budksf'kdkvksa ls ty&gkfu gksrh gS] rc iÙkh eqM+ (xksy gks) tkrh gS

vr% ;g 'kq"d ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa jaèkzksa ls ty ok"i dh gkfu dks de djrs gSaA

(ii) jkse

'kq"d ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa mxus okys vfèkdka'k ikniksa dh ifÙk;ksa ij jkse ik, tkrs gSaA tksok"iksRltZu dh nj dks de djrs gSaA

;s ifÙk;ksa dks rst èkwi] Å¡ps rkieku rFkk ok;q iznw"k.k ls cpkrh gSaA

(iii) tyjaèkz (hydathode = water stomata)

;g fo'ks"k izdkj dh lajpuk,¡ (fp=k 7.20) gSa tks vknzZ ;k ue (humid) tyok;q esamxus okys vko`rchth ikniksa tSls xkMZu uLVf'kZ;e dh ifÙk;ksa esa ik, tkrs gSaA

buds }kjk ty dk mRltZu nzo ds :i (fcanqlzko = guttation) esa gksrk gSA

fp=k 7.20 tyjaèkz fp=k 7.21 f}chti=kh iÙkh dk jaèkz midj.k

}kj dksf'kdk,a

VªsdhM

jaèkzh; d{k

,ihFkhe

,ihMfeZl

vUrjkdksf'kdkh; }kj dksf'kdk,a ,ihMeZydksf'kdk,a

DyksjksIykLV

LVksek

fVIi.kh

thofoKku

izjksg ra=k

208

ekWM~;wy - 2


rkfydk 7-12 jaèkz ,oa ty jaèkz esa varj

y{k.k tyjaèkz jaèk

1- eki (vkdkj) cM+k NksVk

2- LFkku iÙkh ds fdukjs f'kjkvksa ds var iÙkh dh laiw.kZ lrg ij mifLFkresa mifLFkr

3- lajpuk lnk [kqys jgrs gSa ;s izdk'k dh rhozrkuqlkj [kqyrs vkSjcan gksrs gSa

4- ty gkfu ty nzo :i esa fudyrk gS rFkk mlesa ty dh gkfu ok"i :i esa gksrh gSyo.k ,oa 'kdZjk ?kqys gksrs gSa

5- mifLFkfr LFkkuksa ds ikniksa esa mifLFkr leLr tyok;q ds ikniksa esa mifLFkr

6- dkf;Zdh; izfØ;k fcanqlzko ok"iksZRltZu

ikBxr iz'u 7.11

1- f}chti=kh i.kZ ,oa ,dchti=kh i.kZ ds i.kZeè;ksrd esa D;k varj gS\ mldk D;kdk;Z gS\

............................................................................................................................

2- ?kkl dh iÙkh esa jaèkz (LVkssesVk) dgk¡ mifLFkr gksrs gSa\

............................................................................................................................

3- ml lajpuk dk uke crkb;s ftlds }kjk vknzZ LFkkuksa esa mxus okys ikniksa ls vR;fèkd tynzo ds :i esa mRlftZr gksrk gSA

............................................................................................................................

3- dkWye I fn, x, rduhdh 'kCnksa dks dkWye II ds rduhdh 'kCnksa ds lkFk lqesyu dhft;s

I II

(a) cqyhiQkWeZ dksf'kdk,¡ (i) lqj{kk

(b) ty ,oa [kfut yo.kksa dk vfHkxeu (ii) fcanqlzko

(c) dsoy fupyh lrg ij jaèkz (iii) ,dchti=kh i.kZ

(d) tyjaèkz (iv) f}chti=kh i.kZ

(e) jkse (v) jaèkz (LVksesVk)

(f) xSl fofue; (vi) tkbye

fVIi.kh

209

izjksg ra=k

thofoKku

ekWM~;wy - 2


7.3 iq"i (Flower)

iq"i gekjs fy, lqanjrk dh oLrq gS ijarq ikSèkksa ds fy, vR;fèkd egÙoiw.kZ gS D;ksafd og ySafxdtuu dk LFkku gSA iq"i iQy vkSj cht Hkh mRiUu djrs gSaA

iq"i ,d :ikarfjr izjksg gS D;ksafd blesa (i) ioZlafèk;k¡ ,d nwljs ds cgqr lehi gksrh gSa (ii) iq"ih;i.kZ (Floral leaves) pDdjksa esa O;ofLFkr gksrh gSaA

7.3.1 iz:ih iq"i ds vax (fp=k 7.22)

vius {ks=k esa ik, tkus okyk fdlh Hkh jax vFkok uke dk iq"i yhft,A vki mldh ewy lajpukleku ik,xsaμiq"i ,d oar (Pedicel) ij yxk gksrk gS ftldk 'kh"kZ iQwyk gqvk gksrk gS ftls iq"iklu(Thalamus) vFkok LraHkd (Receptacle) dgrs gSaA bl ij fuf'pr Øe esa pkj pØ gksrs gSa tksfuEuor~ gSa%

lgk;d pØd (Accessory Whorl)

1- ckg~;nyiqat (Calyx) μ (ckg~;nyksa dk lewg)μlcls ckgjh pØ] gjs ckg~;nyksa dk cukgqvk pØ ftldk eq[; dk;Z lqj{kk iznku djuk gSA

2- nyiqat (Corollaμnyksa dk lewg)μnwljk pØ] fofHkUu jaxksa ds nyksa ;k ia[kqfM+;ksa dk cukgksrk gSA bldk dk;Z ijkx.k (Pollination) ds fy, dhV&iraxksa vkSj vU; tUrqvksa dks vkdf"kZrdjuk gSA

tuu pØd (Reproductive Whorl)

