Jakob Fugger

Portrait of Jakob Fugger byAlbrecht Dürer, 1518 (Staatsgalerie

Altdeutsche Meister), Augsburg

Born 6 March 1459Augsburg, Holy RomanEmpire

Died 30 December 1525(aged 66)Augsburg, Holy RomanEmpire

Restingplace

St. Anna's Church

Spouse(s) Sibylla Artzt

Parent(s) Jakob Fugger theElder, BarbaraBäsinger

Relatives Anton Fugger, nephew

Jakob FuggerJakob Fugger of the Lily (German: Jakob Fugger von der Lilie) (6March 1459 – 30 December 1525), also known as Jakob Fugger theRich or sometimes Jakob II, was a major German merchant, miningentrepreneur, and banker. He was a descendant of the Fuggermerchant family located in the Free Imperial City of Augsburg, wherehe was born and later also elevated through marriage to GrandBurgher of Augsburg (German Großbürger zu Augsburg). Within afew decades he expanded the family firm to a business operating in allof Europe. He began his education at the age of 14 in Venice, whichalso remained his main residence until 1487. At the same time he wasa cleric and held several prebendaries, even though he never lived in amonastery. Fugger is held to be one of the wealthiest individuals inmodern history, alongside the early 20th century industrialists John D.Rockefeller and Andrew Carnegie.

The foundation of the family's wealth was created mainly by thetextile trade with Italy. The company grew rapidly after the brothersUlrich, Georg and Jakob began banking transactions with the Houseof Habsburg as well as the Roman Curia, and at the same time beganmining operations in Tyrol, and from 1493 on the extraction of silverand copper in the kingdoms of Bohemia and Hungary. As of 1525they also had the right to mine quicksilver and cinnabar in Almadén.

After 1487, Jakob Fugger was the de facto head of the Fuggerbusiness operations which soon had an almost monopolistic hold onthe European copper market.[1] Copper from Hungary wastransported through Antwerp to Lisbon, and from there shipped toIndia. Jakob Fugger also contributed to the first and only tradeexpedition to India that German merchants cooperated in, aPortuguese fleet to the Indian west coast (1505/06) as well as a failedSpanish trade expedition to the Maluku Islands.

With his support of the Habsburg dynasty as a banker he had adecisive influence on European politics at the time. He financed therise of Maximilian I and made considerable contributions to secure theelection of the Spanish king Charles I to become Holy RomanEmperor Charles V. Jakob Fugger also funded the marriages whichlater resulted in the House of Habsburg gaining the kingdoms ofBohemia and Hungary.

Jakob Fugger secured his legacy and lasting fame through his foundations in Augsburg. A chapel funded byhim and built from 1509 to 1512 is Germany's first renaissance building and contains the tombs of the brothersUlrich, Georg and Jakob. The Fuggerei which was founded by Jakob in 1521 is the world's oldest socialhousing complex still in use. The Damenhof, part of the Fuggerhäuser in Augsburg, is the first secularrenaissance building in Germany and was built in 1515.

Jakob Fugger, in BundeswehrMilitary History Museum, Dresden

At his death on 30 December 1525, Jakob Fugger bequeathed to hisnephew Anton Fugger company assets totaling 2,032,652 guilders.[2]

He is among the most well known Germans and arguably the mostfamous citizen of Augsburg, with his wealth earning him the moniker"Fugger the Rich".[3] In 1967 a bust of him was placed in theWalhalla, a "hall of fame" near Regensburg that honors laudable anddistinguished Germans.

LifeBackground, education and early years in VeniceBeginnings of the mining and metal tradeRelationship with Maximilian IMining and metal tradeThe Vatican as a clientOverseas tradeThe great crisis of Jakob FuggerElection of Charles V in 1519

Marriage, heritage and successorsReligious viewsFoundations and buildings of Jakob Fugger

Fugger chapel in the AnnakircheFuggerhäuser in AugsburgSt.-Moritz-Prädikatur-StiftungFuggereiOther foundations and buildings

LiteratureAcademicPopularIn fiction

Family treeReferencesFurther readingExternal links

Jakob Fugger was born the tenth of eleven children to Jakob Fugger the Elder (1398–1469) and his wifeBarbara Bäsinger (1419–1497), daughter of Münzmeister Franz Bäsinge. The Fugger family had alreadyestablished themselves as successful merchants in the city. Hans Fugger, grandfather of Jacob Fugger the Rich

Contents

Life

Background, education and early years in Venice

Coat of arms of the Fugger of the lilyfamily, granted in 1473

Rich silver ore (Argentite) fromBanská Štiavnica mines. Fugger andJan Thurzo formed a powerful coppercompany in the neighbouring town ofBanská Bystrica in 1495.[10]

had taken up residence in Augsburg in 1367, became a burgherthrough marriage and acquired considerable wealth by trading textileswith Italy. A few years before his death his son Jakob Fugger theElder was already one of the richest citizens of Augsburg.[4]

