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Jainism
Ashli, Jocelyn, Jaycie
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BK Quiz (4 pts)
1. From what country does Jainism find its origins? 2. T/F? Jains believe in reincarnation. 3. Name two foods Jains do not support eating. 4. T/F? Jains perform worship.
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Answers
1. India
2. True
3. meat and potatoes and any previously living food
that was harmed before being ready to eat
4. True and false
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Beginnings ● 6th Cen. BCE in India ● Jinas (Conquerors)
o title given to the 24 great teachers who created the faith
● Sanskrit is their religious language ● Mahavira: founder of the religion ● Two Sects- disagree on scripture, women,
details of life of Mahavira, rituals o Svetambara o Digambra
● Goal is ultimate liberation from self o Found through:
Elimination of Karma Control of knowledge Control of desire/passions When successful → Jina “conqueror”
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Basic Beliefs ● Concern for the welfare of every being in the universe, and
for the health of the universe, itself. o Animals, plants, and human beings all contain living souls. o Each of the souls is of equal value (no caste system), and should be
treated with respect and compassion. The masks are worn so that they don’t harm/breath in any small organisms or
flies ● The “Three Jewels” (or guiding principles)
o Right belief o Right knowledge o Right conduct
● The supreme principle of Jain living is non-violence (ahimsa)
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Basic Beliefs: Vows taken by Jains 12 total: Jains scriptures expect these to be followed ● The 5 Anuvratas (Lesser/Limited) The 4 Siksavratas (instruction/discipline)
o Non-violence - Meditation - one place, 48 mins/day Vegetarianism - Limited duration of activities
o Truthfulness - Adopt life of monk for 1 day, regularly o Non-stealing - Give money to monks, nuns, and poor o Chastity o Non-possession
● The 3 Gunavratas (Subsidary)
o Limited area of activity - reduce areas of doing harm o Limited use of resources - only have what they need o Avoidance of pointless sins - immoral media, gossip, bad thoughts
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Texts ● Mahavir’s disciples compiled his teaching into text
o From there orally translated for 1,000 years, never kept original text ● In 500 A.D Jain acharyas decided to write down their
knowledge of Jainism o Literature is split into two different categories Agam Literature
● Original scripture of Gandharas, and Skrut-kevalis- written in Prakrit
Non-Agam Literature ● Collections of commentary and explanations for Jainism
from nuns, and monks
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Deities ● Do not believe in “Almighty Creator God” ● Believe that one can achieve godliness by reaching
absolute bliss or enlightenment ● Gods can come in forms of:
o Arihants: gods in embodied states, ultimately become Siddhas; a soul who has destroyed all passions/desires; can achieve omniscience
o Tirthankaras: Teachers and revivers of Jain philosophy; a focus of reverence and worship among Jains
o Siddha: A soul perfected, permanently liberated from cycle of birth and death; free from all Karma and embodiment, living forever in Moksha
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Symbols ● Contrary to the hindu swastika, the
Jain swastika represents the four states the soul may live in o Heaven, Hell, Animal, Human
● The hand represents fearlessness ● The wheel represents the desire to
stop reincarnation through non-violence o the word inside is “Ahimsa”
● The three dots represent the “three jewels” ● The semicircle represents the zone beyond
the three realms… the place for the liberated soul.
● The bottom writing is sanskrit for “mutual assistance of all beings”
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Symbols cont’d
● The flag of jainism was first mentioned in a holy text dating back to the 5th century BCE. Sometimes the black is dark blue.
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Worship How do they worship? ● Jains do not worship to please or honor a god or gods ● Cultural influences have lead Jain temples to look very similar to Hindu
temples → some very ornate, some completely bland. o Tirthankaras are displayed, which offerings are made to
● Although the jains will appear to be worshipping the tirthankaras as people, they are really worshipping the ideals of perfection which they have achieved.
