J. Comp. Path. 2008-2009/ Vet Record 2008-2009

Histopathological Features of Ocular Leishmaniosis in the Dog: Granulomatous with some lymphoplasmacytis infiltration. Ocular tissues affected, in order of frequency, were conjunctiva and limbus, ciliary body, iris, cornea, sclera and iridocorneal angle, choroid and the optic nerve sheath. The conjunctiva was the most commonly involvedocular structure.

Identification of Group 1 Coronavirus Antigen in Multisystemic Granulomatous Lesions in Ferrets (Mustela putorius furo): Group 1 includes human coronavirus strain 229E, porcine TGE virus, canine coronavirus, porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus, and ferret enteric coronavirus. Four main types of lesions were observed: diffuse granulomatous inflammation on serosal surfaces; granulomas with areas of necrosis; granulomas without necrosis; and granulomas with neutrophils.

Immunohistochemical Demonstration of Ranavirus Antigen in the Tissues of Infected Frogs (Rana temporaria) with Systemic Haemorrhagic or Cutaneous Ulcerative Disease: Affected frogs can have skin ulceration (ulcerative syndrome) or Systemic haemorrhage (haemorrhagic syndrome) or may be both. Unlike with hemorrhagic syndrome, there was no labelling for viral antigen in the splenic lymphocytes, pancreas or gastrointestinal epithelium with ulcerative syndrome. I/C virus inclusions were seen in the liver, kidney, pancreas and stomach of frogs with systemic haemorrhagic disease, but not in frogs with the ulcerative syndrome.

Anaplastic Oligodendroglioma with Meningeal Infiltration in a Free-ranging Red Deer (Cervus elaphus): In dogs, oligodendrogliomas are common in brachycephalic breeds

Detection of Cryptosporidium spp., Entamoeba spp. and Monocercomonas spp. in the Gastrointestinal Tract of Snakes by In-situ Hybridization: Cryptosporidium serpentis, causes gastric mucosal hyperplasia, dilatation of gastric glands, fibrosis edema and patchy inflammation of the mucosa. Entamoeba invadens, present but rarely causes disease in Turtles. When transmitted to carnivorous snakes, causes severe diphtheroid colitis. Monocercomonas colubrorum is flagellate belonging to the order Trichomonadida, frequently found in snakes, but clinical signs are rare, may cause mucopurulent gastritis and enteritis

Bone Marrow Pathology in Dogs and Cats with Non-Regenerative Immune-Mediated Haemolytic Anaemia and Pure Red Cell Aplasia: Non-regenerative IMHA in dogs and cats has been associated with pure red cell aplasia, erythroid maturation arrest or bone marrow erythroid hyperplasia. PRCA and erythroid maturation arrest may result from immune-mediated destruction of erythroid precursor cells within the bone marrow. However, IMHA due to erythroid hyperplasia could be due to variety of pathological changes in bone marrow including dysmyelopoiesis, myelonecrosis, myelofibrosis, altered vascular permeability/acute inflammation, and hemophagocyticSyndrome

Pathological Changes in Masked Palm Civets Experimentally Infected by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) Coronavirus (J. Comp. Path. 2008, Vol. 138, 171e179)

Symptoms: Infected animals become less aggressive and develop pyrexia, lethargy and diarrhoea and develop multiorgan pathology.Histopathology: Interstitial pneumonia with edema, neuronal degeneration and neuronophagia, lymphoid follicular depletion in lymph nodes, splenic lymphoid follicular atrophy, hepatic congestion and vacuolar degeneration, kidneys focal hemorrhage, small intestine-mild focal hemorrhages.

Histopathological Classification of Lesions Observed in Natural Cases of Paratuberculosis in Free-ranging Fallow Deer (Dama dama) (J. Comp. Path. 2008, Vol. 138, 180e188)

There are four categories of lesions:

Focal lesions: Small granulomas, mainly in the jejunal and ileal lymph nodes. Multifocal lesions: Well-demarcated granulomas in the intestinal lymphoid tissue and also in the intestinal lamina propria. Diffuse: Sevre granulomatous enteritis and lymphadenitis. Two types of diffuse lesions:

Diffuse multibacillary lesions: There are macrophages and numerous Langhans giant cells containing many mycobacteria, resulting in macroscopical changes in the normal gut morphology. These changes were found from the proximal jejunum to the ileocaecal valve, but lesions were always particularly severe in the distal jejunum. Diffuse intermediate (multibacillary-lymphocytic): The infiltrate consisted of lymphocytes, macrophages and Langhans giant cells, with small numbers of mycobacteria.

Experimental Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) in the Ferret (J. Comp. Path. 2008, Vol. 138, 189e196)

- Experimental Inoculation: Develop CWD when injected PrP from deer into cerebrum but do not develop CWD if PrP given orally-Clinical signs: Polyphagia, somnolence, piloerection, lordosis and ataxia- Microscopic lesions: Spongiosis of neurophil in basal ganglia, thalamus, midbrain and pons -Exception: Perivascular PrP aggregates or plaques are absent in ferrets but present in cervids.

Tonsillar Lymphangiomatous Polyp in an Adult Dog (J. Comp. Path. 2008, Vol. 138, 215e217)

Tonsilar tumors were reported in humans but none in animals so far.Histopathology:The mass was composed of many, variably dilated, thin-walled lymphatic channels filled with pale eosinophilic fluid lacking red blood cells and embedded in a dense, fibrovascular stroma. The dilated lymphatic channels were lined by a single layer of flattened, discontinuous endothelium with scattered intraluminal valves.Immunopositive for CD31 (Endothelial cell marker- Platelet Endothelial Cell Adhesion Molecule-1) and von Willebrand factor (Factor VIII).

Expression of the Anti-apoptotic Factors Bcl-2 and Survivin in Canine Vascular Tumours (J. Comp. Path. 2008, Vol. 139, 1e7)

The expression of high levels of Bcl-2 and survivin play an important role in promoting the malignant growth of canine hemangiosarcomas.

Cervical Chondroid Chordoma in a Shetland Sheep Dog (J. Comp. Path. 2008, Vol. 138, 218e223)

Origin: Chordoma is an uncommon, slow-growing neoplasm, arising in the cerebrospinal axis from embryonic notochordal remnants.

Histopath: Physaliphorous cells surrounded by connective tissue + Cartilagenous component (for chondroid chrodoma)

DDx: Chordoma – No cartilage componentChondroma/chondrosarcoma – cytokeratin negative Myxosarcoma Liposarcoma

Leiomyosarcoma of the Pericardium, with Epicardial Metastases and Peripheral Eosinophilia in a Dog (J. Comp. Path. 2008, Vol. 138, 224e228)

Gross findings:There was an extensive mass encircled the heart and obliterated the pericardial sac, with probable metastatic spread to the epicardium. Associated lesions:Eosinophilic infiltration of the neoplastic mass, lamina propria of the stomach and duodenum, interstitium of the kidney, and submucosa of the bladder was consistent with a possible paraneoplastic eosinophilia. Paraneoplastic syndromes are the systemic complications of neoplasia. The neoplasms sporadically associated with eosinophilia in dogs and cats include mast cell tumours (including systemic mastocytosis), lymphoma, pilomatrixoma, basal cell carcinoma, transitional carcinoma, fibrosarcoma, myxosarcoma, osteosarcoma and anaplastic mammary carcinoma.

Spinal Cryptococcoma in an Immunocompetent Cat (J. Comp. Path. 2008, Vol. 139,

246e251).Gross lesion: Focal Malacia in the spinal cord. Microscopic lesion: The yeasts were round in shape, 7 mm in diameter and rimmed by a basophilic thin cell wall, which was surrounded by a halo of variable thickness. Narrow-necked budding forms were also present. The parenchymal remnants contained digestion chambers in which Gitter cells, spheroids and myelinic debris were present.

Expression of Platelet-derived Growth Factor-b Receptor and Bovine Papillomavirus E5 and E7 Oncoproteins in Equine Sarcoid. (J. Comp. Path. 2008, Vol. 139, 231e237). A subset of equine sarcoids harbor BPV (Bovine Papilloma Virus) DNA expresses the viral oncoproteins E5 and E7 together with the PDGF-bR. The oncoproteins expressed by BPV lead to PDGF-bR activation and downstream signaling leading to cellular transformation.

