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North AmericanCartographic Information

Society

W E L C O M E

Welcome to the 23rd meeting of the North American Cartographic Information Society. Themeeting will undoubtedly be stimulating, engaging, and fun for anyone interested in carto-graphy. The content of presentations and panel sessions is extensive and diverse, as are thepeople attending the conference. Among the most enjoyable aspects of NACIS are the people:practicing cartographers, artists, teachers, academics, librarians, government employees, writers,and more – all who share a fascination with maps and mapping. You can learn by attendingsessions, and you can learn by talking to other conference attendees.

I am pleased that Practical Cartography Day is back, spanning the Wednesday prior to theconference opening session Wednesday eve. We heartily welcome the influx of 'practicalcartographers' who comprise a vital and growing part of the NACIS community. The popularityof Practical Cartography Day is such that it has 'leaked' into the main program, on Thursday andFriday, with panel sessions on Cartographic Self- Publishing, Mapping Software, and, for thefirst time, the 'Great NACIS Map-off' - where six cartographers will unveil their version of a mapassigned two weeks prior to the conference.

Our Wednesday eve Opening Session features a talk on Cave Mapping in Florida by CanDenizman and Todd Kincaid, who will entertain us with 'what lies beneath' the landscape ofFlorida. The reception after the talk provides an informal way to meet new people and rekindlefriendships, as well as to view the poster presentations. A cruise of the St. John's River on apaddlewheel riverboat with dinner, music, and socializing has been organized for Thursday eve.Finally, fieldtrips (St. Augustine and Okefenokee Wildlife Refuge) and workshops (SVG andInteractive Cartography, Mapping with ArcGIS) are offered on Saturday. Check the registrationdesk if you are interested in participating in any of these events.

A special thanks to Lou Cross and Jim Anderson for all their work on local arrangements inFlorida, taken on in addition to their roles as Executive Director of NACIS (Lou) and producer ofthe NACIS journal Cartographic Perspectives (Jim). Thanks also to the NACIS Board of Directorsand Officers for their help with the conference and NACIS, and Susan Peschel who is, quitesimply, the glue that holds NACIS together.

John Krygier

Program Chair and Vice President

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Tuesday, October 7

6:00 —8:00 P.M., Practical Cartography Day and NACIS RegistrationGRAND BALLROOM FOYER

Wednesday, October 8

7:45—8:45 A.M., Practical Cartography Day RegistrationGRAND BALLROOM FOYER

8:45 A.M.—4:30 P.M., Practical Cartography DaySTARBOARD

2:00 —7:30 P.M., NACIS Conference RegistrationGRAND BALLROOM FOYER

3:00—5:00 P.M., NACIS Board MeetingPROPELLER

7:30—9:00 P.M., NACIS Opening SessionPORT

Application of GIS to Construct Sinkhole and Cave DatabasesCan Denizman, Valdosta State University; Todd Kincaid, Hazlett-Kincaid, Inc.

9:00 —11:00 P.M., Opening Reception and Poster SessionWINDWARD

Thursday, October 9

8:00 A.M.—5:00 P.M., NACIS Conference RegistrationGRAND BALLROOM FOYER

TUESDAY, OCTOBER 7 · THURSDAY, OCTOBER 9

S C H E D U L E

THURSDAY, OCTOBER 9 3

8:30—10:15 A.M.

A. Coup Cartographique: Cartographic Impacts on GIS Data DesignSTARBOARD

Chair: Aileen Buckley, ESRI

Washington Apples and Florida Oranges: Generalize ThisKeven Roth, USGS

Harnessing the Power of Geographic Databases for Cartography: A Multi-ScaleBasemap Data Model DemonstrationAileen Buckley, ESRI

Designing Maps that Work at Any ScaleCharlie Frye, ESRI

Designing Geographic Visualization Software with UMLFrank Hardisty, University of South Carolina

B. The Joy of Map DesignPORT

Chair: Trudy Suchan, U.S. Census Bureau

Visualization Design Issues of the Battle of AntietamCharlie Kershner, U.S. Army Topographic Engineering Center and Frostburg State University

Maps for the Encyclopedia of Chicago HistoryDenis McClendon, Chicago Cartographics

Reporting Oregon’s Salmon Recovery Effort using Atlas Design TechniquesJim Meacham and Ken Kato, University of Oregon

Design Without LinesMichael Hermann, University of Maine

10:30—Noon

C. Whither Cartography Textbooks? A Panel DiscussionSTARBOARD

Panel Organizer: Brandon Plewe, Brigham Young University

Panelists: Judith Tyner, California State University–Long Beach; Dennis Fitzsimons,Humboldt State University; Barbara Buttenfield, University of Colorado–Boulder; Will Fontanez,University of Tennessee

A discussion of the ‘ideal content’ for cartographic textbooks given the growth of GISand visualization, and a discussion of cartographic textbooks currently being revised orwritten.

THURSDAY, OCTOBER 9

D. Cartographic Software Roundtable: Taking All Comers to Discuss, Dissect,Dissemble, Divert, Divine . . .

PORT

Discussion Leaders: Alex Tait, International Mapping Associates; Glen Pawelski, NovoPrint;Dan Van Dorn, Map Link

A discussion of cartographic software, including purchasing and upgrading strategies,gaps and deficiencies in current software (the search for the perfect mapmaking tool),specific categories of software (vector, raster, 3-D), and applications.

Noon—1:30 P.M., Luncheon and Annual Business MeetingWINDWARD

1:30—3:15 P.M.

E. Crunching Numbers: Cartographic Data, Steganography, Automation, andAnalysis

STARBOARD

Chair: Will Fontanez, University of Tennessee

Community Mapping: Tax Records as the Base for Historic Growth Patterns and SocialClass DifferentiationStuart Allan, Allan Cartography/Raven Maps and Images/Benchmark Maps; Mary Beth Cunha,Humboldt State University; Colin May, Southern Oregon University

Mapping Demographic Change with Inconsistent Areal UnitsJoshua Comenetz and Cesar Caviedes, University of Florida

Cartographic Traps and Information Hiding in Digital Cartographic DataMatt Rice, University of California–Santa Barbara

Techniques in Creating an Automated Mapping System using Commercial GISApplication ToolsZachariah Turner, U.S. Census Bureau

Reconstructing Campus: A Geodatabase Implementation for Map DesignErik Steiner and Ken Kato, University of Oregon

F. Gallery Session: Creative Cartography: Social Space and EmergentNarrative

PORT

Jake Barton, Local Projects

Panel Organizer: John Krygier, Ohio Wesleyan University

Discussants: Jeremy Crampton, Georgia State University; Matthew Knutzen, New York PublicLibrary; Margaret Pearce, Western Michigan University; Denis Wood, Independent Scholar

A gallery talk on several pieces of creative cartography, including City of Memory,WorldView, and New York Observers, and the context for the works. Barton’s maps aredesigned for public spaces and engage social interaction, personal expression, andcollaborative storytelling, all by bending the conventions of cartography.

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THURSDAY, OCTOBER 9 · FRIDAY, OCTOBER 10

3:30—5:00 P.M.

G. Maps for the Masses: Map Collections and LibrariesSTARBOARD

Chair: Jim Meacham, University of Oregon

Evaluation of Map Link’s International Topographic Map CollectionMartha Bostwick, Maps.com; Dan Van Dorn, Map Link

Finding the Ancestors of GIS in Historical MapsDavid Rumsey, Cartography Associates; Edith Punt, ESRI

Finding Cartographic Materials, or How the Internet Has Changed the Way LibrariesAcquire the Good StuffJoanne Perry, Pennsylvania State University

Using Digital Index Maps to Provide Remote Access to Map Sets and SeriesPaige Andrew, Pennsylvania State University

H. The Politics of MappingPORT

Chair: Margaret Pearce, Western Michigan University

We’ll Always Have Paris: How Maps Determined the Political Geography of the 20thCentury at the Paris Peace Conference, 1919 (and Caused Even More Conflicts in theProcess)Jeremy Crampton, Georgia State University

Picking up the Pieces: Cartographic Support to Nation Rebuilding after World War TwoJohn Anderson, Louisiana State University

Thinking About Maps as Propositions Instead of PicturesDenis Wood, Independent Scholar

National Security Sprawl: Targeting the HomelandDeborah Natsios, Natsios Young Architects

7:30—10:00 P.M., St. Johns River Dinner CruiseCruise the St. John’s River on a climate-controlled paddlewheel riverboat with dinner, dancingwith DJ, cash bars, and outside viewing areas.

Friday, October 10

8:00 A.M.—3:00 P.M., NACIS Conference RegistrationGRAND BALLROOM FOYER

5

FRIDAY, OCTOBER 10

8:30—10:15 A.M.

I. Pitfalls and Pleasures of Cartographic Self-Publishing: Making a Go ofPrinting and Distributing Maps and Atlases

STARBOARD

Moderator/Organizer: Alex Tait, International Mapping Associates

Panelists: Tom Harrison, Tom Harrison Maps; Martin Gamache, Alpine Mapping Guild; LarryBowring, Bowring Cartographic; Michael Hermann, Purple Lizard Publishing

A group of mapmakers with first hand experience in self-publishing map titles willbriefly share their experience and then contribute to an open discussion of the topic.

