Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering

J. N. ReddyChien Ming WangVan Hai LuongAnh Tuan Le   Editors

ICSCEA 2019Proceedings of the International Conference on Sustainable Civil Engineering and Architecture

Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering

Volume 80

Series Editors

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Sheng-Hong Chen, School of Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering,Wuhan University, Wuhan, China

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Nagesh Kumar, Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of ScienceBangalore, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India

Chien Ming Wang, School of Civil Engineering, The University of Queensland,Brisbane, QLD, Australia

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J. N. Reddy • Chien Ming Wang •

Van Hai Luong • Anh Tuan LeEditors

ICSCEA 2019Proceedings of the International Conferenceon Sustainable Civil Engineeringand Architecture

123

EditorsJ. N. ReddyDepartment of Mechanical EngineeringTexas A&M UniversityCollege Station, TX, USA

Van Hai LuongFaculty of Civil Engineering, Ho Chi MinhCity University of Technology (HCMUT)Vietnam National University Ho Chi MinhCity (VNU-HCM)Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam

Chien Ming WangSchool of Civil EngineeringThe University of QueenslandSt. Lucia, QLD, Australia

Anh Tuan LeFaculty of Civil Engineering, Ho Chi MinhCity University of Technology (HCMUT)Vietnam National University Ho Chi MinhCity (VNU-HCM)Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam

ISSN 2366-2557 ISSN 2366-2565 (electronic)Lecture Notes in Civil EngineeringISBN 978-981-15-5143-7 ISBN 978-981-15-5144-4 (eBook)https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-5144-4

© Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2020This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or partof the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations,recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmissionor information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilarmethodology now known or hereafter developed.The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in thispublication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt fromthe relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in thisbook are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor theauthors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material containedherein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regardto jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.The registered company address is: 152 Beach Road, #21-01/04 Gateway East, Singapore 189721,Singapore

Committees

Member of ICSCEA International Scientific Committee

J. N. Reddy, Texas A&M University, USAChien Ming Wang, The University of Queensland (UQ), AustraliaChris Mannaerts, University of Twente, NetherlandsChunwei Zhang, Qingdao University of Technology, ChinaHitoshi Tanaka, Tohoku University, JapanJaroon Rungamornrat, Chulalongkorn University, ThailandJin-Ho Park, Inha University, KoreaKok Keng Ang, The National University of Singapore, SingaporeMassimo Menenti, Delft University of Technology, NetherlandsRoderik Lindenbergh, Delft University of Technology, NetherlandsTeerapong Senjuntichai, Chulalongkorn University, ThailandTomoaki Utsunomiya, Kyushu University, JapanAsif S Usmani, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong KongBaji Hassan, Central Queensland University, AustraliaChi Won Ahn, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, KoreaChung Bang Yun, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, KoreaHong Hao, Curtin University, AustraliaJaehong Lee, Sejong University, KoreaJian-Guo Dai, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong KongKeh Chyuan Tsai, National Taiwan University, TaiwanKenichiro Nakarai, Hiroshima University, JapanKenji Kawai, Hiroshima University, JapanLasef Md Rian, Xi’an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, ChinaLi Jia, China University of Geosciences, ChinaLindung Zalbuin Mase, University of Bengkulu, IndonesiaMike Xie, RMIT University, AustraliaMitsutaka Sugimoto, Nagaoka University of Technology, JapanOng Wee Keong, Fyfe Asia, Singapore

v

Pruettha Nanakorn, SIIT, Thammasat University, ThailandQuoc Tinh Bui, Tokyo Institute of Technology, JapanRyunosuke Kido, Kyoto University, JapanSachie Sato, Tokyo City University, JapanSafoora Zaminpardaz, RMIT University, AustraliaSalman Azhar, Auburn University, USASeok Hong Lee, Chung-Ang University, KoreaSritawat Kitipornchai, The University of Queensland (UQ), AustraliaSuelynn Choy, RMIT University, AustraliaTakeshi Satoh, The University of Tokyo, JapanYeong Bin Yang, Chongqing University, ChinaYuko Ogawa, Hiroshima University, Japan

Local Scientific Committee

Anh Thang LeAnh Tuan Bui LeChau Lan NguyenDinh Nhan DaoDinh Thanh ChauDuc Hien LeDuy Quoc Huu PhanHai PhamHong Tham DuongHuu Phu NguyenHuy Cung NguyenMinh Tam NguyenMinh Truc Thi HuynhMinh Tung TranNam Tuan TranNgoc Chau DangNgoc Than Tan CaoNgoc Tri NgoNguyen Thi CaoNinh Thuy NguyenPhu Cuong NguyenQuang Minh NguyenQuang Trung NguyenSi Lanh HoTan Van VuThanh Danh TranThanh Nhat TranThoi Trung Nguyen

vi Committees

Thu Huong Thi LeTrong Phuoc HuynhTrong Phuoc NguyenTrong Toan KhongTrung Kien NguyenTuan Kiet TranVan Hieu NguyenVan Phuc LeVan Vuong Nguyen DoXuan Hung Nguyen

HCMUT’s Scientific Committee

Thanh Phong MaiMinh Phuong LeDanh Thao NguyenAnh Tuan LeVan Hai LuongXuan Loc LuuHoai Long LeThai Binh NguyenPhuong Trinh BuiNgoc Thi HuynhAnh Thu NguyenAnh Thu Thi PhanBa Vinh LeBao Binh LuongBao Thu Thi LeBay Thi NguyenDang Trinh NguyenDuc Duy HoDuc Hoc TranHai Yen TranHien Vu PhanHoang Hung Nguyen TranHong An NguyenHong Luan PhamHong Na Thi LeHong Son Vu PhamManh Tuan NguyenNhut Nhut NguyenQuang Truong NguyenQuoc Bang Tran

