A ST JDY OF THB STRESSED BACK" VOWELS

IN THB

SPEECH Of GHEGG C0U8TY, TEXAS

APPROVED:

Major Pro feasor

Profess

///. /J ' tilreet&r' of tii® Department of SaglliE'

A STUDY OF TrIS STIUSS3KD BACK f GWILS

IN THS

SPliCSl 0? GREGG COURTY, TSXAS

mrnis

Presented t o the Graduate council

of the North Texas S t a t e College

in P a r t i a l Fulfillment of t he Hequlrenenta

For the Degree of

MAST SB OF AiWS

Br

17 Franoea 1 . Bradford, B. 1 .

Long view, Texas

August, 1950

*ARY

.79858

TABLS 0? CDHT^NTS

LIST OF II LUSTRATIONS IV

LIST 0 ? HI01STIS SYMBOLS r

Chapter

I . TH3 FOHFOSS AND PLAN OF TBI STUDY . . . . . . 1

• I I , Tfll ASIA STUDIED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

I I I . THJS [PJ SOUND 15

I f , THf CdJ SCOT© 22

V. THE Cuj SOUND . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

VX. TB? [ U j SOUND . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

¥ 1 1 . TH! IjuJ SOUND . . . . . . . . . . . . . . >6

T U X . OTTOS SOCfWBS 4 0

44

Appaad l x

I . FA<7P8 Ar?CTTT T T S IlfFOSMAWPS 60

i i . I«c??.3TIC m A m m i m t m . . . . . . . . . . . 71

BIBLIOGRAPHY 75 78

i l l

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

Figure *ag»

1. Chart of the Tongue PoeitIons of the f w e l # Studl«S ^

iv

LIST OF mmgflc STMBOLS1

Wmels

OJ*£gp

[ i ] M t

[e jba l t

C€bat

Defeat

&]l?9

&]father

[ D ] M d i r (betwa«a[oO

aM M )

DJ 1«»

M e ©at

M p a l l

Cu]pooi

fell fu r the r (always accentei )

[ ^ f u r t h e r (always oaaocented)

CaI custom (always accented}

Houa to* (always unaooentod)

Blj^ittooaga

kMJi.®® (JdJ alone in fpf jb^r (usually (p^J in

Texas speesh) f«xaa speech}

[ai>Jbovi** {usually i s Cju]«®«

f # » 8 SJ3@®@b}

Consonant3

tf>J £••£

0>J bib

CtJ toot

CfJ f i f e

M £alve

/©J ether

Of) joook

£sj cease

(x} 2ones

[0* isa ion

C33 r ia l on [ y g l £ &

W hall i , j l u l l mm winrimwii

l i f j oharoh [y/j w a ix

Q] Itt&S* feq ^al<>

^ 5»1« Cj] zonae

M !»• CrJ I«l

Oth ar Symbols

C j folloving & sound that tiia sound is long*

C" plaosd bsfor® a B/ll tblc lndloatas ppi&oipti i t rM8 (

placed bafore a syllable Indicates secondary s t ress ,

above a symbol indicates nasalization.

L j af ter a symbol iiidi oat as n i s i n g and rounding of s ound.

C J a f t e r a syttbol indioates 1 cwering and unround log of

sound,

PJ a f te r a symbol indioates fronting of sound.

vi

CHAPP2R I

TH9 Bm.maw AID FLAW OF TH* STTDY

U n t i l r«®#at yeara very l i t t l e raaeareh ooneera lng Taxaa

speeeh sounds had been done. Then, i a 1936» O * S t a n l e y wrote

Tha Speeah o f Seat Taxaa, l a whioh ha made a d e t a i l e d s tudy

of t h e vowel aounda i a Saat Taxaa apaaah, In 1945 Carna l i ta

Kl lpp le made a mmh s h o r t e r and l a a a d a t a l l a d a t udy of t h e

apaaah of Sploawood, Taxaa, whioh waa publ i shed i a A»«rlaaa

Speeah* Other than thaaa two s t u d i e s , t h e r e a r e f e w , if any,

publ i shed worlca concerning Texas s p e e c h , but thara ara a r t i o l e a

on t h a apaaah of othar saa t l a a a of t h a Baited s t a t e s . American

Speech f u r n i s h e s a aouroa of auch of t h i s m a t e r i a l . Thara ona

eaa f i n d 3uah a r t l o l e s aa "Southern Standards* by Katharine

Wheatley, C. i f . Wise*s "Southern A f t e r l e a n D i a l e c t and many

o t h e r s . Tha a o s t complete s tudy of apaaah aounda i a found i n

Tha Llngalartlo Atlaa* of Wm gogland, e d i t e d by Hans Kurath.

At t h 9 p r e s e n t t ime othar works of t h i s t y p e a r a being e o a -

p i l e d f o r o ther s e c t i o n s of Aoer-iea.

American speech i a t r a d i t i o n a l l y d i v i d e d i n t o t h r e e g e o -

g r a p h i c a l d i v i s i o n s . These d i v i s i o n s ara a a l l a d General

AamrImu, Southern, and Hew England. However, a inoe aaah of

thaaa d i v i s i o n s c o v e r s a l a r g e a r e a , aany v a r i a t i o n s of aound

may appear In the aam a r e a . In V i r g i n i a a word nay be p r o -

nounoed one way, and i n Louia iana t h e p r o n u n c i a t i o n may be

entirely d i f f e ren t • Tat both of th©8@ s t s t e s are said to be

la t he Southern speech a rea . Texas is actually with la two

geographical region#; las t Texas is generally included la

the Southern divis ion, but West Texas i s usually placed In

the General immrlem division*

It is the purpose of th i s paper t© contribute m&m knowl-

edge of the vowel sounds in t h e speeoh of one part of l a s t

Texas, Gregg County, although these sounds do not vary greatly

from those heard in other par ts of the South, the variat ions

which do occur are of interes t t o the student of speeoh sounds,

snd f o r that reason th e sounds studied are careful ly reoorded

ia t h i s paper.

The vowels ohosen for th is stufty are : f jpJ , [ p j , j j j j ,

[UJ »CjuJ* a of miscellaneous vowel sounds. The

vwe l sounds ia t h i s l a s t gr»up naned are found in some words

which are of speoial interest in the speeoh of the area studied.

Their pronunciation varies so auoh f r o * that of other areas

that i t i s inportant tha t they be i n c i t e d in a study of the

speech of f a s t T«xa®. The back vowel sounds [ p j , [oj , i M

[OU_7«re not included in th i s study because of cer ta in d i f f i -

cu l t ies i a recording thesu [ p j i s an Intermediate sound be-

tween [C(J and [DJ aod is very d i f f i o u l t to dist inguish from

LCf^JotQ^vj . For that reason [jprj and £pvJ are used in t h i s

thesis t o record any sound between £OJ and £p_7 . The use of

£<£7 or/ouj would require a disoussion of conditions under

whioh / 07 diphthongizes, f i gu re 1 shows the tongue positions

of the vowels studied.

Lower h i g h - f r o n t

Lower mid-front

Low-front

U \ Mid- \

U

central \ u

\~y \ \ 3 ^ \

U - \ A!

0 \ \Low— \ \ central 1 \ advanced \ W \ d 1 \ 0

High-back round

Lower h igh-back round

Higher low-back round

Low back

F i g . 1/--Chart of the t ongas p o s i t i o n s of t h e vowels s t u d i e d . 1

L i s t s of the words t o be used f o r t e s t i n g were compiled

f rom various sources . These l i s t s were aade up, f o r the n e s t

part , of words i n ooaaon usage in the vocabulary of the ma-

j o r i t y of the people in the area . The L i n g u i s t i c At las of

Sew i n g l e M furnished the g r e a t e s t source of words f o r the

l i s t s , and other words p a r t i c u l a r l y su i ted were added from

other read ing m a t e r i a l .

In the t r e s i s tfje words are l i s t e d under the vowel sound

given f o r t h e i r pronunciation in Webster* a Hew Internat ional

Dict ionary, second e d i t i o n . I t oust be understood, however,

that t h e p r o n u n c i a t i o n s g iven in Webster are not the only

standard ones, and t h a t o f t e n a var ia t ion f r o * t h e s e

1 Adapted from the eh art given by John S. Keny oa In Anorle&n Pronunciation, p. 66.

pronunciation* I s jus t as correct a s to® on* given i n Webster.

A b a t e r give® proaunoiationa only aa a means of c l a s s i f i c a -

t i o n .

After t he word l i s t s wara completed, work ahaeta vara

ma® f r o a tha*. In these work shee t s tha word a wara used in

aantancaa and paragraphs. With tha worda presented In t h i a

manner, tha persons interviewed did not know which worda wara

important, and thua they wara aost l i k e l y t o give tha pro-

nunciat ions most common in t h a i r vocabulary. Tha worda f r o a

t he l i s t s were than t ranscr ibed phonetical ly aa tha inform-

ants had proaoonoed than.

Rash informant was to ld tha t ha was being tas ted f o r the

pronunciation whioh ha used in h is every day apeeoh» aM not

f o r any pronunciation which ha might consider more oorreot

than h i s own. Many of tha informants did t e l l of other pro-

nunciat ions which they had heard, but the pronunciation r e -

corded here i a t he one indicated aa t h e i r p refer red pronuncia-

t i o n . Therefore , there i s l i t t l e chance of any inacouracy

in t h i s being a t rue ind ica t ion of speech cf t he area s tud i ed .

In the study of the speech of any area tha bast inform-

ants are those who have l ived in t he area f o r t h e longest

t i a s and have the l e a s t formal eduoation. The t h i r t y inform-

ants mere chosen with those f a c t s in nind. Host of them have

only grade-school eduoat ion, soae went t o high school , and a

very few of them have soae col lege t r a i n i n g . I t i s i n t e r e s t i ng

t o note tha t aany of t he col lage group indica te t h a t they are

aware of a c r e aco u r a t e p r o n u n c i a t i o n s t h a n t h e i r own, hot

they f®el that they would appear out of p l a c e i f they used

o the r p r o n u n c i a t i o n s , The occupa t ions , social i n t e r e s t s ,

and p laoe of r e s i d e n c e i n t h e county a r e v a r i e d enough t o

g i v e an a o c o r a t e p i c t u r e of t h e speeeh of t h e county . A

l i s t of t h e in fo rman t s wi th information concerning each of

them nay be found in Appendix I at the end of t h i s t h e s i s .

A f t e r a l l t h e i n t e r v i e w s had been f i n i s h e d , one i n fo rm-

an t was asked t o have a r eco rd ing made of h i s speech . A

broad p h o n e t i c t r a n s c r i p t i o n of t h i s r e c o r d i n g appears l a t h e

thesis„ and t h e record is on f i l e i n t h e Engl ish depar tment

a t North Texas S t a t e College f o r the use of any I n t e r e s t e d

pe r son . The informant who made t h e r e c o r d i n g i s about 55

y e a r s of a g e , has l i v e d i n t h e county a l l of h i s l i f e , and

has only a f i f t h g r ade educa t ion*

In t h e body of the t h e s i s oaoh sound, wi th t h e exoept ion

of O O • EjiiJ* t h e misce l laneous sounds , i s recorded as

i t appea r s be fo re f r i c a t I v e s , b e f o r e s t o p s , b e f o r e 1 , b e f o r e

n a s a l s , and b e f o r e r . The sounds [ul and Z j t O a r e recorded as

they appear a f t e r f r i c a t i v e s , a f t e r s t o p s , a f t e r 1 , a f t e r

n a s a l s , a f t e r r , and in o the r p o s i t i o n s . This i s done i n o r d e r

t o show t h e e f f e o t of preceding sounds on [_uj and [juj. The

misce l laneous words a r e recorded under the vowel sound g iven

f o r them i n Webster . Because t h i s i s p r i m a r i l y a s tudy of

speech v a r i a t i o n s , r e f e r e n c e i s made i n t h e f o o t n o t e s t o f l a d -

ings i n o the r p a r t s of t h e Halted S t a t e s .

CuAFTSR I I

HISTORY ARD LOCATION 0? TO AREA STUDIED

In the s tudy of the speech of any a r e a , i t 1® always

h e l p f u l t o know something of t he h i s t o r y and l o c a t i o n of t h a t

a r ea because these two f a c t o r s exer t such i n f luence ©a t h e

speech of t h e persona l i v i n g l a t he a r e a . The l o c a t i o n i s

important because I t shews t he a rea l a r e l a t i o n s h i p t o other

speeoh a r e a s . The h 1story i s important because i t g ives t h e

background of the persona l i v i n g t h e r e , and t h i s background

does in f luence the apeeoh of t h e a r e a , i t w i l l be noted t h a t

the s o c i a l c lubs and ohurohea of Gregg county a r e d isoussed

i n t h i s c h a p t e r . These o rgan iza t ions a re important beoause

they f o r * t h e most important ga ther ing p laces of t h e people;

t h e r e , through conversa t ion with f r i e n d s and neighbors , many

speech h a b i t s nay be forced*

Gregg County i s loca ted in t h e upper f a s t Texas t imbered

r eg ion . The county was c rea ted and organized in 1873 from

part® of Busk and Upshur Counties and named f o r General John

Gregg, a Confederate he ro . The s e c t i o n south of t h e Sabine

l i v e r was taken from Husk County and the p a r t nor th of t h e

r i v e r was t aken from Upshur county. Gregg inc ludes 312 square

miles end i s t h e f o u r t h smal les t county i a t h e s t a t e . The

Sabine Hirer t r a v e r s e s the county f ro® northwest t o sou theas t

with s eve ra l l a r g e t r i b u t a r i e s heading in t h e county»

Ttiera I s but l i t t l e recorded h i s to ry of Gregg county

pr ior t o s ta tehood. It had been a par t of Sp&im, vranoe,

Republic of Mexioo, *«d Hepublic cf Texas. However, we do

know that i t was included la the area known as the Fredonian

Repablio, which had a short existence and or the r u l e of

Burden Vdwerds (1628-32). In f a c t , one survey of lend near

Fredonia Bridge was granted t o Edwards, and the name of h i s

i l l - f a t e d revolut ion i s s t i l l re tained in the oounty. The

*redonia Koad, Fredonia Street in Longview, and the ?redonia

Bridge aoroas Sabine River on the old Longview-Kilgore road

near the old town of yredonia um a l l r e l i o s of t h i s revolu-

t i o n .

In e a r l i e r times Gregg County was a par t of the v a s t ,

cotton-growing, ag r i cu l t u r a l South. However, with t h e deoline

of co t ton pr ices following the f i r s t World War the big ootton

farmer beoaos a thing of the pas t • The ootton fferraer, so re

than any o t h e r , has la id oat plans f o r a d i v e r s i f i e d farming

system. He s t i l l r a i s e s as rauoh ootton the A. A. A. allows,

but he has added feed orops, dai ry eows, sore and h o t t e r beef

c a t t l e , sweet pota toes , and orchards. The trend i s more and

more to da i ry farming.