J. Places, Mysteries, Rhetoric and Poems: Alternative CartographiesPORT

Chair: Jeremy Crampton, Georgia State University

Practical Map RhetoricMark Denil, Conservation International

A Poet and Two Cartographers: Marianne Moore, Olaus Magnus, and Peter ApianAdele Haft, Hunter College

Maps Show no Place? Experimenting with Route Frames in a Voyageurs MapMargaret Pearce, Western Michigan University

Mysterious Maps: The Role of Maps in Detective FictionJudith Tyner, California State University – Long Beach

10:30—Noon

K. Mapping Nations: Atlas Design and CreationSTARBOARD

Chair: Denis McClendon, Chicago Cartographics

Atlas of Switzerland Interactive 2 – Concepts, Functionality, TechniquesStefan Huber, Christoph Schmid, Ren Sieber, Institute of Cartography, Swiss Federal Institute ofTechnology

Map Design for the National Atlas of the USJohn Hutchinson, SAIC, contractor to USGS Eros Data Center

Changing Faces, Changing Places: An Atlas of Changing Ethnic Patterns in SouthernCaliforniaEugene Turner and James P. Allen, California State University at Northridge

Where’s the Story? Selecting Maps for the Census Atlas of the United StatesTrudy Suchan, U.S. Census Bureau

6

FRIDAY, OCTOBER 10

L. Teaching, Learning, and Understanding Cartography and GeographyPORT

Chair: Fritz Kessler, Frostburg State University

Bottlenecks in the Educational Process: A GIS and Cartographic PerspectiveCharles Rader, University of Wisconsin – River Falls

The Role of Animation in Teaching Geographic ConceptsBenjamin Sheesley and Mark Harrower, University of Wisconsin – Madison

Development of an Expert System for Cartographic Design EducationHugh Howard, University of Oregon

Brain Mapping: What Does Cognition Look Like?Megan Lawrence and Erik Steiner, University of Oregon

Noon—1:30 P.M., Lunch—on your own

Cartographic Perspectives Editorial Board MeetingPROPELLER

1:30—3:15 P.M.

M. The Great NACIS Map-Off: Two Harrowing Weeks to Produce a FinishedMap

STARBOARD

Organizers: Gordon Kennedy, Washington Department of Transportation and Alex Tait,International Mapping Associates

Six cartographers will be given two weeks prior to the NACIS conference to produce amap based on a given map assignment. The results will be reviewed and critiquedduring the Map-Off session by audience members and by a panel of experts, includingErin Aigner, The Washington Post; Martin Gamache, Boston Redevelopment Authority; JudyOlson, Michigan State University

N. Disease, Death, Boundaries, and Tranquil Shores: Historical GIS andMapping

PORT

Chair: Charles Rader, University of Wisconsin – River Falls

Reconstructing the New Orleans Yellow Fever Epidemic of 1878: Spatially Analyzingand Visualizing Disease Spread with a GISAndrew Curtis and John Anderson, Louisiana State University

Going Digital: How the Atlas of Historical County Boundaries Switched from PrintedBooks to Cartographic Data FilesJohn Long, Newberry Library

American Shores: Maps of the Middle Atlantic Region to 1850Matthew Knutzen, New York Public Library

(Re)Animating the Dead: Issues in Converting Historical Cartographic and TextInformation for a GIS for Disease Spread AnalysisJohn Anderson and Andrew Curtis, Louisiana State University

7

3:30—5:00 P.M.

O. Envisioning Landscapes: Panoramas and TerrainSTARBOARD

Chair: Megan Kealy, National Park Service

Historic Panorama Maps: Promoting the American CityRoberta Williams and Jeff Patton, University of North Carolina – Greensboro

Cartographic Depiction of Mountain Prominence and DistributionAaron Maizlish, County Highpointers

Analytical Hillshading with Luminosity from AspectPatrick Kennelly, Long Island University; Jon Kimerling, Oregon State University

P. Mapping With Time and Sound: Multisensory CartographiesPORT

Chair: Frank Hardisty, University of South Carolina

An Analysis of the Utilization of Sounds for Cognitive Enhancement of TopographicMaps for the Visually ImpairedPaporn Thebpanya, University of Georgia

Animating Uncertainty in Time-Sequence Dot Map RepresentationsMathew Dooley, University of Nebraska – Lincoln

Seeing Clusters that Move Over Space and Time: A Map Animation ExperimentAlan MacEachren, Amy Griffin, Bonan Li, Frank Hardisty, Brian Pacheco, GeoVista Center,Pennsylvania State University

Do Users Need Smooth Animations?Joanna Seeber, University of Wisconsin – Madison

3:30—5:30 P.M., NACIS Board MeetingPROPELLER

6:30—10:00 P.M., Annual BanquetWINDWARD

Cartography in 2003Judy Olson, Michigan State University

FRIDAY, OCTOBER 108

SATURDAY, OCTOBER 11

Saturday, October 11

Workshops

9:00 A.M.—4:30 P.M., Using SVG for Interactive CartographyUNIVERSITY OF NORTH FLORIDA

Brandon Plewe, Brigham Young University

Scalable Vector Graphics (SVG) is a web standard for interactive vector graphics that isgaining popularity among cartographers seeking a better solution for putting high-quality, interactive maps on the Internet. This workshop will give participants a basicintroduction to the standard and how to use it for cartography.

9:00 A.M.—4:30 P.M., Cartographic Production Using ArcGISUNIVERSITY OF NORTH FLORIDA

Stephen Hodge and Georgianna Strode, Florida State University

An introduction to the ArcGIS system from data collection, data manipulation and mapproduction. Included in this full-day workshop will be a short field exercise on how GPSdata can be incorporated into your mapping efforts. Learn how to integrate USGS andother readily available data sets into your ArcGIS project.

Field Trips

8:00 A.M.—5:00 P.M., Self-Guided Exploration of St. Augustine, the oldest city inthe United States (tour packet provided)

8:00 A.M.—5:00 P.M., Okefenokee Festival/Pioneer Day at the Chesser IslandHomestead

Enjoy a day of pioneer crafts, bluegrass music, storytelling, pony rides, and wood stovecooking at the Chesser Island Homestead.

The East Entrance offers the visitors access into the core of the Okefenokee via themanmade historic Suwannee Canal. The swamp’s most extensive open areas branch offthe Canal—Chesser, Grand, and Mizell Prairies. The small natural lakes and gator holesdotting the prairies offer some of the area’s finest freshwater sport fishing. Home of theFlordia sandhill crane, the prairies are excellent sites for bird watching.

Modern concession facilities offer guided boat tours; boat, motor, and canoe rentals;snacks; souvenirs; and camping supplies.

The refuge Visitor Center provides detailed information regarding the features andfacilities at this entrance. Visitors enjoy a 4.5 mile wildlife observation drive, 4.5 miles ofhiking trails, a .75 mile boardwalk into the swamp, two observation towers, and arestored swamp homestead.

9

OPENING SESSION · BANQUET ADDRESS10

Opening Session

Application of GIS to ConstructSinkhole and Cave DatabasesCan Denizman, Department of Physics,Astronomy & Geosciences, ValdostaState University and Todd Kincaid,Hazlett-Kincaid, Inc.

This study describes an application ofGeographic Information Systems (GIS) toexamine the morphometric and spatialdistribution of karstic depressions in thelower Suwannee River basin.

Morphometris analysis of some 25,000karstic depressions in an area covered bytwenty-four 1:24,000 standard USGStopographic quadrangles were madepossible by the powerful and rapidanalytical capabilities of the GIS. Theparameters calculated for the study areainclude: length, width, orientation, area,depth, circularity index, depressiondensity, pitting index, and nearestneighbor index.

The study also explains the procedure andthe status of an ongoing project onmapping caves in Florida. The processinvolves digitizing cave maps, determin-ing attributes on cave geometry, andconstructing a GIS database for passagesand survey points in the caves of Florida.

Annual BanquetAddress

Cartography in 2003Judy Olson, Michigan State University

Cartography continues its constantevolution and it is difficult to capture themoment in such a dynamic field. Never-theless, we can observe some enduringcontent as well as new developments,examine how the definition of cartographyand our relationship to GIS/GISci havechanged, and look at some of the currentactivities that characterize the times in ourfield. This presentation, then, will be apotpourri of observations, an oral andillustrated collage, of cartography in 2003.

POSTER SESSION 11

Poster Session

Developing a Statewide Shadeset forManatee Protection Zones in FloridaChris Anderson

Creating a 3-D Bathymetric Image andExploring Key Functionality Issues forExporting GIS Data Layers to GraphicalSoftware: Producing the Biscayne SafeBoating Campaign MapGeorgia DeStoppelaire

GIS and Cartography at University ofWiconsin – River FallsMarguerite Forest and Charles Rader

The Map Interpretation Course in theModern Geography CurriculumJames Fryman and Bonnie Sines

Enriching Census 2000 Data withAssessing Records in Urban Area,Cartographic Experiments at the BostonRedevelopment AuthorityMartin Gamache

20th Century Expedition Maps for theSwiss German and Austrian AlpineClubsMartin Gamache

Recent Cartographic Projects of theAlpine Mapping GuildMartin Gamache

From GIS to Website DisplayRosemary Stenback

AbstractsPanel SessionsListed alphabetically by title

Cartographic Software Roundtable:Taking All Comers to Discuss,Dissect, Dissemble, Divert, Divine . . .

Moderators / Organizers: Alex Tait,International Mapping Associates,Ellicott City, MD

Panelists: Alex Tait, InternationalMapping Associates, Ellicott City,MD; Glen Pawelski, NovoPrint,Milwaukee, WI; Dan Van Dorn, MapLink, Santa Barbara, CA

A discussion of cartographic software,including purchasing and upgradingstrategies, gaps and deficiencies in currentsoftware (the search for the perfect map-making tool), specific categories of soft-ware (vector, raster, 3-D), and applications.

Creative Cartography: Social Spaceand Emergent Narrative

Moderator / Organizer: John Krygier,Ohio Wesleyan University,Delaware, OH

Panelists: Jeremy Crampton, GeorgiaState University, Atlanta, GA;Matthew Knutzen, The New YorkPublic Library, New York, NY;Margaret Pearce, Western MichiganUniversity, MI; Denis Wood,Independent Scholar, NC

A gallery talk on several different pieces of‘creative cartography’, and the context forthe work. These maps are designed forpublic spaces and engage social interac-tion, personal expression, and collabora-tive storytelling, all by bending conventioncartography.

