J. Urban, D. Murtagh, N. LautiJ. Urban, D. Murtagh, N. Lautié, M. Ekström, P. Eriksson …é, M. Ekström, P. Eriksson …

Department of Radio and Space Science, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Göteborg / SwedenDepartment of Radio and Space Science, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Göteborg / Sweden

S. LossowS. Lossow

Meteorological Institute Stockholm University / SwedenMeteorological Institute Stockholm University / Sweden

Y. Kasai, P. BaronY. Kasai, P. Baron

National Institute for Information and Communications Technology, Tokyo /JapanNational Institute for Information and Communications Technology, Tokyo /Japan

P. Ricaud, E. Le Flochmoën, B. Barret, … P. Ricaud, E. Le Flochmoën, B. Barret, …

Laboratoire d’ALaboratoire d’Aéérologie, Toulouse / Francerologie, Toulouse / France

E. Dupuy, J. de La Noë, …E. Dupuy, J. de La Noë, …

Observatoire Aquitain des Sciences de l’Univers, L3AB, Floirac / FranceObservatoire Aquitain des Sciences de l’Univers, L3AB, Floirac / France

… … and the Odin/SMR teamand the Odin/SMR team

Odin/SMR Observations of Water Vapour Odin/SMR Observations of Water Vapour in the Middle Atmosphere in the Middle Atmosphere

The Odin satelliteThe Odin satellite• Swedish led mini-satellite. Cooperation with Canada, Finland, France.

• Launched in February 2001. Design lifetime: 2 years.

• Circular quasi-polar sun-synchronous orbit: 625km altitude, 96min/orbit, 6h/18h equator crossing.

• Time sharing: 50% astronomy, 50% aeronomy.

• Limb-sounding in aeronomy mode: ~45-65 scans/orbit, ~15 orbits per day.

• 2 instruments: SMR (Sub-Millimetre Radiometer), OSIRIS (Optical Spectrograph and InfraRed Imaging System)

• Aeronomy science objectivesAeronomy science objectives: stratosphere + mesosphere: stratosphere + mesosphere..

stratospheric modestratospheric mode (ClO, N (ClO, N22O, HNOO, HNO33, O, O33),), water isotope modewater isotope mode (H (H22O, HDO, HO, HDO, H22O-18, HO-18, H22O-17),O-17),

odd hydrogen / summer mesosphere modeodd hydrogen / summer mesosphere mode (H (H22O, OO, O33, CO),, CO), odd nitrogen modeodd nitrogen mode (NO, HNO (NO, HNO33, NO, NO2 2 ))

Odin/SMR frequency coverageOdin/SMR frequency coverage

Swedish Space Corporation

stratospheric modestratospheric mode (ClO, N(ClO, N22O, HNOO, HNO33, O, O33))

water isotope modewater isotope mode (H(H22O, HDO, HO, HDO, H22O-18, HO-18, H22O-17) O-17)

(O(O33, O, O33-18-asym, O-18-asym, O33-18-sym, O-18-sym, O33-17-asym)-17-asym)

odd hydrogen / odd hydrogen / summer mesosphere modesummer mesosphere mode

(H(H22O, OO, O33, CO), CO)

odd nitrogen modeodd nitrogen mode (NO, HNO(NO, HNO33, NO, NO2 2 ))

Mesospheric water vapourMesospheric water vapour

Mesospheric water vapour @ 556.9 GHzMesospheric water vapour @ 556.9 GHz

51 km

65 km

79 km

Mesospheric water vapour / 2002Mesospheric water vapour / 2002

Chalmers-v2.0H2O @ 557.0 GHz

Jan Jul

OctApr

3-d model: mesospheric H3-d model: mesospheric H22OO[Körner & Sonnemann, JGR, 106, 2001][Körner & Sonnemann, JGR, 106, 2001]

NH summer solstice

seas

on

al v

aria

tio

n

88km

72.5N

Odin: NLC’s + HOdin: NLC’s + H22O in summer mesosphereO in summer mesosphere

18 - July - 2004: 85 km (NH)Odin/SMRH2O VMR:Odin/OSIRIS NLC:

Courtesy: Stefan Lossow, MISU / Stockholm University

Odin/SMR HOdin/SMR H22O @ 557 GHz: summer mesosphereO @ 557 GHz: summer mesosphere

cloud free

strong NLC

Courtesy: Stefan Lossow, MISU / Stockholm University

18 - July - 2004: mean 55°N - 85°N

Odin/SMR water isotope modeOdin/SMR water isotope mode

Odin/SMR Water Isotope Mode: HOdin/SMR Water Isotope Mode: H22O, OO, O33 + isotopes + isotopes

CTSO-v223-offline

490.4 GHzband

488.9 GHzband

~ 20 km

~ 40 km

~ 30 km

~ 50 km

H2O-16

H2O-18

O3-16HDOO3-18-sym

O3-18-asym

O3-17-asym

Odin/SMR water isotope modeOdin/SMR water isotope mode

Retrieved profiles of H216O @ 488.9 GHz and HDO @ 490.4 GHz

• Simultaneous retrieval of H216O, O3, H2

18O / HDO, 18O3-asym, 18O3-sym, scan-bias, linear baseline (offset), temperature, and continuum

HDOH216O

Odin/SMR water vapour – Odin/SMR water vapour – 15 15 Dec 2001Dec 2001

Retrieval of water vapour H216O - band 488.35-489.35 GHz

zonal mean and global distribution

24 hours = 14 orbits x 50 scans / orbit

zonal mean H216O H2

16O at 30km

Water Vapour ”Delta-D” : a tool to study the origin of air masses

• Isotopic depletion/enrichment: D = (Robs/Rref – 1) x 100 [%]

• SMOW - Standard Mean Ocean Water: D/H ratio = Rref = 1.5576.10-4

• D variations caused by isotopic fractionation processes (phase changes, chemistry)

• Initial D (tropical tropopause) = ~ - 65% (due to condensation / phase changes in TTL)

• D in water vapour increases with altitude in stratosphere due to chemical production from CH4 and CH3D oxidation, since stratospheric entry value of D in methane is larger.

Odin/SMR water isotope mode: HOdin/SMR water isotope mode: H22O, HDO, O, HDO, δD 2

9-30

Ap

ril 2

002

2

9-30

Ap

ril 2

002

26

-27

Oct

ober

200

226

-27

Oct

ober

200

2

H2O @ 488.9 GHzH2O @ 488.9 GHz HDO @ 490.4 GHzHDO @ 490.4 GHz δD (HDO)δD (HDO)

Zonal mean of water vapour H216O and its isotope HDO

δD 　 - 20S-20N 　 mean

3 month mean July-Aug-Sep 2002

3 month mean Oct-Nov-Dec 2002

-39%

Slope ～ 0.04

-64%

-44%

-55%

Slope ～ 0.1

Courtesy: Y. Kasai / NICT Tokyo

Odin/SMR: HOdin/SMR: H22O-17 @ 552 GHzO-17 @ 552 GHz

22 km

36 km

50 km

H2O-17, NO, O3: 1 observation day per month since Nov 2003

H2O-17O3

Relative humidity Relative humidity in tropical upper tropospherein tropical upper troposphere

RHi weighting functionsstratospheric mode

501.8 GHz 544.6 GHz

sub-bands for RH retrievalsub-bands for cloud correction

ClOO3

N2OHNO3

O3

Odin/SMR: Upper tropospheric humidity / tropicsOdin/SMR: Upper tropospheric humidity / tropics

Odin/SMR: Upper tropospheric humidity / tropicsOdin/SMR: Upper tropospheric humidity / tropics

200 hPa (~11km)

130 hPa (~ 15km)

multi-annual mean: December 2001 – August 2004

UT/LS water vapour from continuum UT/LS water vapour from continuum emissionsemissions

544.6 GHz retrieval: H544.6 GHz retrieval: H22O continuumO continuum

32 N 83 S

HNO3

O3

HNO3

O3

HH22O @ 544.6 GHz: 2003O @ 544.6 GHz: 2003

• H2O retrieval from continuum emissions in 544.6 GHz stratospheric mode measurements (O3, HNO3), ~10 observation days per month.