What is the purpose then? ● Provides individuals with the discipline to concentrate on Jain ideals, and
cultivate detachment. ● By focusing on the virtues of tirthankaras and other pure souls, Jains hope
to follow in their perfect footsteps
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Worship cont’d Purpose of prayer? ● Prayers only focusing on the great acts of tirthankaras and to remind
oneself of Mahavira’s teachings. ● Karma, which sets the quality of life for a person, is automatic and cannot
be changed through prayer. ● Any beings that would be prayed to cannot be reached and are out of
human contact → they have been liberated from all desires and passions and so they cannot be pleased by any acts of worship
Why do Jains worship then? ● Improves spiritual state of worshipper ● like going to the gym strengthens the body, worshipping brings purification ● It can destroy bad karma attached to the soul ● It provides focus ● It reminds worshippers of the examples they are to follow
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Namaskara Sutra The Namaskara Sutra is one of the most important prayers in Jainism because it praises the five great beings’ acts: “I bow down to those who have reached omniscience in the flesh and teach the road to everlasting life in the
liberated state. I bow down to those who have attained perfect knowledge and liberated their souls of all karma.
I bow down to those who have experienced self-realisation of their souls through self-control and self-sacrifice.
I bow down to those who understand the true nature of soul and teach the importance of the spiritual over the material.
I bow down to those who strictly follow the five great vows of conduct and inspire us to live a virtuous life. To these five types of great souls I offer my praise.
Such praise will help diminish my sins. Giving this praise is most auspicious.
So auspicious as to bring happiness and bliss.”
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Daily Duties There are 6 daily duties, not mandatory, but recommended for spiritual development ● meditation and prayer ● honor the Tirthankara ● respect for spiritual leaders ● repentance for things one has done wrong ● control of one’s self by holding a fixed position during meditation ● renunciation of certain pleasures for a period of time. Pleasures such as:
food, and activities
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Pilgrimages ● Pilgrimage is considered important to Jains,
but is not mandated... ● When on Pilgrimages
o Take on an attitude of an Jain ascetic (much like a nun or a munk) o Visit temples and or locations that may be associated with the lives
and deeds of Tirthankaras o Most famous, holy site for Jains is in Shatrunjaya in Gujarat
Shatrunjaya is one of the five holy mountains and contains many temples
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Rites of Passage ● Birth
○ Pre- birth rituals ■ Values of mother and hereditary values given predominance ■ aim to improve child before and after birth
○ Post- birth rituals ■ Jatakarma rituals
● give ghee and honey to child (ghee should be 3 times the amount of honey); Om written on tongue
● Father whispers “Vedosi” into child’s ear which means “you are a knowledgeable person”
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Rites of Passage cont’d ● Marriage
o Pre- Marriage Small puja at brides house - priest decides date and time of wedding Given to groom, groom’s brother puts tika on groom’s forehead, gives
gifts (ex. small gold chain, clothes, sweets, etc.) o Marriage
Father of bride performs Kanyadaan ritual ● places 1 rupee and 25 paice and rice in right hand and hands
her to groom Priest chants mantras, pours holy water 3 times on couple’s hands Bride ties knot between her sari and groom’s shawl 7 vows then exchange garlands between the couple
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Rites of Passage cont’d ● Death
○ Santhara- fasting to death ■ Jain stops eating with the intention of preparing for death ■ Only do this when body is no longer capable of serving as an
instrument of spirituality and death is inevitable ○ Burial
■ Cremated in specific place, cannot have organisms (grass, insects) where they’re burned
■ Not put in river (could pollute), instead dig hole and put remains in
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Holidays ● Paryushana (to stay in one place)
o Celebrated in August or September for 8-10 days o Festival of receptance and forgiveness, old Karma cleansed o Many Jains fast, regular rituals at their temple
Teachings of Kalpa Sutra given by monks ● Kalpa Sutra is the teachings of three of the 24 original teachers,
including Mahavira o On last day Jains ask for forgiveness from everybody whom
they may have hurt in the previous year
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Holidays cont’d ● Diwali
o One of most important festivals o Day of Nirvana for Lord Mahavira o Falls on last day of the month of Ashvina according to the Jain
calendar (Our October or November) o It is believed that the 18 kings of Northern India lit lights symbolizing
the knowledge of Mahavira o Celebrate with sweets, light lamps, fast last 2 days
● New Years o After Diwali at the end of Ashvina, Jains celebrate New Years at the
beginning of the next month, Kartika o Ritual of Snatra Puja performed at temple o Mahavira’s chief disciple Gautam Swami attained Kevala Jnana
(omniscience) on this day
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The End