Jakob's older brothers Ulrich (1441–1510) and Georg (1453–1506)created the basis for the rise of the company in Europe. Around 1470they founded manufactories in Venice and Nuremberg, then importantcenters of trade. Jakob Fugger's brothers Andreas and Hans both diedyoung in Venice. His brother Markus was a cleric and from 1470 on awriter in a papal chancery in Rome where he died in 1478. Hisbrother Peter died in an epidemic in Nuremberg in 1473.[5][6]

Loans given to Emperor Frederick III and supplies given to his entourage by Ulrich Fugger were the reasonfor the family being granted the lily coat of arms in 1473.[7] The "of the lily" (German: von der Lilie) namingafter this coat of arms distinguishes this line of the Fugger family from the "of the doe" (German: vom Reh)branch.

Until 2009 historians assumed that Jakob Fugger, who was a minor order at the age of 12, had lived as a canonin a church located in Herrieden. A document from the Austrian state archive has now shown that JakobFugger was already representing his family business in Venice in 1473 at the age of 14.[8] Other researchshowed that Jakob Fugger spent the years between 1473 and 1487 mostly at the Fondaco dei Tedeschi, thehouse of German merchants in Venice. Venice being one of the most important centers of trade at the timeproved to be an ideal environment for Jakob Fugger's education in banking and the metal trade.[9] His longresidence in Italy also helped bring the renaissance style to the German region, with his funding theconstruction of the first buildings of this style that originated in Italy. Legal and architectural structures ofVenice also had a significant influence on the funding of the Fuggerei which was similar to the social housingof Venice.

Jakob Fugger laid the foundation of his mining business in Salzburg.He provided loans to the independent silver mine owners in theSalzburg Slate Alps which had constant need for new capital. Insteadof receiving the usual documents acknowledging debt he demanded"Kuxe", essentially becoming a shareholder in the mines, and throughthis forcing more and more mine operators in the area of Gastein andSchladming to sell their silver directly to the Fugger family instead ofintermediary traders.[11]

Jakob Fugger was responsible for his family's business in Augsburg,Tyrol, Venice and Rome. Around 1485 the family also foundedmanufactories in Innsbruck (since 1510 in Hall, since 1539 inSchwaz). Through a small loan he there first came into contact withArchduke Sigismund, a member of the Habsburg family. Thearchduke had as the sole owner of the Tyrol property rights handedout permissions for mining operations to private investors which inreturn had to pay a share of their profits to Sigismund. Despite thisincome he was constantly short of money owing to a lavish lifestyle,several illegitimate children and his extensive construction projects. Aresponsibility to pay the amount of 100,000 guilders of war reparations to Venice was eventually financed byJakob Fugger. In 1488 the total debt already amounted to more than 150,000 guilders. Notable was the form of

Beginnings of the mining and metal trade

Emperor Maximilian I., AlbrechtDürer (1519)

payment: Instead of paying the Fürst directly the Fugger family paid the money to his creditors as well asproviding the wages for the royal court and craftsmen. In 1517 the Fugger family financed more than half ofTyrol's public budget. As a result, they were at times entitled to all the silver and copper out of Tyrol.[12]

The expansion of high-risk, albeit very lucrative business connectionsto Maximilian I was undoubtedly promoted by Jakob. In his view, theHouse of Habsburg was bound to be the dominant power and dynastywithin the German region, and as such should receive his financialand political support. Jakob Fugger met the young Roman-Germanking for the first time in 1489 at a Frankfurt fair. At that time, his plansfor the independent Duchy of Tyrol had been agreed upon with theking's chancellor, Johann Waldner. On 16 March 1490 Sigismund andthe Tyrol Estates came together with King Maximilian also present.The archduke had to resign under the pressure from the estates, whoaccused him of mismanagement, and his possessions fell to the king.Maximilian then promised to repay all loans of its predecessor toJakob Fugger.[13]

Thus the Fugger business became one of the most important financialbackers of Maximilian, who since 1486 was co-regent of the HolyRoman Empire. After his father Frederick III died in 1493 he becamethe reigning emperor. Despite having constant financial difficulties

due to an extravagant lifestyle and many failed political projects his reign saw the kingdoms of Spain,Bohemia and Hungary gained for the House of Habsburg, not by waging war but through advantageousmarriage arrangements which were funded with the help of Jakob Fugger.[14]