Pitfalls and Pleasures of CartographicSelf-Publishing: Making a Go ofPrinting and Distributing Maps andAtlases

Moderator / Organizer: Alex Tait,International Mapping Associates,Ellicott, MD

Panelists: Tom Harrison, TomHarrison Maps; Martin Gamache,Alpine Mapping Guild; LarryBowring, Bowring Cartographic;Michael Hermann, Purple LizardPublishing

Many cartographers dream of creating andpublishing their own maps of theirfavorite places. Or they have a terrific ideafor a map of someplace that they knowwill sell like hot cakes. The reality ofcreating, printing, marketing, anddistributing your own map titles is oftenquite a bit different than the dream. Wehave gathered a group of mapmakers withfirst hand experience in self-publishingmap titles. They will briefly share theirexperience and then contribute to an opendiscussion of the topic.

12 NORTH AMERICAN CARTOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SOCIETY

The Great NACIS Map-Off: TwoHarrowing Weeks to Produce aFinished Map

Moderators / Organizers: GordonKennedy, Washington StateDepartment of Transportation; AlexTait, International MappingAssociates, Ellicott City, MD

Panelists: Gordon Kennedy,Washington State Department ofTransportation; Alex Tait,International Mapping Associates,Ellicott City, MD; Erin Aigner, TheWashington Post, Washington, DC;Martin Gamache, BostonRedevelopment Authority, Boston,MA; Judy Olson, Michigan StateUniveristy, East Lansing, MI

Cartographers are beginning to reap thebenefits of information technologies thatcan deliver large data sets, graphic artsproduction tools and fine-quality visual-izations to common desktop computers.With access to such tools the cartographerhas unprecedented and expanding powersto single-handedly acquire and manipulatedata and design high-quality maps. TheMap-Off cartographers will receive themap problem on September 24 and are todeliver finished map products as digitalimage files to the Map-Off moderator onOctober 8 at the conference. The maps willbe intended for computer screen display.Panel members will present the maps atthis session, and compare them asexamples of map design and productiondone with contemporary tools and datasources. The map authors will be presentto answer questions, explain techniquesand offer their own assessments of thework. Audience participation will beencouraged. The critique will be con-ducted with friendly rigor to illuminatethe various design approaches andtechniques that were employed.

Whither Cartography Textbooks? APanel Discussion

Moderator / Organizer: BrandonPlewe, Brigham Young University,Salt Lake City, UT

Panelists: Barbara Buttenfield,University of Colorado, Boulder,CO; Dennis Fitzsimons, HumboldtState University, Humboldt, CA;Will Fontanez, University ofTennessee, Knoxville, TN; JudithTyner, California State University –Long Beach, Long Beach, CA

A discussion of the ‘ideal content’ forcartographic textbooks given the growthof GIS and visualization and a discussionof cartographic textbooks currently beingrevised or written.

ABSTRACTS 13

AbstractsPaper SessionsListed alphabetically by author

Stuart Allan, Allan Cartography/Raven Maps & Images & Images/Benchmark Maps, Medford, OR;Colin May, Southern OregonUniversity, Ashland, OR; Mary BethCunha, Humboldt State University,Arcata, CA

Community Mapping: Tax records asthe base for historic growth patternsand social class differentiationCounty property tax data, combined withcadastral plat maps, offers a ready-madegeoreferenced data set that permits com-munity mapping at house-by-house reso-lution. This capability represents an order-of-magnitude improvement over censustract mapping. (Census tract mappingitself constituted a comparable improve-ment over county-scale choroplethic map-ping and, of course, takes advantage of amuch greater range of data than is avail-able in county tax files.) This paper pre-sents a general methodology and discussessome of the problems encountered and thesteps taken to resolve them. Examples arepresented from three counties in Oregonand California. We mapped three charac-teristics for each county / community:decade of construction; value of residentialunit by decile class of value ranges; andvalue of residential unit by decile class oftotal aggregate value. The map of con-struction by decade portrays in exquisitedetail the evolution of city form and ofrural sprawl. Both residential value mapsillustrate social and economic segregationand identify pockets of gentrification,wealth, and poverty. A comparison of thetwo value maps emphasizes the critical(but easily overlooked) importance of theconceptual analysis underlying every maplegend. The effectiveness of these portray-als suggests that this approach offers thegeneral outlines of a vocabulary of com-munity mapping which may in time take

its place alongside the well-establishedvocabularies of terrain representation,climate mapping, etc.

John Anderson, Louisiana StateUniversity, Baton Rouge, LA

Picking up the Pieces: CartographicSupport to Nation Rebuilding afterWorld War TwoWorld War Two was the first conflictwhere the victors sought to rebuild thedefeated nations rather than punish them.Such efforts were also undertaken in theaftermath of several wars during the restof the 20th century and into the early yearsof the 21st century as evidenced in therecent Operation Iraqi Freedom. Since thenation rebuilding programs after WorldWar Two were the largest undertakingsand set the tone for the succeedingrebuilding efforts, there are rich sourcesfor examples of cartographic support forthese activities. Further, World War Twodrew many famous geographers and car-tographers to wartime service. This paperwill present examples of cartographicproducts produced for occupying forcesand civilian affairs teams by many U.S.government agencies including the StateDepartment, Department of Agriculture,Office of Strategic Services, the FederalReserve System, and the Department ofCommerce.

John Anderson and Andrew Curtis,Department of Geography andAnthropology, Louisiana StateUniversity, Baton Rouge, LA

(Re)Animating the Dead: Issues inConverting Historical Cartographicand Text Information for aGeographic Information System forDisease Spread AnalysisGeographic Information Systems (GIS) areexcellent tools for integrating textualinformation and maps to present spatialrelationships for analysis. Electronic datais easily imported into a GIS wheregeoreferenced information can be auto-


matically plotted on a map. But what ifthese data are in computer unfriendlyformats such as printed archived text andoversized maps? Using a large historicalnon-electronic data set presents severalproblems. Among these are digitizing thedata, data quality, landscape changes,cultural changes, and selecting theappropriate map for display. This paperwill explore the problems encountered andsurmounted while creating a GIS-basedanimation of the 1878 Yellow FeverEpidemic’s spread in New Orleans usinghistorical documents.

Paige Andrew, Pennsylvania StateUniversity, University Park, PA

Using Digital Index Maps to ProvideRemote Access to Map Sets andSeriesIn most libraries today, users must visit thelibrary to use the index map for a particu-lar geologic map set in order to determinethe sheet required. Unfortunately, it is notuncommon for the user to then find thatthe library doesn't own the sheet in ques-tion. This project describes an experimentin providing remote access to these indexmaps via the Internet and in enhancing theutility of the library catalog and the indexmaps for remote users. Digital index mapswere created for various geologic map sets,featuring links from each individuallyrepresented map sheet on the index to therelevant library catalog record. Methods torepresent sheets not owned were also ex-plored. Records for digital index mapswere added to the library catalog and linksto the index were added to the librarycatalog records of the geologic maps andsheets. This cross-linking allows users toaccess the index map from multiple entrypoints and facilitates its use.

Martha Bostwick, Maps.com; Dan VanDorn, Map Link

Evaluation of Map Link’sInternational Topographic MapCollectionMap Link, North America's largestwholesale map distributor, stocks over100,000 different titles. Among those is asubstantial collection of international topo-graphic sheets. Representing 95 countriesand 157 series, the maps range in scalefrom 1:10,000 to 1:5,000,000. For thisevaluation, we are concentrating only oninternational collections, omitting all U.S.Government series as most NACIS parti-cipants are familiar with these. Existingdocumentation can be found that evalu-ates topographic maps on a quantitativelevel (see World Mapping Today, Parryand Perkins, 2000). We are seeking tocompare and contrast the various series ofmaps on a qualitative level. The followingvariables/techniques will be analyzed:graticule, coordinate system(s), projection,language(s), legend, area covered, creator,hypsography, bathymetry, hydrography,roads, colour, typography, and unique/interesting features. The use of slidesenables us to explore: a) how certainfeatures are represented at various scales;b) variation in the level of detail at a givenscale; c) compare and contrast an orga-nisation's maps at various scales, and insome cases, differences in maps at samescale, when the maps are produced for dif-ferent countries; d) the effectiveness of thechosen color palette/overall design/visualhierarchy; e) typography; f) overall usa-bility of a map series. There will be manybenefits of this evaluation. They include: a)offering useful cartographic techniques toNorth American cartographers. It will beinteresting to discover how cartographersfrom other parts of the world symbolisefeatures unique to their country, and solveproblems that we may not encounter onour maps; b) inform us to the state ofinternational government cartographytoday; c) remind us that government-issued topographic maps are often the bestand most accurate maps available for acountry.