3- iqeax (Androeciumμuj tuu vax)μ;g iqadsljksa (Stamens) ds lewg ls cuk pØd gksrkgSA izR;sd iqadslj esa yack] iryk rarq (filament) gksrk gS ftlds fljs ij f}ikfyd ijkxdks"k(anther) gksrk gS tks ;ksth (Connective) }kjk vkil esa tqM+s jgrs gSaA ijkxdks"k ijkx.k dsfy, ijkx&d.k mRiUu djrs gSaA

fp=k 7.22 ,d izk:ih iq"i

ofrdkxz

ofrZdk

iqdsaljny

v.Mi

ckg~;ny

fVIi.kh

thofoKku

izjksg ra=k

210

ekWM~;wy - 2


4- tk;kax (Gynoeciumμeknk tuu vax)μdsanz esa fLFkr vaMi (Carpel) vFkok L=khdslj(Pistil) dk lewg gSA ,d vaMi ds rhu Hkkx gksrs gSaμ

v.Mk'k; (Ovary)μ;g iQwyk gqvk vkèkkjh; Hkkx gS ftlesa ,d ls vusd dks"Bd(Locules) uked d{k gksrs gSa buesa chtkaM (Ovules) fLFkr gksrs gSa tks fu"ksfpr gksdjcht cukrs gSa rFkk v.Mk'k; ls iQy curk gSA

ofrZdk (Style)μ;g ,d yach uyhuqek lajpuk gS tks vaMk'k; dks ofrZdkxz (stigma)

ls tksM+rk gSA

ofrZdkxz (stigma)μ;g ijkx d.kksa ds fy, xzkgh (Receptor) LFky gSA

iq"i ,oa iq"ih; Hkkxksa dh lkekU; fofoèkrk,¡μiQwyksa esa cgqr&lh fofoèkrk,¡ ikbZ tkrh gSa ftuesals dqN ds ckjs esa vki rkfydk 7-13 ls tku ik,¡xsA

rkfydk 7-13 iq"i esa fofoèkrk,¡

fofoèkrk,¡ y{k.k

1- iw.kZ (Complete/perfect) iq"i pkjksa pØd ds mifLFkr

2- viw.kZ (Incomplete/imperfect) iq"i dksbZ ,d ;k vfèkd iq"ih pØd vuqifLFkr

3- mHk;fyaxh (hermaphradite) ftlesa nksuksa tuukax (tk;kax vkSj iqeax) mifLFkrgksrs gSaA

4- ,dfyaxh (Unisexual) dsoy ,d tuukax mifLFkr

(i) iqadsljh (Staninate) ;k uj iq"i dsoy iqadslj mifLFkr

(ii) L=khdsljh (Pistillate) ;k eknk iq"i dsoy vaMi mifLFkr

(iii) ,dfyaxh iq"iksa ds ik, tkus ij

vkèkkfjr ikni nks gksrk gSμ

(a) mHk;fyaxkJ;h (Monoecious) nksuksa uj ,oa eknk iq"i mlh ikSèks ij ik,tkrs gSaA tSlsμ[khjk

(b) ,dfyaxkJ;h (Dioecious) uj ,oa eknk iq"i vyx&vyx ikSèkksa ijik, tkrs gSaA tSlsμiihrk

5- uiqald (Neuter) iq"i nksuksa iqadslj ,oa vaMi vuqifLFkr

6- f=kT;klefer (Actinomorphic) ;k ;fn iq"i dks fdlh Hkh vuqnSè;Z ryksafu;fer (Regular) iq"i ls nks leku vèkZHkkxksa esa foHkDr fd;k

tk ldsA tSlsμljlksaA

7- ,dO;kllefer (zygomorphic) ;k ;fn iq"i dks dsoy ,d vuqnSè;Z ry ls nksvfu;fer f}ikf'Zod leku Hkkxksa esa foHkDr fd;k tk lds tSlsμeVjA

8- vlefer (Asymmetrical) ;k vfu;fer iq"i dks fdlh Hkh vuqnSè;Z ry ls nks leku(Irregular) Hkkxksa esa foHkDr ugha fd;k tk ldrkA tSlsμ

dSuk (Canna)

fVIi.kh

211

izjksg ra=k

thofoKku

ekWM~;wy - 2


A. ckg~;nyksa ,oa nyksa esa fofoèkrk

(i) i`Fkd~ckg~;nyh (Polysepalous) ,oa i`Fkd~nyh (Polypetalous) ckg~;ny vFkok ny Øe'k%vkil esa Lora=k gksrs gSaA

(ii) la;qDr ckg~;nyh (Gamosepalous) ,oa la;qDr nyh (Gamopetalous) leLr ckg~;nyvFkok ny vkil esa tqM+s jgrs gSaA

(iii) ifjny iqat (Perianth)—ckg~;nyksa ,oa nyksa esa Hksn ugha gksrk gSA

B. iqadslj esa fofoèkrk (fp=k 7-23)

iqadsljksa esa fofoèkrk muds vkil esa tqM+us vFkkZr~ lalatu (cohesion) ls gksrh gSA

(i) ,dla?kh (Monoadelphous)—lHkh iqadsljksa ds iqrarq vkil esa ,d caMy esa tqM+s jgrs gSaijarq ijkxdks"k Lora=k jgrs gSa tSlsμxqM+gyA

(ii) f}la?kh (Diadelphous)—iqrarq nks caMyksa esa tqM+s jgrs gSa] tSlsμeVjA

(iii) cgqla?kh (Polyadelphous)—iqrarq la;qDr gksdj vusd caMy cukrs gSa] tSlsμuhacwA

(iv) ;qDrdks'kh (Syngenesious)—ijkxdks"k ijLij tqM+s jgrs gSa] ijarq iqrarq eqDr jgrs gSa]tSlsμlwjteq[kh

(v) laiqeaxh (Synandrous)—leLr iqadslj Åij ls uhps rd vkil esa tqM+s tkrs gSa] tSlsμdkWDl& dksacA

iqadslj esa vU; fofoèkrk,¡ fuEu gSaA

(vi) nyyXu (Epipetalous)—iqadslj ds iqararq ny iaqt ls tqM+s jgrs gSa rFkk ijkxdks"k eqDr]tSlsμcSaxuA

(vii) f}nh?khZ (Didynamous)—pkj iqadslj] nks NksVs rFkk nks cM+sA tSlsμrqylhA

(viii) prqnh?khZ (Tetradynamous)—N% iqadslj] vanj ds pkj yacs rFkk ckgj ds nks NksVsAtSlsμljlksaA

fp=k 7.23 iqadsljksa dk lalatu (tqM+uk)