Committees vii

Quoc Hoang VuQuoc Vinh NguyenSon ThaiTien Dac TranTien Sy DoTinh Nghiem Ngoc DoanTrong Hieu Dinh NguyenTuan Duc HoTuyet Giang Thi VoVan Phuoc Nhan LeVan Qui LaiVan Vui CaoXuan Long NguyenXuan Qui LieuXuan Vu Nguyen

Local Organizing Committee

Chairman

A/Prof. Anh Tuan Le

Co-chairman

A/Prof. Van Hai Luong

Members

Dr. Thai Binh NguyenDr. Phuong Trinh BuiDr. Ngoc Thi HuynhMs. Bich Phuong Thi Nguyen

viii Committees

Sponsors

Committees ix

Preface

On behalf of the Organizing Committee, it is our great pleasure to welcome you tothe International Conference on Sustainable Civil Engineering and Architecture(ICSCEA) 2019 in Ho Chi Minh City. The conference is hosted by Ho Chi MinhCity University of Technology (HCMUT), Vietnam National University Ho ChiMinh City (VNU-HCM).

The conference aims at a closer collaboration and cooperation betweenVietnamese and worldwide scholars in civil engineering and architecture. Theorganizers expect to organize this conference biannually to create innovative spacefor scholars in civil engineering and architecture to share, to exchange, to connect,and to build a better world. As a developing country, Vietnam considers civilengineering and architecture as the key fields to transform the country quickly to bea developed and modern country.

The conference program includes 12 plenary and keynote lectures, and morethan 120 contributions to the field of civil engineering and architecture throughoutone and a half days in four sets of five parallel oral sessions. A majority of themcome from universities and research institutes of countries such as Australia,Belgium, China, Dubai, Japan, Netherlands, Singapore, Korea, Taiwan, Thailand,USA, Vietnam, and so on. This proceedings of the ICSCEA 2019 contains selectedpapers that cover almost all the topics in civil engineering and architecture. Wehope that the papers in this volume of proceedings will trigger new ideas in yourprofessional work and research.

We would like to thank all authors for their contributions to this conference. Wealso would like to thank the staff members of the HCMUT, VNU-HCM forproviding assistance during the preparation stage of this conference. We send our

xi

sincere gratitude to the dedicated reviewers for their time and contribution toenhance the scientific quality of the manuscripts. Last but not least, we acknowl-edge the support received from the sponsors. Without all this invaluable help, it isdifficult to imagine the success of this conference.

Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam J. N. ReddyChien Ming Wang

Van Hai LuongAnh Tuan Le

Editors of the ICSCEA 2019 Proceedings

xii Preface

Contents

Plenary and Keynote

Floating Solutions for Challenges Facing Humanity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3C. M. Wang and Brydon T. Wang

Decadal Morphological Recovery of Estuaries and CoastsAfter the 2011 Tohoku Tsunami . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31Hitoshi Tanaka and Trong Hiep Nguyen

Formal Techniques for Emergent Architectural Designs . . . . . . . . . . . 43Jin-Ho Park

Research and Development of New Spaces on the Sea for Industrialand Recreational Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57Kok Keng Ang, Jian Dai, and Chi Zhang

Analytical Methods for Dynamic Interaction Between StripFoundations and Poroelastic Soils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85Teerapong Senjuntichai and Suraparb Keawsawasvong

Floating Offshore Wind Turbines in Goto Islands, Nagasaki, Japan . . . 103Tomoaki Utsunomiya, Iku Sato, and Takashi Shiraishi

Architecture Session

Adaptive and Variable Building Envelops: Formal Methodsand Robotic Fabrication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117Su Jung Ji, Jin-Ho Park, Se Jung Jeong, and Yang Sook Jeon

An Analysis of Green Building Certification Systems in Vietnam . . . . . 125Le Thi Hong Na and Dang Nguyen Hong Anh

Design Exploration and Fabrication Using Industrial Robotic Arm . . . 135Seung Beom Park, Jin-Ho Park, You Jin Park, and Tuan Anh Nguyen Vu

xiii

Assessment of Roof Architecture of Street Houses in Some CentralDistricts of Ho Chi Minh City . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143Le Thi Hong Na and Nguyen Dang Hoang Nhat Truong

Hanoi Old Quarter with Its Historic Tube House Transitionin the Vietnam Context . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153Minh Hung Ngo

Identifying and Assessing the Attractiveness of Public Spacesfor the Youth as a Key Factor to Help Establish SocialSustainability—Case Studies from Hanoi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159Quang Minh Nguyen, The Trung Doan, Quynh Hoa Ta, Manh Tri Nguyen,Tien Hau Phan, Ngoc Huyen Chu, and Thi Thanh Hien Pham

Public Park Behavior Relationship in Danang: An Impact of PhysicalEnvironment on User’s Behaviors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175Duy Thinh Do and Thi Vy Phuong Vo

Studies on Household Water Consumption and Water-SavingSolutions for Four Cities in the Red River Delta (Hanoi, Hai Phong,Hai Duong and Nam Dinh) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185Quang Minh Nguyen