Localization of Fibropapilloma-associated Turtle Herpesvirus in Green Turtles (Chelonia mydas) by In-Situ Hybridization. (J. Comp. Path. 2008, Vol. 139, 218e225). It was found that viral mRNA was demonstrated only in fibropapillomas, but viral DNA was found in both fibropapillomas and fibromas. In fibropapillomas the virus was found replicating in the neoplastic cells which could be identified as intranuclear inclusions.

Expression of Claudin-1, -2, -3, -4, -5 and -7 Proteins in Benign and Malignant Canine Mammary Gland Epithelial Tumours. Claudin proteins are important in tight junction formation and function . Loss or reduction of expression of claudin-1, -2, -5 and -7 may lead to cellular disorientation, detachment and invasion in canine mammary neoplasia.

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus non-aureus Infection in an Irradiated Rhesus Macaque (Macaca mulatta) (Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science, 67 Vol 47, No 3, May 2008, P. 64-68). Gross lesions: Skin dryness, dermatitis, hyperkeratosis, and erythema in the facial area. Microscopic lesions: Skin: Epidermal hyperplasia and chronic dermal inflammation. Perivascular plasma cells and lymphocytes were identified and the dermis showed a background of mucinosis.

Histopathological Distinction and Evaluation of Biliary and Peribiliary Cysts in Pig Liver. J. Comp. Path. 2008, Vol. 139, 202e207. Most intrahepatic cysts are derived from bile ducts (biliary cysts), but are usually not clinically significant. Peribiliary cysts are derived from the peribiliary glands located in fibrous tissue of large portal areas and can cause local compression and circulatory disturbance

Gastric Lesions and Immune Responses caused by Long-term Infection with Helicobacter heilmannii in C57BL/6 Mice. J. Comp. Path. 2008, Vol. 139, 208e217. Gross lesions include gastric nodules and increased mucosal thickness of the stomach due to gastric epithelial proliferation. Infection also induced the formation of lymphoid

follicles in the corpus mucosa and submucosa. Lymphocytes produced IFN-γ (a Th1 cytokine) and IL-10 (a Th2 cytokine), suggesting that both Th1 and Th2 responses are associated.

Capillary Haemangiomas of the Scrotum and Testicle in Boars. J. Comp. Path. 2008, Vol. 139, 177e186. Scrotal hemangiomas occur frequently, but testicular hemangiomas are rare, and they rarely occur together. The authors suggest an inherited basis since all pigs in the study group were related and of a large white breed. The authors suggest a UV component to the development of scrotal tumors.

Left-scrotal/ right testicular

Gastric Neuroendocrine Carcinoma Associated with Atrophic Gastritis in the Norwegian Lundehund. J. Comp. Path. 2008, Vol. 139, 194e201. The Norwegian Lundehund (puffin dog) is predisposed to the development of gastric neoplasia associated with chronic atrophic gastritis characterized by reduction in parietal cells and hyperplasia of neuroendocrine cells. Four of the tumors displayed neuroendocrine (enterochromaffin-like cell; ECL) differentiation. Pathogenesis (proposed): Atrophic gastritis Rise in

gastric pH Hypergastrinemia proliferation of ECL neoplasia. (ECL cells produce histamine which increases production of gastric acid).

Brain Copper Elevation and Neurological Changes in North Ronaldsay Sheep: a Model for NeurodegenerativeDisease? This study in North Ronaldsay (NR) sheep showed that copper was elevated in both the liver and brain of older animals and that the elevation in these two sites was highly correlated. The accumulation of copper in the liver culminated in chronic active hepatitis. Evidence of tissue damage in the brain was equivocal, but the astrocytes showed strong immunoreactivity for metallothionein. The study suggested that the blood brain barrier of NR sheep possesses unusual features in respect of the import of copper into the brain, and that NR sheep may provide a useful animal model for the investigation of brain copper homeostasis.

Lymphoproliferative Disease with Features of Lymphoma in the Central Nervous System of a Horse: This report describes an unusual form of lymphoproliferative disease with features of lymphoma restricted to the CNS and with no evidence of a primary lesion elsewhere. IHC examination defined an overwhelming predominance of T lymphocytes with admixed B lymphocytes and activated macrophages. Other DDx considered, were non-suppurative encephalitis, granulomatous meningoencephalitis, neoplastic reticulosis, and lymphomatoid granulomatosis

Parasite-induced leucomyelopathy in llamas (Lama glama): Parelaphostrongylus tenuis, a protostrongylid nematode, is a recognised cause of ataxia and recumbency in llamas in USA. Extensive haemorrhagic and necrotising leucomyelopathy (lumbar spinal cord) with multiple nematode larva. White-tailed deer is the definitive host of P tenuis. Parasite in this report was identified as Elaphostrongylus cervi, which has similar life cycle as P tenuis.

Peripheral Edema with Hypoalbuminemia in a Nonhuman Primate Infected with Simian–Human Immunodeficiency Virus: A Case Report: clinically, there was slight peripheral edema, hypoalbuminemia, and proteinuria, consistent with nephrotic syndrome. Histologically, there was membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis, the result of immune complex deposition.

Leptospirosis in dogs: a review with emphasis on clinical aspects. Gram Negative Spirochete-enters wounds bacteremic liver, spleen, brain. Kidneys, Proximal renal tubules. Virulence factors- LPS, Sphingomyelinase, hemolysins, porins. Lesions- vasculitis, necrosis, hemorrhage, DIC, Neutrophilic to lymphoplasmacytic inflammation.

Contact dermatitis in dairy cattle caused by calcium cyanamide. Calcium cyanimide in antibacterial in foot baths. Gross Lesions- multifocal alopecia, crusting, allergic dermatitic, contact dermatitis. Acanthosis, necrosis, eosinophils, neutrophils, vesicles. May cause granulomatous lymphadenitis similar to hairy vetch toxicosis.

Presence of Endosymbiont Wolbachia in heartworms (Dirofilaria immitis). Wolbachia is rickettsia like obligate intracellular bacteria. WSP (surface protein) released from dead adult heartworms stimulated neutrophil chemotaxis.

Canine parvovirus strains identified from clinically ill dogs in the United KingdomCPV-2a; 33% CPV-2b; 67%

Outbreak of Salmonella Thompson infection in a Swedish dairy herdDuring screening, S. Typhimurium was isolated in dairy cattle, and S. Thompson in heifers in pasture. Treatment cleared Typhimurium, and decreased Thompson until prevalence increased in cows released to pasture. First record of Thompson in dairy cattle. Herd slaughtered to eradicate infection. Origin unknown.

Human Leptospira interrogans serogroup icterohaemorrhagiae infection (Weil’s disease) acquired from pet rats

Infestation of Wild-caught American Bullfrogs (Rana catesbeiana) by Multiple Species of Metazoan ParasitesHeavy parasitism of wild-caught bullfrogs may confound research protocols and markedly impair animal health.

Idiopathic New Bone Formation in the Femoral Shafts of a Cynomolgus Monkey (Macaca fascicularis)A 6.5-y-old cynomolgus monkey. An animal caretaker incidentally found a bone fragment protruding through the skin of the right leg. Radiographically there was one bone fragment in each femur. The fragment consisted of a medullary cavity and bone cortex with incomplete periosteal structure. New bone formation in nonhuman primates has been reported previously, but not with unexplained skin penetration.

Maedi-Visna: the Meningoencephalitis in Naturally Occurring Case: MVis characterized by a chronic non-purulent interstitial inflammation of the lungs, joints, mammary gland and central nervous system. Gross lesions were seen mostly in thoracic spinal cord. Histologically, non-suppurative encephalomyelitis consisting of perivascular cuffs and inflammatory infiltrate seen mostly in the cerebellar peduncles, corposum

callosum and thoracic spinal cord. The other common lesion was malacia, characterized by white matter vacuolation.

Retrospective Study of Neurological Disease in 118 Rabbits: 78 animals (66.1%) had inflammatory lesions of the CNS. Encephalitozoonosis was diagnosed in 69 (58.5%) of these rabbits and 2 animals had herpes simplex virus encephalitis.

Mycotic Encephalitis and Nephritis in a Dog due to Infection with Cladosporium cladosporioides: the fungal agent most often identified in systemic phaeohyphomycosisis Cladophialophora bantiana . This report describes German shepherd dog with granulomatous encephalitis and nephritis due to C. cladosporioides. German shepherd breed may have an abnormality in mucosal IgA production predisposing them systemic fungal infection, particularly Aspergillus spp.