,dla?kh f}la?kh cgqla?kh ;qDrdks'kh laiqeaxh

fVIi.kh

thofoKku

izjksg ra=k

212

ekWM~;wy - 2


C. vaMi esa fofoèkrk

vaMiksa dh la[;k ij vkèkkfjr iq"i fuEu izdkj ds gks ldrs gSaμ

(i) ,dkaMih (Monocarpellary)—tk;kax dsoy ,d vaMi dk cuk gksrk gS] tSlsμeVjA

(ii) cgqvaMih (Polycarpellary)—vfèkd vaMiksa lfgr (tSls] xqM+gy)% ;g fuEu izdkj ds gksldrs gSa%

(a) ;qDrkaMih (Syncarpous)—lHkh vaMi ijLij tqM+s gq, gksrs gSa] tSlsμVekVj] ljlksaA

(b) fo;qDrkaMih (Apocarpous)—vaMi vyx&vyx gksrs gSa] tSlsμty/kfu;ka (jSuudqyl)]deyA

7.3.1 vaMk'k; ds lkis{k iq"iklu (FkSysel ij iq"ih pØdksa dh fLFkfr (Position of floralwhorls on thalamus with respect to ovary)

iq"i rhu izdkj ds gks ldrs gSa (fp=k 7-24)%

(i) v/kstk;kaxh tk;kaxèkj & (Hypogynous) - iq"iklu ij vaMk'k; dk LFkku lcls Å¡pk gksrkgS rFkk ckdh rhuksa pØ Øe'k% blds uhps fLFkr gksrs gSaA bl fLFkfr esa vaMk'k; dks ÅèoZorhZ(superior) dgrs gSaA tSls] xqM+gy] ljlksaA

(ii) ifjtk;kaxh (Perigynous) - iq"iklu fMLd leku gksrk gS ftl ij vaMk'k; dsanz esa rFkk'ks"k iq"ih pØ iq"iklu ds fdukjs ij fLFkr gksrs gSaA vaMk'k; dks vèkZvèkksorhZ (half-inferior)

dgrs gSaA tSlsμvkM+w vkSj vkywcq[kkjkA

(iii) tk;kaxksifjd (Epigynous) - iq"iklu I;kyh ds leku gksrk gS rFkk vaMk'k; dks iw.kZr;k?ksj dj mlls tqM+ tkrk gSA ckdh pØd vaMk'k; ls Åij fLFkr gksrs gSaA vaMk'k; dh fLFkfrvc vèkksorhZ (inferior) gks tkrh gSA tSls]μlwjteq[kh] [khjkA

fp=k 7.24 iq"ikaxksa dh iq"iklu ij fLFkfr

D;k vki tkurs gSa

dqN ikniksa esa tSls dktw ,oa vke esa ,d gh o`{k ij uiqald] mHk;fyaxh rFkk ,dfyaxhiq"i ik, tkrs gSaA

tk;kax/j ifjtk;kaxh tk;axksifjd

fVIi.kh

213

izjksg ra=k

thofoKku

ekWM~;wy - 2


7.3.2 chtkaMU;kl (Placentation)

vaMk'k; (Ovary) ds vanj chtkaMkluksa (Placenta) dh O;oLFkk dks chtkaMU;kl dgrs gSaA vaMk'k;dk og LFkku vFkok fcanq ftl ij chtkaM (Hkfo"; esa cht) yxs jgrs gSa mls chtkaMklu (placenta)dgrs gSaA

chtkaMU;kl ds fofHkUu izdkj (fp=k 7-26)

(i) lhekar (Marginal) - ,dkaMih vkSj ,ddks"Bdh (one chambered) vaMk'k; ftlesa chtkaM,dy dkisZy ds tqM+s gq, fdukjksa ij yxs jgrs gSaA tSls]μeVj] pukA

(ii) ,Dlkby (Axile) - cgqdks"Bdh vaMk'k; cgqvaMih vkSj fludkiZl ftlesa ds dsanzh; v{kij fodflr chtkaMklu ij chtkaM yxs jgrs gSaA ;g nks ;k nks ls vf/d dkisZyksa ds fdukjads tqM+us ls curk gSA tSls xqM+gy] VekVj] fHkaMhA

(iii) fHkÙkh; (Parietal) - vaMk'k; cgqvaMih vkSj fludkiZl rFkk ,ddks"Bdh gksrk gS ftldhvar%fHkfÙk ij chtkaM ml LFkku ij yxs jgrs gSa tgk¡ vaMiksa ds mikarksa (Margins) dk la;ksxgksrk gSA tSlsμljlksa] [khjkA

(iv) vkèkkjh (Basal) - vaMk'k; f} ;k cgq vaMih fludkiZl ysfdu ,d dks"Bdh gksrk gS rFkkvaMi ds vkèkkj ij chtkaMklu fLFkr gksrk gS ftl ij ,d chtkaM yxk jgrk gSA tSlsμlwjteq[khA

(v) eqDr dsanzh; (Free central) - vaMk'k; fludkiZl rFkk cgqvaMih ijarq iVksa (Septae) dsvHkko es vaMk'k; ,ddks"Bdh gksrk gSA dsanzh; Hkkx esa chtkaMklu gksrk gS ftl ij vusdchtkaM yxs gksrs gSaA tSlsμMk,UFkl] izkbeqykA

(vi) ifjfHkÙkh; (Superficial) - vaMk'k; cgqvaMih] ;qDrkaMih ,oa cgqdks"Bdh gksrk gS ftlesadks"Bdksa dh laiw.kZ vkarfjd lrgksa ij chtkaMU;kl Ård fLFkr gksrk gS vr% chtkaM iwjh lrgij yxs gksrs gSaA tSls okVjfyyh (Nymphacea)A

fp=k 7.25 chtkaMU;kl ds izdkj (a) lhekar] (b) v{kh;] (c) fHkÙkh;](d) eqDr dsanh; (e) vkèkkjh] (f) ifjfHkÙkh;

ikBxr iz'u 7.12

1- ckg~;nyksa ,oa nyksa ds lewg dks Øe'k% D;k dgrs gSa\............................................................................................................................

fVIi.kh

thofoKku

izjksg ra=k

214

ekWM~;wy - 2


2- dkWye I esa fn, x, 'kCnksa dks dkWye II ds 'kCnksa ds lkFk eSp dhft;s

I II

(a) iq"i (i) xqM+gy

(b) cgqvaMih (ii) ijkx.k

(c) ny (iii) tuukax

(d) ,dla?kh (iv) vaMi vusd

(e) vaMi (v) :ikarfjr izjksg

3- chtkaMU;kl dh ifjHkk"kk nhft;sA

............................................................................................................................