ABSTRACTS 15

Aileen R. Buckley, ESRI, Redlands, CA

Harnessing the Power of GeographicDatabases for Cartography: A Multi-scale Basemap Data ModelDemonstrationToday, nearly all cartography is derived atsome level from GIS databases. Databasesprovide many advantages for spatial datamanagement and analysis, but the data-base itself has not been used to any greatextent for cartography. With the develop-ment of object-oriented geodatabases, thepotential for "intelligent cartography", ormaps that know "how to draw themselves"is increasing. Cartographic data modelsleverage the geodatabase for cartographicpurposes - these models provide prag-matic tools for helping to define carto-graphic information in the database. Theyspecify not only the GIS features in thedatabase but also the specifications forhow the features should be drawn on themap at particular scales. Of course, thesespecifications are a function of the finalmap product. Basemaps, for example, arecompiled from various themes, but theyalso contain reference information, mapelements, and page layout design. All ofthese could be defined in the cartographicdata model along with rules for how theywill be rendered at particular scales. Theadvantages of this approach to projectswith many maps of a similar design forvarious extents (such as the USGS mapseries) are fairly obvious, but even morelimited projects could benefit from theformalization of the mapping process andthe rules for symbolization and layout. Ifa map that could draw most of itself, thecartographer would be free to focus onexceptions to the rules. Before cartogra-phers can harness the power of geo-databases for mapping purposes, it is firstnecessary to become more knowledgeableabout cartographic data models and moreskillful working with them. This presenta-tion introduces concepts relating to a car-tographic data model and demonstratesrelated techniques with a multi-scalebasemap geodatabase.

Joshua Comenetz and Cesar Caviedes,Department of Geography,University of Florida, Gainesville,FL

Mapping Demographic Change withInconsistent Areal UnitsMapping demographic change is straight-forward only when the administrative orstatistical units for which data are gatheredare stable or experience very little change,as with American counties. When arealunits are revised between census years, thedata for one or both years must be con-verted to a standard format, i.e. data forboth years must be fit to a consistent set ofunits. Weighting and gridded populationdatabases are often used to translate databetween different boundary configura-tions, but such methods can introduce sub-stantial error. An alternate method, basedon amalgamation of lower-level units, wassuccessfully employed to assess demo-graphic change in Ethiopia between 1984and 1994. As a result, we were able to dis-cern the demographic results of the ex-tended droughts followed by famine andpolitical turmoil that were the result of theEl Nino events occuring in that period.That this could be accomplished was duedirectly to the use of cartography, whichenabled the creation of a consistent andlogical set of common areal units.

Jeremy Crampton, Georgia StateUniversity, Atlanta, GA

We’ll Always Have Paris: How MapsDetermined the Political Geographyof the Twentieth Century at the ParisPeace Conference, 1919 (and CausedEven More Conflicts in the Process)In December 1918, the American liner theGeorge Washington sailed from New YorkCity to France, carrying the Americanpresident, tons of documents and maps incrates, the President of the AmericanGeographical Society, and assorted car-tographers and draftsmen, includingArmin Lobeck and Mark Jefferson. Thisgroup of scholars and politicians were


united in the task of redrawing the po-litical map of Europe, East Asia, Africa andthe former German colonies around theworld, following the defeat of Germanyand her allies in World War I. Over thenext six months, in hotels, private homesand the splendid palace at Versailles, the"big four" (USA, UK, France, and Italy)pored over maps they had brought withthem, as well as hundreds more made onthe spot by Jefferson and his team, beforeforcing Germany to sign the Peace Treaty.Although all participants consulted ex-perts, the American delegation, called "theInquiry" was the largest and most power-ful, producing a secret dossier (the "blackbook") of maps to give weight to its poli-tical desires. In this presentation, I shalloutline what really happened in Paris, andhow maps were instrumental in shapingthe political geography of the twentiethcentury.

Andrew Curtis and John Anderson,Department of Geography andAnthropology, Louisiana StateUniversity, Baton Rouge, LA

Reconstructing the New OrleansYellow Fever Epidemic of 1878:Spatially Analyzing and VisualizingDisease Spread with a GeographicInformation System Considerable archival epidemic diseasedata is available for the United States forthe 1800s. These data, maps, tables andwritten accounts, were produced afterdisease outbreaks by city, county and stateboards of health. Luckily, many of thesereport compilers included as much per-tinent data as possible. Many medicalhistories written in the 1900s used thesedata rich sources to understand the greatepidemics and the general disease andpublic health conditions. However, it isnow possible to revisit these data sets witha suite of geographic technologies andtechniques. These geographic tools canenrich the understanding of previous epi-demic histories, and provide fresh insightinto the 1800s disease landscape. Thispaper will use the New Orleans 1878

Yellow Fever Epidemic’s spatial andtemporal characteristics to illustrate howcurrent spatial analytical capabilities canbe used to investigate historic epidemics.This significant epidemic claimed approxi-mately 4000 lives out of just over 200,000residents. Following the epidemic, theNew Orleans Board of Health published areport giving the fever victims’ name, age,nativity, residence and date of death. Thesedata were imported into a GeographicInformation System (GIS) that mappedeach victim’s address onto a 19th centurycity map. This paper will demonstratemanipulating the data set to reveal in-sights into the data’s attributes, identifyingdisease clusters, and visualizing the deathsurface using cartographic animation.Although the 1878 epidemic is used as anexample, this paper is intended as atemplate for other spatial analysis usingGIS.

Mark Denil, Director of ConservationMapping/Chief Cartographer,Conservation International

Practical Map RhetoricMap making is the main vehicle fordissemination of geographic information,and it is likely to remain a key componentin all stages of the collection, analysis, andunderstanding of spatial data. Far toooften, however, so-called 'cartographicconcerns' have gotten short shrift by gizers(GIS-ers) more concerned with (and betterprepared for) data manipulation andnumber crunching than with publicdeclamation. It has been proposed that allmaps are rhetorical; which is to say that allmaps forward some argument or other toan audience in an attempt to persuade thataudience on some issue. We can see howthis can be so, but the question thenbecomes a practical one. How can arhetorical model of cartography assist inthe composition of a new map, andconversely, how can this model work inanalyzing and understanding these andother maps? On one level the question isone of applicability, and on another it is aquestion of application. In this talk we will

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briefly examine one map of a commonmap type, a map not necessarily usuallythought of as rhetorically based. In alogical deconstruction of the rhetoricalgrounding and operation of this example,we will explore the utility of viewingevery map as a persuasive construct.

Mathew Dooley, Department ofAnthropology and Geography,University of Nebraska – Lincoln

Animating Uncertainty in Time-Sequence Dot Map RepresentationsThis paper is concerned with the anima-tion of computer dot maps to communi-cate temporal change in discrete phenom-ena. While dot mapping provides a power-ful means of representing discrete pheno-mena, the disadvantages associated withrandom dot positioning algorithms aresignificant, and so much so, that the use ofdot maps has increased little since theintroduction of affordable mapping soft-ware with dot mapping capabilities. Thesedisadvantages are exacerbated when usingcomputer-generated dot maps in a stan-dard frame-by-frame animation to com-municate temporal change because ran-dom dot distributions are inherently un-stable, with the potential of producing avariety of different maps from the samedata set. It follows that the comparison ofany unique combination of sequentialpairs will result in different patterns,making it difficult for map readers todistinguish true from false change. Inorder to explore the potential of computer-generated dot maps as a tool for evaluat-ing temporal change, I draw from twosources, including Fisher’s (1996) anima-tion of dot map uncertainty andMacEachren et al.’s (1993) combination oftemporal and non-temporal animation tocommunicate cartographic uncertainty.The result is an interactive map in whichusers can explore population change in theGreat Plains from 1900 to 2000. Whilerecognizing that the high degree of insta-bility in computer-generated dot mapsprovides several disadvantages, I suggestthat animated dot maps might still be

appropriately used as a tool to exploretemporal change in discrete phenomenon,so long as map users can distinguish truechange from ‘false’ change introduced bycartographic technique.

Charlie Frye, ESRI, Redlands, CA

Designing Maps That Work At AnyScaleInteractive digital maps have become partof everyday culture; these maps giveanybody with access to the Internet a mapof any scale, any location, and unfortu-nately many levels of quality. Only a veryfew of these Internet applications makeuse of a map that is cartographicallydesigned, appealing, and relevant at anyscale of use. The reason so few of thesegood examples exist is that the design ofsuch a map is complex. The reason forsuch complexity is that many differentkinds of data, transportation, hydrogra-phy, cultural, etc., are represented andthese data are not captured at the samescales or with the same purposes-leadingto graphical data integration issues. Thecartographer who makes such a map mustdo a lot of work and data processing tomake the map work by subtly interleavinglayers of information. Most cartographersare familiar with the idea behind whatmust be done, but this idea is really anover-simplification or an obfuscation ofwhat really must be done in terms offiltering and layering data and text tocreate that seamless portrayal of geo-graphic information at any scale. The formof this layering and filtering is importantand is distinctly different than the style ofcartographic representation that might beused on any given map. Cartographersmaking multi-scale maps for the Internetneed to understand this form and be ableto adapt it to the specific requirements ofthe cartographic style their maps use.


Adele J. Haft, Associate Professor ofClassics, Hunter College: CUNY, 695Park Avenue, New York, NY

A Poet and Two Cartographers:Marianne Moore, Olaus Magnus, andPeter ApianThis paper is about a poet and twocartographers. The poet is MarianneMoore (1887-1972), one of the most laudedand loved American poets of the twentiethcentury. In 1924 she published ‘SeaUnicorns and Land Unicorns,’ a poemexamining four exotic beasts--narwhals,unicorns, sea lions, lions--and theircelebrated, if often unreal relationships toone another. While describing sea unicornsearly in the poem, Moore specifies ‘thecartographers of 1539,’ a date that can onlyallude to the Carta Marina of OlafMagnusson, the Swedish mapmaker andhistorian known as Olaus Magnus (1490-1557). For his famous 1539 ‘sea chart’features a profusion of Scandinavian landand sea creatures. I shall argue not onlythat the relationship between ‘SeaUnicorns and Land Unicorns’ and theCarta Marina is richer than previouslyrecognized, but that Moore’s ‘cartogra-phers of 1539’ balances/anticipates hercomparison of the unicorn, near the end ofthe poem, and ‘an equine monster on anold celestial map.’ Though vague, thesimile may allude to the winged figure ofPegasus on a celestial chart by Peter Apian(1495-1552), a German contemporary ofOlaus Magnus. This popular cartographer,astronomer, and instrument makeroriginally designed his chart in 1536, thenreproduced it five years later in hisexquisite Astronomicum Caesareum or‘Imperial Astronomy.’ Moore’s poem andthe maps to which it alludes all havesomething invaluable to say aboutcartography, exploration, and science inthe Age of Discovery.