Capillaria hepatica (syncalodium hepaticum) in primates in a zoological collection in the UK: this is a zoonotic liver nematode of mammals with a worldwide distribution. It had as a direct life cycle. Its primary hosts are rodents. Caused granulomatous hepatitis in this monkey. Ingestion of eggs larvae hatch in cecummigrate to liver and mature to eggs released after death.

Isolation of Porphyromonas levii from vaginal samples from cows in herds negative for bovine necrotic vulvovaginitis (BNVV): This pigmented Gram negative bacterium is part of ruminal microflora and associated with BNVV. The disease is chr by deterioration of normal vaginal injuries caused by calving to necrotic lesions, primarily in dairy heifers during the first week after calving. According to this paper P levii was isolated in Heifers without BNVV.

A Study of the Lesions Induced in Seriola dumerili by Intradermal or Intraperitoneal Injection of Streptococcus dysgalactiae:

Intradermal and intraperitoneal injection of S. dysgalactiae resulted in moderate mortality. Grossly, there was microabscessation and/or granulomatous inflammation of the heart, caudal peduncle, pectoral and/or dorsal fin and olfactory region. The lesions in the atrial myocardium and arterial cone consisted of severe arterial thrombosis, granulomatous valvular endocarditis and epicarditis.

Granulomatous Pericarditis Associated with Systemic Mucormycosis in a Finless Porpoise (Neophocaena phocaenoides):

Multiple hepatic vascular cysts in a young ragdoll cat: In cats and dogs, the DDx for congenital intrahepatic cystic structures would include a biliary cyst or pseudocyst, choledochal cysts or cystic duct remnants. For acquired cysts or other cavitated structures, abscesses, parasitic cysts, biliary cyst adenoma, cystadenocarcinoma, cholangiocarcinoma, haemangiosarcoma, and certain metastatic tumours

Ovine Small Intestinal Adenocarcinomas are NOT associated with Infection by Herpesviruses, Helicobacter species or Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis. J. Comp. Path. 2009, Vol. 140, 177e181. Sheep in New Zealand more frequently develop small intestinal adenocarcinoma (SIA) than sheep in other countries. These results suggest that the high rates of SIA in New Zealand sheep are not due to frequent infection by herpesviruses, Helicobacter species or MAP.

The hyphae of Mucorales have greater width, obtuse branching pattern, sparse septation and are thin walled (therefore they might compress and give false septation). There was granulomatous pericarditis, pneumonia and lympadenitis.

Encephalomyelitis of Cattle Caused by Akabane Virus in Southern Japan in 2006. J. Comp. Path. 2009, Vol. 140, 187e193. Limb weakness and circling. Microscopic Histologic lesions- Cerebrum non-suppurative encephalitis with perivascular cuffing of lymphocytes and macrophages and diffuse gliosis. Brainstem- Necrosis of neurons with vacuolation of the neuropil was present in the brainstem. Neuronal necrosis and neuronophagia in the ventral horn of the spinal cord. Infection was believed post-partum due to the lack of arthrogryposis and hydranencephaly.

Pathological Changes in the Respiratory Tract of Goats Infected by Pasteurella multocida B:2. J. Comp. Path. 2009, Vol. 140, 194e197. Experimentally infected goats. Pulmonary lesions included acute pneumonia, congestion, edema and hydrothorax. Subcutaneous edema of the lower jaw and brisket, typically seen in cattle and buffalo, was absent in goats. Hemorrhagic septicemia (HS) is an acute, highly fatal infection of ruminants (buffalo and cattle) in tropical countries. Goats are more resistant but are naturally infected.

Expression of Class II Major Histocompatibility Complex Molecules in Chronic Pulmonary Mycoplasma bovis Infection in Cattle. J. Comp. Path. 2009, Vol. 140, 198e202. Pulmonary inflammation often results in expression of the class II major histocompatibility complex (MHCII) by both professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs; histiocytes and lymphocytes) and non-professional APCs (respiratory epithelium and endothelium). In M. bovis infections causing necrosuppurative lesions, there is little MHC II expression, but in cases of catarrhal bronchointerstitial pneumonia, the MHC II expression was significantly increased.

Acute Megakaryocytic Leukaemia (AMKL)-like Disease in a Cynomolgus Monkey (Macaca fascicularis). J. Comp. Path. 2009, Vol. 140, 212e216. Gross lesions: The liver, kidney and spleen were markedly enlarged and the kidneys had capsular petechiae. Histo: numerous atypical cells resembling myeloid cells in the bone marrow, and myelofibrosis was present. Atypical cells were also present in the blood vessels of the liver, kidney, spleen, lymph nodes, lung, heart, bladder, adrenal gland and brain. Some neoplastic cells had oval or pleomorphic macronuclei and others were multinucleated.. IHC—Positive for megakaryocyte- associated antigens Von Willebrand Factor and CD61-IIIa, but were negative for myeloperoxidase. This monkey was infected with simian retrovirus type D and it is possible that this viral infection was associated with the development of neoplasia. Differential diagnoses for AMKL with myelofibrosis, include Acute Panmyelosis with Myelofibrosis (APMF- multi-lineage myeloid proliferation, no megakaryocyte-related antigens), blastic transformation of Chronic Myeloid Leukaemia (CML- clonal proliferation of mature granulocytes) or Idiopathic Myelofibrosis (IMF- abnormal depostis of collagen in BM).

AA Amyloidosis Induced in Sheep Principally Affects the Gastrointestinal Tract. J. Comp. Path. 2009, Vol. -, 1e9. Sheep experimentally inoculated to cause granulomatous pneumonia. Beginning 18 dpi amyloid was present from the tongue to the rectum, but was most prominent in the duodenum where the deposits disrupted the normal mucosal

architecture. Other body organs had only mild amyloid deposition. Immunohistochemistry confirmed that the deposits were AA amyloid.

An Immunohistochemical Study of Feline Endometrial Adenocarcinoma. J. Comp. Path. 2009, Vol. -, 1e6. Feline endometrial adenocarcinomas are uncommon. Normal endometria and Neoplastic lesions express pancytokeratins AE1 and AE3, cytokeratin-14, vimentin, a-actin, cyclo-oxygenase-2, E-cadherin, b-catenin, the progesterone receptor, the estrogen receptor and caveolin-1. Synthesis of cyclo-oxygenase-2 and reduced expression of progesterone receptors may be involved in the neoplastic transformation of feline endometrium. The loss of cellular adhesion that occurs within these tumours does not require down-regulation of E-cadherin expression and nuclear translocation of b-catenin is not a feature of these neoplasms.

Muscular Dystrophy with Reduced β-Sarcoglycan in a Cat. J. Comp. Path. 2009, Vol. -, 1e5. Sarcoglycans (SGs) are sarcolemmal transmembrane glycoproteins that form a hetero- tetrameric complex known as the sarcoglycan complex (SGC). The SGC is a member of the dystrophin glycoprotein complex, which links actin in the cytoskeleton to the extracellular matrix through α2-laminin, providing protection of the sarcolemma from tension during muscle contraction. SGC also has a role in intracellular signal transduction. Muscle biopsy revealed moderate variability in myofiber size, with numerous atrophic rounded fibers, rare myofiber necrosis, regeneration and moderate perimysial and endomysial fibrosis. Immunohistochemistry revealed decreased expression of β- and γ-SG and western blotting revealed markedly decreased β-SG with normal expression of α-, γ- and δ-SG, caveolin-3 and calpain-3. Not previously known in cats.

Comparative Pathological Study of the Murine Brain after Experimental Infection with Classical Rabies Virus and European Bat LyssavirusesJ. Comp. Path. 2009, Vol. 140, 113e126European bat lyssaviruses (EBLVs) types 1 (EBLV-1) and 2 (EBLV-2) cause rabies in terrestrial species. Swiss OF-1 mice were inoculated peripherally with strain RV61 (classical rabies virus), RV1423 (EBLV-1) or RV1332 (EBLV-2). The lesions produced, which included perivascular cuffs and gliosis, were more severe after RV1423 or RV1332 infection than after RV61 infection.