4- ml chtkaMU;kl dk uke crkb;s ftlesa vaMk'k; cgqdks"Bdh gks rFkk chtkaM dsanzh; v{k esayxs gksaA

............................................................................................................................

7.4 iq"iØe (Inflorescence)

iq"ih v{k (Florel axis) ij iq"iksa dh O;oLFkk dks iq"iØe dgrs gSa tc fd blds v{k dksiq"iØe&v{k (Peduncle) dgrs gSaA iq"iØe d{kLFk (Axillary) vFkok vxzLFk (Terminal) gksldrs gSaA

7.4.1 iq"iØe ds izdkj

iq"iØe ds fofHkUu izdkj mlds v{k ds 'kk[ku ij rFkk iq"iksa ds Øe ij vkèkkfjr gksrs gSA iq"iØeeq[;r% nks izdkj ds gksrs gSa %

(i) vlhek{kh (Racemose)—izeq[k v{k iq"i esa lekIr ugha gksrk gS cfYd fujarj c<+rk jgrkgSA

(ii) llhek{kh (Cymose)—izeq[k v{k iq"i esa lekIr gksrk gS rFkk o`f¼ lhfer gksrh gSA

bu nksuksa esa izeq[k varj rkfydk 7-14 esa fn, x, gSaA

rkfydk 7-14: vlhek{kh ,oa llhek{kh iq"iØeksa esa varj

vlhek{kh llhek{kh

1- izeq[k v{k esa vlhfer o`f¼ gksrh gSA o`f¼ lhfer gksrh gSA

2- v{k iq"i esa lekIr ugha gksrkA v{k iq"i esa lekIr gksrk gSA

3- iq"i vxzkfHklkjh vuqØe (Acropetal order) iq"i rykfHklkjh Øe (Basipetal

esa mRiUu gksrs gSa ftlesa iqjkus iq"i order) esa O;ofLFkr gksrs gSa ftlesa vxzLFk

uhps rFkk u, 'kh"kZ ds ikl ik, tkrs gSaA iq"i lcls iqjkuk gksrk gSA

fVIi.kh

215

izjksg ra=k

thofoKku

ekWM~;wy - 2


lkj.kh 7-15 vlhek{kh iq"iØe ds izdkj (fp=k 7-26)

A. ftlesa eq[; v{k nhf?kZr (elongated) gksrk gS

izdkj y{k.k mnkgj.k

1- vlhek{k (Raceme) v{k ij yxs iq"i loÙr (Stalked) gksrs gSa ljlksavkSj vxzkfHklkjh <ax ls O;ofLFkr gksrs gSaA

2- df.k'k (Spike) vlhek{k tSlk ijarq iq"i voàr (Sessile) vdkbjSUFkl (yVthjk)gksrs gSa

3- df.kf'kdk (spikelet) ,d ;k vfèkd iq"iksa dh xqPN xsgw¡(ftlesa iq"id lgi=kksa (bracts) ds lkFkyxs jgrs gSaA)

4- urdf.k'k (Catkin) df.k'k tSlk ijarq ;gk¡ v{k uhps dh vksj 'kgrwryVdk gqvk gksrk gS ftl ij ,dfyaxh iq"iyxs gksrs gSaA

5- LFkwy eatjh (Spadix) df.k'k tSlk ijarq ;gk¡ v{k ekWly gksrk gS dksyksdsf'k;k] dsykrFkk HkM+dhys jax ds cM+s lgi=k LisFk(Spathe) ls fyiVk jgrk gS

fp=k 7.26 vlhek{kh iq"iØe ds izdkj

B. ftlesa eq[; v{k y?kqÑr gSa (With main axis shortened)6- lef'k[k (Corymb) uhps (iqjkus) iq"iksa ds oàr u, iq"iksa ds oàr dSUMhVÝV

ls cM+s] bl izdkj lHkh iq"i ,d gh ryrd igq¡p tkrs gSa

7- N=kd (umbel) leku iq"ioàr okys iq"i ,d gh fcanq ls èkfu;kmRiUu gksrs gSaA

vlhek{k(jslhe)

df.k'k(Likbd)

df.kf'kdk(Likbfddk)

urdf.k'k(dsVfdu)

LFkwyeatjh(LisfMDl)

lef'k[k(dksfjEc)

N=kd(vEcsy)

eaqMd (dSiVqye)

fVIi.kh

thofoKku

izjksg ra=k

216

ekWM~;wy - 2


C. ftlesa eq[; v{k piVk gksrk gS (With main axis flattened)

izdkj y{k.k mnkgj.k

8- 'kh"kZ@eqaMd izeq[k v{k iQSydj dkWuosDl iq"iklu lwjteq[kh (Head/Capitulum) (Convex receptacle) cukrk gS ftl ij

iq"id uked (Floret) vo`ar iq"i fLFkrgksrs gSaA ;s vfHkdsanzh; Øe (Centripetal order)esa yxs gksrs gSa vFkkZr~ iqjkus iq"i ifjfèk dhvksj fLFkr gksrs gSaA laiw.kZ iq"iØe lgi=kksa(Bracts) ds ifjpØ (Involucre) ls f?kjkjgrk gSA

lkj.kh 7-16 llhek{kh iq"iØe ds izdkj (fp=k 7-27)

izdkj y{k.k mnkgj.k

1- ,d'kk[kh llhek{k eq[; v{k dk var ,d iq"i esa gksrk gSA dikl(monochasial cyme- mlls ,d ik'oZ 'kk[kk fudyrh gS rFkkfp=k 7-27a) mlds var esa Hkh ,d iq"i curk gSA

2- f}'kk[kh llhek{k vxzLFk iq"i (terminal flower) ds nksuksa rjiQ Mk,UFkl] pesyh(Dichasial cyme- nks ik'oZ 'kk[kk,¡ curh gSa rFkk izR;sd 'kk[kkfp=k 7-27b) dk var ,d iq"i ls gksrk gSA

3- cgq'kk[kh llhek{k vxzLFk iq"i ds ikl ls vusd 'kk[kk,¡ mRiUu vkd(Polychasial cyme- gksrh gSa rFkk izR;sd 'kk[kk dk var ,d&,d (dSyksVªksfil)fp=k 7-27c) iq"i ls gksrk gSA

fp=k 7.27 llhek{k iq"iØe ds izdkj (a) ,d'kk[kh (b) f}'kk[kh (c) cgq'kk[kh

7.4.2 fo'ks"k izdkj ds iq"iØe (Special types of Inflorescence)