On 15 July 1507 Maximilian I sold the County of Kirchberg, located at Ulm, the adjacent lordshipWeißenhorn with the associated city, as well as the lordships Wullenstetten and Pfaffenhofen(Roth) from theHabsburg possessions in Further Austria to Jakob Fugger.[15] Maximilian I who crowned himself HolyRoman Emperor in 1508 received a payment of 50,000 guilders for these sales. More sales followed in 1508where he sold manor Schmiechen and in 1514 where he sold the lordship Biberbach to Fugger. Maximilian Ielevated Jakob Fugger into nobility in 1511 and granted him the title of Imperial Count in 1514 so the formerburgher could operate his business without interference from local nobility.[16][17] In the course of his lifeJakob Fugger also became lord of more than 50 smaller villages.[16]

Criticism from reformer Martin Luther on the Fugger business methods and novelistic portrayal from earlyresearch have led to the notion that Jakob Fugger exercised considerable power over Maximilian I the kingand emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, while more recent research shows that this was only partiallytrue.[18] However close to the end of his life Maximilian was so heavily indebted to Jakob Fugger that he hadno choice but to continue his support for the emperor to still be able reclaim his outstanding debits. WhenMaximilian's grandson Charles V stood for election to become the next Emperor Jakob Fugger raised a sum ofmore than 500,000 guilders, a significant portion of his wealth and of the total amount raised in his support, toensure the seven Prince-electors would choose him. Thereby he helped prevent the election of Francis I ofFrance which would have endangered his claims and investments gravely, although it also made him highlydependent on the House of Habsburg.

Much later the Fugger family lost a large portion of their wealth following three Spanish state bankruptcies(1557, 1560, 1575) under the reign of Philip II of Spain.[19][20]

Relationship with Maximilian I

10 Ducats (1621), minted ascirculating currency by the FuggerFamily.

Augsburg, Schedel’sche Weltchronik (1493)

Swiss Guard, 2009

Likely at the insistence of Jakob Fugger the company became one ofthe first open trading companies (German: "der compagnia palese deswelschen Rechts")[21] in Europe in 1494. At the same time, it wasrenamed into "Ulrich Fugger of Augsburg and brothers" to show theequality of the three brothers involved in business issues, even thoughTyrolean sources almost universally speak of the Jakob Fuggercompany and central contracts of the Hungarian trade were all signedby him. At this development the greatly increased influence of Jakobwithin the company can be observed. Since the late 1480s JakobFugger more and more dominated the company's policies, althoughthe eldest brother Ulrich still formally led thecompany.[22]

The enormous growth potential in the miningand ore trade was very profitably harnessed byJakob Fugger in the following years. Ascollateral for loans that he had given to theHabsburgs and the King of Hungary, hedemanded mine revenues of Tyrol and thetransfer of mining rights in Upper Hungary tohim. Through this method he eventuallyestablished a dominant and almost monopolistichold on the copper trade in Central Europe. With his business partner Hans Thurzó he founded the Hungariantrade in 1494.[23] Mines funded by Fugger were constructed in Neusohl, at the time part of the HungarianKingdom. The expansion continued with the construction of smelting plants in Neusohl, Arnoldstein inCarinthia, Hohenkirchen in Thuringia and Moschnitz.[24] The copper was distributed through manufactories inBreslau, Leipzig, Kraków and Ofen. For transportation to the ports of Gdańsk, Stettin, and Lübeck on theBaltic Sea Fugger funded the construction of a new road across the Jablunkov Pass. From those ports thecopper was shipped to the Russian region and additionally through Antwerp to Lisbon where it was animportant Portuguese trade good destined for the export to India.[25][26] Part of the copper was alsotransported through Wiener Neustadt and the Adriatic ports Triest and Zengg to the copper market in Venice.At the time mines from both Tyrol and Hungary provided the bulk of the total European production in copperwhich provided an incredibly advantageous position in the European market, albeit not a total monopoly.[27]

The Fugger family were the first German trading house in a directbusiness relationship with the Roman Curia.[28] In the year 1500,Jakob Fugger loaned the Vatican the money necessary to build thenew St. Peter's Basilica, the Sistine Chapel, as well as other buildingswithin the Vatican. To repay Jakob the massive amount of moneyowed, Pope Leo X had to heavily tax the German people as well assell indulgences, which was heavily unpopular with a large group ofmonks, including Martin Luther. Because of the corruption within thechurch, Martin Luther was prompted to write his 95 Thesis.[29]

Following the death of Pope Alexander VI in August 1503 JakobFugger intensified his contacts to the Vatican in Rome. For the newPope Julius II Fugger financed the recruitment of the Swiss Guard in 1505/1506, which still exists today. Earlydealings in Rome are attributed to the cleric Markus Fugger in 1473. In 1477 the Fugger business was

Mining and metal trade

The Vatican as a client

responsible for transferring church revenues from Sweden to Rome. Between 1508 and 1524, the companyleased the Roman mint, the Zecca, manufacturing 66 types of coins for four different popes. After this theFugger family was only represented by one manufactory in Rome, mostly due to the "Sacco di Roma" and theless German-friendly Medici Pope Clement VII.[30]

The commodity trade played a relatively small role compared to the two main branches of the Fugger business,banking and mining. It is only because of the associated exotic investments that Jakob Fugger's early tradingexpeditions take a prominent place in the history of the Fugger business.