Morphological and Immunohistochemical Studies of Spontaneous Mammary Tumours in Siberian Hamsters (Phodopus sungorus)J. Comp. Path. 2009, Vol. 140, 127e131Mammary tumours from 12 domestic Siberian hamsters. Histopathology revealed three subtypes: simple adenoma, tubulopapillary carcinoma, and complex carcinoma. In five cases of malignant mammary tumour, focal infiltration into the surrounding fibrous connective tissue was present;however, no invasion of either lymphatics or blood vessels was observed. Ten of the 12 tumours were positive for androgen receptor and all were negative for progesterone receptor. Five tumours expressed oestrogen receptor alpha.

Quantitative and Qualitative Evaluation of Dermal Elastin of Draught Horses with Chronic Progressive LymphoedemaJ. Comp. Path. 2009, Vol. 140, 132e139

Chronic progressive lymphoedema in horses, a disease of certain draught breeds, is associated with altered elastin metabolism. In all horses the mean elastin concentrations were highest in the superficial dermis, gradually decreasing in the mid-dermis and deep dermis. As compared with horses of a non-susceptible breed, affected horses had increased amounts of dermal elastin in both the distal limb and neck, while nonaffected horses of a susceptible breed had decreased amounts.

Pathological, Immunohistochemical and Bacteriological Study of Tissues and Milk of Cows and Fetuses Experimentally Infected with Brucella abortusJ. Comp. Path. 2009, Vol. 140, 149e157This report describes a pathological, immunohistochemical and bacteriological study of 42 cows and their progeny (aborted fetuses, weak premature calves, and healthy full-term calves) infected at 6-7 months of gestation by conjunctival inoculation with Brucella abortus. The most significant lesions were necrotizing and suppurative placentitis and lymphohistiocytic mastitis in cows, and fibrinous pleuritis, fibrinous pericarditis and bronchopneumonia in aborted fetuses. B. abortus was isolated more frequently from milk samples than from mammary tissues, and milk samples from cows with mastitis were often infected.

An Immunohistochemical Analysis of Canine Haemangioma and HaemangiosarcomaJ. Comp. Path. 2009, Vol. 140, 158e168Forty samples of canine cutaneous and visceral haemangiosarcoma, 29 samples of cutaneous and visceral haemangioma and 10 control samples of granulation tissue were labeled with antisera specific for vimentin, smooth muscle actin, von Willebrand factor, CD117, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-3, vascular endothelial growth factor-C and CD44. Further antisera were employed to determine the level of cellular proliferation and toluidine blue staining was used to detect populations of tumour-infiltrating mast cells. There was greater expression of CD117, VEGFR-3 and CD44 in HSA than in HA, suggesting that these proteins might be suitable targets for the future development of novel therapeutic approaches to canine HSA. Marked infiltration of MC was detected in HA, suggesting a possible role for these cells in the pathogenesis of benign vascular neoplasia in the dog.

Nephrotic syndrome due to glomerulopathy in an Irish dairy cowFebruary 7, 2009 | the VETERINARY RECORDNephrotic syndrome, a clinical entity characterised by proteinuria, hypoalbuminaemia, oedema and hypercholesterolaemia, results from increased glomerular permeability due to glomerular injury. In cattle, nephrotic syndrome is usually caused by renal amyloidosis and rarely by glomerulopathy.

Clinical, pathological and immunohistochemical features of a pulmonary blastoma in a horsethe VETERINARY RECORD | February 7, 2009Pulmonary blastoma is a very rare primary malignant lung tumour affecting human beings, with a mixture of poorly differentiated epithelial and mesenchymal components. Microscopically, all pulmonary tumour masses were solid, non-encapsulated and infiltrative throughout the alveolar septa,causing progressive occlusion of alveoli. These tumour masses were composed of spindle-shaped to pleomorphic mesenchymal neoplastic cells resembling active fibroblasts or blast-like cells, surrounded by an abundant fibrous or myxomatous, mineralised foci. The epithelial component was composed of small nests, linear arrays and irregular tubules lined with cubical,

columnar or pleomorphic non-ciliated epithelial cells. Mesenchymal tumour cells showed strong cytoplasmic immunolabelling for vimentin and they were negative for keratins and S-100 protein. Approximately 10 to 15 per cent of neoplastic mesenchymal cells showed weak to moderate cytoplasmic immunoreactivity to the -smooth muscle actin. Epithelial tumour cells presented strong cytoplasmic immunoreactivity for keratins and were negative for vimentin, -smooth muscle actin and S-100 protein.

Unusual presentation of malignant catarrhal fever involving neurological disease in young calvesthe VETERINARY RECORD | February 21, 2009The most common clinical manifestation of bovine MCF is the head and eye form, which is characterised by a persistent high fever, bilateral corneal opacity, ocular discharge, profuse mucopurulent nasal discharge, ulcerative stomatitis, enlargement of the lymph nodes and haematuria. TABLE 1: Histological findings in four calves with sheep-associated malignant catarrhal fever2: Moderate angiocentric, non-suppurative meningoencephalitis3: CNS histopathology as described in calf 2Cerebellar fibrinous and non-suppurative meningitisMarked lymphoplasmacytic portal hepatitis4: CNS histopathology as described in calf 2Marked interstitial nephritis and lymphoplasmacytic cystitisModerate portal hepatitis and mild myocarditis5: Angiocentric lymphocytic meningitis and panencephalitisSubacute renal necrotising arteritis and marked lymphocytic perivascular interstitital nephritisLymphoplasmacytic cystitis with intraepithelial lymphocytesMild lymphocytic portal hepatitis

Expression of Genes Encoding Matrix Metalloproteinases (MMPs) and their Tissue Inhibitors (TIMPs) in Normal and Diseased Canine Mitral Valves. J. Comp. Path. 2009, Vol.

140, 271e277. MMPs are Ca2+ and Zn2+ dependent proteases secreted as inactive zymogens and are activated by other MMPs, plasmin, interleukin-1b (IL-1b), tumour necrosis factor- a (TNF-a) and other mediators. They are inhibited by specific tissue inhibitors (TIMPs). In the valves from dogs with CVD there was significantly increased transcription of mRNA encoding MMP-1 and -14 and TIMP-2, -3 and -4, but no elevation in mRNA encoding MMP-2 and -9. MMPs and TIMPs. This suggests that reduced catabolism contributes to the structural alteration of canine Mitral valves.

Cerebral Segmental Polyarteritis of Unknown Aetiology in Sheep. J. Comp. Path. 2009, Vol. 140,

283e287. Vasculitis affecting the meningeal elastic arteries consisted of intimal proliferation, thickening of the tunica media, perivascular accumulation of lymphocytes and plasma cells within the tunica adventitia. There was no evidence for pestivirus antigen associated with the lesions in these sheep. OHV-2 DNA by PCR was not found, although this may have been due to technical problems and fresh material was not available for confirmatory studies. In addition, the interpretation of any positive result would be difficult since many healthy sheep carry this virus. Other ddx: Visna, polyarteritis, immune complex deposition.

Prevalence, distribution and pathological significance of the bile fluke Pseudamphistomum truncatum in Eurasian otters (Lutra lutra) in Great Britain. Veterinary Record (2009) 164,

397-401. There was a strong positive correlation between bile fluke infection and gall bladder

pathology. Thirty otters had thickened gall bladders resulting from hyperplasia of the epithelial and smooth muscle layers, fibrosis and infiltration by lymphocytes. Liver pathology ranged from mild bile duct hyperplasia and periportal fibrosis to severe sclerosing cholangitis with lymphocytes and eosinophils, hepatocyte necrosis and bile stasis

Hypospadias in six dogs. Veterinary Record (2009) 164, 331-333. Hypospadias is a congenital abnormality in which the urethral opening is in an abnormal position. In dogs there are five forms of hypospadias; the urethral opening can be located on the ventral penile glans (glandular form), on the penile shaft (penile form), on the scrotum (scrotal form), on the perineum (perineal form), or in the anal area (anal form). The etiology of the abnormality is unknown. In human beings it is postulated to result from the exposure of the fetus to high levels of progesterone, and vitamin A deficiency during pregnancy. No involvement of teratogenic factors has been described in dogs with hypospadias. It has been found more frequently in hermaphrodites but it can also occur as a single abnormality. Hypospadias is frequently accompanied by other anatomical abnormalities, such as, most frequently, cryptorchidism, underdeveloped testicles, shortening of the penis, lack or cleft of the scrotum and the remains of the Müller’s duct.