1- gkbisaFkksfiMe (Hypanthodium) μ ekaly iq"iklu (Flashy receptacle) ,d di ds lekuxqgk cukrk gSA blds 'kh"kZ ij ,d fNnz }kj gksrk gSA uj ,oa eknk iq"i xqgk dh var% fHkfÙkij yxs jgrs gSaA tSls vUthj] ihiy (fp=k 7-28a)

2- lk,sfFk;e (Cyathium) μ ,d fo'ks"k izdkj dk iq"i Øe tks fo'ks"k :i ls ;wiQksfcZ;k(Euphorbia) esa gksrk gSA blesa ,d di leku ifjpØ (involucre) gksrk gS tks uj iq"iksa dksvkSj muds }kjk ?ksjh gqbZ dsoy ,d eknk iq"i dks pkjksa vksj ls ?ksjs jgrs gSaA ifjpØ ds dksjij edjan dks'k (nectary) mifLFkr gksrh gS (fp=k 7-28b)

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3- dwVpØd (Verticillaster) μ ;g ,d l?ku f}'kk[kk llhek{k iq"iØe gS] ftlesa gj ,dioZlafèk ds voar iq"iksa ds xqPNs ikl&ikl rFkk ifÙk;ksa ds d{kksa esa O;ofLFkr jgrs gSa] tSls vkWflee(rqylh)] lSfYo;k (fp=k 7-28c) vkfnA

fp=k 7.28 fo'ks"k izdkj ds iq"iØeμ(a) gkbiSUFkksfM;e] (b) l,sfFk;e (c) dwVpØd

ikBxr iz'u 7.13

1- llhek{kh iq"iØe fdls dgrs gSa\

............................................................................................................................

2- vlhek{k ,oa df.k'k esa ,d varj nhft,A

............................................................................................................................

3- iq"iØe dh ifjHkk"kk nhft,A

............................................................................................................................

4- lwjteq[kh rFkk vathj esa ik, tkus okys iq"iØe ds uke nhft,A

............................................................................................................................

7.5 iQy

okLrfod iQy ,d ifjiDo v.Mk'; gS tks fu"kspu ds mijkar fodflr gksrk gSA chtk.M chtesa fodflr gksrk gS rFkk v.Mk'k; fHkfÙk ifjiDo gksdj iQy dh fHkfÙk cukrk gS ftls vc iQyfHkfÙk(pericarp) dgrs gSaA iQyfHkfÙk eksVh vFkok iryh gks ldrh gS ljl ;k ekaly xwnsnkj (fleshy)iQyksa esa tSls vke esa] iQyfHkfÙk eksVh gksrh gS rFkk rhu Hkkxksa esa foHksfnr gksrh gSμ (a) ckg~;fHkfÙk(epicarp) iQy dk fNydk cukrh gS] (b) eè;fHkfÙk (mesocarp) ds chp esa xwnsnkj Hkkx] rFkk(c) var%fHkfÙk (endocarp) dBksj rFkk dk"Bh; (vke] ukfj;y) ;k vfèkdrj iryh ,oa f>Yyhe;(larjk) gksrh gSA 'kq"d iQyksa esa iQyfHkfÙk iryh dkxt dh rjg] 'kq"d vFkok eksVh ,oa dk"Bh;ijarq rhu Hkkxksa esa foHksfnr ugha gksrh gSA

dHkh&dHkh v.Mk'k; ds lkFk&lkFk vU; iq"ih Hkkx tSls iq"iklu (Thalamas) LrEHkd(Receptacle) ;k ckg~;ny iqat (calyx) fodflr gkssdj iQy dk fgLlk cu tkrs gSa] ,sls iQydks vkHkklh iQy (False fruit) dgrs gSa tSlsμlsc] uk'kikrh (iq"iklu)] vathj (lLrEHkd)

vkWfLV;ksy

eknk iq"i

uj iq"i

uj iq"i

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vfu"ksd iQy (Parthenocarpic fruit) μ ;g ,slk iQy gS tks fcuk fu"kspu ds fodflr gkstkrk gSA blesa cht vuqifLFkr gksrs gSa vFkok cht thouk{ke gksrs gSa tSlsμdsyk] vaxwj m|ku fo'ks"kKÑf=ke :i ls ,sls iQy iSnk dj jgs gSaA

7.5.1 iQyksa ds izdkj

iQy ewy :i ls rhu izdkj ds gksrs gSa %1- ,dy iQy (Simple)μ;g iQy ,d vaMih&cgqvaMih] ;qDrkaMih v.Mk'k; ls fodflr gksrk

gS tSlsμeVj] VekVjA

2- iaqt iQy (Aggregate)μ;g ,d gh iq"iklu ij yxs vla[; ,dy iQyksa ;k lw{eiQyksa(fruitlets) dk lewg vFkok iaqt (etareio) gS ftlls izR;sd iQy cgqvaMih] fo;qDrkaMih(apocarpous-free carpels) v.Mk'k; ls fodflr gksrk gSa tSls] vkd@enkj (dSyksVªksfil)jSuudqyl

3- laxzfFkr iQy (Composite or multiple)μ;g iQy laiw.kZ iq"iØe ls ;k vla[; ikl&iklfLFkr rkfydk iq"iksa ls fodflr gksrk gS] tSlsμ'kgrwr] vukukl (pineapple)A

rkfydk 7-17: iQyksa dh izeq[k Jsf.k;k¡(i) f'kEc (Legume)μeVj] lse] ewaxiQyh

(ii) flfydqvk (Siliqua)μljlksaLiQqVu'khy (iii) iQkWfydy (Follicle)(Dehiscent) μvkd (dSyksVªksfil)