After Vasco da Gama's discovery of the sea route to India and the establishment of the Portuguese spicemonopoly, Jakob Fugger took part in the spice trade and in 1503 opened a manufactory in Lisbon. Hereceived permission to trade pepper, other spices, and luxury goods such as pearls and gemstones throughLisbon. Along with other merchant houses of Germany and Italy he contributed to a fleet of 22 Portugueseships led by Francisco de Almeida that sailed to India in the year 1505 and returned in 1506. Even though onethird of the imported wares had to be ceded to the King of Portugal the operation still made significantprofit.[31] Soon afterwards the King declared the spice trade a monopoly of the crown in order to secure hisincome and exclude foreign merchants from participating. However, the Portuguese were still largelydependent on the copper delivered by Fugger which was an essential export good for the trade with India.

Unlike the Welser family, Jakob Fugger's participation in the overseas trade was very cautious andconservative, and the only other operation of this kind he invested in was a failed trade expedition to theMaluku Islands led by the Spaniard Garcia de Loaisa.[32] There is some evidence that he financed Magellan'sfamed voyage.[33]

Especially for mining projects in upper Hungary the Fugger company required enormous capital, which at thetime it could not raise. Hence Cardinal Melchior von Meckau was the main sponsor of the Fugger business in1496. The Prince-Bishop had secretly and unknown to his church chapter invested 150,000 guilders into theFugger company in return for interest, thereby evading the official church ban on interest.[34] When he died inRome in 1509 this investment was uncovered. The Pope, the bishopric Brixen and the family of Meckau allclaiming the inheritance now demanded the immediate payback of these assets which would have resulted ininsolvency for Jakob Fugger. It was this situation that prompted Emperor Maximilian I to step in and assist hisbanker. On the condition of assisting Pope Julius II in a war against the Republic of Venice the Habsburgmonarch was recognized as being the rightful heir of Cardinal Melchior von Meckau. The inheritance couldnow be settled by amortizing outstanding debts. Fugger also had to deliver jewels as compensation to thePope. However, in return for his support, Maximilian I demanded the continuous financial support of hisongoing military and political campaigns.[35]

Since the death of his brothers Georg in 1506 and Ulrich in 1510, Jakob Fugger was now running the Fuggerbusiness as the sole policy and decision maker. The company was renamed into "Jakob Fugger und GebrüderSöhne" (Jakob Fugger and Brothers Sons). In the following years up until his death Jakob Fugger managed toraise the family fortune which amounted to about 200,000 guilders in 1511 to more than 2,000,000 guilders,perhaps 2% of Europe's GDP.[36]

Overseas trade

The great crisis of Jakob Fugger

Election of Charles V in 1519

Portrait of Charles V, Bernard vanOrley (1519 to 1520)

Emperor Maximilian died in January 1519 and bequeathed to hisgrandson Carlos I the hereditary lands of House Habsburg withadjoining Burgundian lands as well as a disputed claim to the throneof the Holy Roman Empire. To secure his essential investments intoHouse Habsburg Jakob Fugger decided to support the election of the19-year-old claimant to the throne. In addition to Carlos I, the EnglishKing Henry VIII, the French King Francois I and Frederick III,Elector of Saxony announced their candidacy. Francois I had alreadysecured the votes of the Archdiocese of Trier and the Electorate of thePalatinate as well as offering a sum of 300,000 guilders of electionmoney. The Prince-electors consisted of the three archbishops ofMainz, Cologne and Trier in addition to the King of Bohemia, theElector of the Palatinate, the Margrave of Brandenburg and the Dukeof Saxony.