The Inter-relationships Between LST, NDVI, NDBI in RemoteSensing to Achieve Drought Resilience in Ninh Thuan, Vietnam . . . . . 201Nguyen Quoc Vinh, Nguyen Trong Khanh, and Pham Thi Anh

Urban Appearance in the Industry 4.0—In Case of Ho ChiMinh City . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211Le Thi Bao Thu

Concrete and Steel Sessions

A Study on Strain Contour Plots and Crack Developmentfor Reinforcement Concrete Beams Based on the Applicationof DIC Technique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221Anh Thang Le, H. T. Tai Nguyen, N. T. Hung, and Quy Duc Le

Application of Modified D-Value Method Considering Plastic StrainHardening Effect to Prediction of Structural Mechanics of SteelMoment Resisting Frames with New Column Support System . . . . . . . 231Naoki Tamura, Sachi Furukawa, and Yoshihiro Kimura

Calibrating the K&C Material Model for Fiber Reinforced ConcreteStructures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241Duc-Kien Thai and Duy-Duan Nguyen

Cyclic Loading Tests of Steel Pile Filled with Concrete at Pile TopSubjected to Tensile Axial Force . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251Tomoya Saito, Toshiharu Hirose, and Yoshihiro Kimura

xiv Contents

Effect of Indentation Strain Rate on Plastic Properties in SS400 SteelWeld Zone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259Thai-Hoan Pham and Ngoc-Vinh Nguyen

Elastic Buckling Load of Continuous Braced H-Shaped Beamswith Fork Restraint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269Yui Sato and Yoshihiro Kimura

Experimental Study of Reinforced Concrete Beams Strengthenedby High-Strength Fiber Reinforced Concrete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279T. Hung Nguyen, Anh Thang Le, G. Phat Kha, and C. V. Duc Phan

Investigating the Crack Velocity in Ultra-High-PerformanceFiber-Reinforced Concrete at High Strain Rates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287Tri Thuong Ngo, Duy Liem Nguyen, and Ngoc Thanh Tran

Modeling of Reinforced Concrete Beam Retrofitted with FiberReinforced Polymer Composite by Using ANSYS Software . . . . . . . . . 295Trong Toan Khong, Quoc Tinh Tran, and Van Trinh Do

Nonlinear Inelastic Analysis for Steel Frames . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311Phu-Cuong Nguyen, Tran-Trung Nguyen, Qui X. Lieu, Thanh-Tuan Tran,Phong Thanh Nguyen, and Trong-Nghia Nguyen

Optimization of Steel Panel Damper Design for SeismicMoment Frames . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319Keh-Chyuan Tsai and Chu-Hung Chang

Relationship Between the Intensity and Young’s Module of ConcreteOver Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329Phuc Binh An Nguyen, Quang Thai Bui, and Thanh Dung Ho

Shear Resistance Behaviours of a Newly Puzzle Shape of Crest BondRib Shear Connector: A FEM Modelling Study to Comparewith the Previous Experimental . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343Trong Toan Khong, Quoc Tinh Tran, and Van Trinh Do

Simulation of Concrete-Filled Steel Box Columns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359Duc-Duy Pham, Phu-Cuong Nguyen, Duy-Liem Nguyen,and Hoang-An Le

Study on Two-Directional Seismic Deterioration of TestedSteel Columns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367Tran Tuan Nam

Test of a Full-Scale Two-Story Steel X-BRBF: Strong-Axis Instabilityof Buckling Restrained Brace Associated with Out-of-Plane Bendingof Gusset Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375Dinh-Hai Pham and Chung-Che Chou

Contents xv

Using Deterministic Approach to Predict Compressive Strengthof High-Performance Fiber-Reinforced Concrete UnderDifferent Sizes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381Duy-Liem Nguyen, Phu-Cuong Nguyen, Ngoc-Thanh Tran,and Tri-Thuong Ngo

Validation of Simulated Behavior of Blast Loaded ReinforcedConcrete Columns Retrofitted with Tyfo® Fibrwrap® SystemThrough Experiments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 389J. Quek, C. L. Liu, J. V. P. Musngi, and P. B. Malalasekara

Vibration-Based Damage Identification of Steel Moment-ResistingFrames . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 399Luc-Hoang-Hiep Nguyen and Duc-Duy Ho

Construction Materials Session

Adiabatic Temperature Rise and Thermal Analysisof High-Performance Concrete Bridge Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 413Tu Anh Do, Thuan Huu Nguyen, Thanh Xuan Vu, Tuyet Thi Hoang,Tam Duc Tran, and Thanh Tien Bui

Air Permeability of Precast Concrete Box Culvert Applying SteamCuring Condition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 425May Huu Nguyen, Kenichiro Nakarai, and Saeko Kajita

Chloride Penetration Test of Concrete Simulating DeicingSalt Attack . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 431Yuka Yoshizumi, Kenichiro Nakarai, May H. Nguyen, Norie Tada,and Masayuki Yamamoto

Comparative Performances of Reinforced Beams Using ConcreteMade from Crushed Sand and Fly Ash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 437Duy-Liem Nguyen, Van-Thuan Nguyen, Minh-Phung Tran,and Minh-Thuan Duong

Effect of Fly Ash and Alkaline Solution on Rheology of FoamedConcrete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 447Anh Tuan Le, Thuy Ninh Nguyen, and Hyugmoon Kwon

Effect of Sodium-Silicate Treatment for Recycled ConcreteAggregate on Slump and Compressive Strength of Concrete . . . . . . . . 457Phuong Trinh Bui, Huynh Sang Le, Phan Phuong Uyen Nguyen,Thanh Nam Ly, Ngoc Thanh Nguyen, Yuko Ogawa, and Kenji Kawai