Frank Hardisty, University of SouthCarolina, Columbia, SC

Designing Geographic VisualizationSoftware with UMLAt one end of the technical spectrum, itcould be argued that geographic visualiza-tion research should focus on subjects likephysical memory architectures and videocard drivers, because these topics form thebasic substrate upon which geographicvisualization software depends. At theother end of the spectrum, it could beargued that all software issues are merelyimplementation details, and the core con-cerns of geographic visualization shouldbe ontological and cognitive in nature.The middle ground, which is occupied bya range of object-oriented design and user-interface design issues, is important for allthose involved in the design and creationof visualization software for geospatialphenomena. This includes stakeholderssuch as programmers, designers of sys-tems, those who manage the programmersand designers, and those people whorepresent the end users of the software.Each of these stakeholders should concernthemselves with different levels of ab-straction in the object oriented designprocess. Programmers need to be able tomodel individual classes and groups ofinteracting classes. Designers need to beable to model which software objects willcontain what information and what func-tionality. Designers and managers need toconsider how the system should work inits essential features, without regard toperformance or implementation details.End users be affected by how well thedesign decisions represented the needs ofthe end user, especially when those needscame into conflict with the needs of otherstakeholders. UML (the Unified ModelingLanguage) can help mediate between allthese types of stakeholders.

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Michael Hermann, University ofMaine, Canadian-American Center,154 College Ave., Orono, ME

Design Without LinesLinework is an integral part of cartogra-phic design. However, many cartographersuse lines that visually compete within thecontext of the information hierarchy. Thereare situations where lines are not needed,and more legible maps are produced whendesigning without them. Polygons do notalways need a line to compliment their fill,and the digital design era allows cartogra-phers to evaluate lines on many levels:weight, color, or not at all, with a key-stroke. Certainly there are several designclassifications that demand lines, such asroads, routes and trails. Other types oftraditional linework uses may not, such aspolitical, coastal or contour. This paperexplores specific situations where cartog-raphers can delete the line and improvethe design.

Hugh H. Howard, Department ofGeography, University of Oregon,Eugene, OR

Development of an Expert System forCartographic Design EducationThis paper will describe the developmentof SMARTcart: a simple, intelligent learn-ing tool for cartographic design education.Cartographic education has become soft-ware driven, with an emphasis on learninghow to use software applications, at theexpense of learning how to apply carto-graphic design principles. This has resul-ted in poorly-designed maps created bypeople with insufficient knowledge ofcartographic design. SMARTcart is a toolthat allows students to apply concepts ofcartographic design, without being dis-tracted by complex, ‘design-ignorant’software applications that are commonlyused to produce maps. SMARTcart is easyto use, has virtually no default options forthe inexperienced cartographer to fall preyto, and possesses knowledge of a limitedset of cartographic design principles.SMARTcart is a forward-chaining expert

system that contains a knowledge base ofsixty-five rules--rules that were derivedfrom the formalization, and subsequentcodification, of cartographic design prin-ciples. SMARTcart allows the user to createsimple thematic maps, and evaluates theappropriateness of the user’s design deci-sions by comparing them with rules in theknowledge base. It provides the user withreal-time scores that indicate the “quality”of the map being created. In order to en-sure that SMARTcart is a useful learningtool, it has been qualitatively evaluatedusing principles of usability engineering.Individual and focus group interviewswere performed with colleagues, and moreimportant, with typical users ofSMARTcart: college students with littleexperience in cartographic design. Theopinions and suggestions voiced byinterview participants yielded valuableinformation that was used to improveSMARTcart through incremental softwareupdates. Interview participants confirmedthat SMARTcart has the potential to be auseful tool for cartographic design edu-cation: it is easy to use, influences users tomake active design decisions, and is enga-ging. SMARTcart 1.0 is a fully functional,‘proof-of-concept’ software applicationthat can introduce students to cartographicdesign in an easy to use, hands-on en-vironment. www.geog.ku.edu/smartcart

Stefan Huber, Christoph Schmid, andRenz Sieber, Institute ofCartography, Swiss Federal Instituteof Technology (ETH), Zurich,Switzerland

Atlas of Switzerland InteractiveVersion 2: Concepts, Functionality,Techniques(The first version of the Atlas of Switzer-land - interactive was released in 2000.This thematic national atlas on CD-ROMconsists of more than 250 statistical mapsand includes a 3D topography tool. Datacan be called up and simple analyses canbe made for both 2D and 3D representa-tions. The second edition, which is cur-rently being developed, introduces many


new features while maintaining the estab-lished concepts of its predecessor. The aimwas to not overstrain the average userwhile at the same time provide a powerfultool to the more advanced user. Emphasiswas placed on interaction possibilities. Theuser should not only look at a map andquery its data, but also be able to combinemaps, make advanced queries and alterthe visualization to create the map thatmeets his or her requirements. Introduc-ing two completely new topics nature andenvironment, the new atlas will include atotal of over 600 thematic maps. Thisbroad selection of maps emerges from avariety of newly obtained data, includingraster and nominal data. A selection ofthese maps and their queries are alsoavailable for 3D views, incorporating thispart into illustrating thematic content aswell. Almost all base map elements of thefirst version were completely worked over.The new high standard base maps are de-rived from the 1:500'000 print versions andinclude several new layers (e.g., a satellitemap and glaciers). They are linked againsta name database and thus can be queriedin detail. The 3D part is based on an im-proved version of the Swiss terrain model,complemented with parts from adjacentcountries. The underlying software for thenew Atlas of Switzerland is a completerework of the first edition. In this newdesign, maps are dynamically created byevaluating XML description files. This newinterface allows easy development and in-dependent map editing also for non-programmers. Great importance wasattached to the user interface. In spite ofthe extended functionality the averageuser must be able to perform the basicoperations and intuitively find the infor-mation he or she is looking for. All advan-ced features (e.g., data comparison lists,interactive legend, map comparison etc.)must then be accessible in a logical way.With this new edition, we hope to contri-bute to creating the next generation ofhigh standard atlases by demonstratingmethods for improving interactive the-matic mapping.

John A. Hutchinson, SAIC, contractorto USGS Eros Data Center, SiouxFalls, SD

Map Design for the National Atlas ofthe United StatesThe National Atlas of the United Stateswas originally published in 1970, andcontained more than 400 pages and 765maps. Since its publication, there havebeen regular calls for a revision, and in1997 Congress appropri-ated funds for anew edition of the National Atlas. The newNational Atlas is published not as a book,but as a Web site and selected printedmaps. The Web site features an in-teractivemap browser with over 400 data layers, ofwhich a small number have been devel-oped as printed maps. A team of car-tographers in the U.S. Geological Survey isresponsible for the design of printed mapsfor the new National Atlas. Because themaps are not bound into a book, sheet sizeis limi-ted only by the size of the printingpress, and formats have been developedon the basis of four different map scales.The challenge of developing a unified andconsistent look for National Atlas maps atdifferent scales has been met through theuse of common graphic elements, such asbanners and locator globes. The newNational Atlas maps have a distinc-tivelook, yet retain elements of the original1970 format and use some of the same typestyles as a way to connect with the 1970edi-tion. Nine maps have been printed forthe new National Atlas, including one thatde-picts forest cover types on a back-ground of shaded relief. Thumbnail mapsin the legend help the reader locate eachforest cover class, and, in a departure fromprevious National Atlas formats, all 50states are shown at the same 1:7,500,000map scale. To develop the new format, thedesign team considered several options forthe treatment of Alaska and the inset mapsof Hawaii and Puerto Rico. Test plots anddesign kits were distri-buted that helpedthe design team reach con-sensus on thelayout as efficiently as possible. Publicresponse to the new format has beenfavorable, and it has been used at1:5,000,000 scale for a new National Atlas

ABSTRACTS 21

general refer-ence map. National Atlas ofthe United States and The National Atlasof the United States of America areregistered trademarks of the U.S. Depart-ment of the Interior.

Patrick J. Kennelly, Department ofEarth and Environmental Science,Long Island University, NY; A. JonKimerling, Oregon State University

Analytical Hill Shading withLuminosity from AspectAnalytical hillshading provides a render-ing of topographic surfaces by assigningbrightness to surface elements based onthe cosine of the angle between the surfaceelement's normal and illumination vector.Users easily visualize many features inhillshaded topography, but some areaslack detail as one shade of gray does notdefine a unique surface orientation. Weclarify some of this ambiguous hillshadingusing the Hue-Saturation-Value (HSV)color model. Traditionally, users assignsurfaces an aspect-invariant color or colorsbased on H and S, and vary V (brightness)to achieve the hillshading effect. In ourresearch, we map the luminosity of thebrightest (V=100%) slice of the HSV colormodel. We vary H and S values withaspect and assign these colors to thetopographic data so that the least satu-rated colors face northwest, and the mostluminous colors face northeast. We thenvary V in the traditional manner withhillshading. Topographic details that werenot apparent in the original hillshading arehighlighted by including this aspect-basedluminosity.