Fatal candidiasis in a wild red squirrel (Sciurus vulgaris). Veterinary Record (2009) 164, 342-

343 Tongue: Hyperplasia, hyperkeratosis and necrosis of the epithelium over the dorsocaudal third. Yeast forms were seen on the surface (PAS). Lesions also had large numbers of blastospores and pseudohyphae extending deeper into the epithelium. The mucosal surface of the esophagus was covered in a thick layer of necrotic cellular debris, bacteria and masses of blastospores and developing pseudohyphae. As the pseudohyphae radiated outwards through the submucosa, almost reaching the inner circular muscle, they were transformed into longer, branching hyphae. The histopathological lesions of proliferative glossitis and necrotizing oesophagitis associated with invading pseudohyphae and hyphae were consistent with a diagnosis of candidiasis. PCR was positive for Candida albicans.

Metastasising liposarcoma of bone in a young dog. Veterinary Record (2009) 164, 372-373. Arises from adipocyte precursors in the marrow cavity and has been observed in the long bones or lumbar vertebrae of dogs. Extensive lysis of cortical bone was noted. In the sacral lymph nodes, pericardium, liver, spleen and kidneys, expansive non-encapsulated tumour nodules were found. The cytoplasmic vacuoles stained positive for fat using Sudan III staining, and for S100 protein by immunohistochemistry. Expression of vimentin was confined to well differentiated tumour cells. Immunohistochemistry was negative for α-smooth muscle actin, desmin, cytokeratin and CD3.

Comparative Evaluation of Diagnostic Methods for Lawsonia intracellularis Infection in Pigs, with Emphasis on Cases Lacking Characteristic Lesions. J Comp Pathol. 2009 Feb-Apr;140(2-3): PCR on feces was the most sensitive (sensitivity 70%), due to false positives; its specificity (95%) was the lowest. IHC (sensitivity 66%, specificity 99%) and ISH (sensitivity 54%, specificity 100%) were better than Warthin starry stained sections (sensitivity 34%, specificity 100%) PCR on paraffin wax-embedded tissue was associated with low sensitivity (41%), IHC was regarded as the method of choice for retrospective studies.

Pathological Findings in Dogs with Fatal Heatstroke. J Comp Pathol. 2009 Feb-Apr;140(2-3):97: The most commonly observed lesions in this study of natural cases of canine heatstroke were hyperaemia, oedema, haemorrhages (skin, lung, brain) and

necrosis (SI, renal tubular epithelium, periacinar hepatocyte necrosis and neurons) in various organs. Pathogenesis: Strenuous exerciseshunting of blood to skin, muscles intestinal ischemia, hypoxia and hypoperfusionintestinal mucosal necrosis endotoxemia, endothelial injurytissue thromboplastin and factor XII coagulation and complement cascasde systemic inflammatory response syndrome DIC (plays major role)

Pathological Features of Amyloidosis in Stranded California Sea Lions. J Comp Pathol. 2009 Feb-Apr;140(2-3):105-12: Amyloidosis was diagnosed in 26 stranded adult California sea lions between 1983 and 2006 by retrospective case analysis. The kidneys (92.3%), blood vessels (80.7%) and thyroid glands (65.4%) most commonly affected. The amyloid deposits were identified as type amyloid A (AA) Concurrent diseases, including inflammatory processes and genital carcinoma, were common in affected animals.

Comparative Pathological Study of the Murine Brain after Experimental Infection with Classical Rabies Virus and European Bat Lyssaviruses: European bat lyssaviruses types 1 (EBLV-1) and 2 (EBLV-2) cause rabies in terrestrial species. Swiss OF-1 mice were inoculated peripherally with strain RV61 (classical rabies virus), RV1423 (EBLV-1) or RV1332 (EBLV-2). In virus the lesions non-suppurative meningoencephalitis, neuronophagia, focal gliosis and lymphocytic perivascular infiltration. The lesions were more severe European lyssa then classic lyssavirus. T cells were the predominant lymphocytic component.

Morphological and Immunohistochemical Studies of Spontaneous Mammary Tumours in Siberian Hamsters: Mammary tumours from 12 domestic Siberian hamsters (11 females, 1 male) were examined. Histopathology revealed three subtypes: simple adenoma, tubulopapillary carcinoma, and complex carcinoma. Ten of the 12 tumours were positive for androgen receptor.

Quantitative and Qualitative Evaluation of Dermal Elastin of Draught Horses with Chronic Progressive Lymphoedema: Chronic progressive lymphoedema (CPL) is a recently recognized disease of the lymphatic system in Shires, Clydesdales and Belgian draught horses, characterized by progressive swelling, hyperkeratosis and fibrosis of distal limbs and is associated with altered elastin metabolism. The characteristic lesions are seen in the skin of the distal limbs. As compared with horses of a non-susceptible breed, affected horses had increased amounts of dermal elastin. CPL of horses is a generalized disease. Reduced efficiency of the elastic network in supporting the dermal lymphatics may explain the development of CPL.

Parvovirus Infection in a Eurasian Lynx (Lynx lynx) and in a European Wildcat (Felis silvestris silvestris)Gross and microscopical findings in the two non-domestic felids were consistent with feline parvovirus infection and this was confirmed by immunohistochemistry and polymerase chain reaction.

Acute Megakaryocytic Leukemia (AMKL)-like Disease in a Cynomolgus Monkey (Macaca fascicularis)A 5-year-old male cynomolgus monkey (Macaca fascicularis) with a clinical history of bleeding tendency, severe anemia, thrombocytopenia and elevated serum concentration of liver-related enzymes.

Gross: Ecchymotic hemorrhages were present on the left eyelid and forehead. The liver, kidney and spleen were markedly enlarged and the kidneys had capsular petechiae. Microscopic: Myeloid-like cells in bone marrow, with myelofibrosis. Atypical cells were also present in the blood vessels of the liver, kidney, spleen, lymph nodes, lung, heart, bladder, adrenal gland and brain. Rare macronuclei and multinucleated cells noted. Immunohistochemistry: The Von Willebrand Factor and CD61-IIIa positive; myeloperoxidase negative. This monkey was infected with simian retrovirus type D and it is possible that this viral infection was associated with the development of neoplasia.

Histopathological Examination of the Pancreas of the Koala (Phascolarctos cinereus)Disorders not previously reported in the pancreas of koalas: inflammation and necrosis; atrophy and fibrosis of exocrine pancreatic tissue; lymphosarcoma; pancreatic heterotopy; and ductal adenocarcinoma.

COX-2 Expression in Canine Normal and Neoplastic Mammary GlandCOX-2 was constitutively expressed in normal mammary tissue with membranous apical labelling of glandular epithelium. In neoplastic lesions and in adjacent non-neoplastic mammary tissue COX-2 was expressed in the cytoplasm of epithelial cells. Marked expression of COX-2 was observed in 8.3% of benign neoplasms and in 42.2% of malignant neoplasms, mainly in poorly differentiated areas. The majority of metastatic lesions exhibited strong COX-2 labelling.

Histopathological and Immunohistochemical Findings in the Lungs of Pigs Infected Experimentally with Mycoplasma hyopneumoniaeHistopathological changes consisted of exudates in airways and alveolar lumina, peribronchial and peribronchiolar lymphoid hyperplasia, and enlargement of alveolar septa. These changes coincided with significant increases in the expression of cytokines (IL-1a, IL-1b, IL-8, TNF-a and INF-g) and lymphoid markers (CD4+, CD8+, muramidase, IgG+, IgA+).

Encephalomyelitis of Cattle Caused by Akabane Virus in Southern Japan in 2006, Kamata H et al. 2009, J. Comp. Path. 2009, Vol. 140, 187e193.

Naturally infected calves with Akabane virus at neonatal age in calves were presented with nervous signs (55 day to 15 month old). Microscopic lesions include: Cerebrum: Perivascular cuffing of lymphocytes and macrophages and diffuse gliosis. Brain stem: Degeneration and necrosis of neurons with vacuolation of the neuropil. Spinal cord: Neuronal necrosis and neuronophagia in the ventral horn. (Jubb and kennedy: mineralization in the meninges, atrophy of the cord and hydromyeleia )

Diagnosis: IHC for viral antigens and RT-PCR for viral s-gene products.