Effect of Water-to-Binder Ratio on Cementing Efficiency Factorof Fly Ash Regarding Compressive Strength of Concrete . . . . . . . . . . . 467Phat Tan Huynh, Phuong Trinh Bui, Yuko Ogawa, and Kenji Kawai

xvi Contents

Effects of Fiber Type and Volume Fraction on Fracture Propertiesof Ultra-High-Performance Fiber-Reinforced Concrete . . . . . . . . . . . . 477Ngoc Thanh Tran, Tri Thuong Ngo, and Duy Liem Nguyen

Evaluate Healing Performance of Asphalt Mixture Containing SteelSlag by Using Induction and Microwave Heating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 485Tam Minh Phan, Dae-Wook Park, Tri Ho Minh Le, and Jun-Sang Park

Evaluating the Effect of Steel Fibers on Some Mechanical Propertiesof Ultra-High Performance Concrete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 493Cong Thang Nguyen, Huu Hanh Pham, Van Tuan Nguyen,Sy Dong Pham, and Viet Hung Cu

Evaluation of Factors of Asphalt that Influence the DynamicModulus of Dense Asphalt Concrete in Viet Nam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 503Hai Nhu Nguyen, Anh Tuan Le, Hai Viet Vo, and Hoang Minh Tran

Experimental Study on the Response of Ultra-High PerformanceFiber Reinforced Concrete Slabs Under Contact Blast Loading . . . . . . 513Ba Danh Le, Duy Hoa Pham, Cong Thang Nguyen, Duc Linh Ngo,and Thi Thuy Dung Bui

Influence of Chloride Ion in Sea Sand on Mechanical Propertiesof Fly Ash Concrete Exposed to Accelerated Carbonation . . . . . . . . . . 521Quoc Viet Dang, Aoi Okada, Yuko Ogawa, and Kenji Kawai

Influence of Molar Concentration of Sodium Hydroxide Solutionon High Temperature Resistance of Geopolymer Paste . . . . . . . . . . . . 531T. Azeyanagi, A. Saludung, Y. Ogawa, and K. Kawai

Investigation of Compressive Behaviors of Geofoams Madein Vietnam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 539Hoang-Hung Tran-Nguyen and Vinh P. Phan

Investigation of Mechanical Properties of Fly Ash/RFCC BasedGeopolymer Concrete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 547Anh Tuan Le, Khoa Tan Nguyen, Thuy Ninh Nguyen, Eunseo Kim,and Kihak Lee

Investigation of the Influence of Residue Fluid Catalytic Cracking(FCC) on Properties of Autoclaved Aerated Concrete . . . . . . . . . . . . . 553Anh Tuan Le, Khoa V. A. Pham, Ninh Thuy Nguyen, Chorong Lee,and Kihak Lee

Investigation on Moisture Transfer in Mortar After Exposureto High Temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 563M. Mizoguchi, T. Kitagawa, T. Daungwilailuk, Y. Ogawa, and K. Kawai

Contents xvii

Lead Adsorption on Cement Paste at Various pH Values Controlledby Different Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 573T. Nishiwaki, M. Yamasaki, S. J. Zhou, Y. Ogawa, and K. Kawai

Lightweight Concrete Using Lightweight Aggregatesfrom Construction and Demolition Wastes—Productionand Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 581Hung Phong Nguyen, Ngoc Lan Le, Cong Thang Nguyen,Van Tuan Nguyen, Tuan Trung Nguyen, and Xuan Hien Nguyen

Possibility of Using High Volume Fly Ash to Produce Low CementUltra High Performance Concrete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 589Sy Dong Pham, Van Tuan Nguyen, Trung Thanh Le,and Cong Thang Nguyen

Strength Development Properties of Core Specimens Taken fromStructural Concrete Test Specimens Prepared All Over Japan . . . . . . 599Sachie Sato, Yoshihiro Masuda, and Hiroyuki Tanano

Tensile Behavior of Ultra-High-Ductile Fiber-Reinforced CementlessComposites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 607Huy Hoang Nguyen, Jeong-Il Choi, Se-Eon Park, and Bang Yeon Lee

Geotechnical and Transportation Sessions

An Exploratory Test of Communicative Mobility Managementfor Promoting Modal Shift in Ho Chi Minh City . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 617Hong Tan Van, Kiyohisa Terai, and Tetsuo Yai

Analyze Shear Strain of Inhomogeneous Soil Considering InteractionBetween SFRC Foundation and Soil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 627Tran-Trung Nguyen, Phu-Cuong Nguyen, Trong-Nghia Nguyen,Ngoc-Tuan Tran, Minh-Hoang Le, and Phong Thanh Nguyen

Application of Bailey Method in Determining Aggregate Gradationin Dense Graded Asphalt Concrete in Vietnam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 637Manh Tuan Nguyen

Application of EPS in the Road Construction on SoftGrounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 647Hirahara Naoyuki, Le Ba Vinh, Satoshi Kobayashi, and To Le Huong

Back Analysis on Deep Excavation in the Thick Sand Layerby Hardening Soil Small Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 659Quoc Thien Huynh, Van Qui Lai, Viet Thai Tran, and Minh Tam Nguyen