Charlie Kershner, US ArmyTopographic Engineering Center andFrostburg State University,Frostburg, MD

Visualization Design Issues of theBattle of AntietamAnimations of military engagements offermany advantages over static smallmultiples or flow maps, which often over

generalize the battle sequences. UsingMacromedia Flash to animate the U.S.Civil War battle of Antietam, four designissues were encountered that were specificto civil war military engagements. First,almost 500 regiments, artillery batteries,and cavalry units participated in the battle,and developing an effective symbologywhen zooming to different scales becomesdifficult. Second, land feature symbologyshould be distinct for every feature class aseach may affect troop movement differ-ently, changing the outcome of the battle.Third, data quality issues arise when battlereports from one army conflict with thesame report from the opposing army, andthe cartographer must decide whichdescription to use. Fourth, movements ofregiments are not smooth and continuousduring the battle. They follow roads andtrails, avoid obstacles, and, depending onterrain and the amount of enemy resis-tance encountered, speed up and slowdown. Thus, the cartographer mustinterpret if these non-linear movements ofunits are significant enough to be includedor if they should be more generalized.While these issues are specific to thisanimation, other design issues must beexplored in order to build effectiveanimations of military engagements.

Matthew Knutzen, New York PublicLibrary, New York, NY

American Shores: Maps of theMiddle Atlantic Region to 1850Last year, the New York Public Library'sMap Division completed work on a two-year project to catalog, conserve and makebroadly available through digitization andthe creation of a website, a collection ofantiquarian maps and atlases of the UnitedStates Middle Atlantic region generallydating from 1660-1850. This presentationwill outline that project from inception tocompletion, highlighted by an overview ofthe project website.


Megan Lawrence and Erik Steiner,Department of Geography,University of Oregon, Eugene, OR

Brain Mapping: What DoesCognition Look Like?The science of brain mapping (neuro-imaging) tracing human behavior tospecific parts of the brain has been wellestablished over the last 50 years. Neuro-psychologists have long been interested inlocalizing brain activity in an effort tounderstand the link between behavior andphysiology and improve cognitive theo-ries. Functional MRI technology (fMRI)has generated excitement in the psychol-ogy community recently because it pro-duces higher spatial and temporal reso-lution images than previous techniques,allowing for a progressive analysis of auser's response. It works by revealing adetailed three-dimensional picture ofblood flow in the brain (BOLD method).Highly localized changes in oxygenationin the brain are physiologic signals thatcan be traced to specific motor activity,sensations, and/or cognitive processing.Despite a rich history of psychologicalexperimentation in the geographic com-munity, cartographic research in cognitionhas relied heavily on behavioral measuressuch as response time, quality, and accu-racy on map tasks. Many studies revealconsistencies in quantitative and qualita-tive responses to map stimuli, but drawfew conclusions about the process invol-ved in reaching a response. Instead ofsimply measuring the success of map use,fMRI may reveal the neural processes thatunderlie map reading, the strategies em-ployed while engaged in map readingactivities, and differences in how thehuman brain perceives cartographic repre-sentations. This presentation will be aprimer on the fMRI technique and itspotential as a research tool in cartography.Preliminary research results will be pre-sented illustrating brain activation whileperforming map tasks under tightly con-trolled experimental conditions.

John H. Long, The Newberry Library,Chicago, IL

Going Digital: How the Atlas ofHistorical County BoundariesSwitched from Printed Books toCartographic DatafilesThis paper will describe the transitionfrom creating a multi-volume printed atlasof the historical evolution of states andcounties in the United States to producingthe same information in digital form fordissemination as shapefiles for use with ageographic information system (GIS) andas map images for display via the Internet.After a brief description of the elements ofthe project and the anticipated differencesbetween making print and digital prod-ucts, the paper will compare the processesactually used to produce the printed bookswith those used to make the digital files.The paper will argue that books and data-files are not perfectly equal forms and that,as different products, they require distinctapparatus and methods. The paper willcompare the major strengths and weak-nesses of the two different forms and thecosts associated with them and will con-clude with an argument in favor of thedigital files over the books.

Alan MacEachren, Amy L. Griffin,Bonan Li, Frank Hardisty, BrianPacheco, GeoVISTA Center,Department of Geography,Pennsylvania State University,University Park, PA

Seeing Clusters that Move over Spaceand Time: A Map AnimationExperiment

A long-standing question in both cartogra-phy and cognitive psychology is whethermap animation (and animation moregenerally) facilitates learning. Morrison(2000) reviewed a large number of con-trolled experiments that tested the efficacyof animated graphics, and concluded thatbecause of experimental design flaws,these studies did not provide any evidenceto support a hypothesis that animated

ABSTRACTS 23

maps and graphics promote either fasteror more complete learning. Notably, noneof the studies Morrison reviewed involvedanimated maps or the types of complexknowledge construction activities that ani-mated maps may be most useful in sup-porting. This paper reports on the struc-ture of a test instrument designed to in-vestigate questions of how differences inthe design and construction of map ani-mation (e.g. use of different color schemes,classification methods, pacing, etc.) eitherhelps or hinders map readers in perform-ing particular map reading and knowledgeconstruction tasks. We also report on theresults of a first experiment carried outusing this test instrument. This experi-ment was designed to assess how thepacing of an animation may affect thedegree to which map readers can detectclusters of events that move through bothtime and space.

Aaron Maizlish, County Highpointers

Cartographic Depiction of MountainProminence and DistributionMountain summits are historically mea-sured by absolute elevation. Increasingly agroup of hiking enthusiasts have becomeinterested in promoting the concept ofrelative elevation, that is, the height of asummit above its surrounding environ-ment. A mountain’s prominence is thedifference between the summit elevationand the elevation of the lowest contourthat encircles it and no higher summit.Prominence is a non-arbitrary derivative ofelevation that can be measured for anysummit. Based on insights gained by thestudy of prominence, I and several othersare developing multiple metrics and sta-tistical observations about the topographyand topology of mountainous terrain. Thissub-discipline has been called prominencetheory or orometrics, and may have abroader inter-disciplinary application. Todate, our findings are mostly unpublished.I have developed a style of cartographicrepresentation that highlights mountainprominence and distribution. A series of14 maps for the United States were com-

pleted and are available for viewing. Themaps illustrate both the distribution ofprominent summits and the series ofwatershed divides that link all points in agiven terrain. A divide tree has been con-structed which represents the terrain skele-ton of the United States. This cartographicstyle has been embraced by some moun-tain climbers, and may prove useful tocartographers depicting mountainousterrain. Other aspects of prominencetheory will be presented and demonstratedcartographically. These include a sum-mit s lineage, lineage area, isolation, andsome early observations on the statisticaldistribution of prominence.

Denis McClendon, ChicagoCartographics, Chicago, IL

Maps for the Encyclopedia ofChicago HistoryThe forthcoming Encyclopedia of ChicagoHistory contains some 55 new thematicmaps, most requiring original research.Preparing them presented a number ofchallenges in research, in compilation, andin design. Presenter: Dennis McClendon,Design Director, Chicago CartoGraphics.

James Meacham and Kenneth Kato,InfoGraphics Lab, University ofOregon, Eugene, OR

Reporting Oregon’s Salmon RecoveryEffort using Atlas Design TechniquesThe Oregon Plan for Salmon and Water-sheds is a governor-led statewide effort toimprove watershed health and contributeto salmon recovery. The plan is wide-spread and involves many federal, stateand local agencies, along side privateindustry, citizen groups and landowners.As cartographers we were approached toaid in the reporting and the presentation ofthis unprecedented conservation effort.Applying our experience from the recentlypublished second edition Atlas of Oregon,we developed a series of two-page layoutscovering individual basins, using a combi-nation of information graphics. The design


process became very extensive and invol-ved because of not only its environmentalsignificance but also because of its poli-tical, economic, and social impacts. We hadto navigate through an immense amountof data from many sources of variedquality, and through agency partnershipsand administrative protocols. The pagelayouts identify basin environmentalstresses, restoration projects, and the Plan'scontributors and funding. The displayswere designed in a way to encouragecomparisons between themes and basinsand promote learning about each basin'sgeography. The final product reflects thegoal of reporting and communicating avery complex subject in a way that drawsthe reader into clear and data-rich mapand graph displays.

Deborah Natsios, Natsios YoungArchitects, New York, NY

National Security Sprawl: Targetingthe HomelandThe digital mappings in this series ex-amine the emergent national security geo-graphy called ‘homeland’. They track themetamorphosis of America's civil land-scapes into incipient battlespace – the vir-tual, multidimensional locus of informa-tion-rich databases serviced by networksof complex sensors and information de-vices that provide real-time intelligenceframeworks for visualizing and prosecut-ing warfare. The maps explore the secur-ity environment at the US homeland'sepicenter: Washington DC and its greatermetropolitan region, where in recent de-cades, a new national landscape of amor-phous edge cities and chaotic exurbansprawl have been annexed to the emblem-atic Capital, displacing the idealism ofL'Enfant's 1791 plan for the city. In anearlier era of internal enemy threat, duringthe US Civil War, the Capital and itsMonumental Core had been hardened by aring system of fortifications known as theDefenses of Washington. The network wassupported by an extensive program ofmilitary mapping informed by ongoingintelligence and reconnaissance opera-

tions. Cartographic information systemsare also circumscribing the 21st centurymilitarization of homeland, supporting itsregime of purported Total InformationAwareness. The new defenses of Washing-ton are expanding beyond the centralizedapparatus of the nation state, targeting theconstitutionally ambiguous terrain ofsuburban battlesprawl.