The leading Industry of Cregg County is o i l . The last

Texas o i l f i e l d was discovered in 1931. I t i s the l a r g e s t

o i l f i e l d In the world with 25,977 producing wel l s , of which

one-half are in Gregg county.1 The t o t a l o i l production in

I * I n d u s t r i a l and cooasroial Survey," Prepared by the Longview Chamber of Coaaarce (Longview, Texas, October, 1941} sec t ion 1 (Mimeographed).

$

tit© county i s 80,000,000 ba r r e l s par yo&r. Gregg County pro-

duces one h a l f of the o i l l a the l a s t Texas f i e l d , one-sixth

in t h e S t a t e of Texas, and o n e - f i f t e e n t h in t h e e n t i r e United

S t a t e s •

Since the discovery of t h e f i r s t o i l wel l in t h e l a s t

Texas f i e l d o i l f i e l d workers here com t o Gregg County from

a l l other o i l f i e l d s ec t i ons of the t J a i t t i S ta tes* The l a r -

ges t group mm tron the lest Texas f i e l d s . The o i l indust ry

a m employs more workers than any o ther industry*

The e a r l i e r s e t t l e r s of t h e county caae from the o ther

southern s t a t e s . V i rg in ia , Alabaaa, Georgia, South Carol ina ,

Miss i s s ipp i , and Arkansas were predominant among the b i r t h -

places of these s e t t l e r s .

Longview, the county sea t and l a r g e s t town i n Gregg

County, has grown from a town of 5#000 Inhabi tan ts i n 1930 t o

approximately 30,000 in 1950. I t was fconded in 1870 by

0 . H. Methvin. Da t h i s year Mr, Methria deeded 50 ac res t o

the Southern P a c i f i c Railroad on the condi t ion t h a t the r a i l -

road would buy an addi t ions 1 50 a c r e s , run a r a i l r o a d through

t h e proper ty , and build a permanent r a i l road s t a t i o n wi th in

the townBite . 2

I t was while the engineers were laying out t he town and

surveying l o t s from t h i s t r a c t j u s t bought by t h e r a i l r o a d

t h a t t h e l i t t l e town got i t s nase . While s tanding on the rook

h i l l which i s Known as "Capps E l l l , " one of the engineers ,

2Longvlew Daily News, April 16, 1939, p* 1 .

look lag into the distance ti; the south, exclaimed , *Wh.at a

long view there i s from he re I One can see ten miles ." Then

turning to Mr. bmthvin, he said , "Let * 3 name the t owns i t e

Ltmgvim i f that su i t s you." Mr. Methvin agreed, and the

engineers incorporated that name into the i r plot of the town*3

On Jane 24,» 1871, Longview was incorporated under the

mayor for® of government, and a charter was granted by the

secretary of s t a t e . The f i r s t raayor was Mose Kaufman. On

February 20 , 1923, Longvlew«s c i t y geverasant was changed fro*

the alderman form t o the c i t y cotwnissIon type of government*

This fora of c i t y government i s s t i l l used and cons i s t s of a.

c i t y manager and f ive conaaissioners,^

The f i r s t store building in Longview was bui l t by

Major I . if. Flanagan. Major Flanagan had one of the most

co lorfu l p o l i t i c a l careers in Texas „ He was l i e u t en ant-gave r -

nor of the s ta te and also state senator from th i s d i s t r i c t .

Besides running a mercantile at ore, he practiced law in

Longview.

Among the f i r s t newspapers in town was one run by James

Hogg in a locat ion where Bank Street now i s . Mr* Hogg wes

Ibter governor of Texas. Another governor of Texas who was a

son of Longview was Governor To® Campbell.

The G, A. Kelly Plow Company vf Longview, which was

founded in I860, is the oldest i n d u s t r i a l organization In Texas

3ibid.

^Ibid.

10

o*nad and operated continuously by one family , i t s h i s to ry

going back f a r beyond ante-bellum days, The s tory of t he

growth of the Kelly Plow Company ia the s to ry of the r i s e car

i n d u s t r i a l development in *ast Texas, l a the days of grand-

f a t h e r s and grea t -grandfa thers of t h i s generat ion "Kellyplow"

was spoken as one word in many s e c t i o n s . Hundreds of thousands

of Kelly Plows have turned the sod of mil l ions of v i r g i n aeres

t o lay the foundations of Texas a g r i c u l t u r e , have paved the

way f o r t r ade and commeroe, and have bui l t the asp i re of the

Southwest*

The products of t h i s plant a re sold in many s t a t e s of

the nat ion and in severa l fore ign count r ies . Kelly KLow

Company sa l e s run into t o t a l s with several f i g u r e s , and the

plant has a large number of employees with a s i zab l e p a y r o l l . ^

The other major towns in Gregg county are Kilgore and

Gledewater. These towns both H e pa r t ly wi th in other count ies .

Kilgore i s in Gregg and Husk count ies , whereas Glad swat er l i e s

in Gragg and TTpshur coun t i e s . Both of these c i t i e s are char-

acter ized by the appearance of lar^e numbers of o i l wells on

the c i t y s t r e e t s . There are more than twenty wells on one

of the downtown s t r e e t s in Kilgore. On t h e other hand, the re

i s not a well within the c i ty l i m i t s of Longview.

Churches of every denomination may be found in Gregg

County including many for negroes. Denomination® include

Bapt i s t , Methodist, c h r i s t i a n , Splsoopal, Presbyter ian,

i n d u s t r i a l and Commercial Survey,* ©§• c l t . , seotion 3.

11

Lutheran, Church of C h r i s t , C a t h o l i c , Assembly of Sod, Church

of the Nazarene, S a l v a t i o n Array, and H o l i n e s s . • These churches

grew from a smal l group of e a r l y ohurohes i n t h e area . These

f i r s t churches were Methodis t , B a p t i s t , P r e s b y t e r i a n , C h r i s t i a n ,

and C a t h o l l o , and t h e r e was a convent a t J u n c t i o n , now a part

o f Longview, with a r e s i d e n t s t a f f of teaching s i s t e r s .

The first c l u b in the county was t h e "Longview Muaio

and L i t e r a r y Club.n Later t h e "Long*lew Uramatlc Club" and

the "Shakespeare Clubn were founded. Of t h e s e c l u b s t h e

Shakespeare i s t h e only one s t i l l f o n o t i o n i n g . I t is the

o l d e s t f ederated e lub in t h e county .

At the present t i e s t h e r e are a Chamber of Commerce and

a Junior Chamber of Commerce i n each of t h e t h r e e towns of

the county . Longvlew i s a l s o t h e headquarters of the f a s t

Texas Chamber of commerce. other c lubs are Rotary, L i o n s ,

Klwanis, C i v l t a n , f e d e r a t i o n of Women*s Clubs, American Legion,

ve terans of Foreign Wars, Masonic Bodies , Knights of P y t h i a s ,

I . 0 . 0 . ? , , Knights of Columbus, S l k s , and l a b o r organ iza -

t i o n s r e p r e s e n t i n g all t y p e s of business and crafts.

Gregg County has many excellent s c h o o l s . Because of the

abundance of e l l on t h e s c h o o l lands t h e s e s c h o o l s are some

of t h e b e s t equipped i n the e n t i r e s t a t e . I t i s nothing un-

usual t o s e e a l a r g e s choo l p lant among towering o i l w e l l s

without any town or v i l l a g e nearby. Students are brought t o

t h e s e s c h o o l s from a rad ius of many s t i l e s i n modern schoo l

b u s s e s .

12

These modern schools grew from a number of small one-

and two-room frame structures which served early s e t t l e r s

as schools • One young dreamer of e a r l i e r days saw Longview

as the proper s i t e for & boarding school for g i r l s and in -

fluenced the school boerd s u f f i c i e n t l y t o induce thea to con-

struct a rambling two~story frame building for that purpose.

This building was never occupied and after years of standing

deserted was sold for old lumber.

Most of the modern school build ings of the county have

been constructed s i n c e the discovery of o i l * At that t i n s

Longview was the only town of any s i z e , and Kilgore and

aladewater were farming towns of two or th ree s t o r e s . I t i s

hard t o bel ieve that the modern school plants of th i s county

have grown so much in the short period of twenty years .

There are a l so several in s t i tu t ions of the junior c o l l e g e

and business co l l ege l eve l in Gregg County# In Longview there

i s the Bish Math i s I n s t i t u t e , a modern business school* This

school has an annual enrollment of around 125 stud oats and

o f f er s courses in typing, shorthand, bookkeeping, business

Snglish, business s p e l l i n g , sa lesmanship, business law, adver-

t i s i n g , business mathematics, court reporting, and advanced

accounting.

At the d o s e of World War I I R. 0 . LeTourneau purchased

Harmon General Hospital in Longview fro® the waited States

Government and turned i t into a technical training school .

LeTourneau Technical Ins t i tu te i s the f i r s t industrial school

13

of I t s kind in th? s t a t e . In addition t o being an earn-learn

a oh col i t i s an accredited junior co l l ege . The students, a l l

nalo, attend c lasses for part of the day and then apply the ir

learning by working in the 3, 0 . LeTourneau plant the res t of

the day. f l i e r s they build large machinery for use in various

kinds of eoratraction work. AAong these Is the Tourneleyer,

w'nich builds a house in twenty-four hours. This construction

ia done by piecing in huge frames where i t i s allowed

to harden for a twenty-four-hour period. At the end of that

tin® the frame i s l i f t e d , and the outer walls of a four roo*

house sre f in ished.

LeTcumeau Tech i s centered around the buildings of the

former hospi ta l . Classes ere held in some of the buildings,

end others have been turned into barracks for s ing le students

and apartaents for those who are carried. There are a l so a

gymnasia®, an auditorium, and a swiaaing pool on the canpus.

Kilgore Junior College, a municipal co l lege in Kilgore,

Is another accredited c o l l e t s in Gregg County. It o f f ers

a l l oo l l e :e work in the f i r s t two years leading to regular

science and arts degrees. I t s major f i e l d i s petroleua en-

gineering, where the students get p r a c t i c a l as we l l as c lass

room training. They spend suoh of the i r time in the last

Texas o i l f i e l d , where they work in the d r i l l i n g and main-

taining of w e l l s . They a lso do f i e l d work in r e f i n e r i e s .

Kilgore College has a student body of aooe 2,000 students

and i s a co-educational school. The students a l l l i v e off

eaapus, and many of them are brought to school in busses.

14

The sol laga has a seine©! d 1st r i o t mmsh the same as large con-

sol idated secondary schools* I t s aodevn busses cover a ling®

area each day taking students to and f r o a t h e i r baaes t o c lasses

This school d i s t r i c t cowers a l l of Gregg County and a l so pa r t s

of severa l other count l a s ,

Alacst a l l of t he students graduat ing f r o * Oregg County

schools matr iculate a t Kilgore f o r a t l ea s t t h e i r f i r s t year

ef co l l ege , and many of them resa in the second year . There

a re raay s tudents wbc attend t h i s colle-g# for two years whose

education would have ended with high school graduation i f i t

were not f o r the a v a i l a b i l i t y of t h i s inexpensive school .

However, these schools have been responsible f o r l i t t l e , i f

any, change in the speech hab i t s of the people. This i s

probably due t c the f a c t tha t very l i t t l e speech work is

taught in the schools .

CBAPT2R III

The E&J 30 and

The phonetic syobol [ f t ' J represents the sound hoard l a

father , bother, and ab l a most part# of America. It la the

lowest of the back towel sounds and i s the only one which

does act have any degree of rounding. It I s l a x and i s foraed

with the jaw open and the tongue almost f l a t i n the mouth, l a

Gregg County speech f j 3 ] i s raised t o [CtAJ or CP VJ before an r

and i s brought forward almost t o [ c Z j In ffiany words where i t

is preceded by w or wh.

This chapter w i l l a l s o Include SOB» words which are

l i s t e d in Webster*& Ifaw International Dictionary with the

phonetic symbol Q ) J , This symbol represents a sound which

i s not i n universal use in A m r l o a n Ungllsh. It i s used in

Sag land in suefc words as top j T f i p l * got [ y n t ] » and fodder

The sound i s an intermediate one between [CI] and

[ 2 d J • Thers i s no Imy word to convey i t s sound t o an

Anerioaa, but It «ay be approximated by saying [ c l j , and then,

without changing t h e tongue posit ion, round ing the 1 ips t o

12DJ . s ince j j ) ] i s so d i f f i c u l t t o dist inguish in Aaeriea,

I t w i l l not be used i n th is japer. When there i s a preference

for i t t o be nearer t o C P J $ i t w i l l be recorded in t h i s chap-

t e r . ifhen the preference i s nearer £ p j # i t w i l l be recorded

in the chapter which deals with that sound, ('.vords of t h i s

phonea© wi l l be followed by aster isks) .

15

lb

Before Fricatives i M Affrlc&tm

[ft J ia generally used before fricatives and affrioates,

Dttt It is aoaatioaa raised tofa^J, sod in three instances

it appears as/jGf /.

Father, gossip, bother, hospital, squash, aafi Harm;®

aw [flj 100 par owfe*^

T-mtMB appears with [Oj 90 par oent and [oj 3 per o*nt«

It is given to# spoiling pronunciation with [oj in the ra-

se ining lastances (7$) •

The words beginning with the letters w sua wfe have a

fronted sound for the vowel which fcllcwa these initial let-

ters. In this thesis that 8cued Is represented hjr£c/^/.

Wmp Is thy exception te this ml#. It has joj 87 per cent

and [pj 13 par cent. i;aah, however, is [Cl^JVQ p«r e#at and

/jDjf 10 par oent. in the latter pronunciation there is id-

ways «n lntrualr. Watch h « ^ < j 9 7 per rot aod

QdJ 3 per cent* Although in what tke vowel ia followed by

a stop, it la included with the othar w and wh words in this

thesis. This is' ions because whatt like the others, la

governed by tha letters pre ceding it rather than those which

fellow. It appears with [Cl^JlQQ per cent in tfragg County.

I Percentages are given te the nearest whole atusber.

20a» Stanley, ia "The Speech of sest faxes," Jkmrlam* Speech» II (1936), 22, says that/jy^^/Jis by so moans uncoa-*on awong the less literate. Argus Tresidder, "Rotes on Virginia Speech Aaerioas Specoh. If 2 C 1941)» 119» also re-oords/woarQrfor the western JtvIiTun of that area.

1?