Consolidation Behavior of Soft Soil with Different Sample Sizes—ACase Study of Preloading Without PVD in Ho Chi Minh City . . . . . . . 669Nhat-Truyen Phu and Ba-Vinh Le

xviii Contents

Determination of Unloading—Reloading Modulus and ExponentParameters (m) for Hardening Soil Model of Soft Soil in Ho ChiMinh City . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 677Trung Ngo Duc, Phan Vo, and Thanh Tran Thi

Effects of SPT Numbers on Liquefaction Potential Assessmentof Fine Soil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 691Tham Hong Duong

Evaluating the Possible Use of High Modulus Asphalt Mixturesin Flexible Pavements in Vietnam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 701T. Nhan Phan and H. T. Tai Nguyen

Experimental Studies on the Improvement of Soft Soils by Cementin Vinh Long City . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 709Quang Vinh Pham, Nhat Truyen Phu, Ba Vinh Le, and Dinh Uy Vo

Finite Element Analysis of a Deep Excavation Adjacent to the BenThanh—Suoi Tien Metro Tunnels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 717Le Ba Vinh, Ngoc Trieu Hoang, Hoang The Thao, and Hoang Long Hai

Generating a 3D Point Cloud of a Small Steel Bridge ModelStructure Using a Hokuyo UTM 30LX Laser Scanner . . . . . . . . . . . . . 729Ngoc Thi Huynh and Anh Thu Thi Phan

Optimal Design for Rutting Resistance of Asphalt ConcretePavements by Experimental Testing and Finite Element Modelling . . . 737Chau Phuong Ngo, Van Bac Nguyen, Ngoc Bay Pham,Thanh Phong Nguyen, Van Phuc Le, and Van Hung Nguyen

Performance Analysis of a Combination Between D-Wall and SecantPile Wall in Upgrading the Depth of Basement by Plaxis 2D:A Case Study in Ho Chi Minh City . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 745Van Qui Lai, Minh Nhan Le, Quoc Thien Huynh, and Thanh Hai Do

Performance Analysis of Axially Loaded Piles by Load TransferMethod: A Case Study in Ho Chi Minh City . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 757Van Qui Lai, Quoc Thien Huynh, Thanh Hai Do, and Thi Gai Nguyen

Practical Performance of Magnetostrictive Vibration EnergyHarvester in Highway Bridge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 767Tuan Minh Ha, Saiji Fukada, Toshiyuki Ueno, and Duc-Duy Ho

Quality Assessment of Field Soilcrete Created by Jet Groutingin the Mekong Delta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 777Hoang-Hung Tran-Nguyen and Nhung H. D. Ly

Studies on the Effects of Raft and Piles on Behavior of PiledRaft Foundations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 785Le Ba Vinh, To Le Huong, Le Ba Khanh, and Hoang The Thao

Contents xix

Uncertainties in Problem of Ground Improvement UsingPrefabricated Vertical Drains (PVD) and Seeking a Cost-EffectiveDesign Applying Monte Carlo Sampling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 795Tham Hong Duong and Kim Truc Do Thi

Remote Sensing, Construction Management and Water ResourceEngineering Sessions

A Proposed Model for Predicting the Risks of ContaminationIntrusion in Water Distribution System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 805Thi Minh Lanh Pham and Quang Truong Nguyen

Accuracy Assessment of 3D Point Clouds Collected by a Low CostUAV-Based Laser Scanner System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 815Cong Bang Van Dang, Kazuyoshi Takahashi, and Anh Thu Thi Phan

Application of Information and Communication Technologyin Construction Companies in Vietnam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 825Khoa Dang Vo, Chau Ngoc Dang, Chau Van Nguyen, Hiep Trong Hoang,An Thanh Nguyen, Quan Khac Nguyen, and Long Le-Hoai

Apply System Dynamic in Resolving the Dispute of Time Delayin Viet Nam Construction Project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 835H. L. Pham and N. T. Le

Applying Water Footprint Model to Estimate Water Requirementsof Rice Crops . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 849Vu Hien Phan and Anh Tuan Nguyen

Cost and Environmental Benefit Analysis of Solar—PanelInstallation on Glass Surfaces to Reduce the Energy Consumptionin High Rise Buildings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 857Trung Quang Nguyen, Duc Long Luong, Anh-Duc Pham,and Quynh Chau Truong

Decision Scaling Approach to Assess Climate Change Impactson Water Shortage Situation in the Ba River Basin—Vietnam . . . . . . . 867V. T. V. Anh, T. Thuc, N. Thong, and P. T. T. Duong

Development of Africa Wild Dog Optimization Algorithmfor Optimize Freight Coordination for DecreasingGreenhouse Gases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 881Pham Vu Hong Son and Tran Trong Khoi

Estimating Values of the Can Gio Mangrove Ecosystem ServicesUsing Remote Sensing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 891Nguyen Hoang Yen and Dao Nguyen Khoi

xx Contents

Evaluation of Spatial Planning Solutions in Terms of Urban WaterManagement Using the Multi-criteria Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 903Ngoc Tu Tong

Investigating Partnering Performance in the VietnameseConstruction Industry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 915Khoa Dang Vo, Sy Tien Do, Thu Anh Nguyen, Chau Ngoc Dang,Thanh Huy Tran, and Long Le-Hoai

Management of Buildings with Semantic and 3D Spatial Propertiesby S_EUDM Data Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 931T. V. Phan, G. T. Anh Nguyen, and Trung Tran Do Quoc

Monitoring the Spatio-Temporal Changes of Can Gio MangroveForest Using Google Earth Engine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 941Vu Hoang Dinh Phuc and Dao Nguyen Khoi