Margaret Pearce, Western MichiganUniversity

Maps Show No Place? Experimentingwith Route Frames in a VoyageursMapMaps are becoming less useful to humangeography, particularly when there is aneed to graphically portray place. Thetrend in digital map design is to empty amap of, rather than infuse it with, thevisual noise or conflicting visual variablesthat ordinarily would evoke the diverseexperiences of everyday life. Clean figure/ground composition brings together aseamless whole composed of disparategeographic elements while maintaininguniform scale, direction, and orientation.The effect is all space, no place. As a re-sult, some cultural and historical geogra-phers are abandoning the map and goingelsewhere for representations of place.Close readers of the human landscapehave instead turned to the photograph, thepainting, and, primarily, the written wordfor expressing place and spatial stories.Alternative solutions, such as faux antiquemaps or mental maps, depend on discon-nection or separation from conventionalmap design for their ability to convey geo-graphical place. Does it remain impossibleto convey the experience of place withoutseparation from conventional digital carto-graphic design? This paper documentsmy work experimenting with route framesand the dimensions of color to conveyplace in the digital map. The context is amap of the landscape of eighteenth-century voyageurs in the Upper GreatLakes, along the primary artery of theNorth West Company's summer fur traderoute between Lachine Rapids and Grand

ABSTRACTS 25

Portage. The landscape is mapped as thejourney and experience of NWC voyageurJohn MacDonnell as he travels from East toWest.

Joanne M. Perry, Maps Librarian andHead of Cartographic InformationServices, University Libraries, ThePennsylvania State University,University Park, PA

Finding Cartographic Materials or,How the Internet has changed theway Libraries acquire the good stuffTeaching introductory cartographicconcepts can be challenging as studentsare faced with a variety of topics that canbe difficult to conceptualize. One suchchallenging topic is map projections. Toassist cartography students when learningmap projection concepts, MaPEd (MapProjection Education) was developed. Thissoftware is designed to teach various mapprojection concepts such as the mathemat-ics behind projections. MaPEd is envi-sioned to be an interactive resource forcartography students rather than othersoftware typically used in the classroomwhose functionality is oriented moretoward map production.

To assess MaPEd’s usefulness as a teachingtool, a series of focus groups was con-ducted. The focus groups had three maingoals. First, the learning process from thestudent perspective (e.g., why are sometopics more complex than others) wasassessed. Second, how students tacklelearning complex topics and integratingthose learning strategies into new methodson teaching map projections was investi-gated. Third, the focus groups examined ifMaPEd appealed to students as a learningtool and if not, what advice could theyoffer for improving the software.

Overall, the focus group results revealedhow student-learning strategies could beincorporated into interactive teachingtools. Students indicated that newterminology, abstract processes, andmathematics made some cartographicconcepts more complex than others,

especially map projections. When ap-proaching complex topics, many reportedthe desire to “see the process happen.”Participants in the focus groups foundMaPEd facilitated the complexity behindmap projection chiefly through theinterface design. Moreover, participantsoffered many beneficial suggestions toimprove the software’s existing design.

Charles Rader, Department ofGeography and Mapping Sciences,University of Wisconsin – RiverFalls, River Falls, WI

Bottlenecks in the EducationalProcess: A GIS and CartographicPerspectiveWhere are the “bottlenecks” in the edu-cational process which takes place in thecartographic and GIS classroom? The‘competing’ goals of achieving soundtheoretical understanding and appropriatelevels of software literacy create highlychallenging teaching and learning dyna-mics. This paper reports on the initialphases of a course redesign project thatassesses teaching and learning under theseconditions. Issues of learning styles, iden-tifying learning bottlenecks, teachingmethods, formative and summative assess-ments, and strategies for gathering evi-dence will be discussed from a Scholarshipof Teaching and Learning (SoTL) perspec-tive. These issues are placed in the contextof the classroom, working with student,and redesigning a course to match one’slearning objectives.

Matt Rice, National Center forGeographic Information andAnalysis, Department of Geography,University of California, SantaBarbara, CA

Cartographic Traps and InformationHiding in Digital Cartographic DataRecent information hiding research hasdemonstrated the ease with which hiddenmessages can be secretly communicatedthrough a host such as a digital photo-


graph or a digital audio file. Several re-searchers in the Geographic InformationScience community have suggested thatinformation hiding techniques includingdigital watermarking and steganographycould be adapted for use with digital car-tographic data. Although many differentstrategies have been suggested, some ofthe most promising techniques involve ananalysis of the carry capacity of the car-tographic data using the Coordinate DigitDensity Function, developed by KeithClarke and Sarah Battersby fromShannon's well-known information theorywork. This paper seeks to outline ageneral technique for information hidingin digital cartographic data using theCoordinate Digit Density Function, withspecial emphasis on the relationshipbetween coordinate storage precision andthe data accuracy. This technique can beused for creating digital 'cartographictraps', and for augmenting the functional-ity of digital cartographic data within aGeographic Information System. Theauthor's work in this area is presented incontext of an ongoing doctoral dissertationresearch project. Implementations of infor-mation hiding with cartographic data arealso discussed in relation to digital earthinitiatives and the digital geo-libraries ofthe future.

Keven Roth, U.S. Geological Survey,Reston, VA

Washington Apples and FloridaOranges: Generalize thisThe National Map contributes base geo-graphic data to the National Spatial DataInfrastructure. The National Map de-pends heavily on partnerships with localdata producers to develop a seamlesscollection of geographic data that willundergo continual growth and revision. Inthe past, when USGS made a map, all datawere collected from the same source, usingsimilar processes. As a result, data on thepublished map were consistent and hori-zontally intergrated. The National Mapincorporates the best available data frommultiple sources, which may cover a

whole State, or a county, or a watershed.This means multiple resolutions and class-ifications of data will exist and if the goalof a common base of data from which mul-tiple, generalized views can be created isto be met, technical and operational bar-riers must be overcome.

David Rumsey, CartographyAssociates; Edith Punt, ESRI Press

Finding the Ancestors of GIS inHistorical MapsDavid Rumsey and Edith M. Punt, Co-Authors of the forthcoming ESRI Pressbook, Cartographica Extraordinaire, TheHistorical Map Transformed, will discusshow modern day GIS is not a break withmapping traditions of the past 300 years,but rather has grown out of many carto-graphic techniques that first appeared inthe 18th century with the rise of scientificsurveys and have continued up to thepresent day with innovations in map-making technology. GIS is the culminationof a long process of maps increasing theirpower over time, and older mapping tra-ditions still have value for GIS. Theseconcepts will be illustrated by drawing onexamples of maps from the book and fromRumsey’s online map library,www.davidrumsey.com. The authors willalso discuss the process of making theirbook and how their ideas on the genealogyof GIS grew out of that work.

Joanna Seeber and Mark Harrower,Department of Geography,University of Wisconsin – Madison,Madison, WI

Do Users Need Smooth Animations?While quite familiar with managing datain a spatial context, cartographers oftenstruggle with the temporal component ofgeographic visualizations. In creatinganimated maps cartographers often workwith temporally sparse data sets that,when animated, pro-duce abrupt andchoppy movies. Since this is regarded anundesirable design aesthetic, cartogra-

ABSTRACTS 27

phers will frequently choose to make theiranimations smooth by creating in-betweendata frames to fill the time gaps in thedata. While considerable research hasfocused on methods of incorporating timein visualization tools, including data inter-polation and data smoothing, there is agreat deal to discover about how thesetechniques affect users’ perceptions. It ispurported that the visual smoothing oftemporal data in an animation assists usersin identifying patterns because smoothchange is easier for the user to compre-hend than abrupt change. However, thecurrent body of literature pro-vides noproof of this contention. Despite the factthat most animated maps contain tem-porally interpolated or smoothed data, re-searchers have not yet explored the useful-ness of the inclusion of this data in anima-tions. This study attempts to expand theexisting research by testing whethersmooth animations are necessary for theuser to un-derstand patterns in animatedmaps. Speci-fically, the objectives of thisstudy are to de-termine: if users needsmooth animations to answer bothquantity and pattern questions correctly,and if they have a preference for abrupt orsmooth animations. To this end, noviceand experienced map users were tested ontheir ability to answer questions aboutboth abrupt and smooth interactive dotmap animations. The results of thisresearch are still being analyzed; however,it is expect-ed that users will prefersmooth animations.

Benjamin Sheesley and MarkHarrower, Department ofGeography, University of Wisconsin– Madison, Madison, WI

The Role of Animation in TeachingGeographic ConceptsThe role of animation as an educationaltool has been studied since the develop-ment of computer-assisted instruction inthe early 1980s. In the field of geography,few animation-based resources exist forlearning about the history of cartography.The purpose of this research is to explore

the potential use of animation for teachingabout historical maps of the oceanic tides.The theories they represent help to markprogress in the development of tidalscience and reveal information about thecontexts in which the historical maps weremade and used. Two isoline maps of thetide, originally published in 1833 and 1901,were animated using Macromedia FlashMX software. The establishment of aneducational learning objective pertainingto the concept of tidal movement governedthe cartographic design process and extentof user interaction permitted. It is hypoth-esized that animation enhances perceptionof the speed of the tide, the direction of itsmovement, and unique or anomalouscharacteristics of its behavior according toseveral distinct theories represented on thehistorical tidal maps. Structured user test-ing will be required for a formal evalua-tion of these hypotheses. One particularinteractive tool permits users to view ani-mated isolines independently or simulta-neously with their historical static isolinecounterparts for more complete knowl-edge of tidal movement. An unexpectedresult of tidal map animation deals withthe misinterpretation of moving isolinesymbols as moving entities in the world,causing potential learning difficulties.