Pathological, Immunohistochemical and Bacteriological Study of Tissues and Milk of Cows and Fetuses Experimentally Infected with Brucella abortus. J. Comp. Path. 2009, Vol. 140, 149e157

Infected at 6-7 months of gestation via conjunctiva in 44 cows

Uterus containing brownish fluid, with fibrinous exudate on the caruncular surface, Endometritis. B. Necrotizing placentitis C. Fibrinous pleuritis. D. Fibrinous pericarditis.Microscopic lesions: The most significant lesions were necrotizing and suppurative placentitis and lymphohistiocytic mastitis in cows, and fibrinous pleuritis, fibrinous pericarditis and bronchopneumonia in aborted fetuses. Milk is the ideal sample for bacterial culture besides mammary glands

Ovine Small Intestinal Adenocarcinomas are not associated with Infection by Herpesviruses, Helicobacter species or Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis. J. Comp. Path. 2009, Vol. 140, 177e181

Newzealand sheep develop small intestinal adenocarcinomas 8 times more frequently than sheep elsewhere in the world.There are no apparent causes identified that causes adenocarcinoma.

An Immunohistochemical Analysis of Canine Haemangioma and HaemangiosarcomaJ. Comp. Path. 2009, Vol. 140, 158e168

Haemangiosarcomas express high levels of CD117 (c-kit gene), VEGFR-3, CD44 compared to hemangiomas.CD117: is a tyrosine kinase growth factor receptor for stem cell factor on stem cells.VEGFR-3: AngiogenesisCD44: Cell surface adhesion molecule involved in cell-to-cell and cell-to-matrix interactions which helps in metastasis.

Pathological Changes in the Respiratory Tract of Goats Infected by Pasteurella multocida B:2 J. Comp. Path. 2009, Vol. 140, 194e197

Lesions: Acute pneumonia, congestion, edema and hydrothorax without no signs of brisket and jaw edema.

Co-expression of Bovine Papillomavirus E5 and E7 Oncoproteins in Naturally Occurring Carcinomas of the Urinary Bladder in Cattle. J. Comp. Path. 2009, Vol. 141, 84e88. Oncoproteins: BPV-1/2 : E5 binds to the platelet-derived growth factor- b receptor (PDGF-b R) induces transformation in spontaneously arising urothelial carcinoma. Cytoplasmic BPV E7 expression has only been reported in bovine fibropapillomas and equine sarcoids. In benign bovine alimentary fibropapillomas, BPV-4 E7 oncoprotein is expressed in all epithelial cells, whereas in BPV-1-associated cutaneous papillomas, E7 is found in the basal and lower spinous layers. In the present study, E7 expression involved all cell layers of the carcinoma. The results of our study indicate that E7 expression increases with increasing severity of carcinoma.

The Pathology and Pathogenesis of Bluetongue. J. Comp. Path. 2009, Vol. 141, 1e16. Virus-genus Orbivirus, family Reoviridae. Transmission- Arthropod vectors (Culicoides), transplacental transmission is dependent on strain. Susceptible- Sheep mostly, but serotype 8 can cause disease in Cattle, goats, and camelids. Replication- macrophage/monocyte, endothelial cells, lymphocytes. Pathogenesis- Injury to small blood vessels in target tissues (lung, skin) leading to thrombosis and infarction. Direct viral induced cytolysis is also a factor. GROSS lesions- SHEEP- coronitis; subintimal hemorrhage in the pulmonary artery; edema of the lungs, subcutis, muscles of the neck and abdominal wall; and pericardial, pleural and abdominal effusions; haemorrhage and ulcers in the oral cavity and upper gastrointestinal tract; necrosis of skeletal and cardiac muscle, Fetal lesions- cavitation in the CNS, hydranencephaly, if they survive early infection. Immunocompetence occurs in mid-gestation: CATTLE: Ulceration of muzzle, oral mucosa, teats, interdigital necrosis, rhinitis, conjunctivitis, hydranencephaly: WTD- DIC and hemorrhage: CAMELIDS- pulmonary edema, hydrothorax and pericardial effusion. Carnoivores- Pulmonary edema, abortion. Comparative- Orbiviruses: Horse- African Horse Sickness; WTD- Epizootic Hemorrhagic Disease virus 1 ans 2 (very similar to BTV). DDX: Hemorrhagic dz in WTD – EHDV, BTV, Ibaraki virus, and Adenovirus Hemorrhagic Disease.Adenoviral gizzard erosions in Italian chicken flocks. Veterinary Record (2009) 164, 54-56. Gross Lesions: gizzards- erosions variable in size, brown to black colour . Histolopath: Multifocal loss or degeneration of the cuticle of the koilin layer, ulcers or sloughing/flattening of glandular epithelium of the gizzards, associated with heterophils, macrophages, lymphocytes and plasma cells. Large intranuclear basophilic inclusion bodies in the enlarged nuclei of degenerating epithelial cells . Intranuclear and perinuclear positive immunolabelling for fAdV-1. fAV-2 is Marble Spleen Disease of pheasants and related to Hemorrhagic enteritis of turkeysMeningioangiomatosis associated with fibrous meningioma in a dog. Veterinary Record (2009) 164, 756-758. MENINGIOANGIOMATOSIS is a rare benign hamartomatous mal formation, characterised by the proliferation of meningoendothelial cells surrounding small blood vessels, which leads to the formation of cortical fibrotic plaques. The proliferation grows along perivascular spaces and may compress adjacent nervous tissue.

Metastatic fibrosarcoma in a captive Saharan horned viper (Cerastes cerastes) with high hepatic levels of cadmium. Veterinary Record (2009) 164, 690-692. Cadmium is carcinogenic, no viruses were found in the tumors.

Brain tumours in two Bactrian camels: a histiocytic sarcoma and a meningioma. Veterinary Record (2009) 164, 684-688. Thalamus-medium to large, pleomorphic round cells with ovoid, cleaved or reniform nuclei, faintly granular, pale eosinophilic cytoplasm,commonly binucleated. The mass was also heavily infiltrated with small lymphocytes and fewer plasma cells, and formed cuffs about the prominent vasculature. Immunohistochemistry showed strong, diffuse cytoplasmic staining of the pleomorphic cells with antibody to CD163 and CD3 demonstrated an abundance of T lymphocytes, either perivascular or infiltrating the mass . Any B lymphocytes present were not labelled by the generic reagent (CD79a). The neoplasm was GFAP-negative except for solitary cytoplasmic processes of reactive astrocytes trapped within the mass and abundant reactive astrocytes in the surrounding brain tissue. The mass was diagnosed as a thalamic histiocytic sarcoma. The meningioma was adhered to the dura and was fibroblastic type.

Congenital facial deformities, ascites and hepatic fibrosis in Romagnola calves. Veterinary Record (2009) 164, 693-694. All animals- Shortened and flattened face , Ascites, and hepatic fibrosis. Other lesions not present in all animals: cleft palate, lack of the medial dewclaws, hepatic cysts with, atrial and inter-ventricular septal defects, polycystic kidney and dilation of the urinary ducts. Genealogical evaluation of the affected animals revealed common ancestors and inbreeding loops, which strongly suggested a genetic aeti ology (Autosomal recessive inheritance).

Congenital tremor and hypomyelination associated with bovine viral diarrhoea virus in 23 British cattle herds. Veterinary Record (2009) 164, 771-778. Histopath- severe diffuse deficiency of stainable myelin, abnormalities of white matter macroglial nuclei, consisting of large, often indented nuclear outlines, and closely arranged disorderly lines or clusters, parse mononuclear perivascular infiltrates in the white matter. Small numbers of necrotic Purkinje cells with axonal swellings (torpedoes). BVDV Immunostaining: neuronal cell bodies, particularly frequently in the granule cells and pyramidal cell layers of the hippocampus. Extensive diffuse cytoplasmic labelling of pericytes, and sparse to extensive punctate labelling of white matter glia were also present. Meningothelial cells, vascular smooth muscle, ependymal cells and neurites were variably labeled. Hypomyelination is found frequently in sheep infected with Border disease, but not in cattle with BVD infection. Possible reasons for these unusual manifestations include the calves’ gestational age when infected, differences in the strain of virus or the infective dose, and factors such as the breed, age and immune status of the dams.