• Global coverage (~83S-83N), good altitude resolution (~3-4 km), useful altitude range ~10-30 km covering UT/LS, noise requires averaging. • Monthly zonal mean fields:

- Large VMR in troposphere, change of gradient indicates tropopause,

- Typical VMR in lower stratosphere (~15-25km) of 2.5-4 ppmv,

- De-hydrification inside Antarctic polar vortex: Very low values at 12-20km in southern winter hemisphere (~Jul-Nov),

- Minima around ~20-25 km at high latitudes (summer hemisphere and outside vortex during winter). Correlation with HNO3?

HH22O @ 544.6 GHz: 2003O @ 544.6 GHz: 2003

upper troposphereupper troposphere

• H2O information in troposphere from continuum emissions in 544.6 GHz measurements

• Troposphere: - No cloud correction yet applied!!! - A priori contamination 10-30% ! • Large VMR in troposphere, change of gradient indicates tropopause, large seasonal variation.

HH22O tape recorder: tropics 15S-15NO tape recorder: tropics 15S-15Nre

lati

ve t

o

mea

nV

M R

UT/LS tape recorder: tropics 15S-15NUT/LS tape recorder: tropics 15S-15Nre

lati

ve t

o

mea

n

HH22O @ 544.6 GHz: upper troposphereO @ 544.6 GHz: upper troposphere3

55

K3

30

K

HH22O @ 544.6 GHz: lowermost stratosphereO @ 544.6 GHz: lowermost stratosphere4

05

K3

80

K

H2O @ 544 GHz: lower stratosphereH2O @ 544 GHz: lower stratosphere4

55

K4

30

K

Summary and PerspectivesSummary and Perspectives Odin Odin carrying carrying SMR (Sub-Millimetre Radiometer)SMR (Sub-Millimetre Radiometer) launched in February 2001.launched in February 2001.

now: ~4.5 years of aeronomy observations starting from Nov 2001 (quasi-global coverage), now: ~4.5 years of aeronomy observations starting from Nov 2001 (quasi-global coverage), time-shared with astronomical observations.time-shared with astronomical observations.

Odin/SMR water vapour measurement modes: Odin/SMR water vapour measurement modes:

Mesospheric water vapour:Mesospheric water vapour:

HH22O, OO, O33, T at 557GHz: , T at 557GHz: ~4 days / month, Nov 2001 - , mesosphere (~40-100km), ~4 days / month, Nov 2001 - , mesosphere (~40-100km),

Strato-mesospheric water vapour and isotopes:Strato-mesospheric water vapour and isotopes: HH22O, HDO, HO, HDO, H22O-18, OO-18, O33-isotopes around 490GHz: -isotopes around 490GHz:

~4 days / month, Nov 2001 - , strato+mesosphere (~20-75km), ~4 days / month, Nov 2001 - , strato+mesosphere (~20-75km),

HH22O-17, NO, OO-17, NO, O33, T at 551GHz:, T at 551GHz: ~1 day / month, Oct 2003 - , strato+mesosphere (~18-75km), ~1 day / month, Oct 2003 - , strato+mesosphere (~18-75km),

Upper tropospheric humidity (from stratospheric mode):Upper tropospheric humidity (from stratospheric mode):

NN22O, ClO, OO, ClO, O33, HNO, HNO33,T,T ~10 days / month, Nov 2001 - , stratosphere (~100hPa-1hPa), ~10 days / month, Nov 2001 - , stratosphere (~100hPa-1hPa),

also used for also used for UT/LS humidityUT/LS humidity retrievals. retrievals.

Reprocessing of L1b- and L2-data for main stratospheric and water isotope modes Reprocessing of L1b- and L2-data for main stratospheric and water isotope modes ongoing during 2006 (ongoing during 2006 (→→Ch-v2.0), new version in preparation.Ch-v2.0), new version in preparation.

Validation of water vapour products ongoing.Validation of water vapour products ongoing.

Thank you!Thank you!