This was a difficult situation for Carlos I who now relied on the richesof Jakob Fugger to sway the election in his favor. Fugger transferredthe enormous sum of more than 850,000 guilders to the Prince-electors which ultimately resulted in the unanimous election of CarlosI as Holy Roman Emperor on 28 July 1519. Out of this 850,000guilders Fugger himself funded around 550,000 while another

merchant house of Augsburg, the Welser family, contributed about 150,000 and three Italian bankers providingthe rest. What today would be seen as bribery was common practice in the election of the Emperor.Exceptional however was the immense sums involved, mainly due to the keen competition among the princelycandidates.[37]

A few days later the Pope granted Carlos I, now Charles V, the right to name himself Elected Emperor. It wasonly in 1530 that Charles V was crowned Emperor by the Pope in Bologna. He was the last Emperor toreceive a papal coronation.[38]

Charles V, since his election reigning over a realm where the sun never set, was now deeply indebted to JakobFugger. In 1521 the debts amounted to more than 600,000 guilders. The Emperor amortized 415,000 of thissum and in return granted the Fugger company the silver and copper mining operations of Tyrol.[32] Duringthe Imperial Diet of 1523 in Nuremberg it was debated whether to restrict trade capital and the number of tradeestablishments companies were allowed to maintain. Jakob Fugger intervened and reminded the Emperor that"It is known that your imperial majesty could not have claimed the Roman crown without my help,..."(German: „Es ist auch wissentlich und liegt am Tage, dass Eure Kaiserliche Majestät die römische Kroneohne mein Zutun nicht hätte erlangen können,…“)[39] The added demand of repayment of all debts eventuallyled to all discussions of trade restrictions and limits to monopolies being dropped. In addition to this JakobFugger was granted a concession to mine quicksilver and cinnabar in Almadén. The Fugger company wasinvolved in the Spanish mining business up to the year 1645.[40]

In 1498 the 40-year-old Jakob Fugger married Sybille Arzt (also: Artzt) Grand Burgheress of Augsburg, the18-year-old daughter of an eminent Augsburg Grand Burgher. This marriage opened the opportunity for Jakobto elevate to Grand Burgher of Augsburg (German Großbürger zu Augsburg) and later finally giving JakobFugger the long-awaited aspiration of a seat on the city council (German Stadtrat) of Augsburg. Four yearsafter the wedding, Jakob Fugger bought for his young wife 40,000 guilders worth of jewels from the treasureof Burgundy, among them the jewel known as the Three Brothers, which the Fuggers later sold to Edward VIof England to become part of the Crown Jewels of England.[41] Jakob wanted to demonstrate that he was afterall equal to the Habsburgs, at least financially. However the jewels were left in a chest in the basement of his

Marriage, heritage and successors

Portrait of Jakob Fugger and SibylleArtzt, around 1500

Jakob Fugger and Sybille Artzt,Miniature in the Ehrenbuch of theFugger family, Augsburg, WorkshopJörg Breu der Jüngere, 1545-1549

house for fear of theft andenvy. The couple had nochildren. Seven weeks afterher husband died Sybille Arztmarried a business partner ofJakob and converted to theProtestant faith.[42]

Jakob Fugger died on 30December 1525. Theinventory performed by hisheirs revealed assets totaling3,000,058 guilders andliabilities amounting to867,797 guilders resulting in a surplus of 2,132,261 guilders.[43]

Because he had no direct descendants, the company and its assetswere bequeathed to his nephews Raymund and Anton Fugger, whoalso led the company. Anton managed to double the family's fortuneonce more by 1546.[44]

Fugger was a lifelong Roman Catholic. According to Stein,[45] Fugger insisted that only Catholic inhabitantsshould "find care and cure" in the Fuggerei. As the Reformation progressed, the complex found itself locatedin an increasingly Protestant city of Augsburg. The Fugger family financed the rise to power of the House ofHabsburg, who would play a prominent role in the Counterreformation.

Together with his brother Ulrich and on behalf of his deceased brother Georg, Jakob Fugger founded theFugger chapel in the Carmelite monastery's St. Anna church located in Augsburg. It also became the burialplace of the three brothers. Construction began in 1509 and was finished in 1512. The chapel was modeledafter Italian burial chapels with clear influences out of Venice and Rome, thereby becoming Germany's firstrenaissance construction. The interior was designed with the help of many notable German artists of the time,such as Albrecht Dürer, Hans Burgkmair, Jörg Breu the Elder and Hans Daucher. The church later becameProtestant which is why only two other members of the Fugger family are buried there. The building isthought to have been built in preparation for Fugger's elevation into nobility and to distance himself from thelocal Patricians. Furthermore, it was a medium to preserve the name and memory of Fugger in the style of theItalian "Memoria" architecture.[46]

The Fugger family already owned two houses in Augsburg in prominent locations when Jakob Fugger builtthe Fuggerhäuser near the wine-market (now Maximilianstraße) from 1512 to 1515. Builder of this Residencewas most likely Hans Hiebe. Inside the Fuggerhäuser, the Damenhof (Ladies courtyard) was modeled after theflorencian style grand courtyards, thus becoming Germany's first secular renaissance building. The complex

Religious views

Foundations and buildings of Jakob Fugger

Fugger chapel in the Annakirche

Fuggerhäuser in Augsburg

The Fugger chapel in theAnnakirche, Augsburg, 2007

Damenhof in the Fuggerhäuser inAugsburg.