Progress Report on the Present Conditions and TechnicalCooperation Related to Bridge Maintenance Managementin Kingdom of Bhutan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 951T. Kameda, S. Nii, K. Takahashi, K. Wakabayashi, and K. Konno

Quantitative Structuring for the Strategy Map of Coastal UrbanProjects Using a Hybrid Approach of Fuzzy Logic andDEMATEL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 957Truc Thi Minh Huynh, Duc-Hoc Tran, Anh-Duc Pham, and Long Le-Hoai

Review the Vietnamese Contractor’s Roles in Implementing thePrerequisites of LEED v4 BD + C Project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 969Duy Hoang Pham, Huyn Kyu Shin, and Yong Han Ahn

Rice Crop Monitoring in the Mekong Delta, VietnamUsing Multi-temporal Sentinel-1 Data with C-Band . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 979Hoang Phi Phung and Lam Dao Nguyen

Storage Tank Inspection Based Laser Scanning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 987L. Truong-Hong, R. Lindenbergh, and P. Fisk

Studying Wind Flow-Field Around a Triangular Building by CFDand Wind Tunnel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 997Do N. Ngo, Y. Q. Nguyen, Anh T. Tran, and Hien T. Le

Variation Order Management in Vietnam Construction Projects . . . . . 1007Nam N. N. Tran, Sy T. Do, Thu A. Nguyen, and Long H. Le

Contents xxi

Structure Session

Dynamic Analysis of Multi-layer Connected Plate Restingon a Pasternak Foundation Subjected to Moving Load . . . . . . . . . . . . 1017Tan Ngoc Than Cao, Van Hai Luong, Xuan Vu Nguyen,and Minh Thi Tran

A Proposed Method for Inspecting and Predicting the SeismicVulnerability of Dam Structures in Korea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1027Anh-Tuan Cao, Thanh-Tuan Tran, Tahmina Tasnim Nahar,and Dookie Kim

Analysis of the Relationship Between the Deflection Patternof a Floating Plate Induced by Moving Load and the Material Angleby Using the Boundary Element-Moving Element Method . . . . . . . . . . 1037Xuan Vu Nguyen, Van Hai Luong, Tan Ngoc Than Cao,and Minh Thi Tran

Case Study on Field Application of Structural StrengtheningTechnique with Fire-Protection to a Commercial Building . . . . . . . . . . 1045L. X. Binh, V. N. Linh, D. X. Quy, H. V. Quan,H. V. Tuan, and W. K. Ong

Damage Detection in Plates with Different Boundary ConditionsUsing Improved Modal Strain Energy Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1059Thanh-Cao Le, Tan-Thinh Nguyen, Thanh-Canh Huynh, and Duc-Duy Ho

Dynamic Analysis of Beams on Nonlinear Foundation Consideringthe Mass of Foundation to Moving Oscillator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1069Trong Phuoc Nguyen and Minh Thi Ha

Energy Simulation and Life Cycle Cost Analysis for DesigningEnergy Efficient Commercial Buildings in Pakistan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1079Najam Us Saqib and Salman Azhar

Evaluation of Response Variability of Euler–Bernoulli Beam Restingon Foundation Due to Randomness in Elastic Modulus . . . . . . . . . . . . 1087Ta Duy Hien and Phu-Cuong Nguyen

Experimental and Numerical Modal Analysis of Cabinet FacilityConsidering the Connection Nonlinearity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1093Thanh-Tuan Tran, Anh-Tuan Cao, Kashif Salman, Phu-Cuong Nguyen,and Dookie Kim

Experimental Modelling of Self-excited Responses of a SquareCylinder in Smooth Wind Flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1101Cung Huy Nguyen, Van Tan Vu, and Khang Thanh Huong

xxii Contents

Free Vibration Analysis of FG Sandwich Plates on ElasticFoundation Using a Refined Quasi-3D Inverse Sinusoidal ShearDeformation Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1107Tan-Van Vu, Ngoc-Hung Nguyen, Tan-Tai Huynh Nguyen,Canh-Tuan Nguyen, Quang-Hung Truong, and Ut-Kien Van Tang

Hydroelastic Analysis of Floating Plates Subjected to MovingLoads in Shallow Water Condition by Using the MovingElement Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1119Xuan Vu Nguyen, Van Hai Luong, Tan Ngoc Than Cao,and Minh Thi Tran

Multi-patch Geometrically Nonlinear Isogeometric Analysisof Spatial Beams with Additive Rotation Updates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1129Duy Vo, Pruettha Nanakorn, and Tinh Quoc Bui

Optimal Compensation of Axial Shortening in Tall Buildingsby Differential Evolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1137Duc-Xuan Nguyen and Hoang-Anh Pham

Postbuckling Isogeometric Analysis of Functionally Graded CarbonNanotube-reinforced Composite Shells Under Combined Loading . . . . 1145Tan N. Nguyen, Pham Toan Thang, Dieu Thanh Thi Do, Seunghye Lee,and Jaehong Lee

Safety of Structures in Fire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1153Asif S. Usmani

Stochastic Modelling for Service Life Prediction of UndergroundTunnels Subjected to Water Ingress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1161Hassan Baji and Hamid Reza Ronagh

Structural Damage Detection in Space Frames Using Modal StrainEnergy Method and Genetic Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1169Quang-Huy Le, Van-Phuong Huynh, Minh-Tuan Ha, and Duc-Duy Ho