Multifocal Granulomatous Hepatitis Caused by Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae Serotype 2 in Slaughter Pigs APP occurs in all pigs of all ages characterized by necrotizing, hemorrhagic bronchopneumonia and serofibrinous pleuritis. Other rare manifestations of APP are meningitis, osteomyelitis, arthritis, endocarditis, otits media

and granulomatous hepatitis. The granulomas have asteroid bodies formation (Bodies with splendore hoeppli material)

Expression of Transforming Growth Factor-β1, -β2 and -β3 in Normal and Diseased Canine Mitral Valves : in chronic valvular disease (endocardiosis) there is activation and proliferation of valvular stromal cells and transdifferentiation into myofibroblasts like cells. In mild and strong valvular disease there was increased expression of TGF- β1 and β3 and smooth muscle actin.

Detection and Characterization of Chondroid Metaplasia in Canine Atrioventricular Valves: seen most commonly in elderly large breeds of dogs and tricuspid valve was the only valve affected (in some other study mitral valve was most commonly affected). Cartilage present in valve was fibrocartilage (type I and IV collagen) and hyaline cartilage (type III and VI collagen).

Metaplasia of mesenchymal cells to chondrocytes (may be due to TGF- β1) initiated by mechanical forces.

Listeria monocytogenes Septicaemia and Concurrent Clostridial Infection in an Adult Alpaca (Lama pacos) findings were multifocal necrotizing hepatits, splenitis, colitis and ulcerative to diptheroid ileitis.

Systemic Candida albicans Infection in Two Alpacas (Lama pacos) Candida albican is dimorphic fungus commensal in skin, upper respiratory tract, alimentary tract and genital tract. Immunosuppresion or disturbance of cutaneous/mucosal barrier for invasion to take place..Histo: suppurative to necrotizing inflammation in various organs.

Brain Copper Elevation and Neurological Changes in North Ronaldsay Sheep: a Model for NeurodegenerativeDisease? This study in North Ronaldsay (NR) sheep showed that copper was elevated in both the liver and brain of older animals and that the elevation in these two sites was highly correlated. The accumulation of copper in the liver culminated in chronic active hepatitis. Evidence of tissue damage in the brain was equivocal, but the astrocytes showed strong immunoreactivity for metallothionein. The study suggested that the blood brain barrier of NR sheep possesses unusual features in respect of the import of copper into the brain, and that NR sheep may provide a useful animal model for the investigation of brain copper homeostasis.

Lymphoproliferative Disease with Features of Lymphoma in the Central Nervous System of a Horse: This report describes an unusual form of lymphoproliferative disease with features of lymphoma restricted to the CNS and with no evidence of a primary lesion elsewhere. IHC examination defined an overwhelming predominance of T lymphocytes with admixed B lymphocytes and activated macrophages. Other DDx considered, were non-suppurative encephalitis, granulomatous meningoencephalitis, neoplastic reticulosis, and lymphomatoid granulomatosis

Parasite-induced leucomyelopathy in llamas (Lama glama): Parelaphostrongylus tenuis, a protostrongylid nematode, is a recognised cause of ataxia and recumbency in llamas in

USA. Extensive haemorrhagic and necrotising leucomyelopathy (lumbar spinal cord) with multiple nematode larva. White-tailed deer is the definitive host of P tenuis. Parasite in this report was identified as Elaphostrongylus cervi, which has similar life cycle as P tenuis.

Peripheral Edema with Hypoalbuminemia in a Nonhuman Primate Infected with Simian–Human Immunodeficiency Virus: A Case Report: clinically, there was slight peripheral edema, hypoalbuminemia, and proteinuria, consistent with nephrotic syndrome. Histologically, there was membrano- proliferative glomerulonephritis, the result of immune complex deposition.

Nocardia otitidiscaviarum Pneumonia in an Alpine Chamois (chamois is a European wild ungulate of the Bovid family) J. Comp. Path. 2009, Vol. 141, 70-73. Nocardia otitidiscaviarum was cultured from the lung of an Alpine chamois with suppurative bronchopneumonia.

Systemic Adenovirus Infection in Bearded Dragons (Pogona vitticeps): Histological, Ultrastructural and Molecular Findings J. Comp. Path. 2009, Vol. 141, 78-83 : non-suppurative hepatitis and interstitial nephritis.

Iron Distribution in the Liver and Duodenum during Seasonal Iron Overload in Svalbard Reindeer J. Comp. Path. 2009, Vol. 141, 27e40: Seasonal iron overload in Svalbard reindeer was studied by light and electron microscopy and by X-ray microanalysis. The hepatic iron overload was of two types. The first type was characterized by massive siderosis of both parenchymal and non-parenchymal cells caused by a diet very rich in iron but low in energy and protein.Hepatocytes contained a moderate amount of free ferritin particles in the cytosol together with numerous siderosomes. The second type was characterized by massive non-parenchymal (Kupffer cells) siderosis caused by an energy- and protein-poor diet with normal iron conc. Hepatocytes contained little cytosolic ferritin and few siderosomes, but there were abundant electron-dense bodies without iron (i.e., autophagosomes).

Peripheral Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumour in a Lumbar Vertebra and the Liver of a Dromedary Camel (Camelus dromedarius). J. Comp. Path. 2009, Vol. 141, 182e186. Multiple liver tumours and a intra-osseus mass in the 3rd lumbar vertebra, compressing the spinal cord. Histo- sheets of primitive cells, with perivascular pseudorosettes and small numbers of neuroblastic Homer-Wright rosettes. IHC - positive for vimentin and variably positive for neuron-specific enolase and glial fibrillary acidic protein. Exhibiting neuroblastic, glial and ependymomatous differentiation, probably reflecting the tumour’s primitive multipotential neuroepithelial nature.

A Pathological Study of Sepsis Associated with Sarcoptic Mange in Raccoon Dogs (Nyctereutes procyonoides) in Japan. J. Comp. Path. 2009, Vol. 141, 177e181. Microscopical lesions of the skin were consistent with those described previously in wildlife populations with Sarcoptes infection, but secondary lesions were also present in the lungs, heart, kidneys, liver, spleen and brain of these animals. This infection was therefore very similar to ‘‘crusted scabies’’ or ‘‘Norwegian scabies’’ in man and was characterized by severe pathology and high mortality, with deaths frequently occurring due to sepsis. Animals are possibly immunocompromised.

Primary Splenic Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumour in a Dog; J Comp Path 141 vol 2-3: splenic mass that infiltrated the mesentery and composed of spindle-shaped cells arranged in interlacing bundles, streams, whorls and storiform patterns (Antoni A pattern) and less cellular areas with more loosely arranged spindle to oval cells (Antoni B pattern). Cells expressed vimentin, S-100 and GFAP, but did not express desmin, a-smooth muscle actin or factor VIII.

Derlin-1 and Stanniocalcin-1 are Differentially Regulated in Metastasizing Canine Mammary Adenocarcinomas: J Comp Path 141 vol 2-3:Derlin-1, stanniocalcin-1, epithelial glycoprotein-2 (EGP-2) and maspin are overexpressed in metastatic human breast cancer cells and are suitable markers for detection of occult metastases and circulating tumour cells. Results of this study suggest that malignant behaviour of canine mammary adenocarcinoma is associated with reduced transcription of the stanniocalcin-1 gene and overexpression of the derlin-1 gene. EGP-2 gene expression did not differ between normal, benign and malignant neoplastictissues. Maspin gene expression varied markedly among the tumors.

Expression of Serotonin and its 5-HT1A Receptor in Canine Cutaneous Mast Cell Tumours. J. Comp. Path. 2009, Vol. 141, 89e97. Both 5-HT and the 5-HT1A receptor were expressed by non-neoplastic dermal mast cells and neoplastic mast cells. More neoplastic mast cells expressed 5-HT than the 5-HT1AR. Poorly differentiated tumours expressed fewer of both molecules. 5-HT1AR functions as an autoreceptor on mast cells, gradual loss of both 5-HT and 5-HT1AR expression with decreasing levels of differentiation of canine MCTs. The 5-HT1A receptor may have a differentiating effect, pharmacological activation of the 5-HT1A receptor may be one way to alter the level of differentiation of the tumour. Serotonin receptor antagonists may help the skin irritation.

Nasal Osteoma in a Dairy Cow: a Combined Clinical, Imaging and Histopathological Approach to Diagnosis: J Comp Path 141 vol 2-3:smooth-surfaced mass within the left nasal cavity, composed of well-differentiated and interlacing bone trabeculae lined by osteoblasts and multinucleated osteoclasts.