'kq"d (Dry) (iv) lEiqfVdk (Capsule)μdikl] ikWih] fHkaMh(i) dSfjvksfIll (Caryopsis)μxsgw¡] pkoy

vLiQqVu'khy (ii) uV (Nut)μcknke] dktw

1- ,dy (Simple) (Indehiscent) (iii) flIlsyk (Cypsella)μlwjteq[kh] xsank

(iv) lekjk (Samara)μftfedUn] fgIVst(i) Mªwi (Drupe)—vke] ukfj;y

(ii) csjh (Berry)μVekVj] dsyk] [ktwjljl (iii) isiks (Pep)μ[khjk] rjcwt

(Fleshy) (iv) gsLisjhfM;e (Hesperidium)μuhacw] larjk(v) ikse (Pome)μlsc] uk'kikrh(i) Mªwi dk iqatiQy (Etaerio of

drupes)μjlHkjh

2. iqatiQy (Aggregate) (ii) ,dhu dk iqatiQy (Etaerio ofachenes)μLVªkscsjh] xqykc

(iii) csjh dk iqatiQy (Etaerio ofberry)μ'kjhiQk (dqN {ks=kksa esa blslhrkiQy dgk tkrk gS)

(iv) iQkWfydy dk iqatiQy (Etaerio offollicles)μlnkcgkj] ykdZLij

3- laxzfFkr (Muttipfe (i) lksjksfll (Sorosis)μvukukl] 'kgrwr] or Composite) dVgy

(ii) lkbdksul (Syconus)μvathj] ihiy

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rkfydk 7-18 lkekU; iQy rFkk muds [kkus ;ksX; (edible) Hkkx

uke [email protected] [kkus ;ksX; Hkkx

1- dsyk csjhμ,dy] ljy eè;fHkfÙk ,oa var%fHkfÙk

2- lsc ikseμ,dy] ljl xwnsnkj iq"iklu

3- ukfj;y js'ksnkj Mªwiμ,dy] ljl Hkzw.kiks"k

4- 'kjhiQ+k csjh dk iqatiQyμiqatiQy iQyfHkfÙk

5- [ktwj csjhμ,dy] ljl iQyfHkfÙk

6- dktw uVμ,dy] 'kq"d vLiQqVu'khy iq"iØe v{k ,oa chti=k(peduncle and cotyledons)

7- vke Mªwiμ,dy] ljl eè;fHkfÙk

8- larjk gsLisjhfM;eμ,dy] ljl var%fHkfÙk ls fudys ljl jkse

9- VekVj csjμ,dy] ljl iQyfHkfÙk ,oa chtkaMklu

10- uk'kikrh ikseμ,dy] ljl ljl iq"iklu

11- vukukl lksjksfllμlaxzfFkr LraHkd dk ckgjh fgLlk] lgi=k,oa ifjnyiqat

12- vathj lkbdksulμlaxzfFkr ljl /kuh (Receptacle)

13- yhph uVμ,dy ljl ,fjy (aril)

14- xsgw¡ dsfjvksfIllμ,dy] 'kq"d] eaM;qDr Hkzw.kiks"kvLiQqVu'khy

15- LVªkWcsjh ,dhu dk iqatiQyμiqatiQy ekaly iq"iklu

ikBxr iz'u 7.14

1- iQy dh ifjHkk"kk nhft,\............................................................................................................................

2- vkHkklh iQy ds nks mnkgj.k nhft,A............................................................................................................................

3- vaMk'k; fHkfÙk ls iQy dh tks fHkfÙk curh gS mls D;k dgrs gSa\............................................................................................................................

4- ljl iQy dh iQyfHkfÙk dh rhu ijrksa ds uke nhft,A............................................................................................................................

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5- dkWye I esa fn, x, 'kCnksa dks dkWye II ds Hksnksa 'kCnksa ls eSp dhft,%

dkWye I dkWye II

(d) lsc (i) csjh

([k) gsLisjhfM;e (ii) eè;fHkfÙk

(x) vke dk [kkus ;ksX; Hkkx (iii) Hkzw.kiks"k

(?k) ukfj;y dk [kkus ;ksX; Hkkx (iv) larjk

(Ä) VekVj (v) vkHkklh iQy

vkius D;k lh[kk

ruk ikni dk ok;oh;] [kM+k] mèokZèkj izdk'kkuqorhZ Hkkx gSa ftlesa ioZlafèk;k¡] ifÙk;k¡ rFkkdfydk,¡ ikbZ tkrh gSaA

blds vxz Hkkx esa 'kh"kZLFk foHkT;ksrd gksrk gS tks ifÙk;k¡ rFkk d{kh; dfydk,¡ mRiUu djrkgSA

rus esa fof'k"V dk;ks± ds fy, fofHkUu izdkj ds :ikarj.k gkssrs gSa tSls Hkwfexr] miok;oh; rFkkok;oh; rusA

f}chti=kh ,oa ,dchti=kh LraHk dh vkarfjd lajpuk fHkUu gksrh gSA

f}chti=kh rus dh vkarfjd lajpuk n'kkZrh gSμckg~;Ropk] foHksfnr Hkj.kÅrd] cgqijrh ifjjaHkrFkk oy; esa fLFkr laoguh iwyA izR;sd laoguh iwy la;qDr] laikf'Zod] [kqys rFkkvar%vkfnnk:d ;qDrA

,dchti=kh LraHk fHkUu gS D;ksafd blesa vfoHksfnr Hkj.k Ård] fc[kjs gq, can laoguh iwyik, tkrs gSaA

f}rh;d o`f¼ dsoy f}chti=kh rus esa gksrh gSA

dk"B nks izdkj dh gksrh gSμvar%dk"B (xgjs jax dh rFkk fuf"Ø;) rFkk jldk"B (gYdsjax dh rFkk fØ;k'khy)

f}rh;d o`f¼ ds le;] laoguh ,èkk dh foHksnh lfØ;rk ds dkj.k okf"kZd oy; curs gSaA

ikf'Zod 'kk[kkvksa dh mRifRr cfgtkZr (exogenous) gksrh gSA

rus dk izkFkfed dk;Z ty ,oa [kfut yo.kksa dk tkbye ls rFkk [kk| inkFkZ dk Ýyks,els laogu djukA ifÙk;ksa dks lgkjk nsuk rFkk mUgsa vPNs izdk'k la'ys"k.k ds fy, lw;Z ds izdk'kdh vksj fn'kkU;kl djuk_ iq"i ,oa iQyksa dks ml ij yxus nsuk gSA