View into the Herrengasse of theFuggerei.

was expanded once more in 1523 to accommodate the receiving ofillustrious guests. The Fuggerhäuser were the private residence andadministrative center of Jakob Fugger and his wife Sybille Fugger-Arzt.[47]

Later members of the Fugger family enlarged the complex severaltimes. The complex was mostly destroyed during air raids onAugsburg in World War II and rebuilt in a simplified way in 1955.The courtyards and several other rooms however are still in theiroriginal state. The houses are still owned by the Fugger family, partlybeing used to house the Fürst Fugger Privatbank.

In 1515 Jakob Fugger advocated for an improved sermon in thechurch of his parish St. Moritz. In 1517 Pope Leo X issued a papalbull granting Fugger and his heirs the Patronage to the church andbeing able to choose the priest. The foundation still exists and theFugger family still recommends the priest.

Beginning in 1516 JakobFugger funded theconstruction of a settlementfor craftsmen and daylaborers in need. In 1523 52houses of the estate werebuilt. It was first namedFuggerei in 1531. Originallyit was meant to house peoplewho were in a difficult situation through no fault of their own untilthey could establish stable household on their own. The yearly rentwas one symbolic guilder, though additionally requested were three

daily prayers in the name of Fugger and his family.

The settlement was expanded several times, lastly in 1973. About 150 people live in the Fuggerei today, stillpaying an annual rent of the equivalent of one guilder (0.88 €). The Fuggerei is a major tourist attraction ofAugsburg and since 2006 also houses a museum. The settlement is still administered by the descendants of theFugger family and financed through a foundation (originally from 1521).

Jakob Fugger made several contributions to churches and monasteries in Augsburg some of which still showthe Fugger coat of arms. He funded the church San Blas in Almagro, Spain and the reconstruction of the SantaMaria dell’Anima in Rome.[48] He also built a chapel in Oberkirchberg as well as building a palace inWeißenhorn.[16]

St.-Moritz-Prädikatur-Stiftung

Fuggerei

Other foundations and buildings

Literature

Bruno Bushart: Die Fuggerkapelle bei St. Anna in Augsburg, Munich 1994, ISBN 978-3-422-06115-6.Richard Ehrenberg: Das Zeitalter der Fugger, Geldkapital und Creditverkehr im 16. Jahrhundert(2 Vol), Jena 1896.Peter Geffcken: Jakob Fuggers frühe Jahre. In: Martin Kluger (Augsburg): Jakob Fugger (1459–1525). Sein Leben in Bildern, context medien und verlag, Augsburg 2009, ISBN 978-3-939645-14-6.Peter Geffcken: Jakob Fugger der Reiche (1459–1525): "Königsmacher", Stratege undOrganisator". in: DAMALS 7/2004 (http://www.damals.de/de/16/07-2004.html?issue=158357&cp=1).Peter Geffcken: Fugger – Geschichte einer Familie: "Die Handelsherren mit dem Dreizack". in:DAMALS 7/2004 (http://www.damals.de/de/16/07-2004.html?issue=158357&cp=1).Mark Häberlein: Die Fugger. Geschichte einer Augsburger Familie (1367–1650), KohlhammerVerlag, Stuttgart 2006, ISBN 978-3-17-018472-5.Sarah Hadry: Die Fugger in Kirchberg und Weißenhorn. Herrschaftsverfassung undLeibeigenschaft, Konfessionalisierung und Residenzbildung, Wißner, Augsburg 2007,ISBN 978-3-89639-613-6.Max Jansen: Die Anfänge der Fugger, Leipzig 1907, ISBN 978-3-86741-614-6.Peter Kalus: Die Fugger in der Slowakei, Augsburg 1999, ISBN 978-3-89639-175-9.Franz Karg: Eines Stadtherren Profil. Jakob der Reiche, der erste Fugger in Weißenhorn, in:Weißenhorner Profile 1160-2010. Beiträge und Untersuchungen zur Stadtgeschichte (Katalogeund Schriften des Weißenhorner Heimatmuseums 5), Weißenhorn 2010.Hermann Kellenbenz: Die Fugger in Spanien und Portugal bis 1560. Ein Großunternehmendes 16. Jahrhunderts (2 Vol), Munich 1990, ISBN 978-3-925355-60-8.Norbert Lieb: Die Fugger und die Kunst. Band 1: Im Zeitalter der Spätgotik und der frühenRenaissance, Munich 1952.Götz von Pölnitz: Jakob Fugger, in: NDB, Neue Deutsche Biographie, 5. Bd. (1961), S. 710–716.Götz von Pölnitz: Die Fugger. Mohr & Siebeck, 6. Aufl. Tübingen 1999, ISBN 3-16-147013-3.Götz von Pölnitz: Jakob Fugger. Mohr & Siebeck, Tübingen 1949. Preview: Jakob Fugger,Quellen und Erläuterungen (https://books.google.com/books?id=9xLfyZ7qB4EC).Benjamin Scheller: Memoria an der Zeitenwende. Die Stiftungen Jakob Fuggers des Reichenvor und während der Reformation (ca. 1505–1555), Berlin 2004, ISBN 978-3-05-004095-0.Aloys Schulte: Die Fugger in Rom 1495–1523 (2 Vol), Leipzig 1904, ISBN 978-5-87416-398-3.Marion Tietz-Strödel: Die Fuggerei in Augsburg, Tübingen 1982, ISBN 978-3-16-844570-8.Eike Eberhard Unger: Die Fugger in Hall i. T., Tübingen 1967, ASIN B0000BTV29.Jacob Strieder: Jacob Fugger the Rich, Washington 1931, ISBN 978-1-163-18704-3.Barbara Günther: Sybille Fugger, die Frau Jakobs des Reichen., 1985, ISBN 3-7987-0235-7