Oculoglandular Syndrome Caused by Yersinia pseudotuberculosis in a Dairy Goat: J Comp Path 141 vol 2-3: An outbreak of ocular disease in a herd of housed dairy goats was characterized by severe granulomatous conjunctivitis and ipsilateral parotid and submandibular lymphadenopathy. Y. pseudotuberculosis was isolated from both the conjunctiva and

submandibular LN. Histo: severe chronic active suppurative and lymphoplasmacytic conjunctivitis; necrosuppurative lymphadenitis associated with yersinia. Similar pathological changes occur in Parinaud’s oculoglandular syndrome in man due to infection with Y. pseudotuberculosis.

Pathology of Inherited Rickets in Corriedale Sheep. J. Comp. Path. 2009, Vol. 141, 147e155. A skeletal disease with features of rickets and osteomalacia and simple autosomal recessive inheritance. Gross lesions include segmental thickening of physes, growth arrest lines, collapse of subchondral bone of the humeral head, thickened cortices and enthesiophytes around distal limb joints. Microscopically, there is persistence of hypertrophic chondrocytes at sites of endochondral ossification, inappropriate and excessive osteoclastic resorption, microfractures and wide, unmineralized osteoid seams lining trabeculae and filling secondary osteons. Different from inherited forms of rickets described to date in man and animals.

Pulmonary Myxoma in a Sheep. J. Comp. Path. 2009, Vol. 141, 187e189. Well demarcated, multilobulated, soft in consistency and white in colour. Microscopically, the tumour comprised a hypocellular myxomatous matrix, rich in acid mucopolysaccharides, with scattered spindle-shaped or stellate cells. These cells had uniform, oval-shaped nuclei without visible nucleoli and expressed vimentin and S100 on im- munohistochemical examination.

Brain Lesions Induced by Experimental Intranasal Infection of Japanese Encephalitis Virus in Piglets: J Comp Path 141 vol 2-3:JE experimentally induced in 3 week-old piglets by a single intranasal inoculation of Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV). The lesions consisted of glial cell aggregates and lymphocytic perivascular cuffing throughout the olfactory tract and pyriform cortex. JEV antigens were detected in the cytoplasm and neuronal processes of small nerve cells in the granule cell layer of the olfactory bulb, in the neuronal processes of the olfactory tract and in the cytoplasm of neurons in the pyriform cortex. JEV is one of 4 major encephalitic flaviviruses of public health importance, the other 3 being West Nile virus, St. Louis encephalitis virus in America, and Murray Valley encephalitis virus in Australasia

Helicobacter spp. in Cats: Association between Infecting Species and Epithelial Proliferation within the Gastric Lamina Propria J. Comp. Path. 2009, Vol. 141, 127e134 Histopathology: Lamina propria contained mild mononuclear inflammatory infiltration, the presence of lymphoid follicles, fibrosis and glandular degeneration. These changes were most severe in the pyloric antrum. There was significant association between infection with gastric Helicobacter spp. and the presence of lymphoid follicles, and between infection and epithelial proliferation in the antrum.

Occurrence, Morphological Characterization and Antigen Localization of Felid Herpesvirus-Induced Pneumonia in Cats: a Retrospective Study (2000e2006). Histopathology: The microscopic changes included fibrinonecrotic pneumonia and severe necrosis of the bronchial and bronchiolar epithelium. Considered as a differential

diagnosis for fibrinous bronchopneumonia in cats and IHC for confirmation (virus in the lungs).

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Two cases of equine pregnancy loss associated with Leptospira infection in England: Infection with Leptospira can cause abortions and stillbirths in domestic cattle, sheep and pigs, as well as in wild animals. Reported as a cause of abortions in mares in several countries, including the USA, Canada, South America, New Zealand, Australia and some European countries. In both cases there was mild mononuclear infiltration in liver, adrenal gland. Neutrophilic funisitis was seen in one case.

Black disease in a forest reindeer (Rangifer tarandus fennicus): Black disease, also known as infectious necrotic hepatitis, is caused by the α toxin released by Clostridium novyi type B during proliferation in the liver. Described in cattle, sheep, horse and pig.

Malignant catarrhal fever in sika deer (Cervus nippon) in the UK: enlargement of the super ficial lymph nodes and mesenteric chain. Mineralised caseous nodules1·5 cm in diameter were present on the right cranial pleura, and segmental haemorrhagic enteropathy in the small intestine. Histo: multisystemic granulomatous inflammatory changes associated with lymphocytic vasculitis and fibrinoid vasculitis, most pronounced in the brain, leptomeninges, lymph nodes, adrenal glands and liver, consistent with MC

Immunodeficiency/anaemia syndrome in a Dales pony Veterinary Record (2009) 165, 289-290FELL: Disease manifests at two to six weeks of age; weakness, dyspnea, nasal discharge, poor growth, reduced appetite, diarrhea and pale gums. Low PCV, lymphopenia (B cells), neutrophilia, low Ig.Foal becoming progressively weaker due to systemic infections. No effective treatment. GROSS: Thrush, colitis, pneumonia, inactive or aplastic bone marrow, and hypoplastic thymus/ lymph nodes. Heritability pattern consistent with autosomal recessive.

DALES: GROSS: Severe atelectasis of cranioventral lung lobes. The thymus was not identifiable.HISTO: Airways filled with necrotic debris, squamous cells and occasional rod-shaped bacteria. Adenoviral inclusions in respiratory epithelium. Candida infection of tongue. Small intestinal cryptosporidia. Loss of villi, fibrosis, and severe mononuclear and neutrophilic infiltration and crypt dilation, occasionally forming crypt abscesses.Splenic follicles atrophic, lymph nodes had poor architecture and no follicular development. Bone marrow hypoplasia.

IMMUNOHISTOLOGY: Low number CD3+ lymphocytes in the bone marrow. Poor B cell immunostaining in lymph node follicles. There was expression of CD79A in the bone marrow, but primarily by immature cells.

Outbreak of tuberculosis caused by Mycobacterium bovis in golden Guernsey goats in Great BritainVeterinary Record (2009) 165, 335-342Several herds with interconnected histories. Multiple positive single intradermal comparativecervical tuberculin (SICCT) tests.GROSS: Chronic necrotizing pneumonia. 2 to 5 cm in diameter with larger cavitated lesions containing yellow pus. Thoracic lymphadenitis. Mesenteric lymphadenitis. Multifocal hepatitis was observed in five animals.HISTO: Granulomatous inflammation, with central caseous necrosis and mineralisation surrounded by a mantle of macrophage and Langhans-type multinucleate giant cells, with variable numbers of lymphocytes and plasma cells surrounded by a partial or complete fibrous capsule. Acid-fast bacilli varying in numbers from sparse to numerous were usually detected in macrophages and giant cells or free within the coagulum.

Mycotic osteomyelitis caused by Schizophyllum commune in a dog Veterinary Record (2009) 165, 350-351Schizophyllum commune is a basidiomycetous fungus found all over the world, often on various trees and decaying wood. Rare cause of human disease: onychomycosis, sinusitis, brain abscess, meningitis, ulcerative lesions of the hard palate, lung abscess and several lung disorders. Only one case of S commune infection in dogs with disseminated nodules.RADIOGRAPHY: Multiple sites of bone lysis in the proximal shaft of the left femur and the middle of the right tibia.FNA: Neutrophils, macrophages, and many branching hyaline hyphaeMicroscopic examination of the isolate revealed hyaline hyphae 2.5 to 3.0 μm in diameter, and confirmed the presence of clamp connections and tubercles, indicating the presence of a basidiomycete.No history of wounds to the feet or limbs, and no lesions were found in tissues other than the bone and surrounding soft tissue. Postulated that the organism gained entry via either the respiratory or gastrointestinal tracts and spread haematogenously via circulating basidiospores.

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Expression of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor in Canine Inflammatory and Non-inflammatory Mammary Carcinoma. J. Comp. Path. 2010, Vol. 142, 36e42. VEGF was strongly expressed in all IMCs and the percentage of VEGF-immunoreactive tumour cells was significantly higher in IMC than in non-IMC (P ¼ 0.02). There was no difference in HER-2 receptor expression between IMC and non-IMC, and no IMC expressed ER or PR. These results suggest that VEGF may contribute to the high angiogenic phenotype of canine IMC and that this expression may underlie the tendency towards local and systemic metastasis of these tumours.