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rus dk :ikarj.k fof'k"V dk;ks± ds fy, gksrk gS tSls [kk|&lap;] fpjdkfydrk] lqj{kk] vkjksg.k]izdk'k&la'ys"k.k rFkk dkf;d tuuA

i.kZ (iÙkh) izdk'kla'ys"k.k ds fy, ,d fof'k"V vax gSA

i.kZ (iÙkh) ds rhu Hkkx gksrs gSaμi.kkZèkkj] i.kZoar rFkk [email protected] esa tkfydk:ihvFkok lekUrj f'kjkfoU;kl iQSyk jgrk gSA LraHk ij ifÙk;ksa ds yxus dh O;oLFkkØe dksi.kZfoU;kl dgrs gSaA

ifÙk;k¡ ljy vFkok la;qDr gks ldrh gSaA

fof'k"V dk;ks± ds fy, ifÙk;k¡ i.kZ izrku] i.kZ 'kwy] i.kkZHk] ?kV vFkok FkSyhuqek lajpukvksa esa:ikarfjr gks tkrh gSaA

iÙkh dh vkarfjd lajpuk rhu izeq[k Ård n'kkZrh gSμjèkzksa lfgr ckg~;Ropk] i.kZeè;ksrd [kaHk,oa Liath Årdksa esa foHksfnr (dsoy f}chti=kh i.kZ esa) vFkok vfoHksfnr dsoy Liath Ård(,dchti=kh i.kZ esa) rFkk laogu ra=kA

izR;sd jaèkz esa nks vèkZo`Ùkkdkj }kj&dksf'kdk,¡ gksrh gSa tks ,d fNnz dks ?ksjs jgrh gSaA }kj&dksf'kdk,¡jaèkzksa dk [kqyuk o can gksuk fu;af=kr djrh gSaA

jaèkz xSl&fofue; rFkk ok"iksRltZu esa ty dh gkfu esa lgk;d gksrs gSaA

dqN ikniksa dh ifÙk;ksa esa fof'k"V lajpuk,¡ tSls cqYyhiQkWeZ dksf'kdk,¡] ty jaèkz rFkk jkse ik,tkrs gSaA

iq"i ,d :ikarfjr izjksg gSA

izk:ih iq"i esa lgk;d pØμckg~;ny iqat ,oa nyiqat rFkk tuu pØμiqeax (uj) ,oa tk;kax(eknk) ik, tkrs gSaA

iq"i mHk;fyaxh] ,dfyaxh ;k uiqald_ f=kT;klefer vFkok ,dO;kl lefer_ tk;kaxèkj]ifjtk;kaxh ;k tk;kaxksifjd gks ldrs gSaA

iq"ih vaxksa esa fofoèkrk,¡ ikbZ tkrh gSaA

vaMk'k; ds vanj chtkaMkluksa dh O;oLFkk dks chtkaMU;kl dgrs gSaA ;g vusd izdkj ds gksrsgSaA

iq"ih v{k ij iq"iksa dh O;oLFkk dks iq"iØe dgrs gSaA

blds izeq[k nks izdkj gksrs gSaμvlhek{kh rFkk llhek{khA

gkbisaFkksfM;e] dwVpØd rFkk lk,sfFk;e fo'ks"k izdkj ds iq"iØe gksrs gSaA

iQy ,d ifjiDo vaMk'k; gS tks fu"kspu ds mijkar fodflr gksrk gSA

chtkaM fodflr gksdj cht cukrk gS rFkk vaMk'k;&fHkfÙk ifjiDo gksdj iQy fHkfÙk cukrhgS tks iryh vFkok eksVh (ckg~;fHkfÙk] eè;fHkfÙk rFkk var%fHkfÙk esa foHksfnr) gksrh gSA

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iQy okLrfod vFkok vkHkklh gks ldrs gSa rFkk ,dy] iqatiQy rFkk laxzfFkr izdkj dh Jsf.k;ksaesa ck¡Vs x, gSaA

,dy iQy 'kq"d (LiQqVu'khy ;k vLiQqVu'khy) vFkok ljl izdkj ds gksrs gSaA

og iQy tks fcuk fu"kspu ds fodflr gksrk gS mls vfu"ksd iQy dgrs gSaA

ikBkar iz'u

1- fuEu esa varj crkb,A

(i) f}chti=kh ruk rFkk ,dchti=kh ruk

(ii) tM+ rFkk ruk

(iii) vlhek{kh rFkk llhek{kh iq"iØe

(iv) jaèkz rFkk tyjaèkz

(v) okLrfod iQy rFkk vkHkklh iQy

(vi) f}chti=kh rFkk ,dchti=kh i.kZ

2- fofHkUu izdkj ds Hkwfexr :ikarfjr ruksa dks le>kb,A

3- f}chti=kh rus esa f}rh;d o`f¼ dh izfØ;k dks le>kb,A

4- f}chti=kh rus ds mnxz dkV dk ukekafdr fp=k cukb,A

5- fuEu dh ifjHkk"kk nhft,A

(a) iQwy] (b) f=kT;k lefer] (c) fo"kei.kZrk]

(d) i.kZ foU;kl] (e) tk;kaxèkj] (f) vfu"ksd iQy]

(g) f'kjkfoU;kl

6- dkx ,èkk D;k gS\ blds dk;Z Li"V dhft;sA

7- fuEu ds ukekafdr fp=k cukb;s%

(a) vlhek{k rFkk lef'k[k iq"iØe

(b) LrEHkh; rFkk fHkÙkh; chtkaMU;kl

8- iQy fdls dgrs gSa\ fofHkUu izdkj ds ,dy&ljl iQy dks ,d mnkgj.k lfgr lwph :iesa fyf[k;s\

9- fuEu iQyksa ds [kkus okys Hkkx dkSu&ls gS\

(a) vke] (b) larjk] (c) lsc

(d) dsyk] (e) ukfj;y] (f) dktw

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10. dkWye I esa fn, x, 'kCnksa dks dkWye II ds 'kCnksa ls eSp dhft;sA

dkWye I dkWye II

(d) izrku (i) lqj{kk

([k) HkwLrkjh (ii) [kk| lap;

(x) dk¡Vk (iii) tuu

(?k) dan (iv) izdk'kla'ys"k.k

(Ä) eqaMd (v) vkjksg.k

(p) i.kkZHkoar (vi) lwjteq[kh

11- ml Hkwfexr :ikarj.k ds izdkj dk uke crkb;s tks gfjekghu] ioZ ,oa ioZlafèk rFkk vk¡[ksa*;qDr gksA