Closet lias £qJ only ? pa r cent and has [jjJ 93 par cent .3

Rosin uses j ~ p j ?€ pe r c e n t , [O]Z0 per o e n t , and t'ae

s p e l l i n g p ronunc i a t i on with £ o J 10 par c e n t . ^

'Befor# Stops

[ Q J Is a l a a a t always used except be fore t h e v e l a r s t o p s

•hen t h e sound t ends t o bscoa* £ d ] . Mot, s o t , s p o t , h o t ,

modern, odd, dodge, objec t» d r o p , J c e , ^ and d o c t o r o i l us*

L.OJ i o o p s r ©eat. Informant n o , 3 assd a e t a t h e s i s In p r o -

nouncing Modern j^mridrjhj

Fog i s found t o use [Oj^° P ° r e s s t and [ d ] 40 par o e n t .

BQg has (jGfJ 67 per oent and [pj 33 per oent 9 but hog I s j u s t

oppos i t e t o t h a t w i t h [ t f j 33 pe r oent and £ j ] 67 per o e n t . 6

John S . Kenyon and Tho®as A._ Knot t , A Jroaouncing Dio-l i£g®Et ®f A»erioea gngj ls fa , l i s t C K | a 7 - X t J & « & | ] D j as t he only p r o n u n c i a t l o n sto r c l o s e t . J

^Kenyon and Fi ic t t , i b i d . , giv@[CIJ as t h e oaly sound f o r t h e r o w e l . On t h e other" *iand, Raven I . Mo David, i n "Low-Baek Towels in t h e South Carol ina Piedmont,M American Speech# 2V{1940), 1471 says t h a t t h e r e i s no s i g n i f i c a n t pred oalnanee between j~cj] and £dJ .

5 j t should be noted t h a t Jog, un l ike t h e o the r words wi th v e l a r s t o p s , has £C(J 100 per o e n t . Kenyon and Knot t , °P« c i t . , l i s t [jJjclj] a s t h e only recognised p r o n u n c i a t i o n .

^Chtirles K. Thoaas, "P ronunc ia t ion i n Ups ta te New York,** American Speech, X 1(1936), 173, r e c o r d s t h a t fog i s p r e d o a l -n a n t i y £oQ s s in Bast Texas . Hog i s a l s o recorded with fc/7 * but log h a e C ^ • McDavld, op. o i t . , 147, says t h a t fog sad bog a r e g e n e r a l l y [a J words, b u t ^ F a r e l a no s i g n i f i c a n t p r e -dominance in log and hog i n h i s a r e a . Ka thar ine i . Wheat l e y , i n h e r s tudy " S o u t h e r n S t a n d a r d s , « American Speech, 11(1934). 4 0 , f i n d s [ c f j o r t p j e r M f e r t h e s e words. S t a n l e y , op. c i t . , 21 , s a y s , "Bog, f o g t f r o g , hog, l o g , and t o g s a re p r o -nounced with both t h e rounded and unrounded v a r i e t i e s of t h e vowel, though t h e tendency i s toward soae degree of rounding .?

m

Mock appears with [p] 63 pe r oent end with [ p j 3? pe r oen t .

Mockingbird shows a con t r a s t with CtiJ only 7 per oent and

D>J 93 per oen t .

God?* and chocolate8*always appear w i t k [ C l ] 100 pa r cent

l a t h e area s t u d i e d . God does not retry from t h i s pronuncia-

t i o n even In church usage.

Before L

Before 1 t h e vowel i s always (jO(J . P o l l , t o l e r a b l e ,

ho l iday , fo l low, and hollow a r e a l l pronoonoed with [ f t ] 100

per c e n t . Tolerab le shows the l o s s of one s y l l a b l e and so»e -

t l a e a of an r in Gregg County. I t i s pronounoed e i t h e r

ltal^b\] wftalablj .

Before ffasala

*hen a aoind i s n a s a l i z e d , the breath i s fo rced ®»t

through t h e nose . A vowel acqui res n a s a l i z a t i o n when i t ap-

pears before t h e l e t t e r s a or n . In order t o make those nasa l

sounds the brea th mmst pass through t h e nose , and t h e n a s a l l ~

station a c t u a l l y s t a r t s on the preceding vowel. In l a s t Texas

t h e r e i s r a t h e r a wide range In t h e vowel sound be fo re n a s a l s ,

and some v a r i a t i o n occurs when t he vowel fo l lows a n a s a l .

^Stanley, i b i d . , found t h a t God l a usua l ly pronounced UOdJ, T re s ldde r , op. o i t . t 117, records t h a t god i s p ro -nounced wi th [ > J * r a j > Vol » with [ a J and [ p i being t h e moat common.

8Argus T re s idde r , "The Sounds of V i rg in i a Speech," American speech, XfIII(1943) t 266, says , w In chocola te [ Q j i s almost u n i v e r s a l , t he word being pronounced([fTciTT^Tr.* S t a n l y , op. c l t . , 20, records chocolate as having fj)J ©r[p7 i n l a s t Texas. I have never heard anything but j~ctj f o r t he vowel.

19

La] Is used 100 par cent in the following words: ©aim, ,

pal is., pa aim, response, honest, and yondw.^

Ia almond [Cf] is used only 20 per cent, £jJ la used 3 per

oent, and [9£J ia used 77 per cent.*0 Drama also has [jfe] ia

a large percentage of eases (37%)« It h&&[QJ 60 per oent

and £ej for the remaining 3 per oent.11"

Conquer has £0] 97 per oent and £5J 3 per oent* Swamp

is pronouneed with [Of J 80 per oent, [j] 17 per cent, and(CTj

3 per ©eat# Scab has jj3 J 90 per oent, £3J 3 per oent, and[/\J

7 per ceot.i2 B osage appears with [tfj 53 per oent and with

[C] 47 per cent. The latter group gave it a spelling pro-

mine iat ion* John haa [Qj 97 per cent and [pj 3 per oent.

The remainder of the nasal group shows a predoalnance for

the £d] sound. Donkey la pronounoed with fpj 8$ per cent, cay

7 per oent, and appears with [pj only 7 per eent* On ia re-

corded with [jJ 100 per c e n t . *3 Hook haa [Ci] only 3 per eent

^Stanley» op. cit., 22, state® that yonder is still heard occasionally 8L*£j35y)<J?>] the apeeeh of older people.

10Kenyoa and Knott, oj>. pit., reoord that {[demynJJis now leaa frequent but is preserved by some old faailles.

*^Kecyon and Saott, ibid.» record iraffla m [drjemdJ&M rarely as@re)r,9j .

12stanley , op. olt., 21 f aays that D> /1KJand Lb ^ l/are the only pronunci atTona used for boab in hla area of Bast- Texas.

^Caraelita KLipple, in "The Speech of spioewood, Texas,* Americas Speech« XX(1945), 187, says, "The word ©a, which in 3. A. speech is pronounced 09n]t in Texas and especially in Spioewood speech is usually £3 vr] , but under full stress it frequently occurs ae[puy)J.*

20

and appears with f~ij th* ramainimr 97 par cant. tltoswtsa

atoaap lias [ a j only J par cant * It is record ad with f3J 94 par

©ant and 0*2j 3 par c e n t , . R o m p is raoordad with Cd] 10®

par east.

Bafora R

In Cragg County [a J bafora r tanda to baaoaa slightly

roundsd and raiaad. Be causa r tanda to «aka tba vowal round ad mm*

and raiaad, aartain a* word a baoooa hoaophonas with sona or

word a in the spaaoh of t*is arsa* Barn and born, card and

oordt fara and fora, lard and lord ara eftaa proaoaseed with

tba aama vowal* Thus tha sound ia produoad as [CtA] or [_^>VJ *

It will ranain [ a ] only whan tba r la not pronounoad at all*

It ia than that one hears [fdrnjter far*.

Gardan la tha only word in this group whioh us as CflJ con-

Blatantly, and It appaara 100 par oant in that word**5

Ragardadt part, larga» hardly, aharp, bark, yard, harp,

etra, dark, t^werrow, borrow, tar, warrant, Arp, and format

all fca*a jjG^Jlco par aant,1^

•^Thara ia avidantly oonfuaion batwaan stomp and stamp in pro&ouneing this word. This would aoaount for tha proaua-elation [staevnpjgiran by a small psreantags*

- jfilliaa Caball Graat, "Dalaarva spaa ah, * Ansrlaaa gpaaeh, 7IH(1933}» 59, raeords fpj car as the usual sound in gar-dan*

*%raat» ibid*, "Bafora r , as in fara, g&rdan, dark, tha vowal tanda to feecome ratrofl«r and roundad to'Cbj o'FT^'J • Stanlay, op* oit., 22, says that in all thasa words tha vowal la usually .

21

Farm 1* recorded with [Qj 13 per cent, [dJ 27 per cent,

and [&*]60 par ©ent.2-7 Card has almost the same variat ions

with £jGfJ 13 per cent , [:>J 10 per cent , u&6 [CtAJ $7 per cent.

Bars has [^>v]90 par cent, [Q] 7 per cent , and £ 3 j 3 per cent .

Florida appears with 93 per coat and / p j 7 par oent.

Orange i s always raoordad with f p j 100 per a@nt«^®

17c. V« Wise, i s "Southern American Dialect ," Anarioan Speech» VIH(1933)» 40, reports that ar plus a consonant or f l l S ^ i s v s r j often [ 3 J instead of jfflj , Thus f «r» and fa r* often b«o©«# homonyms.

1 8Tresidder, "Notes m Virginia Spaeth»n ©g. o i t» , 117. says, "Orange and horrid ahow a wavering between Co J ao&CaJ , but CPJ Silffoa appears." George Phil ip Krapp, Bromineiation of Standaril s&gliah in Aserioa, p, 57, reports that words wr i t -fen o vary throughout the oountry frost C?] to CO] # Stanley, op. e l t « . 23, f i n i s tha t in orange the vowel i s frequently . £?~] » especially in less l i t e r a l s speaoh.

CSAITSB i f

The [DJ Sound

i s the highest and acet rounded of the l e v back

vowel sounds. I t la n&de with, t h e l i p s rounded in to an oval

shape and with the mouth wider open then f o r any other of

t h e back vowels* The tongue i s back and arched higher than

i t i s f o r [IplJ « In t he area s tud ied , as in aost of America,

Q y j i a uns tab le ; i t m,f have a v a r i a t i o n to jjp] or

j~Dj • The g r e a t e s t s t a b i l i t y Is found before 1 and before

and a f t e r r . S w ® t i « s i t is diphthongized t o j T 3 5 ] . 1

Words of the [ p j phoneme whioh a re pronounced with a

preference f o r [ D j are recorded in t h i s ehapter j u s t as those

words with a preference for £ O j were recorded in the preceding

chapter . (These words, as in the preceding chapter , have a s -

t e r i s k s following them).

Before F r i o s t i t e s

£ j J i s predominant before f r i c a t i v e s , especia l ly when

r precedes the vowel. Cross,* f r o s t . * f r o t h , * and t rough,*

are examples of t h i s s t a t e a s n t , Both eross and f r o s t a re

found with £ p j 100 per cent . Froth and t ro j j jh , on the other

hand, ehow acme v a r i a t i o n . Froth uses [DJ *7 per cent aadjcl]

*This diphthong i s recordsd in some eastern and southern spoeoh by Kenyon and Knott, og. c l t«

22

23

33 per oent . 2 Trough has [Dj 90 psr cent and 10 per

©eat*

Initial o before a fricative la also rounded by most mm*

speakers In this area* Often* appears with ZI^J 8 7 per oent

and with [ q j 13 per oent. Most speakers also pronounce the

t in oftm FoftHhk They, of oourse, give the word a spelling

pronunciation* Off* has [dJ 94 per cent, [aJ 3 per eeat,

and 0> VJ 3 per cent.^ Office* uses C?J 6 7 per eent« ZT#7 23

per oent, and Uttf 10 per oaat.

gauce is found with ZI-T-7 94 per oent and CPJ and [Cf*J 3

per cant eaoh.^ Sauaage. which one would expect to follcwr

the sains pattern, shows a greater tend en oy to CP] (27#) * The

remaining percentage is divided between CO {67!&) and £#*.7

m ) * 5

Faucet appears with [pj 53 per cent and /£/J747 par oent

^Stanley, op. sit*, 25» records th»t in monosyllables before t the vowel T S " " s o a e t i » a s and sometimes £pj ,

^Willias Cabell t*reet» in Culture in the south, edited by W« T. Couch, p. 604, found th*t the IForTVlia. off mj be unrounded t o C U J I & Tidewater Virginia, South Carolina, and New England•

*Vance Randolph and Anna A* ingleman, "Pronunciation in the uzsrk Dialect," American Speeofa, 111(1928), 404, record isms J for sauca. 1 hive heard this in *regg County w h e n it is used In suoh express!ons as "Don't give m any of your £s 50-s J

5?Cenyon and rnott, ©£. cit., g i v e / s a u n a s a third choice in p r o n a n c i a t i o n . / S J S a n f r [ s D s i d j ] * ™ also given.

L e o n a r d Bloomflaid, "The Stressed Vowels of A»erican Speech,* L a n g u a g e , 11(1935), 1 0 9 , lists in f a u c e t . K e n y o a and Knott, o®. oft,, list f o j as the most ooaaon sound. / J e J and £ctj are given as occasional sounds.

24

P J i s predoaiaact i a a i l other words la whieh the vowel

precedes a f r i c a t i v e . Beoause. gauze, awful, loatf and coat*

a l l have C?j[ 100 per eaa t .

C3] i s «i«4 with these exceptions i a the following words:

Austin r a l (13*) 1 Featgg»p7^/(17si). f 0 7 (3j6); goa tog*rm

(3<); l e f t ' ( a j (33<)i ooff«»* fVri (10)6), CO"Jl7*); aof t*

M <3*h m m * u<*>. Dv3 MU cough* c a n <T*V Ca*j

<3^)5 l2***L3"Jtyt)l eXmm* [a] (7*\ £pvJ{#)j oloth* mi

(UU CaAJO%); aad *oth* (27*), La*JU0*).7

Before Stops

Bafora stops p>J I s us ad 100 par eaat ia these words:

broad, strawberries, and thought*. Otherwise, there Is eaa-

alder able va r i a t i oa .

paaghtar has D J 6> par eaa t , [ £ • 1> par sea t , aaft CCPj

4 par eaa t . The proaoaeiat 1 o* £d a t a j i s quite ooanoa a»oag

leas eduo&ted parsons.

Chloag© shows only a s a a l l pereaatage of [ D j {lk$U

SjC\IJ i s used §3 par eaat , aod l a t h i s proaoaeiatloa thara i s i B u a U 7 a n l n t r u s i ' 9 = 0 ' " KCtyjti]. The reaaiaiag 33 par east

as* [ad.