Erik Steiner and Ken Kato,Department of Geography,University of Oregon, Eugene, OR

Reconstructing Campus: AGeodatabase Implementation forMap DesignThe InfoGraphics Lab both maintains acampus Geographic Information Systemand produces campus maps for theUniversity of Oregon. The lab serves thecampus commun-ity through base layerdata management, and the publication of astandard suite of campus thematic maps.While both GIS and publi-cation effortsrely on similar data, over time, the generaltrend has been towards updating graphicsand GIS documents in independent tiers.The lab began designing a Geodatabase fordata storage, editing, and sharing in an


effort to improve GIS data management.The potential benefits for managing GISdata were obvious—providing a founda-tion for integrating campus Arc and CAD-based data—but would such a toolenhance our map production workflowand/or the qual-ity of our maps? Withchanges constantly occurring on thecampus, designers face the responsibilityof acquiring and integrating new data intocampus maps based on ad hoc protocols.For example, a building remodel updateon the main campus map may not becorrected on the parking, crime, or acces-sibility maps. Over time, the graphics andthe data diverge. The database modelstream-lines the update process, integrat-ing changes in the data tier rather than theproduction tier. By designing a carto-graphic-minded data model, we havereconstructed our cam-pus data to serveboth our GIS and publi-cation needs. Froma single source, we can now more easilymaintain our standard suite of maps,leaving more time and energy to createcustom print and web-based map pub-lications from this high-quality data.

Trudy A. Suchan, U.S. Census Bureau,Population Division, Washington,DC

Where’s the Story? Selecting Mapsfor the Census Atlas of the UnitedStatesI will talk about developing a coherentbody of "only" 750 maps as I show Census2000 stories in maps prepared for theCensus Atlas of the United States. Thebook evolved into three parts and 13 chap-ters with many basic topics mapped thatsupport a few detailed demographicstories. Developing the table of contents,however, was a complex, iterative, andultimately pragmatic process. First weconsulted with subject matter experts whowere brimming with map ideas?ideas that,once mapped, oftentimes required a sub-ject matter expert to interpret. Consideringour strawman audience, the Barnes andNoble shopper, the litmus test for inclu-sion became, Will a 50-word caption tell

the story? Should we map the story abouttwo parent families, or about one parentfamilies? We chose to present mirror-image maps for some topics such as thisrather than assume the reader could men-tally build the inverse. This also alludes toa goal of balancing numbers of maps forall groups (whether family types, racegroups, age groups, or native and foreign-born populations). Organizational con-siderations influenced the table of con-tents. For instance, we proposed to combi-ne race, ethnicity, and ancestry maps inone chapter, but were directed to make aseparate chapter each for race and ances-try. Ten percent of maps in the CensusAtlas show historical information. Some ofthe very interesting time comparisons wecreated finesse accuracy and rely on thehuman interest to make the story, forexample, we map, side by side, country ofbirth data from the 1900 census and ances-try data from Census 2000. Maps thatcross demographic variables could fit inmultiple chapters. Sometimes the decisionwas made pragmatically, to balance pagedesigns or length of chapters. Somefavorite maps were orphans that did not fitthe multi-map page templates and weredropped reluctantly from the book plan. Iftime permits, I will show several of these.

Paporn Thebpanya, University ofGeorgia, Athens, GA

An Analysis of the Utilization ofSounds for Cognitive Enhancementof Topographic Maps for the VisuallyImpairedFor learning geographic environment,sight is often quoted as the sense parexcellence. It is generally contended thatpeople with visual impairment or blind-ness experience a world different fromthose who were sighted. Cognitive map-ping research allows an insight into themental landscapes of people with blind-ness and has the potential to provide cluesas to how spatial information is learned,processed, and stored. Recent develop-ments in multimedia techniques haveprovided a wide range of hardware and

ABSTRACTS 29

software enhancements that enable car-tographers and map users to create anduse cartographic multimedia presenta-tions. This research aims to provide aninitial investigation into the use of multi-modal (e.g., haptic and auditory) informa-tion for exploring topographic data. Theobjectives of this research are to designand develop a user-friendly interface inwhich topographic maps can be examinedin a more efficient manner than traditionalmaps allow, and to evaluate the implemen-tation of two sound variables, pitch andduration, with regard to their effect on theinterpretation of spatial features and con-tour lines. The use of audio cues will alsobe applied to enhance the ability of topo-graphic map reading and interpretation forboth sighted and non-sighted people. Theresearcher performed a limited pre-test todiscover problems with interfaces, especi-ally for the visually impaired individuals,before the experiment is implemented. Thedevelopment of new representations ofgeographic space allows access to spatialinformation without vision. By expandingthe presentation of geographic informationto multiple modalities there will be con-siderable benefits for many disciplines.

Eugene Turner and James P. Allen,Department of Geography,California State University atNorthridge

Changing Faces, Changing Places: AnAtlas of Changing Ethnic Patterns inSouthern CaliforniaOver the last several decades the greaterLos Angeles area has become the destina-tion of many new immigrants to theUnited States. This has resulted in a highlydiverse population in which Hispanicshave now become the majority minority.To better visualize the spatial patterns thathave developed over the last ten years wehave prepared a 64-page, 15" x 11" colorethnic atlas of the larger racial andHispanic groups that live in the censustracts of the greater Los Angeles area. Thevarious ethnic groups are represented bychoropleth maps and by colored dot maps

that show change in population 1990 -2000. A blue dot indicates a loss of 100persons and a red dot a gain of 100persons. The atlas is a desktop publicationthat was generated with a suite of softwareincluding Microsoft Access, Excel, ESRI'sArcMap, Adobe Illustrator, and Quark X-Press. The book text interprets thechanging patterns, levels of segregation,and status of enclaves. Also, discussed arevarious recording errors made by theCensus Bureau and the challenge ofdealing with the new multi-race categoriesin Census 2000 when mapping change.

Zachariah Turner, U.S. Census Bureau

Techniques In Creating AnAutomated Mapping System UsingCommercial GIS Applications ToolsThe U.S. Census Bureau's GeographyDivision is responsible for creating a num-ber of automated mapping systems tomeet its requirements for producingnationwide mapping projects. In the pastCensus Bureau cartographers and com-puter programmers developed these map-ping systems in-house. With improvementover the years in GIS software develop-ment, the Census Bureau is turning tocommercially available mapping software.While GIS software is normally used inhighly interactive processes, the CensusBureau is developing functional capabili-ties for high quality mapping through cus-tomization to create large volumes of uni-que maps in a batch processing, com-pletely non-interactive environment. Mostrecently, the Census Bureau created outlinemaps of the approximately 4,000 Urban-ized Areas (UAs) of the United States.Urbanized Areas are delineated after thedecennial census and serve as the basis fordemographic research to support govern-ment programs. The urban areas are deli-neated through a block-by-block calcula-tion of population density, resulting invery amorphous geographic areas. TheUrbanized Area Outline Maps show theboundaries of these areas, with their un-derlying features and their identifiers.This presentation will discuss aspects of


system design and the production processsuch as text placement, batch scripts, andmacros, to create maps in an automatedenvironment. Other topics include issuesin making several different softwarepackages work together across differentcomputer platforms and operating sys-tems; achieving effective feature namesplacement; creating high quality outputavailable for electronic viewing and suit-able for printing. Other issues requiringfurther development for future mappingsystems also are presented.

Judith A. Tyner, Department ofGeography, California StateUniversity – Long Beach, LongBeach, CA

Mysterious Maps: The Role of Mapsin Detective FictionMaps are popular devices in detective fic-tion. Maps may be clues, aids to the detec-tive, references for the reader, or simplydecorative elements on the book’s endpapers. The places shown may be real,fictional, or a combination. An actual map,such as a USGS topographic map, BritishOrdinance Survey map, or AutomobileAssociation road map may be described inthe book, but not actually reproduced.This paper categorizes maps in mysteryfiction and looks at the why of maps inmysteries: why are they made, what pur-pose do they serve, did the author beginwith a map that became an integral part ofthe story, or did the publisher or art de-partment decide to add a map?

Roberta Williams and Jeffrey Patton,University of North Carolina atGreensboro, Greensboro, NC

Historic Panoramic Maps: Promotingthe American CityBetween 1850 and 1920, panoramic citymaps enjoyed an extraordinary popularityin Victorian America. During this 70-yearperiod, over 2000 maps were produced byhundreds of artists/cartographers whorecorded the growth of a budding nation.

While these maps have been examined fortheir artistic merit, little work has beendone to evaluate them as cartographicdocuments. This study is a preliminarylook at the components of panoramicmaps. Panoramic views of three NorthCarolina cities (Raleigh, Greensboro andWinston-Salem) were compared with theSanborn Fire Maps of the same cities ofapproximately the same dates. Bymatching streets, buildings and identify-ing landmarks on each pair of maps weattempted to define what the artistincluded and excluded from thesedrawings as well as the use of iconogra-phy associated with the maps and theirartists. These maps have long beenviewed as unique and important docu-ments recording the urban and ruraldevelopment of pre- and post-Civil WarAmerica. Created as a means of commu-nicating civic pride and prosperity, thesemaps played an important role inattracting immigrants and new industryto towns across America. Thirteenhundred of these views are available on-line in high resolution through theLibrary of Congress; undoubtedly theiruse by scholars and the general publicwill grow enormously. However, thisresearch indicates that caution should beexercised in viewing them as historical"snapshots" and that their use should betempered with a thorough understandingof how they were created and for whatpurposes.

Denis Wood, Independent Scholar,Raleigh, NC

Thinking About Maps asPropositions Instead of PicturesMaps are not representations, are notpictures of the world. Rather maps arepropositions that advance claims aboutthe way the world is, about the way itmight have been in the past, or about theway it might become in the future. Thesepropositions take the form of linkagesmade on the plane of the map betweenthings (residence and school attendance;topography and vegetation), these

ABSTRACTS 31


linkages comprised of cartographicexistence claims (“this is there”). These inturn depend on fundamental existenceclaims (“this is”). Existence claims made

We hope to see you at

NACIS XXIVPortland, MaineOctober 6–9, 2004

As is the tradition at NACISmeetings, the Hospitality Suite is aplace to sit, relax, and conversewith friends. This year theHospitality Suite will be in theAnchor Room. Hours of operationwill be posted at the registrationdesk.

by maps have unique credibility. Thecartographic construction of votingdistricts and flood plains are raised asexamples.

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