Structural Damage Detection Using Model Order Reductionand Two-Stage Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1179Qui X. Lieu, Phu-Cuong Nguyen, Seunghye Lee, Jaehong Lee,and Van Hai Luong

The Application of Basalt Fiber Fabric to Reinforce the Structuresin the Construction Industry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1189Thi Ngoc Quyen Nguyen

The Impacts of Different Structural Design Alternativeson the Embodied Emissions of Flat Plate Buildings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1199Tran Mai Kim Hoang Trinh, Sanaul Chowdhury, Jeung-Hwan Doh,and Cai Shunyao

Contents xxiii

The Reduction of Vibration of Multiple Tuned Mass Dampersin Continuous Beam Traversed by Moving Loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1209Trong Phuoc Nguyen and Duy Thoai Vo

Topology Optimization of Two-Dimensional Trusses Using ImprovedParticle Swarm Optimization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1219Phirun Hou and Pruettha Nanakorn

Transverse Galloping Analysis of a Sculptural Column . . . . . . . . . . . . 1229Cung Huy Nguyen, Tai Dinh Truong,Kha Dinh Nguyen, and Van Hai Luong

Two-Dimensional Truss Topology Design by ReinforcementLearning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1237S. Sahachaisaree, P. Sae-ma, and P. Nanakorn

Updating the Reliability of Aging Miter Gates in the Presenceof Corrosion and Fatigue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1247Thuong Van Dang, Quang Anh Mai, Pablo G. Morato, and Philippe Rigo

Vibration Analysis in Designing Post-tensioned Slabs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1255Ha Thu Tran and Hung Manh Tran

xxiv Contents

Plenary and Keynote

Floating Solutions for Challenges FacingHumanity

C. M. Wang and Brydon T. Wang

1 Introduction

In 2003, Nobel Laureate Richard Smalley presented a list of top ten ‘global concerns’that humanity had to contendwith over the next half a century [27]. These global con-cerns (as set out in descending order of priority) are: energy insecurity and the needfor alternative sources to fossil fuel; water shortages; food scarcity; environmentalthreats from climate change and pollution; poverty; terrorism and war; disease, theeducation gap, the development of democracy, and over-population [26].

Twelve years later, the United Nations General Assembly adopted resolution70/1 that set out 17 Sustainable Development Goals or SDGs for brevity [22]. Thegoals provided a framework that allowed countries (both developed and develop-ing nations) to align their efforts to, in essence, solve a similar set of problems toSmalley’s list of global concerns.

The authors suggest that how we choose to deploy infrastructure and build ourcities will have a significant impact on the way we are able to respond to the globalconcerns and meet the SDGs. While the challenge of adopting cheap and abundantrenewable energy sources is given pre-eminent position on the list of global concerns,this article considers that any infrastructure solution addressing the challenge ofabundant clean energy production (or any of the remaining global concerns) mustalso contend with the environmental threat of rising sea levels, particularly in lightof coastal urbanisation. Accordingly, this article positions the environmental threatof rising sea levels and extreme storm events on the same level of pre-eminence onthe list of global concerns [18].

C. M. Wang (B)School of Civil Engineering, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australiae-mail: cm.wang@uq.edu.au

B. T. WangSchool of Law, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia

© Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2020J. N. Reddy et al. (eds.), ICSCEA 2019, Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering 80,https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-5144-4_1

3

4 C. M. Wang and B. T. Wang

However, rather than armouring our coastlines against the increasing threat ofrising sea levels, there is a need to consider the ocean as ameans of providing succourto our emerging needs. Ocean exploration has fuelled advancement in drugs, foodand energy; vastly improving the quality of life on earth. In fact, twenty percent of theprotein we consume comes from seafood, and half of the oxygen we breathe comesfrom the oxygen produced by phytoplankton photosynthesis in the sea [23]. Thishas given rise to a constellation of different economic and socio-political activitiesseeking to sustainably leverage the resources of the ocean while broadly preservingand enhancing ocean ecosystems. These activities fall under the broad umbrella ofthe ‘Blue Economy’ which is defined by the World Bank as the ‘sustainable useof ocean resources for economic growth, improved livelihoods and jobs, and oceanecosystem health’ [30].

In this paper, we present floating solutions in four parts to address the challengesof energy insecurity, clean water and food shortages, environmental concerns, and tosupport resilient communities in addressing social issues of poverty and populationpressures on urban development. The authors note that the floating solutions set outin this article allow us to support the Blue Economy and meet the following SDGs:

(SDG 7) affordable and clean energy—through the use of floating wind turbines, floatingsolar farms, wave energy converters and the exploitation of ocean thermal energy conversion;

(SDG 6) clean water and sanitation—through the use of floating desalination plants that canbe towed and deployed in crucial situations;

(SDG 9) industry, innovation, and infrastructure—through the use of floating structures toavail offshore fish farming and floating vegetable and dairy farms. Floating structures canalso be used to support the blue economy through installations for tourism and culturalspaces;

(SDG 13) climate action—through the use of floating structures to access the ocean’s poten-tial to provide abundant and clean energy, reducing dependency on fossil fuels and biomassfor energy generation;

(SDG14) life belowwater—through the use of floating structures and ecological engineeringto reduce the impact of hard marine infrastructure on fragmentation of coastal environmentsand disruption to wave patterns, and a move away from the traditional land reclamationapproach that destroys the marine ecology beneath the project footprint;

(SDG 15) life on land— through the potential for floating structures to enable cities toalleviate land pressures due to coastal urbanisation; and

(SDG 11) sustainable cities and communities—through hybrid floating cities, where citiesexpand over adjacent water bodies in an environmentally sensitive way while exploiting theocean as a clean and abundant source of energy and site for food and clean water production.