Jxaayoa4 ©g. e l t . r p . 162, reoords t ha t coffee aad Bostoa hav® LP J i a General Aeerlcaa although a auaber of pa opl a with phoaatle t ra in ing have begua t o use Q3J . Wheatle/, op. e i t . t 40. found tha t aearly i l l southsraers asa [p.J i a eo f faa . oough, aad s o f t . Tresldder, *The sounds of v i r g i a T i T p a a ^ , * 2E* °i^« #266, found iPJ t o be doniaaat ia e o f f a a . Blooafleld, op« o i t . , 109, recorded [ j J f o r aoth and cloth i a Ceatral Westera speech.

25

Water I s I l k # Chloago In us ing [pJ « s a a l l p e r -

centage { % ) . t<3J 1* a l s o used 7 p e r c e n t . The moat un i -

v e r s a l usage I s given to £#t7(86£).®

Frog has [Dj 70 p e r oent and CCIJ 30 pe r o e a t . ^

Daub shows a wide v a r i a t i o n . I t i s found wi th t h e f o l -

lowing sounds: [Xj (38$) , [jdj (33$) , [ p j (23$) , W J (3#)»

•OH M ( 3 * ) . 1 0

l a o a o a l l r has id wi th f_3j (77*) , but I t i s

s e » e t i » s lowered t o [CiJ (2©^). I n t h e ren&lning 3 P«r @aat

i t i s heard with [Cl*] . Log*, whi le predominant ly heard wi th

[Dj (64%), has a g r e a t e r tendeaey than does ca ta logue t o be

heard wi th t h e lower sound [CI] (30%). I t a l s o has [p vJ *ad

[ d A ] 3 P«r cent e a o h . 1 1

Before

There i s no v a r i a t i o n a t a l l in words where t h e vowel

preoedes 1 . A l l , s a l t , w a l l , h a n l . oraiwl, s t a l k , w a l n u t .

c a l l . b a l k , b a l l , bawl, and walk a r e found with [ X I 1 ° ° . p e r

e e n t .

% a r a b T . Barrows, "Watch, Water , and Wash," Alter!eaa Speech, 17(1929), 301-302, found CGIJ t o be t h e favored sound. Wise, op, o i t » , 38, says t h a t wa te r i s pronounoed w i t h LOJ or C 3 j in t h e South .

^Kenjron, op . o i t . , p . 184, r ecords t h a t f r o g r e g u l a r l y has [CO i s General A*ericaa speeoh. He reoords QpJ a s a !few England v s r i a t i on .

iOfTrafP, pp. e i t . » p . 57, s a y s , "The p ronano ia t ion of daub r<Jj:blis [JrtfcW* popular and A a l e e t a i . *

**wheatley, op. o i t . , 40* found t h a t l eg ha® [CO , LDJ » or D : ] . W i l l i a a ^ a b e l l Gree t , "A Fhonographie Expedi t ion t o W i l l i a a s b a r g , V i r g i n i a , " A*arioan Speeoh, VI(1931) , 164, aays , "There i s a tendency t o unround £dj t o £qj , p a r t i c u l a r l y i n £288!t» iSS.* iSSL* * *n

26

Before Nasals

C>7 before a nasal Is sometimes lowered. Lawn has

L ^ J only 3 per cent and has oer cen t . Tongs* i s

found with £3" J 64 per c en t , EG J 30 per ©act, and £OnJ 3 per

cent . Informant no. 25 Indicated CtTiyiJaa her pronunciat ion.*2

Yawn Is heard with £3" J 93 per cent and [clj 7 per cent . Strong?

wrong*, gone*, launoh» and dawn a l l have Z/?J 100 per e e a t .

Before r

Words In which EDJ pracedes r show a la rge amount of

v a r i a t i o n . There is usually some degree of rounding, but

the rounding i s of ten only s l i g h t , as in the preceding

chapter , C&J In usually found only when the r i s not p ro-

noun oed •

The following words have no unrounding and are heard

with [ D j 100 per cen t : corn, horse , war, horne t , orchard,

gorge, morning, horn, l o r d , s o r t , cork, fo r tune , sho r t , f o r t y ,

f o r , ext raordinary , s t w a , corner , reward, nor , t o r — n t , a s -

sor ted, border, warden, and m o r a l . * 3

*2Kenyon and Knott, op, o i t . , record t&ags a s f r joz land \ t b y i j , They a l so givaOtclyzja* a Southem Var ia t ion.

*3yor and aor are o f t en pronounced E f & ] and EwaHJ in rapid speech In *ss t *exas. Kenyon, op. c l t . , p . 109, says t h a t several d i f f e r e n t vowel sounds alT rsSuce t o Ed J or CiJ7 when uostr#ss#«. He gives E f j g m an «a»pl® of t h i s unatress ing. Arthur Kyle - a v i a , J r . and Archibald A. H i l l , "Dialect Notes on Keoorda of Folk Songs from Virginia,1* American Speech, T i l l (1933), 5>, found t h a t horse i s o f t e n pronouncedf/j dsJ in Southern speech. Tres idder , "Notes on Virginia Speech," ©j»„ c i t . , 117, *In moral I found tha t most speakers frow a l l sec t ions used Ed] . " *hea t ley , op. o i t . , 42, found th : t most people in the South use ED ' J i n s o r t , a ssor ted , cork, gorge, l o rd , oorn, horse, sho r t , and storm.

2?

Bern has f p ^ 100 par oan t . I t I s , aa s ta tad i n t h a p r a -

oadiug ohapter» e f t an a hoaophona f o r barn. t au t ra l , oorp»»,

n o r t h e r , and raoord a l so ara heard w i t h [?VJ 100 par oant .H-

Or and l n f o ra ha? a [QAJ100 per oant . Or la alwaya a

hoaophona f o r a ra axoapt whan anatraaaad. Than i t i s p r o -

no mead •

Form i s haard w i t h {pAJ 80 par c a n t , / p j 17 par oan t , and

[ a ] 3 par oan t . I n o rd ina ry oonvaraat ion t b a r a i a l i t t l a ,

i f any, d i f f a r a n o a i n i t a p ronunc ia t i on and t h a t of f a r * .

quar te r has [pJ 72 par oant and [0AJ10 par oan t . Tha

remaining 17 par oant proaounoa i t w i t h [CI] baoauaa thay omit

tha r £kwatd\}**-$

C a l i f o r n i a appears w i t h [jJ only 7 par oant and w i t h

M s 3 par oaat .

Cord i a found w i t h [ D j on ly 30 par oan t . I t appaara

w i t h fjp(A] 57 par oant and w i t h [Ci] and 7 par oant aaah.

Cort and card ara uaua l l y hoaophona a .

Jordan la always p r o n o u n c e d a m o n g laaa l i t a r a t a

paopla. ^ava ra l paopla t o l d m t h a t tbay pronounoad i t t h a t

way but hava haerd I t pronounoad w J ewer t he r a d i o and

•^Whaat lay, op. o i t . , 42 , aaya t h a t oorpaa has [l ] I n Southam apaaoh fell" tends t© hava CpJ i n tha wast a ra s ta tas« UoDavid, op. e i t . . 146, raoords £ 0 J i n l a u r e l i n South Ca ro l i na .

15Kacyon and K n o t t , ©g, e l t . , say t h a t a d i a a i a i l a t o d fora/T^uvot aoaatimas heard.

28

hava ohaagad tha lr prononclation• I t b.as 2? par oant,

[Qj 3 par cant, «»i [Dj 70 per oant . 1 ^

Dormitory shows fltss in f la tory l o s s In I t s proaunolation

%j a owe p»®pl@{jclclyyi3,tOTl3 (60J&). Tt Is prooouocad with

CPU br t h s retaainiBf? 40 per o e c t . 1 '

Other Fositioaa

flaw* end lawyar* both use [pD ICO par o«at. '

l 6 L»ater V, Barray, "southern Aaarloaa Dialaot ," . Aflerlaaa Spaaob, Xf{1940}» 50, found that [ p ^ a a d p »**•-times 'fteooma C^D* In t b l s mnMrlldjjrdTpJbeoomaiyj^J »£|. Banftolph and JtagX«»a»# o£. « i t . » 403, raoordfch^J Ozark d i a l e c t .

Kenyan

1 7 Stanlay , o£. e i t . , 25 , records oeI j [ j J for dor»ltory» »& and Knott, ©g. o i t , » record{\cl d a >77 a, tori! *n tba soutu.

The LU] Sound

C.UJ Is the lower of the two high back vowels and i s

be3rd 1b sueh worts at p a l l , brook, and would« It i s a lax

sound, and la producing i t the l i p s are only s l i g h t l y rounded,

The tongue i s arch ad higher for [jjJ than i t i s for £pj #

There Is l i t t l e variat ion in the {JJ J sound in Gregg

Co inty speech except in lengthened and eaphatlo pos i t ions

where there i s sonatinas a s l i g h t diphthonglzation. Other-

wise , mmt speakers pronounoe words containing [uj as they are

given in Webster.

Before Fricat ives

When preoedes a f r i c a t i v e , there i s no var iat ion in

the sound. Cushionst push, and bash are a l l Invariably pro-

aouaeed with QjJ 100 p«r eent.

Before Stops

Before a stop QjJ i s sometimes ctonfei t o Qvl • Soot

exemplifies t h i s change. Most speakers consis tent ly pro-

nounoe i t [sAtJ(73%}. It i s pronounced with [jjJ 23 per eent

and with QjJ 4 per cent.^* While pat has a greater tendenoy

t o be pronounced with QuJ (70%) than soot does, there i s a l so

*[1 At J i s given as a l e s s frequent pronunciation by Kenyan and Knott. Stanley, .©p. c l t . , 30, g i v e s [ s A t ] m the osdy • l a s t .Texan' paronuaolat ion.

29

30

a tendency t© LaJ ( 3 0 ^ ) . 2 One oth*r word, s tood t shows a

s l i g h t i n c l i n a t i o n t o [ A j , Although 9 ? per c e a t of t h e

pars©as i a t err iewed led i ca ted [s t vdj a s t h e i r p r o n u n c i a t i o n ,

t a e raffia i&isg 3 par ©sat gave B® lmc» i s preaouncad

w i t h £>TJ by a l l s p e a k e r s 100 par oent A

All o t h e r words i a t h i s group are i n v s r i a b l y proaouaoad

wi th FJUJ 100 par c e n t . They a r e : brook, c r o o k , good , hook ,

f o o t , t o o k , would , aad shook. ^

Bafora l a a a l t

WPatau i s a l a o s t i a v a r i a b l y prono iaced w i t h £oJ l a Uregg

County ( 9 7 £ ) . The o t h e r 3 par c s a t ladioate[WayndriJiA t h a

p r o n u a c i a t i o a . 6 Tha praoadlag w gov eras t h i s rounding t o

because w i s nade w i t h th e same l i p pos i t i o a a s [&] . A l s o ,

£©7 i s a s p e l l i n g p r o n u n c i a t i o n .

Before L

f u l l , p a l l , and wool are c o n s i s t e n t l y proaouaoad w i t h

[Uj by a l l s p e a k e r s .

2 T r e a l d d e r , "The sounds o f V i r g i n i a S p e e c h , " of>. o i t . , 2 6 7 , s a y s t h a t CpAtJL* heard o c c a s i o n a l l y i n a l l sections of V i r g i n i a .

^ S t a n l e y , op. c i t . , 2 9 , s a y s t h e t s tood i s f r e q u e n t l y [st Adj.

^Kenyoa aad Knot t , oj>. c i t . , giveJ^xV/wreJas second c h o i c e .

^ S t a n l e y , ©ju c i t . , 2 9 , found t h e t t o o k and s h o o k a r e a l s o proaouaoed w i t h fa J o c c a s i o n a l l y * K l i p p l e , op« c i t . , 1 8 8 , a l s o found good t o be pronounced with C A j » Berray, £j>. cit,, 49 , says t h a t o c c a s i o n a l l y ftyj becomes £7T7 b « f » r e k} t o o k and shook are thus pronounced £t/\ h i and • ~*

^ K l i p p l e , o £ . c i t . , 1 8 7 , found t h a t IJSJ was s u b s t i t u t e d f o r f j j j i n woaaa.

31

Before R

CU3 regularly appears in t o u r i s t , sure, and icajranoe . 7

Voor ®M year are occasionally pronounced with jjDj

(7£)»® I s aoisture and f igure [>]] ia often substituted for

(UJfl* All speakers indicated HjnDrstj^J as the i r prononcla- .

t l on of moisture, and 67 per seat used In figure*9

Randolph and Ingleaan, op. © i t . , 404, say that sure Is in**rlably{J" o ?0 In trie OsarS d i a l e c t . Xenyoa and S C t , ®£» *%%.** Cj<J2i]»tyod\)* a»d Cjj*}** Southern pronunciations.

«D«tU and B U I , op. p i t , , 55, "The dis tr ibut ion o f M andLOJ before an h i s t o r i c a l r which has been l o s t Is typical of Southern speech. Th'js tfc"e vowel of poor Is Co J , and the unstressed form of your i s QoJ.* Berrey, op. o i t . , 50, ra-oor4*Cpou*Jfor poor. ~Zr*pp, op. s i t . , p. I f , i i y s that poor and yotg «*"« pronouaoedHpoaOaBdCjoa»X 1ft some local I t l e s . Kenyon and Knott, 0£. o i t . , ;gly a rpn^l aad r~j n "7 as pronunoia-t lons in the Sast Sad Sactfeh. r J

%eny©n and Knott, Ib id . , record (Jwdt S t f a f r j and [J-f?x cf ^ ( r j *n 3outhand l a s t •

oEMPrm v i

The [LfJ Senna

LlQ i s fcfa® highest of tli# bask vowels and i s heard i s

sunh words as t oo th , ehew, and Jane, I t Is a tense sound and

i s nade with the l ipa *ore t i g h t l y rounded than they ara f o r

*«y other of the back rowels* The baok of t h e tongue i s

arehed toward the velua f o r Q j J * In speech of t h i s area

the sound i s s l i g h t l y diphthongal, tending to b e o o a s Q u J .

After Fr ica t ives

Ctf} ia invariably heard a f t e r f r i c a t i v e s in a l l of

the®# words: shoot , soon, June, ohaw, jewel, and through. 1

After Stops

M shows «m® var i a t ion a f t e r stops* Coop and Cooper

both show a tendons? toward a lowering and onroanding t o f j j J ,

Only one informant gave pkup&J fo r cooper, bat four i n f o r a -

ants gave CKUpJtor eoep. Arsons who have Cooper as a «aa@

always pronounce i t f r u p a i j .2 There Is a tendsaoy fo r *ost

*H°7 <5. Elders, "A Study of the Strsaaed Baok Vowels In the Speech of Parker County, Texas" (Unpublished M. A. t h e s i s , Dipt, of i n i l i i h , North Taxes S ta te College, 1949), p. 41, f i e © i i i [ d j u ' IJf&r im farfc#r County sp000b.