Franz Herre: Die Fugger in ihrer Zeit. Wißner-Verlag, 12. Auflage, Augsburg 2005, ISBN 3-89639-490-8.Tanja Kinkel: "Die Puppenspieler". München 1993Martin Kluger: Die Fugger in Augsburg. Kaufherrn, Stifter und Mäzene, context verlag,Augsburg 2010, ISBN 978-3-939645-31-3.

Academic

Popular

Martin Kluger: Die Fugger: Die deutschen Medici in und um Augsburg, context verlag,Augsburg 2009, ISBN 978-3-939645-13-9.Martin Kluger: "Jakob Fugger (1459–1525). Sein Leben in Bildern", context medien und verlag,Augsburg 2009, ISBN 978-3-939645-14-6Martin Kluger: Die Fuggerei. Ein Führer durch die älteste Sozialsiedlung der Welt. context-verlag, Augsburg 2009, ISBN 978-3-939645-16-0Martin Kluger: Fugger – Italien. Geschäfte, Hochzeiten, Wissen und Kunst. Geschichte einerfruchtbaren Beziehung, context medien und verlag, Augsburg 2010, ISBN 978-3-939645-27-6.Martin Kluger: The Fugger Dynasty in Augsburg. Merchants, Mining Entrepreneurs, Bankersand Benefactors. context verlag Augsburg, Augsburg 2014, ISBN 978-3-939645-74-0.Günter Ogger: Kauf dir einen Kaiser. Die Geschichte der Fugger. Droemer Knaur, 17. Auflage,Munich 1995, ISBN 3-426-03613-4.Greg Steinmetz, The Richest Man Who Ever Lived: The Life and Times of Jacob Fugger (NewYork, NY: Simon & Schuster, 2015). ISBN 978-1-451-68855-9

Peter Dempf: Das Amulett der Fuggerin BLT, Bergisch-Gladbach 2006, ISBN 978-3-404-92273-4.Rebecca Abe: Im Labyrinth der Fugger Gmeiner 2011, ISBN 978-3-8392-1144-1.Patrick O'Brian: "The Thirteen Gun Salute" Collins (UK) 1989, ISBN 0-00-223460-2.Neal Stephenson: "The Rise and Fall of D.O.D.O." William Morrow 2017, ISBN 978-00-62409-16-4.

1. Peter Geffcken: Fugger – Geschichte einer Familie: "Die Handelsherren mit dem Dreizack". In:DAMALS 7/2004

2. "Anton Fugger" (http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/221438/Anton-Fugger).Encyclopædia Britannica.

3. "Jakob Fugger" (http://interactive.wsj.com/public/resources/documents/mill-1-timeline-fugger.htm). The Wall Street Journal.

4. Häberlein 2006, p. 20-225. Pölnitz 1999, p. 44-466. Häberlein 2006, p. 34,357. Häberlein 2006, p. 268. Geffcken 2009, p. 159. Pölnitz 2009, p. 32,33

10. a.s, Petit Press (8 July 2002). "Mineral and political wealth of Banská Bystrica mining regionhas flown" (https://spectator.sme.sk/c/20016435/mineral-and-political-wealth-of-banska-bystrica-mining-region-has-flown.html). spectator.sme.sk.

11. Strieder 1931, p. 110-11212. Eike Eberhard Unger: Die Fugger in Hall i.T., Tübingen 196713. Pölnitz 1999, p. 6014. "Luminarium Encyclopedia: Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor" (http://www.luminarium.org/en

cyclopedia/emperormaximilian.htm). www.luminarium.org.