Floating Solutions for Challenges Facing Humanity 5

2 Part 1: Floating Solutions for Harvesting Energyfrom Oceans

Smalley [26] notes that access to energy is the single most important factor thatimpacts the prosperity of any society. Cheap and abundant clean energy allows us todeploy technology to help us desalinate water, increase food production, reduce ourimpact on the environment from the use of fossil fuels and take steps to reduce ourenvironmental footprint.

While we have met our energy demands by expanding into the oceans to exploitoffshore oil and gas deposits, the oil crises of the 1970s sparked international researchinto offshore wind energy in the 1980s [12]. As the offshore renewable energy indus-try matures in certain jurisdictions and public desire for solutions to reduce carbonand greenhouse gas emissions become more urgent, a range of clean energy sourcessuch as solar energy, wind energy, wave energy and tidal current energy are comingto the fore.

Presented in this section are floating solutions for harvesting different forms ofenergy from our oceans or siting sensitive energy infrastructure in the ocean toaddress energy insecurity and provide a means of obtaining clean and abundantenergy without the use of fossil fuels and biomass.

2.1 Floating Wind Turbines

The ocean offers a source of cheap and abundant renewable energy. There is morewind in the oceans than on land with ‘estimates regarding global potential of windenergy capacity alone exceeding the IEA’s 2010 estimate of average global electricitygeneration’ [21]. Systematic Ocean Energy Resource assessment shows that offshorewind amount to more than 192,000 TWh/year [20].

This vast amount of wind energy from the ocean may be harvested using float-ing offshore wind turbines and made readily available to coastal populations. Asignificant advantage of offshore applications of wind turbines are that the actualcomponents that make up the turbines do not have the same transportation con-straints as their land-based alternatives, which allows floating wind turbines to bemade at a significantly larger scale. Currently, onshore wind turbines range from 2.1to 5.8 MW whereas offshore wind turbines range from 6.0 to 10.0 MW (SiemensGamesa). In a recent demonstration project in Goto Island, Japan, a 2 MW sparfloating wind turbine was designed and installed. It has a hybrid precast concreteand steel spar of 76 m in length that carries a 56 m tower with a rotor diameter of80 m (see Fig. 1a). With the success of this project, plans are also underway to buildanother 8 larger floating wind turbines to supply electricity for the entire Goto Island.Similarly, Saitec is building concrete pontoon type floating wind turbines in Spain(see Fig. 1b) [16].

6 C. M. Wang and B. T. Wang

Fig. 1 a Floating spar wind turbine, Goto Island. b Saitec wind turbine on concrete pontoon offthe coast of Spain

2.2 Wave Energy Converters

It is estimated that wave energy amounts to 80,000 TWh/year [20]. However, thetechnology extant is not at a level of maturity that readily allows the exploitation ofwave energy at scale. At the heart of the operational challenges to harvesting waveenergy is that the components of the converters tend to break down after a period oftime due to the continual movement of their parts under enormous forces.

Pelamis was one of the first companies to commercialise ocean surface waveenergy conversion. It began in 2004 with a prototype at the European Marine EnergyCentre in Scotland that was followed by the Enersis Aguacadoura Wave Farm inPortugal. Unfortunately, the Portuguese installation proved to be short-lived, operat-ing for less than half a year. Following a number of small-scale wave farms aroundEurope, Pelamis went into administration in November 2014 [2].

However, new technologies aimed at harvesting wave energy are still being tested.One such emerging technology is offered by Eco Wave Power where floaters thatrest on the water surface are attached to an existing marine structure, such as a wharf,pier or breakwater. The technology utilises incoming surface waves through the useof floaters that pump hydraulic pistons, which in turn generates pressure that drivesa hydraulic motor to create energy. The deployment of the technology along coastalinstallations increases accessibility and ease of maintenance. The technology hasbeen successfully deployed in Gibraltar and in the Jaffa Port in Israel (see Fig. 2a)https://www.ecowavepower.com/.

Similarly, the Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion has developed a newform of wave energy converter based on energy absorbers mounted on a semi-submersible floating structure called the Sharp Eagle (see Fig. 2b). The energy

Floating Solutions for Challenges Facing Humanity 7

Fig. 2 a Eco wave power installation at Jaffa Port, Israel. b Sharp Eagle developed by GuangzhouInstitute of Energy Conversion

production system was integrated into the grid at Dawanshan Island in 2015, andclaims to have the highest average wave-to-wire efficiency recorded at 24% http://english.giec.cas.cn/ns/tn/201707/t20170725_181220.html.

2.3 Floating Solar Farms

Floating solar farms are installations of photovoltaic (PV) systems on floating struc-tures. This form of siting PV arrays in the ocean is a fast-growing deployment optionwith over 100 installations worldwide [14]. One of the key advantages of the deploy-ment strategy is that these floating solar farms can be located close to urban envi-ronments without the problem of overshadowing by adjacent buildings. Reservoirs,lakes, seas and oceans offer abundant space to site these floating solar farms. Whendeployed on reservoirs, floating solar farms help to reduce water loss via evaporationand prevent the growth of algae.

An example of such an installation is theKagoshimaNantsujimamega solar powerplant, a 70 MW floating solar plant in Kagoshima Prefecture of Southern Japan (see