2Stanley, op, c l t « . 30, reoorda LuJ aa t h e only sound ! | r — _—»• <•*-- - - - - • •

_ _ ia States*

^ Stanley. Op, c l t « . 30, reoords LuJ as t h e only sound founS in ooop aW Cooper. Eenyon and Knott, o£. o i t . , record LcO in the South as well as in other par t s of^hTTJni ted

32

33

speaker# t o eh&mg®£uj toQuJ in coupes and tuna aM

57S&» respect ively) .^ Bouqust Is pronounced with [p] 90 par

cent.*1, the remaining Informants used Cm J in a l l of these

words.

In words where CuJ precedes as in school» atool , and

t o o l , /JLQ i s used by a l l speakers. Boot, do, and tooth a l l

hate [ u j 100 per eent alao.

After I,

There i s very l i t t l e variation in OuJ when i t appears

before 1. Loose, f l u t e , gloaay, blue, and blew are pronouneed

with EuJ by a l l speakers# nasalization i s used in gloogy, b l u Q Mew are b©ffi©phea®s*

Plume i s pronouneed with DU by 7 per cent of the inform-

ants, Baking i t a homophone with plum. These speakers do sot

have pimae and pltm confused in meaning; i t i s only in pro-

nunciation that the ana log appears•^

13. ami i s pronounoed with jjjJJ by a l l informants.*

3Stanley, op. o l t . , 36, found &ju,pa n]ttt ^ast Texas ape® oh, Xenyoh and KnoTt, op. o l t , , giveEtfrv^ias the only proaunola-t ion of tuna.

4&o'KexJ given as the f i r s t pronunciation in Ksnyon an.1 Knott, ib id . ; Stanley, oj>. o l t . , 30, a l so records Ebo'KeiJ.

5 Cp/u rrf] £p|j urrij&rm the only pronunciations recorded by Kenyon and Knott, o£. c l t .

^Kenyon and Kfectt, ib id . , record \juJ and the diphthong Lj l/J in plural.

34

After Nasals

[ p j l a used by a l l informants a f t e r nasals* as la move, n o o n » and aoon. l a the l a t t e r two words the degree of n a s a l i -

zat ion i s g rea te r than la the f i r s t as the vowel l i e s between

nasals .

After 1

la words in which r precedes £uj , there i s soae va r i a -

t ion in th# soaM of the vowel. f u j i s used hy a l l lnfor*-

ants in the following words: roos t , rooge, groups, rhubarb,

£M£* £B£* r o o t » jbroc«, and groonu? Bream and grooa both have

nasal izat ion in the vowel *

SQQf i s heard «ost often with [ u j (87%)# but i t Is a l so

h#art with M 13 per ©oat.® Ruthless was pronounced with

O J by 10 per cent of the informants and Qv] by an addit ional

10 per ©eat* The regaining infornants (80%) pronounce i t with

[ u ] . i s seld on used in route (13%)» [TJeut] being the

most cosasaon pronunciation (875b).9 Brooch ha# i U j in th& speech

7Kenyon, og. c l t . f p . 190, says tha t in brooa the South is about evenly divided between C Ujand LoJ . Root la always Urut]in the South, Pennsylvania, and Mew Jersey, but in New Tork and northern OhioErutJla cowaon. Kenyon and Knott, op. c l t** say that{rut]is a l e ss frequent pronunciation in the sotath,

^Stanley, og. s i t . , 30, records M a s universal in l a s t Texas speech for roofT Kenyon, ©p. c l t . , p. 190, saya t h a t CUJ Is almost unanXSous in the SoutKTwhila the North shows only a s l i gh t preference fo r C u ] .

^Kenyon, Ib id . , pp. 188-189, "The normal h i s t o r i c a l T>ro~ nunciatlon i s preserved in the popular pronunciation [ra.ufj. The pr onunc ia t ion [rut Jlt> perhaps due t o Modern French, and especial ly the phrase en route , par t ly Anglicized topv i ru t J . "

35

of a small percentage of speakers O f h a l l ©fehar apeakers

use CO J ,1° Fabrsiary shows greater variation in sound than

any other word In this group: Lm7 U7*) , LjvJ (57%), Cj^J

(1?*!, «M C & J W ) - 1 1

Other Positleas

Who** i s always fo&sfi to os« £ u j • Hoof i s s loes t

equally divided between LuJ (57%) and CuJ (43* ) . 1 2 Hoop

shews a preference for C.UJ (93%) • The other 7 par cent usa

C^G .*3 Wound has [ p j §0 par cent, C&IJU7 p®2* cent, and

[7Q 3 par cent.11*

l%enyoa, ib id . , p. 18^, "Tha word brooch* in origin tha saoa as broach. Is pronounced Lbrotfj , iftougb the spel l ing-pronunciation CbrutiJl* not ancoaason.* Stanley, op. a i t . t 7, raoords [brotfJ .

•^Kaayoii and Knott, og. d t . , reoord Cf^brc.frjjandtftbju,£rxj. They a lso record that , "TEe lo s s of ZX7 inffebju.tnjia due t o dissimilation and tha influence of Cdj^Yi j u , Z r z J ••

*2renyon, ©£. c i t . , p. 190, "For hoof, tha South, Fan©., and W. 3. ara alJoufc evenly divided between £u] and Cu j j Haw England, K. f « , and tha last show strong preference for Qu] »* St an lay, og. p i t . , 30, found CUJ 1& hoof*

^Stanley , ib id , , a lso raoorda hoop with[uj « Kenyan and Knott, 0|>. o i t . , glv&[hupj mm tha f i r s t chole® aM[hupJ as aaeond c&oloe.

^iGenyon and Knott, Ibid. , give[WdfnJJm a lass frequent

f ronunoiation. Kanyon, op. j i t . , 189, says, "The word wound wv uvidJ haa pre»erred i t s Cud soond owing to the influence of

tha round ad D^J before the vowel. Bat tha pronuno iat ion [Wai/wc/jhas also bean in good use, and la not entirely disused.* Infor»ant_no. 20, who la a nurae, said that she pronounced wound. fW"uriclJjantll aha baoaae a narse. she attribataa her change t&jjyjeuncJj t o the^faot that noat doctors with whom she is associated say [ W ^ u n d J .

CSAfTSt ¥11

The CjuJ sound

S t r i c t l y BpmkiBgf « diphthong i s a combination of two

vowel sounds* However, QuJ I s considered a diphthong because

of i t s olose r e l a t ionsh ip withfjuj**" It i t usually re fe r red

to as "lone a* and Is found l a such words as beauty, feud, and

usual , Cju J s t a r t s with t he g l ide consonant £ j J and ends

with t h e vowel On J • la *ast ^axas thai"® i s a tend an cy ©a

the part cf many speakers t o change £yL/Jto £ u j in sons words

in which Webster has CjuJ.

Aff.er ifri oat Ives

Cjujl* found in only ©as Instance a f t e r s , and t h a t i s in

usual where / j ( /J precedes and follows s . All i n fo raaa t s use

Cjuji& usual . S u i t , s u p e r s t i t i o u s , super intendent , assuae,

{with n a s a l i s a t i o n ) and prestige (with nasa l i za t ion ) a l l have

CuJ 100 per cent .^ Capsule i s found with [uj with one ex-

cept ion. Three per eent of the informants indloate U^depsjJ

as t h e i r prononoiat lon.3 Matthews has Cju] in the speech of

3-Xenyoa, op. o l t . » pp. 210-211, "This xarly Modern [ £ u ] was at f i r s t a f a l l i n g diphthong CruJ» accented on the f i r s t eleaent . In one important type of pyimaneiatiom the s t r e s s soon s h i f t e d t o the second eXeoant* waiting a r i s i n g diphthong t h a t say be represented by CjuJ

2Wise, ©£. o l t . 9 39, records t h a t a a f t e r £ s j 9[jJ , and CI J i s pronounoeTTuj , presume belng^rrr'-ziw^

%©«yon and Knott , op. o l t . , give^weps/Jas the f i r s t p ro-nunciation fo r capsule, but^ae^.suljls not recorded by the* .

3?

aany p®©pit (6^), but i t also has [tij 33 par cent and £aj L

4 per cent, %nthm 1 mm. i s universally pronounced with [uj *

Refas», T l i w , «nd refute a l l bairaCju^i® the speech of a l l Informants..

After Stops

After stops prod nee, oute, and pure are the only words

la which [jujis used by a l l informants. I t la used with the

following worda with these exoeptions: Tuesday [ u j 13$); in-

troduce UUJ (356)! duplicate £uj (13*)? duty CuJ (13*)J tube

(13#); postage £ $ ] {%)\ tul ip

**•1 CuJ (7%); regular / > J <80£); stew [uj (13$)J due rul (It) l

Am rul (3<)f tu i t ion rul (2M)t and duet fju7 (7£) . 6

After L

After 1 r j iQaeldoa appears J the diphthongization i s

^EntxeJuiJlM the only pronunciation recorded by Kenyon and Fnott, Ibid*

% have heard £rf 'f Afjln l a s t Texas, but i t i s possible t ha t the speakers in such inetanoea were not familiar with the word*

jC Due and dew are homophones in the speech of most l a s t

Texaiw7~E®th being pronounced [djuJ . Hans Kurath, in "American Prostyle t a t i on,« Society for Pare Sngllsb* Tract i t* 2S* 2f*?» says that the Southern'sr"always"us ea £ jwj i f ter £7 d, and n. Greet, Culture in the South, p. 605, says that Tjuj is *ori> s table irTEe^om'tFairrnNew xnglaM or the Middle ®est, where do and due are. both pronounced CafuJ • Stanley, oj». s i t . , recorded£"/«f7always in Tuesday, duty, and tub®. Se^Tao says tha t due and do are always d is t i l^* guiahed in f a s t Texas speech,"""'"Sit he records due m t d r u J rather than [dj uj * Through assimilation ragul i r usually loses £JiO altogether in tiregg county and la pronounced Erc j l& j . Kenyon and Knott, op. © i t . , do not give t h i s

pronunciation fo r regular .

38

l o s t t and t h e vowel i s simply £l*1 J This la seen In the

follewiag words l a which a l l informants give (U3 ** t h e i r pref-

erence with ©at exception: revo lu t ion , abso lu te ly , l a t e , s a -

l u t e , and l i e u t e n a n t . 8

hmda&m i s pronounced with EG] to y a l l tent one informant,

who gave O U m b i s •©*«! preference . However, I t was not

a word with which he was f a » H i a r , and t h a t f a s t would prob-

ably acoount f o r the spe l l ing pronunciat ion. n a s a l i s a t i o n i s

usual ly present In luminous.

In cont ras t t o a l l other words in t h i s group, valuable

Is pronounoed with t h e diphthong Cjujtoy a l l l n fo r aan t s . 9

Af t e r f a s a l s

in Gregg County t h e tendency i s t o diphthongise t h e

vowel a f t e r a nasa l , and n a s a l i t y in always present In t he

vowel sound.

Any tendenoy t o ohange [jujto Cu J i s usually found a f t e r

n, as in these words: nude f j j J (100%); nttierous £j7Ji3(&3%) v

. ^Kenyon, op. o i t . , 214-215, "Af te r CI J uaage of • « J speakers in d ivided. In words lllce l u t e , In which

i s not preoeded bp a consonant In the s&m s y l l a b l e , the more usual pronunciation i s with [t* ( | « t U» but f i t* (Ijut)J In sometimes heard."

8See note 7 In t h i s chapter . Stanley, op. o l t . , 36, says t h a t t h e diphthong I s never heard in Seat* Texan a f t e r 1 and r .

i s In the preceding s y l l a b l e , . . • *

39

LuJ(iy%), and DU (U*)i aaw £juj(90«) , E&Ji 10*) f news-

pa|>»g EjuH&Ot>)» COJ{20€) The lnfersiftBt who gave OfJ

for lualnottg also gava Eft J fo r aoaaroua. I t is t o ba aotad

that aoffla inferasants glir a [ h j t t j m th* l r pronunciation of aew

but ?i*a ['yiL4~L,p e p d \ j ** tha pronunciation f or aawgpapar.1*

Annalty, aualo, mate, and aula ara cons 1st aatly proaottaoad

with E f u J W a l l Informants.

10B»nyon, i b i d . , "Aftar Enj tha usaga ©f t h a L j t * - u l spaakars Is divi"3a¥7 ace© using the proaonciations Qi j « » 7i j«2. 9 s J i ana otMrsEhtt » $ 'n^Gim'S* a s j *

The forma without C j j appaar to ba increasing in Juaarioa," Stanlay, op, c i t . t 36, says tha t auda i s navor pronounoad with [j~u] . KMm and sew ara usually homophonas in 3ast Taxas spaacfe C n j u J m ^ E ^ j l i l •

11 ^ Lj u J »(xm J , and EuJ ura glvaa as tha vowals in

naw and naw»j»apar by Kaayon and Knott, oju o i t .

CHAPTER VIII

Other Sounda

Aa atsted is tli# introductory chapter ©f tfe.1# the a 1b,

the wo M s which follow are included la the theaia because

of a one pa©Hilarity In tSteir proounclotion in the apeeoh of

laat Taxans. Often theae peculiarities are found Is other

parts of the South» and in all seotiona thaaa pronunciations

are the ones given by lesa literate speakers.

tfords Wh left Contain [Tj

All lafonuurt* indioate/z^rpjaa their pronunciation of

whip, but a anal! percentage (13%) give/jviyjjfor wiah*1 f3fe®

preceding w accounts for thia rounding.

words Which Contain ft J

Set, fetch, and helped are pronounced with Jjlj by all

informanta. However, the 1 is seldom aounded in helped

Lh€f>t J 4 Terrible ie pmmmmMHt^^b fJ i63%) , [ ' t is b/J{33#)i

and Ht x a- b fJOS) *2

^Randolph and Ingleman, ©£, olt., 403, say, "The noun whip Is sounded correctly, bu^the verb la turned into seme-thing between whup and whoop*w

2Ibid,, raoord that set la often turned into [sotJf and terrible la generally C'tyrib (J « Berrey, ©g. olt,, 49, aaya that fetch and helped are often pronouncea £f pt f J a o d

Lh » / />tj •

40

41

Words Which Contain [ j e j

All informants mm [3€.J exc lus ive ly i n there , b a i r , f a i r ,

*2S£» a n d efaaig.3 Strap has f a e j l a the speech o f a l l but

3 per cent of the Informants, and t h i s 3 per eent ind ica te

[ a j a s the pronuno i a t Ion, Stab shows exact ly the same

v a r i a t i o n a« s t rap w i t h [ a j 3 per o e n t >

Words ?8tieh Contain f > i j

[ > J does not vary i n t h e speech of the informants*

§2£ I£5b £££•«* preserve. c e r t a i n l y , l ee rn , and herb are i n -

va r i ab l y pronounced w i t h J The h i s seldom pronounced

i n M E l * t h « pronunciat ion being [3*bJ . Certainly i s p ro -

ne onoed I x l . 1

Words Which Contain / > 3

l£HS£L a c d are proaoanced w i t h £aJ by a l l infer®-*

an ts . However, one informant pronounced each end touch w i t h

3areet , i n ga l t t tw i n the South, p. 599, says, "There pronounced ta&r and griaitr seen t o se d i s t i a e t l f e

<&£ the Blue Kidge Mountain people, who ca r r i ed i t west , but the proaunciat ion i s common enough among low country Wegroes ami i s t y p i c a l of the o ld t i a » Kew York s ta te farmer. •Thar she be* I n a s tory meana tha t a Yankee fa raer i s spesJcing.