In fiction

Family tree

References

15. Sarah Hadry: Die Fugger in Kirchberg und Weißenhorn. Herrschaftsverfassung undLeibeigenschaft, Konfessionalisierung und Residenzbildung, Augsburg 2007

16. Häberlein 2006, p. 18817. Pölnitz 1999, p. 11218. Mark Häberlein: Die Fugger. Geschichte einer Augsburger Familie (1367–1650), Stuttgart 200619. Häberlein 2006, p. 10120. Pölnitz 1999, p. 25521. "JAHRESBERICHTE FÜR DEUTSCHE GESCHICHTE" (http://pom.bbaw.de/exist/servlet/db/J

DG/scripts/browse.xql?id=JRE0264AII&year=1926). pom.bbaw.de.22. Peter Geffcken: Jakob Fugger der Reiche (1459–1525): "Königsmacher", Stratege und

Organisator". In: DAMALS 7/200423. Pölnitz 1999, p. 76 et seq.24. Häberlein 2006, p. 4625. Pölnitz 1999, p. 29126. Häberlein 2006, p. 8027. Häberlein 2006, p. 46-4828. Fugger – Geschichte einer Familie: "Die Handelsherren mit dem Dreizack". In: DAMALS

7/200429. "Jakob Fugger and the Reformation" (http://remus.shidler.hawaii.edu/genes/Bavaria/augsburgf

ugger/home.htm). remus.shidler.hawaii.edu. Retrieved 19 October 2019.30. Häberlein 2006, p. 5031. Hümmerich, Franz (10 April 1922). "Die erste deutsche Handelsfahrt nach Indien, 1505/06 : ein

Unternehmen der Welser, Fugger und anderer Augsburger sowie Nürnberger Häuser" (http://archive.org/details/dieerstedeutsche00hmuoft). München : R. Oldenbourg – via Internet Archive.

32. Häberlein 2006, p. 6633. Steinmetz, Greg (2015). The Richest man who ever lived: the life and times of Jakob Fugger.

Simon and Schuster.34. Pölnitz 1999, p. 79 et seq.35. Häberlein 2006, p. 61-63.36. Richard Ehrenberg: Das Zeitalter der Fugger, Geldkapital und Creditverkehr im 16. Jahrhundert

(2 Bde), Jena 189637. Strieder 1931, p. 15138. Maltby, William, The Reign of Charles V, St. Martin's Press, 200239. Franz Herre: Die Fugger in ihrer Zeit, Augsburg, 200040. Pölnitz 1999, p. 320,32141. Strong, Roy (1966). "Three Royal Jewels: The Three Brothers, the Mirror of Great Britain and

the Feather" (http://www.jstor.org/stable/875015). The Burlington Magazine. 108 (760): 350–353. ISSN 0007-6287 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0007-6287). JSTOR 875015 (https://www.jstor.org/stable/875015).

42. Barbara Günther: Sybille Fugger, die Frau Jakobs des Reichen., 198543. Richard Ehrenberg: Das Zeitalter der Fugger, Geldkapital und Creditverkehr im 16. Jahrhundert

(2 Bde), Jena 189644. Häberlein 2006, p. 67,6845. Negotiating the French Pox in Early Modern Germany by Claudia Stein46. Benjamin Scheller: Memoria an der Zeitenwende. Die Stiftungen Jakob Fuggers des Reichen

vor und während der Reformation (ca. 1505–1555), Berlin 200447. Häberlein 2006, p. 143-145

The Richest Man Who Ever Lived: The Life and Times of Jacob Fugger by Greg Steinmetz.2015, Simon & Schuster, ISBN 978-1451688559

Homepage of the "Fürstlich und Gräflich Fuggersche Stiftung" (https://web.archive.org/web/20131231040157/http://fugger.de/)Biography (https://web.archive.org/web/20071102235136/http://www.hdbg.de/cgi-bin/portraitgalerie/show.pl?file=data%2Fbilddatenbank.data&id=71&listtemp=templates%2Fframe_ausschnitt_person.htm)Seminar-work including other literature (https://web.archive.org/web/20110322232408/http://www.plogmann.net/f/30/file.pdf) (PDF; 1,15 MB)Literature by and about Jakob Fugger (https://portal.dnb.de/opac.htm?method=simpleSearch&cqlMode=true&query=idn%3D118694022) in the German National Library catalogueHistoric Lexicon of Bavaria: Kirchberg-Weißenhorn, Lordship (Sarah Hadry) (http://www.historisches-lexikon-bayerns.de/artikel/artikel_45801)

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48. Norbert Lieb: Die Fugger und die Kunst. Band 1: Im Zeitalter der Spätgotik und der frühenRenaissance, München 1952

Further reading

External links