12- ;fn ,d rus dk dkV n'kkZrk gksμfc[kjs ,oa can laogu iwy 'Y' vkÑfr ds tkbye rFkk pkjksavksj ls caMy vkPNn ls f?kjs gq,_ rks og dkSu ls oxZ ds ikni dk gSA

13- dkxtu (dkdZ ,èkk) ds ckgj dh vksj mifLFkr {ks=k dks D;k dgrs gSa\

14- tc ,èkk de lfØ; gksrh gS rc fdl izdkj dh dk"B cukrh gS\

ikBxr iz'uksa ds mÙkj

7-1 1- LraHk

2- d{kh; dfydk

3- D;ksafd ik'ohZ; tM+sa] vanj dh irks± ls mRiUu gksrh gS (vartkZr mRifÙk)

4- ruk èkukRed izdk'kkuqorhZ ,oa ½.kkRed xq#RokuqorhZ (;kuh xq#RokiorhZ) gksrh gSA

7-2 1- dkWiZl 2- izkd,èkk (izksdsfEc;e)

3- d{kh; dfydk] cfgtkZr 4- ewy xksi

7-3 1- folihZ ikni 2- miok;oh; (vook;oh;)

3- i.kkZHk ioZ 4- izdan] 'kYddan

5 (d)-v; ([k)-iii; (x)-i; (?k)-ii; (Ä)-iv

7.4 1. ty ,oa [kfut yo.kksa dk tM+ ls iÙkh rd rFkk la'ysf"kr [kk| dk iÙkh ls ikni dsvU; vaxksa rd laogu djukA

2- ruk VqdM+ksa ls

3- (d)-iii; ([k)-v; (x)-iv; (?k)-ii; (Ä)-i

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7-5 1- la;qDr laoguh iwy og gS tc tkbye ,oa Ýyks,e ,d gh iwy esa bdV~Bs gksa rFkk laikf'Zodesa tkbye ,oa Ýyks,e ,d gh vjh; (radius) ij O;ofLFkr gksrs gSaA

2- eTtk fdj.kksa

3- tM+

4- ,dchti=kh LraHk ds fy, eDdk dk LraHk rFkk f}chti=kh ds fy, lwjteq[kh dk LraHk

7-6 1- dkx ,èkk (dkxtu) rFkk laoguh ,èkk

2- eTtk jf'e ds e`nwrd

3- lfØ; dkx ,èkk ds ckgj fLFkr lkjs Ård@lkewfgd :i ls Nky dgykrs gSaA

4- dk"Bh; 'kk[kkvksa esa xSlh; fofue; ds fy,A

5- D;ksafd buesa f}rh;d o`f¼ vuqifLFkr gksrh gSA

6- dkx (dkdZ)] dkxtu (dkdZ ,èkk) dkx vLrj_ lqj{kk

7-7 1- i'pdk"B vFkok xzh"e dk"B

2- okf"kZd oy;ksa dh fxurh djds

3- vfèkd fVdkÅ] jksxtudksa ds vkØe.k ds izfr izfrjksèkd gksrh gSA

4- vfèkd ek=kk esa ;kaf=kd Ård tSls n`<+ksrd ,oa f}rh;d tkbye dh mifLFkfr ds dkj.kA

5- f}chti=kh rus ds laoguh ,èkk dh lfØ;rk ls cuk f}rh;d tkbye dk"B dgykrkgSA

7-8 1- i.kZiQyd ij f'kjkvksa ,oa f'kfjdkvksa dh O;oLFkk dks f'kjkfoU;kl dgrs gSaA

2- ,df'kjh; f'kjkfoU;kl esa ek=k ,d n`<+ eè; f'kjk gksrh gS ijarq cgqf'kjh; esa ,d lsvfèkd n`<+ f'kjk,¡ gksrh gSaA

3- tkfydk:ih] lekarjA

4- d{kh; dfydkA

5- eè; f'kjk

7-9 1- jsfdl

2- i.kZ ds d{k esa d{kh; dfydk gksrh gS ijarq i.kZd esa vuqifLFkr gksrs gSaA

3- fiPNkdkjh ,oa gLrkdkjh la;qDr iÙkhA

7-10 1- ,dkarj] lEeq[k&Økflr_ lEeq[k&vè;kjksfir

2- (d)-iii; ([k)-iv; (x)-i; (?k)-ii

fVIi.kh

225

izjksg ra=k

thofoKku

ekWM~;wy - 2


3- ?kVi.khZ ikni_ CySMjoVZ

4- fo"kei.kZrk

7-11 1- f}chti=kh i.kZ esa i.kZeè;ksrd [kEHk (palisade) ,oa Liath Årdksa esa foHksfnr ijarq,dchti=kh i.kZ esa dsoy Liath Ård dk cuk gqvk_ izdk'k la'ys"k.kA

2- iRrh ds nksuksa lrgksa ijA

3- tyjaèkzA

4- (d)-iii; ([k)-vi; (x)-iv; (?k)-ii; (Ä)-i; (p)-v

7-12 1- ckg~;nyiqat] nyiqat

2- (d)-v; ([k)-iv; (x)-ii; (?k)-i; (Ä)-iii

3- vaMk'k; ds vanj chtkaMkluksa dh O;oLFkk dks chtkaMU;kl dgrs gsaA

4- v{kh; (axile)

7-13 1- tc izeq[k v{k dk var iq"i esa gksrk gS rFkk o`f¼ lhfer gksrh gSA

2- vlhek{k esa v{k ij yxs iq"i lo`Ur gksrs gSa ijarq df.k'k esa iq"i voar gksrs gSaA

3- iq"ih v{k ij iq"iksa dh O;oLFkk dks iq"iØe dgrs gSaA

4- eqaMd] gkbisaFkksfM;eA

7-14 1- iQy ,d ifjiDo vaMk'k; gS tks fu"kspu ds mijkar fodflr gksrk gSA

2- lsc] uk'kikrh

3- iQyfHkfÙk

4- ckg~;fHkfÙk] eè;fHkfÙk] var%fHkfÙk

5- (d)-v; ([k)-iv; (x)-ii; (?k)-iii; (Ä)-i

izjksg ra=k - national institute of open schooling...ruk fdlh vkèkkj ds lgkjs Åij dh vksj o`f¼...

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