* ^ o o e a « l a B n « : L i j , h c i t i n g s f r o * the t i a e of Ling A l f r e d . " he also record s £t f rzQfor c h a i r . S L S 5 : r®

0-fr®y,».S£- 5«» says teat E^Jhefor® TWfen becomes [ 0 7 • Thus oSSThaars [ tcf^JanA £ h a * J .

^Berrey, i | i d . , 48, records D>J as a frequent s u b s t i -t u t i o n f o r LfeJln such words as stab not strap*

%enry C*c i i ' £ y l d , a H is to ry of Modern c o l l o q u i a l Engl lab, p . 165, says t ha t ar was subs t i tu ted f o r er i n the spe l l i ng o f many words. This change took place from 1640 t o 1688. . Ce r ta in l y , servant , serve, preserve, and l ea rn were a l l spe l led and pronounced w i th a r t "**" ~~~—'

42

an i n t r u s i v e r [S^tfJ and it . This same person pro-

nounces onion and study F&njdriland f j s t

Other Words

The words which fo l low are s p e l l e d with a diphthong sod

are pronounced with a diphthong i n General American speech.

In l a s t Texas t h e diphthong i s e i t h e r very s l i g h t or not pro-

nounced at a l l . s o i l , spoi l» j o i n , b o l l , and o i l are usual ly

pronounced with a s l i g h t diphthong i za t ion [DXJ » but in rapid

speed, o i l may beoooie a homophone with all.*^

Poison i s usual ly pronounced ['p^Ldtj], but one inform-

ant gave C p d l . p / i 7 a s h « r ?ronunciat 1 on. This front ing and

unrounding of the vowel i s a l s o found in h o i s t and r o l l ev«n

^Stanley, ojj, c i t , , 31t says that suoh and touch are pronounced with CCJ W ~ l « s s educated parsons. ' Randolph and \ ***»! **4 1. JTIL f IHi* tah 4«s cil Vti»K .&

^Handolpb and Ingleaan, i b i d . , say that the o l s p e l l i n g l a these words usual ly takes the sound of "long i ^ T n the Ozark area* Kenyon, op. c i t . t p. 210, g i v e s an explanat ion of t h i s pronunciation. "Tfe says tha t i n MS j o i s t , h o i s t , b o l l , and groin were spe l l ed j l s t e , hyce, b i l e , and g r l n e . in sar ly iBl'irn they were off@1""proaounoel' wltfc C3-rj l ik© po in t . This pronunciation led t o s p e l l i n g the* with o i . "Hence by s p e l l i n g -pronunciation the educated learned t o pronounce thea[djJTst]# thirst!, [boz/J , Ejrjrnj . But the i l l i t e r a t e or partfer l i t e r a t e continue t o say Gba.i sit)], [hits t j » £bd.iljt£^ra.inj • In f a c t , Chilistj i n general rural usage i s a d i f f e r e n t word from EhixstJ* T*ith a s p e c i a l i z e d mmning, H i s t o r i c a l l y » Eh&ist] ,Cdja.istJ , CbaLlll,t3ra.ihl are correot . Shakespeare has only by la . ar.1 i n Job (1611) we f i n d , 'He s a l t e t h h i s th sore b o l l e s . * '^atsn . . • smote lob with sore b i l e s . * " Wyld, op, o l t . , p. 251, "The frequent rymes suoii as J o i n - l i n e which occur in the eighteenth century ( i n Pope and other w r i t e r s ) show that the mares to red* pronunciation of o i , which i d e n t i -f i e d i t with * long V , was not an o f fense against the t a s t e of the fastidious,"*"*

43

t o e greater extent than i t la found in poison* [Jidst3 I s

recorded as the pronunciation of 33 per eont of the Informants,

and D~d.l3 for 70 per cent.®

Snout t which is usually pronounced rs/?aeu£j(g3£), ia aoae-

times H7%) pronounced f s n u t j

%®e note 7 in this chapter, Stanley, og> o i t . , 36, a«grs that Crax/Jfor r o l l i s oomqii in *ast Yoxas. Randolph end Inplenan, ©£. c i t . , p . 404, record Cpd.2.3#7jfor roleon.

^Randolph. and inslercan, Jblfl, , say thot anout i s nearly always pronounced £s nut J*

CKAPTSR K

cewctifsiGws

Although t h e speech of ^ regg County does not va ry d r a s -

t i c a l l y f rom t h e speech of o the r t r « « « , t h e r e a r e oany T i r i a -

t i o n a i o back vowel sounds . Of t e a t h e s e v a r i a t i o n s a re eon-

s i a t e a t l a t h e ape®oh of most p e r s o n s , but s o ^ e t i a e a thegr

r e p r e s e n t t h e speech of only a s n a i l M i n o r i t y . ' The wor t s

used l a t e s t i n g , wi th a l l of t h e i r v a r i a t i o n s , and conc lus ions

m eaoh sound w i l l be reoorded i a t h i s l a s t chapte r*

Laj The [CtJ sound has naoh v a r i a t i o n i n t h e speech of t h i s

a r e a . Before n a s a l s t h e s ound u s u a l l y beooaes £ 3 J , and

n a s a l i z a t i o n i s p r e s e n t always b e f o r e and a f t e r na sa l s* 1

t ends t o r a i s e and round t h e sound t o CCt*J . Thus nany a r

words bsoone homophones wi th o r words l i s t e d under [ D j i n

Webster . Words in which t h e vowel acnes a f t e r w ha re a

f r o n t e d sound r ep resen ted by [ C t ^ . i n t h i s t h e s i s . I f an

i n t r u s i v e r i s p r e sen t i n words i a whioh w precedes t h e t o w e l ,

t h e vowel sound w i l l u s u a l l y be Z P j .

CO J Other v a r i a t i o n s

f a t h e r 30 1

posse 27 1 [oJ-~2

^These numbers a r e not pe r cen t ages but r e f e r t o t h e a c t u a l number of speaJcers who us ad t h e sound.

44

45

L&J £ d J Ofclisr

g o s s i p 30

bmh®r 3®

h o s p i t a l 30

»qmst 30

w a s f a 3 I M ~ ~ 2 ?

wasp 26 4

garag® 30

o l o s s t 2 28

aalm 30

swamp 24 5 [ M — x

pslm 30

p s a l a 30

r s sponss 30

hoasnge 16 CoJ —14

b onset 30

beak 2? 1 LA] — 2

4©»iisy 2 26 2

an 3©

faoak 1 29

stomp 1 2$ GfcJ— l

Jobs 29 l

yonder 30

*®ap 30

g a r i t s 30

far® 4 g £«C?~ia

® a ^ 1 &aJ-~29

MS

[ctj [PJ 0th#r Tari&tioa*

*sg«xtf*4 cay—jo

iwu* OT— 30

2 ®A]»«2S

barter 29 fct"] — 1

ft*#—30

hardly [aAJ—30

burn M I M L » 2 f

sbarp 30

tok

?9m [d*]—20

watefe i [a^j—29

was 27 LA3— 3

rosin. 6 21 K l ~ 3

not 30

s@fe 30

spot 3©

fe@fe 30

SOiSM 30

©4€ 30

dodge 3©

30

drop 30

log 30

fog 1# 12

bog 20 10

mock I f 11

47

fiooklfigblra

doctor

li©g

utoat

ohooolata

G©«

<Soll

tolarabl©

faolliay

follow

hollow

almoin!

drama

eoaquer

h&rp

Florida

are

f ©re&ead

dark

t ojaorrow

ora&go

borrow

Caj

2

30

10

30

30

30

30

30

30

30

6

18

29

tpj

28

20

Othor variations

©"J—30

30

Caej »»23

GfeL-n

EeJ— 1

&"J—30

&AJ~~28

&*3—30 sonatinas la an-

stress position,

©9—16

KJ.-14

&*]—30

£&fAj»»30

4 8

Caj [dJ Other variation*

t a r G&J—3Q

warrant fcK] 3 0

fores t 03—30

eiird 4 3 ®«>-23

Arp jjCJ —30 LU

The greatest tendency of ©hangs 1» words which bars [ j J

for the vw«l is found to fee the lowering and unroundIftg of

the [DJ sound t o CCIJ . This i s found in 8ueh words as fauoet ,

MGl* f r o t h t Chicago, aod Jaundice* words whici nave a r or

®L spol l las are usually s l igh t ly lowered and unrounded to

Ca*J.

M Ca] C a * j s a u o e 2 0 1 1

f&ueet 1 6 1 4

s a u s a g e 20 a 2

b a c a u a © 3©

Austin 26 4

gauze 30

awful 30

fos te r 2 4 1 5 • B o s t o n 29 1

o r o s s 30

f ros t 30

l o f t 2 0 1 0

49

E 7 D 9 taj 0 > j

OOffw 25 3 2

s o f t 29 1

l o s t JO

aos® 26 1 3

oou^il 2? 2 1

cost 30

lo s s 29 1

f r o t h 20 10

gl03S 27 1 a

oloth 28 i 1

o f t en 26 4

off 28 1 1

of fie® 20 7 3

moth 20 7 3

trough 27 3

daughter 25 4 1

broad 30

strawberriaa 30

Chicago 4 16 10

water 2 2

thought 30

treg 21 9

daub 7 10 1

catalogue 23 6 1

log 19 1 9 1

Other variations

IjiCKj --26

0*0 —12

CAJ — 1

50

a i l OJ

3© 0>"J Leu Ca*J

sa l t 30

wall 30

haul 30

crawl 36

s t a lk 30

walnut 30

cal l 30

balk 30

bal l 30

bawl 30

walk 30

launoh 30

laws 1 29

dawn 30

yawn 28 2

J& and l o t 1 25 1

strong 30

wrojag 30

gone 30

tongs 19 9 1

bom 30

form 5 1 24

quarter 22 5 3 cam 30

^ 7 —

_ i

horam 30

51

P U D 9

w«r 30

benwt 3®

e©rd 9 2

JardetB 21

dormitory 12 IS

tor sent 30

aesorted 30

border 3©

warden 30

isDral 30 •

®rali«ri 30

laure l 30

gen® n aoritlag n corpse 30

feora 30

lord 30

aort 30

©or It 30

California 2 2 i

norther 30

ree&ri 30

«r

inform

fortune 30

&Q [PAJ Othzr var iat ion*

2

1

1?

8

3«

I®

Sonet lines C^Otn unstressed iwsei-t !«•*

52

0*1 £>VJ [CtJ [Ct"] Othar ?&ri&ti©as

short 30

f o r t y 30

fo r 30

extraordinary 30

atorm 30

corner 30

reward 30

nor 30

raw 30

laeyar 30

SORtftlMS £ > J l a *4Batr#SS®d pos i -t i o n .

C ^ J

There I s l e s s va r i a t i on in [ u j than In any other of tha

teek rowels. Whan w precede* o, as in woman, tha sound i s

almost invariably Co J » Tha uaa of CoJ ia a spa1ling pro-

nu so lu t ion , and a lso w tends t o round t h e following vowel.

Othar va r i a t ions ara found ia pa t , s co t , and da laxe where

0 ^ 3 te@@«a®s ZTa f and in f igure and aola ture where tha acand

i s ®oat o f t e n E&J •

cushions

push

bush

brook

orook

30

30

30

30

30

D\J Othar va r i a t i ons

53

soot

good

book

da lax*

fOdt

fcoelr

would

stood

pit

shook

mmm

f i l l

,J«X.X

WOOl

flgap®

tourist

your

mm

poor

insurance

MiltOM

W1

7

30

30

10

3©

JO

29

21

3©

30

3@

3©

10

30

26

30

as

30

ZXJ

22

30

1 f

C u j

Othor ?&*i*tiona

O G - . %

CdJ —29

C&Jmmfe0

M

DO— 2 Oft #11 p*o-ncanoQd with Lo#]in rapid

•pooob.

C&Q—30

Ttat LuJ »ouad i« fa i r ly oooo latent In Ur»gf 0 tt*fcjr

54

speech. In such words as cooper, coop, and hoop QjJ usually

replaces [Uj 1b the speeoh of the area. The diphthong EjuJ i s often used in plaoe of [uj . This dlphthonglzation i s

found i n coupon» tana, and Fehruarjr. m teuqaet and brooch

Co J i s used aore consistent ly than ,

UjJ shoot 30

soon 30

Jane 30

chew 30

jewel 30

through 30

tooth 30

ooop 4

coupon 14

boot 30

bouquet 3

do 30

Cooper 1

tuna 13

sohool 30

stool 30

t o o l 30

loose 30

flufce 30

plume 28

[ j u j C j u J EcJ Other var ia t ions

2f

16

27

1?

D V ] - a

55

gloomy M 30

plural 30 bias 30

blew 3©

M©?@ 30

B©oa 30 mooa 30

roost 30

roof 26 4 reagt 30

rothleaa 24 3 groups' 30

rhubarb 30

ru<J# 30

30

rent© 4

brooch 1 root 30

brom 30

groom 30

February 5

whose 30

is ©of 1? 13

hoop t 28

wound 15

[ p j CjuJ Loj cthsr variations

29

&£oJ—26

I ? f p I L - 5

M — 3

n^-lOrnH~J^

Ea]-<~ x

Quj

After 1, s , r , and a [UJ usually replaces In the

spaa oh of Gregg County as I t does In most of the United States,

Tliare i s seldom any variation froa Cj~uJ after nasals, and,

as in a l l vowels, nasalization i s present when a nasal pre-

cedes or f o i l a* s the vowel* So as tm speakers make dew and

12®. homophones with do in the ir speeoh. Wmspaper shows a

greater tendency than doss news t o be pronounced with EG J .

?Ue ahif t in stress in newspaper probably accounts for the

greater predominance of f a j .

Q u i i—i

C

u re fuse 30

Matthews 19 10

usua l 30

a&thuaiasffi 30

views 30

suit 30

refute 30

superstitious 30

superintendent 30

assume 30

presume 30

capsule 29

Tuesday 29 1 oute 30

introduce 29 1

Other variations

Cd3 •«< j,

OJ

57

Cjul M

p«r« 30

30

duplicate 26 4

i a t j 26 4

tubs 26 4

ccstuaa 3 25

4u«I 2ft 2

t u l i p t | 7

pBouli&r 30

mcttXcor 6

St«f 26 4

dlMI 27 3

6«w 39 1

t u i t i o n 2% 6

<iu@t 26 2

revolution 30

ab*olut«ly 30

l a t e 30

• ttltttft 30

li»ut«najat 30

1ominous 29

wmlmMm 30

mmt® 30

mat* 30

30

mmmrmm 25 4

muia 30

Oth »r variat ion*

CAJ ~ 2

O J .-34

TO

D O - i

58

CjtfJ EuJ Othsr variations

asw 27 3

nswspapsr 24 6

annuity 30

Othsr Sotrnds

Tii« nerds i s t h i s group ars l l s t s d , l i k s ths othsr words

i s tbs thes i s , with «1X ths lr variat ions, a»d ths «©st @o®»

slststtt sound is rsoordsd f i r s t . Thsrs i s vsry l i t t l s dlph-

thoogizatloft iA ths spas oh of t h i s araa whsa words sre spsl lsd

with e l .

whip Cxj 30 Oftsa [ p j ia natural spsssi*

wish W 26

set cejs®

t s i r i b i s &*Jl9 W 1 0 W i

ftttfa Lejyo

bslpsd L£Jy>

strap f*G29 m i

thsrs CdeJjo

feair £*030

f a i r &O3©

stab fee/gf m i

boar C^Jyo

oft&ir &eJ3Q Sonst la«s £ x j i s ©at«raX spsaah.

snout 0*t/feS M f

hsrfe frlyo

59

s©rrim$ M 3 0

OJ30

preserve OJ30

d®Ftalaly M 3 0

brush DO 30

|atg#

an oh CA329 Oil

touch fX)29 &3l

r o l l W 2 I &tJ9

t i ro* Oft0& [ sp®#©fa»

spoil

s o i l D>xJ}Q

poison E>xJ29 TdJl

h&ist 1>XJ2Q M 1 0

join [?rJ30

boil PJJ30

o i l DXJ30 Soa®t IRH

AWEHD2X I

FACTS A BOOT THS IHFORJUWTS

Informant He* 1*

Sax: WoBMUk*

%«: 40. Sealdene* la ootnty : L i f e .

Oocupatlea? Beautlolaa.

I d t i e a i t i o a t High school.

Beaarka: WmiXf from Teaneseee. Speaks aoderateljr faat.

9aads t© f r a i i t vowale allghtly.

Informant Wo, 2 .

Sax: Man.

Aga: 60.

Bealdeaee la eoaatjr: Life. Occupation: Sups r i a t aMau t of' s choo l s .

Sduoatloo: Holds a m a t t e r *a degree.

fieoarks: Speaks alowly with a alight drawl. Uaea £oj

a s vowel l a aauarge, ooffee. office, c l o t h ,

aoth. and froth.

Informant No. 3.

Sex: Waftaa.

•Age: 61. fiesldeooe la county: Life*

60

61

Informant No, 3 (continued),

Oocupation* Houaawlfe•

Idtiest Ids: 7tb grada*

Remarks * Passlly earn® to faxas from G»©rgi® and jj.«baaa.

Speak* at a modarata rata of spaad, la rac ing

proaounoad onions and atw&fF&y,j^m.1 *n&Pst»Jzl

frmmmoA faodarn [piadi-dn]*

Informant No. 4*

Sax: WOfian*

52*

*a&ldanea in county: Ufa*

Oooupation: Dreaa making.

Education: Bign »ohool.

Mmmkmt Spaaks rapidly. Substitutes r«3j for Luj la

eapaula.

lnf©r»afifc So. 5.

Sax: woean.

Aga: 74.

Ha<t!(*<Mioa In eounty: U f a .

Oooapatlon: Houaawlfa.

Iduaatioa: High aohool.

Kamarka: Family from Tsanaaaaa, Spaafca vary alcwly and

dist lnotly.

Informant No. 6.

Sax: Man.

62

In fer .man t Ho. 6 (oont inued).

Age: 50.

Hesidenoa i s county: L i f e .

Occupation: County tax c o l l e c t o r .

Igduo&t ion: Grade eehool.

Remarks: Baa a imwltng speech. Ind icates Cc/reA^aJas

his pronunoiat ion of draaa.

In forcant so. ?.

Sax: Woman.

Aga: 45.

Baaidanoa i n county: L i f e .

Oocupation: Bouaewife.

Sdttoation: Collage gradoata.

Remarks: Family froni Georgia. Education has set caused

any ohange i n pronunc ia t ion.

Informant So. 8 .

Sax: Kan.

Ag«: 4 i .

Residence i n county: l i f e .

Qoeupat ion : Jeweler.

Zducations High school .

Beaark*: Faa i ly from M iss i ss i pp i . Subst i tu tes CU] trntQuJ

i n word a l i k e m m v m m * d u p l i c a t e . duty .

due, and newgp&per.

Informant wo. 9 .

3ex: Woman*

6 3

I n f o r n a n t H o . f ( o o & t i & u a d ) .

J U P t 5 5 *

R e a i d o n o e i a e o o o t j r : L i f e .

O o e u p a t i o a : H o a a a w i f a .

S d a e a t i o & s B i g b a o h o o l .

B a a a r t o : S p a a k a s l o » l y w i t h a o a a d r a w l . T a a i l j r f n »

L o u l a i a n a a n d M i s s i s s i p p i ,

I n f o r m a l ! © • 1 0 .

S a x : ^ a o a a .

A g a : 4 4 .

R a a i 4 a a e « i n L i f a .

O o e u p a t i o a : 3 a o r « t a r y .

Mmmtlmi Mm lams s e a © e l . •

R e m a r k s : apaafca r a t b a r x w p l & l j r *

I n f o r m a n t H o . 1 1 .

3 « X t I S M .

A g e : 4 7 *

R e s i 6 e a o « l a e o u & t y t l i f e .

O o o u p a t i o a : s e c r e t a r y .

i v d u o a t i o n : B o a i u a a a s c h o o l .

R e m a r k * : y a a i l y f r o * T e a a e a e e e . O l v e a EbctstUri]** p r o -

a o a o i a t i o a o f B o a t o a .

I n f o r m a n t H o . 1 2 .

S a x : V m h .

A « a : 5 0 .

64

Informant No. 12 ( c o n t i n u e d ) .

Hes idaacs i n county : L i f®.

Occupat ion: ^ s l g s l a d y .

Jduoa t lon : Ugh. s c h o o l .

Remarks: Family f r o a M i s s i s s i p p i . I n d i c a t a a Crufl a s

p r o n u n c i a t i o n f o r r o o f ,

I n f o r a a a t No. 13 .

Sex: tfOiBaa.

Ago: 56.

Sasidenoa i n oouaty : 19 y e a r s . Bafor* t h a t t i a a l i v a d

i a a d j o i n i n g c o u n t y .

Oocupat ion: Bousawifa .

Educa t ion : 8 th grade*

Memrka: Speak# a t a a o d e r a t e r a t a of spaed* S u b s t i t u t e s

f o r CJuJ i a Tuesday and newspaper..

I n f o r a a a t No. 14.

Sox: Wosan.

A§si 71.

Heaidenoe i n county : I i f a .

Occupat ion: Housewife .

Educa t ion : 9th g rade .

Heaarks: Speaks a o d e r a t e l y f a s t . Family f r o a M i s s i s s i p p i .

Informant So. 15.

Sex: Vonaa.

Ag®; 64.

65

Informant No. 15 (continued).

Residence l a county: L i f e .

Occupation: Eousewife.

Education: 7th grade. -

Remark*: Speaks rather slowly, Family from Alabaxna.

Informant »©, 16,

Sex: tfauuu

mm 75.

laaiieac® in eouatjrs Life*

Occupation: Housewife.

Sducation: 9th grade.

Keasrfes: Family from Alabama. Pronounces bouquet as mmwiwmuww I wwiummumw.

Cbo'KZiJ ,

Inforoant Ko. 17.

Sex: v o w *

Ag«; 60.

Residence In oounty: 34 jnears. l i v e d i n Van Zasdt

C«H»cty before that tin®.

Occupation: Housewife.

Mu oat ion: 4th grade.

Bemarks: Family from Georgia. Talks moderately f a s t .

In read tog indicated pYlIJ&J as pronunciation

for Eagre.

Informant No. IS .

Sex: woman.

66

I n f o r a a n t Ro . 18 ( c o n t i n u e d ) .

A g « : 5 8 .

H e s i d e n c e l a a o t u i t y : t i f a .

Oocupat i o n : B ousewlf® *

I M u e a t i o n : Orado s c h o o l .

Hamarks : s p a r k s r a t b a r s l o w l y . Had d i f f i c u l t y i n p r o -

nounc ing w o r d s , f a m i l y f r o m M i s s i s s i p p i s a d

A r k a n s a s . I o d i o a t a # C d j & d z n j m p r o n u n c i a -

t i o n f o r J o r d a n &»i [ j p a . ' L ^ n J f c r p o l a o a .

I n f o r m a n t S o . 1 9 .

Sex : Man.

Age: 4 0 .

R e s l d a n o e I n o o u n t y : L i f a .

O c c u p a t i o n : Kig b u i l d e r .

B d u o a t i o n : 1 0 t h g r a d e .

Remarks : J f a a l l y f r o m G e o r g i a . P ronounosd h a u n t a s

Lh er\i]m& numerous a s s j *

I n f o r m a n t Ho.- 2 0 .

S a x : Woman.

Ag«: 4 4 .

H a s i d a n c a i n o o u n t y : I . i f e .

O c c u p a t i o n : S a r a s .

S d u e a t i o n : II i gh a eh o o l .

Remarks : JPaal ly f r o m Alabama. Speaics r a p i d l y .

67

Iaforaaat No. 21,

39Xi iQBftA,

Age: 41.

la oouaty: Lift*

Oecmpailoii: Bookkeeper.

Bdua&tloa: Business Softool.

Besarks: *« *Uy froa Aiabeaa* Substituted Luj tarQuJ

la words l i k e aew» due, newspaper. t M

tabs.

Informant Wo. 22*

Sex: Sou

Ag«s 55.

Sesldeaee l a eoaaty: 30 jmers aad l a area f o r l i f e .

Ocoupetion: ttaleeaaa.

sdaoatloa; 5tJa grade.

Rsnsrks: Family from Uabaea. Oeve CpodiJ*a&Qc?i]&a

proaoaolatloa for poor and year.

lafcrnaat W®. 23. -

Sex: Mas.

Age: 60.

Resldeaee l a oeuafcy: L i f e .

OeonpetiOBs Brisk ®aa®a.

lata eat lea: IGtfa grade.

Seaarka: *aa l l y f roa Alabama. ttave E t i f r b t t ® ® pro-I

auaoiatioa fo r t e r r i b l e and substi tuted

^ 7 tor Cju J l a alaost a l l of Q uj group.

6??

Informant No. 24*

Bex: Woaea.

Age: §2%,

E®sid«ie« in ©©mifcy; l l f®.

Occupation: fiaiaawifa.

Kdacation: Sea® collage.

Reaarka: ?a«ily f roa Miaaiaaippi. Spa&fcs at aodarata

' i%t® of spaed*

Iaf©y«aafc W©. 25.

Sax: Soman.

4ge: 40.

Basidane® in naxntj: U f a .

Oooupation: Sal aa lady.

SduoatIon: Bigh sohool.

Faaily from Uiaaiaalppi. Oar* Ef^b7!J®® pro~

mino iat ion of t a r r l b l a .

Informant Wo. 26.

Sax: Man.

Age: 41*

Haaidanee in oounty: Li fe .

Occupation: Credit department atore.

3ducatIon: Buaineaa aohool.

Remarks: Family f ro* Miaaiaaippi* fcare fwD&fiytghJ

as proaoaoiation Jbr WaabiggtOB.

Informant Ho. 27.

Sax: toman.

6o

Informant So. 2? (euntlntiad).

AC*: 37*

r-fesidence in county: Lift.

Occupation: Housewife.

Sdueatloa: Ilgh school.

Remarks: Speeka veiy rapidly.

Informant No. 26.

Sex: Woman.

Ag«: 59.

HesMsaee 1b ooiwty: Life.

0e@wp@ti©a; Boaaewife.

Sduoation: Junior oollege•

Heaerfca: Faatlly froa AlatMaauu Pronounces suburb

psu.bfbj.

lufornairt Ho. 29*

Sex: WOMB.

Age* %0.

Residence la ©onatys Life.

Oeoupation: Housewife.

Sduoatioc: High a oh ool.

Remarks: Speaks moderately faat.

Informant No, 30,

Sex: Woman.

Age: 55.

Reaideaee la oounty: Life.

70

Informant Mom 30 {continued}.

Occupation: Eouaawlfa.

Education: High aohool.

Baaarks: Speaks a t mode rats apaad.

APHltDXX n

FHOHSTIC f 8/Jf SCI I f f ICR

John was an old negro farmer who bad a small f « r » near

t h e bayou. Be r a i s ed corn , oo t ton , onions, and some a wa l l

garden drops , Be a l s o had * few hogs f o r ooapany

he had an eld hound d i g oaa»4 Rover, Old John wm a lazy

fe l low who s tudied more about f i s h i n g then farm lag* He weald

s i t on a log by t h e water a l l day, eves i n nas ty * foggy

weather , j u s t to eatoh a few f i s h ins tead of working on h i s

f a r * .

l i k e most negroes , old John feared and respected ood,

and he went t o eh arch every Sunday, but a l l t h e r e s t of the

week; he spent h i s t i a e f i s h i n g or playing eards wi th sotae of

h i s e r o s l e s .

John eoaldn*t read or w r i t e , and when he had t o f i l l oat

a form t o get a new l i o e n s e f o r h i s old oa r , one of h i s f r i e n d s

had t o do the w r i t i n g f o r hi®.

Beoause John spent so aueh t l s * In pu r su i t of more en joy -

able h a b i t s t h a n work, h i s f a r e went t o raok and r a i n . The

hogs would ge t i n to t h e corn and des t roy what l i t t l e orop he

might have. The eows would break through t h e fenoes and ge t

i n t o t h e garden. Usually John wouldn*t have any barb wire t o

r e p a i r t h e f e n e e , and he would f l e d an old p leee of oord t o

r e p a i r t h e doaege t o h i s f anoes .

71

72

Al l ifi a l l John was considered by a o s t wh i t e people t o

ba Jus t a g o o d - f o r - n o t h i n g , l a s y n e g r o . However, t h e c h i l -

dren of t h e town a l l l i k e d h i « t and they would spend h o a r s

l i s t e n i n g t o hi® s p i n y a r n s about t h e c i v i l War and o t h e r ex -

c i t i n g t h i n g s , l a t h e e a r l y aorn lng w h i l e t h e g r a s s was s t i l l

wet with dew, t h e town boys would go f i s h i n g wi th h i * , and he

wo old t e l l t h e a of t h e t imes when t h e r i v e r boa ts came r i g h t

up the bayou t o the t own,

uncle John i s gone &ew| so I s Bwar* and t h e new

Moo k ingbi rd B i l l s suburb l i e s on t h e s i t e of h i s old f a r m ,

but many of t h e new grown mn remember t h e a t ©arias Unele

John used t o t e l l the® w h i l e t h e y f i s h e d on t h e old bayou*

Uncle John w a s n ' t aaeh of a f a r m e r , but he was a g r e a t suooess

a s a s t o r y t e l l e r .

djay? wax 3er» ol /*\u hved & SVHil -fcfi&Jn rti^ %x 'b&o.hi ~rezd Ky*dcr)j Hctti^y 'Ahj^n^, sTihi snftl 'Jcl^&dn hy-apz.. ht j>hc hzed e f ju hctgz. S n e Vaea. f * pnr \/*? i **" , h ^ n d z > 3 'r°w o/Jjan r r* S ? X 'stud^<^ J'b^zt - f i f t y 3dQ.)q 'fct^&yyizr^ hi^ ^Ucj s j r f - yvy^ e fDrj dd %wa*t& ii de, ivzn xh n^esti, fa$i 'we fa, dj3AS tv^KCtf 9 f j u f j f xnstxd 2V 'w&fcxy 5"n hiz fcfifrrn. _

laxfc_ YYi&sCt) 'rtxj&z, ol dj>an fx&J &n nri'spsxt*! 3&d, 2&y\ hi wxn tu tf&tf cvz* •jftndx, Test 3i Wik hi spxn^ /in taxm f i f T 9 aAd* pleiy Kct^dndi- wx8 5*ir> 'K^G^X!..

<t>dn Kudy rid &*& TG.it, hi h&d tu f x ! 9eat e fci»&M tu 3it e njiA /as^x f j v ^ hrz. ol Ktf&^/VAn jv hrz. -f-r-snx hsed tudu ol tah? -f- a /l I ^ r , C2Ir M n ->}' S U t

bl'/OZ djf ln JfXnt soviet; tslm in P ^ 3V mcS in'djMi./ hdebitl £aen h*V u tvxv?t ti/ T eK aen m « . /m^x _

Ky^fi %r\ d i ' s t r o i Aicft Ixdl klr&J> hijna.lt hdzy, 1ST KJaeax W l ^ kr-efc hzlv 9 r t ir»tu 3rx ' J ^ djcm Xhi 'babwa* f*> -rx'pae*1 dx f x n s , aen hf

3&h ol pis CLV Kawd tu irxT^& c r

'Jaemicij tu />xz f i n s x z . /^art Dl i n d3a:n \/>^z K3k7'sx^W wosW ^

pip; tu bi d j i s t e # & ± ~ f * - ' H A e J y l e ^ x 'h^o.C^^ cTJ 'tfildfrn cTx him

W ' J a T i x U » * , w ; f f 3r*s /vlz st11 »>et wt# dju, Si w/y^ <id vvx^ hiw , xn hi w™ j x m 3 v d r t i r m / u r n bets Km ITci i t A p c r ' |)d O t u ^ t ^ 3 K?«

' A J ) * ! x z f p " / ? ; s o r z . a e r / <2r

h j u ' y ^ a ^ b u n . ^ i f i d h i j - t - ' s u . b ^ b /«3Z_ 3«7? <2~X h d !

S&It CXv^hu. of f a ^ m ^ /=• a fr nix nj: civ &x ft Sea

gron m_r/? i r x ' m x M hm &x s t o r - i z . 'l\Y)Ml

j u s t m t c / e T x / ' n A ^ a / ire f x $ t 3vrt £n o) 'bao.

*!\K>K( dj>an WAi^rt hnls t f 2 y e bt\t hi

W3~l e $~ret szk'scs 9ez e sto-v-x'tef**.

B ! BLIGO HlFilT

Books

Baugh, Albert C»» A Biatory of %h& if&gliafe language, Raw York, 15, Applet©a-Oaatury company, 1933.

ecu oh, 1 . f » g a d i t o r , Caltura i a tha south , Cbapal S i l l , Horth Carol l e a , The Tfaivaraity o7 Wortk Carol ina Praas , 1934.

Ktnyon, Joba s . , Amrloaa Proatuaclatioa, Matb edition, jjaa Arbor, Jttobigaa, George Wat, Publiahar, 1%6.

Kaayoa, jotrn 8 . , aad K n o t t , Thorns A., A froyuaoiag Dictionary of Asariaaa gaglisb. spriagfiald, M&asaohuaatta , tt.W o/MSFrla® Compaayl 1^44.

Krapp, George Philip, Tha Pronunciation of Standard Sagliah SSL law t o r i , Corford WlwaTtf f r a u a , 1®1111

Rrapp , Ctoorge Phillpf Tha gagliah l a n g u s g e ia Aaariea, law York, Tha C«tury tfompaay, 192$.

Kurath, Faas, ad it oar, Tha Linxuiatio Atlaa of Saw Saglaad, 3 vol m m aoS a hal f book /"FrWIdsiie#, IKola^IiTaH", Brown fJa ivars i ty , 1939.

Marekwardt , Albort H., Introduction to the sngliafa Language, law York, Oxfowr

l a b a t a r f a Saw l a t e r a a t i o s a l Dictionary, aaooad a d i t i e a , &priagfiald, Hasaaehusatta, G. aad C. Jaarriaa Company* 1942.

wyld, Hanry Caeil, A H i s t o r y of Hod era C o l l o q u i a l ingliih, ***> % # a "W*" fat" MMMIMMWWW JMiMMwww- "Mfii'H" mmomuwM jam mm r

New York, 1 . P . tfyttonaad company, l o o . , 1937 .

Art iel ©3

B a r r w s , Samti T., "Wat eh, Watar, afift Wash," jyaarieaa Si If (1929), 301-302. ~~ ~

Barry. Lester. "Southera Mountain Dialaot," American Spaaeh, X? (1940), 45-54.

Bloonf ie ld , Leonard, "Th© Straasad Vowels of American sngllah,* i, XI (1935), 97-116.

75

76

Dtsvis, Arthur Kyle, "Dialect Not as on tfeoords of Folk songs from Virginia ,* Aieerlcan Speech, T i l l 11933), 52-56.

Greet, William Cabell, "Belaarva Speeoh ,•* American Sp®«efe, VIII, <X933), 56-57. ' r>

Greet, Willi®® Cabell, "A Sonographic ifxpedition t o Wlllians-barg, Virginia," American Speeeh, VI (1931), 161-172.

Greet, William Cabell, "A Reoord from Lubaa, Malae^ and S«-narks on the Coastal Type," Aa»rican speech, VI (1931). 397-403,

Ingleraan, Anna A., and Bandolph, Vance, "Pronunciation In the Ofcark Slaleot ," Aaerlcan Speech, I I I (1928), 401-407.

n i p p l e , Carmelite, "The Speech of Spieewood, *exas,w American " IX (1945), 187*191.

Kttrath, Hans, "Ajaerioan Pronunciation," society for Pure te-l leh Tract Ho. XXX (1928), 277-297.

MoDavid, Raven i . , "Low-Back Vowels in the south Carolina Piedmont,« American Speech. XV (1940), 144-148.

Stanley , 0 o a , "The Speech of ffaat Texas," American Speecli. XI (1936)1 3 —36, 145—166.

Thomas, Charles K., "PronunoiatIon In JJownstate Hew Tork " American Speech. XVII (1942), 30-41, 149-157.

Thomas, Charles JC., "Pronunciation in E s t a t e lew York,* American Speech, XI (1936), 68-77.

Tres i tde r . Argus, " lo t a s on Virginia Spaech," American Speech, TVI (1941), 112-120.

Tresidder, Argus, "The Sounds of Virginia Speech," American Speech, TVIII (1943), 261-272. — — — *

Wheatley, Eatherins I . , "Southern Standards," Aster loan S IX (193U, 36-45. — —

Ail son, George P . , "Soars Unrecorded Southern Vowels," Aaerlcan Speech. IX (1934), 209-213. " ~

Wlse, C. M., "Southern American Dialect ,w Amrlem Speech, VIII (1933), 37-43. *

newspapers

Long?law Bally News, April 16, 1939, p . 1.

77

Unpubl ished M a t e r i a l l

I M e r a , Soy G . , nA S tudy c f t h e S t r e s s e d B&ek Vowels i n t h e Speech of P a r k e r County, T e x a a , " Unpublished Master*a t h e s i s . Department of s n g l i s t t , North Texas S ta t® c o l l e g e , 1949.

" I n d u s t r i e ! and Coone ro l a l S u r r e y , " P repa red by t h e Longriew Cinnabar of Commerce (Longview, T e x a s , Oc tobe r , 1%1) (KJjae ©graphed. }

IHDSX OP WORDS*

absolut eljr« 3$

a l l , 25

almond, 19

ar«?, 20

Arp, 20

a s s o r t e d , 26

ass aw» 3^

Aus t in , 24

awfu l , 24

balk* 2§

b a l l , 25

bark, 20

b a m , 21

bawl, 25

bear , 41

because, 24

blew, 33

blue , 33

bog, 17

b o l l , 42

bomb, 19

boot , 33

border , 26

born, 2?

borrow, 20

Boston, 24

bo the r , 3.6

bouquet, 33

broad, 24

brsosti , 34

brook, 30

broom, 34

brush, 41

bush, 29

C a l i f o r n i a , 2?

o a l l , 25

©al», 19

oapsule , 36

ca rd , 21

ca ta logue , 25

c e r t a i n l y , 41

ohs i r , 41

efatw, 32

Chicago, 24

•Nuj&bars r e f e r t o pages of t b i a t h e s i s ,

78

79

c h o c o l a t e , IS

c l o e e t , 1?

c l o t h , 24

c o f f e e , 24

conquer, 19

ooep, 32

Cooper, 32

cord , 27

o w l , 26

corn , 2 6

corner , 26

corpse , 27

o o a t , 24

costume, 37

cough, 24

coupon, 33

crawl , 25

crook, 30

cross, 22

c u s h i o n s , 29

c u t e , 37

dark, 20

daub, 25

daughter , 24

d«wn, 26

de l u x e , 30

dew, 37

do, 33

d o c t o r , 17

dodga, 17

d o l l , 18

d onkey, 19

dors&itory, 28

drama, 19

drop, 17

due , 37

d u e l , 37

d u e t , 37

d u p l i c a t e , 37

duty , 37

enthUBltsa , 37

extraordinary , 26

f a i r , 41

farm, 21

f a t h e r , 16

f a u c e t , 23

February, 35

f e t o h , 40

f i g u r e , 31

F l o r i d a , 21

f l u t e , 33

?0

fog, 17

follow, 18

foo t , 30

for f 26

forest , 20

for«» 27

fortune, 26

forty , 26

poster, 24

frog. 25

f r o s t , 22

froth, 22

f a l l , 30

garage, 16

garden, 20

gau*e, 24

gloomy, 33

g loss , 24

a 06, 18

gone, 26

good, 30

gorge, 26

gossip, 16

groom, 34

groups, 34

hair, 41

hardily, 20

harp, 20

haul, 25

helped, 40

herb, 41

hog, 17

hoist , 42

holiday, 18

hollow, 18

homage, 19

h on® at , 19

honk, 19

hoof, 35

hook, 30

hoop, 35

horn, 26

hornet, 26

hers®, 26

hospital , 16

hot, 17

inform, 27

insurance, 31

introduce, 37

Jewel, 32

81

17

John, 19

Join, 42

Jordan, a?

$mm, u

imm, 32

largo, 20

launch, 26

laurel , 2?

lawn, 26

lawyer, 2$

learn, 41

l ieutenant, 38

1 o f t , 24

leg, 25

loos®, 33

Lord, 26

l o s s , 24

lost* 24

luminous, 3$

l a t e , 3i

Mat thews , 36

aook, 18

Becking bird, 18

modern, 17

aoiature, 31

moon, 34

moral, 26

aoroing, 26

aoes, 24

moth, 24

oove, 34

new, 39

newspaper, 39

noon* 3 4

nor, 26

norther, 27

not, 17

nude, 38

nuoereua, 38

object, 17

odd, 17

o f f , 23

o f f i e e , 23

often, 23

o i l , 42

on, 19

onion, 42

or, 27

orange, 21

82

orehard, 26

palm, 19

p a r t , 20

plum®, 33

plural, 33

poison, 42

poor, 31

posse, 16

preserve, 41

prssuaa, 36

produce, 3?

psalm, 19

pal l , 3©

par®, 3?

push , 2 9

pat, 29

quarter, 2?

raw, 28.

record, 27

r e fuse , 37

refute, 37

regarded, 20

regular , 37

response, 19

r a vol ut Ion, 38

reward, 26

rhubarb, 34

r o l l , 42

ronp, 20

roof, 34

roost, 34

root, 34

rosin, 17

rouge, 34

route, 34

rude, 34

rue, 34

ruthless , 34

s « l t , 25

salute , 38

sauoe, 23

sausage, 23

sohool, 33

servant, 41

serve , 41

sett, 40

sharp, 20

shook, 30

shoot, 32

short, 26

S3

•ooofc, 43

s o f t , 24

• o i l , 42

soon, 32

•oo t , 29

s o r t , 26

s o t , 1?

spoil* 42

spot, 1?

squash, 16

s tab , 42

s t a lk , 2f

37

stoop, 10

stood, J©

s too l , 33

stoma, 26

s t r a p , 41

strawberries, 24

s t rose , 26

study, 42

saeh, 41

s u i t , 36

superintendent, 36

supers t i t ious , 36

sure, 31

swasp, If

t a r , 20

t e r r i b l e , 40

there , 41

thought, 24

througfc, 32

to l e rab le , 18

tomorrow, 20

tongs, 26

took, 30

t o o l , 33

tooth, 33

torment, 26

tcuob, 41

t o u r i s t , 31

trough, 23

tube, 37

Tuesday > 37

t u i t i o n , 37

t u l i p , 37

tuna, 33

usual, 36

valuable, 38

views, 37

walk, 25

%

wall, 25

walnut, 25

war, 26

warden, 26

warrant, 20

wash, 16

wasp, 16

watch, 16

water, 25

what, 16

whip, 40

whose, 35

wish, 40

woman, 30

wool, 30

would, 30

wound, 35

wrong, 26

yard, 20

yawn, 26

yonder, If

your, 31