james webb space telescope: university of rochester detector testing on raytheon sb-304 insb scas

James Webb Space Telescope:James Webb Space Telescope: University of Rochester Detector Testing University of Rochester Detector Testing

on Raytheon SB-304 InSb SCAson Raytheon SB-304 InSb SCAs

2 Sep 2003

Craig McMurtry, William Forrest,

Judith Pipher, Andrew Moore

2

OverviewOverview

• Introduction• SB-304 operation

– Number of clocks, biases, output and other• Calibration of InSb SB-304 SCAs

– Source Follower Gain– Capacitance– Well Depth– Linearity

• Dark current– Methods of measurement– Results

• SCA 006– Toptimum and Tmax– Dark current versus inverse temperature (Arrhenius plot)

• SCA 008

3

Overview (continued)Overview (continued)

• Noise

– Methods of measurement

– Results• System Noise• Read noise in 100 seconds integration

– SCA 006– SCA 008

• Total noise in 1000 seconds integration– SCA 006– SCA 008

– Summary of noise

4


• Quantum Efficiency

– Methods of measurement• UR dewar optics and calibration equipment• Responsive Quantum Efficiency (RQE)• Detective Quantum Efficiency (DQE)

– Results• SCA 006• SCA 008

– Comparison to AR coating

• Latent or Persistent Image Performance

– Methods of measurement

– Results

– Possible amelioration techniques

5


• Operability

– Definitions

– Results• Basic operability

• Radiometric Stability

– Method of measurement

– Results

6


• MTF and Electrical Cross-talk

– Methods of measurement• Cosmic Ray Pixel Upsets• MTF using knife edge and circular apertures

– Results

• Summary of SB-304 InSb SCA performance

7

IntroductionIntroduction

• Raytheon Detectors Proposed for JWST NIRCam and NIRSpec

– InSb detector technology• 0.5 – 5.3 m photo-response

– Based on SB-304 Read Out Integrated Circuit (ROIC) or multiplexer• 2048 x 2048 active pixels• 2 columns of 2048 reference pixels multiplexed to four outputs• Total readout format is 2056 x 2048

– University of Rochester provided detector array testing facilities for JWST level requirements

• Competition was/is with Rockwell Scientific and University of Hawaii

– HgCdTe detector technology• 5 m cutoff

8

JWST RequirementsJWST Requirements

Parameter Requirement (Goal)

SCA Format 2048 x 2048 pixels

Fill Factor 95% (100%)

Bad Columns/Rows <5 containing >1000

Bad Pixel Clustering < 20 cluster up to 20 pixels

Pixel Operability >98%

Total Noise 1000 s 9 e- (2.5 e-)

Read Noise for single read 15 e- (7 e-)

Dark current < 0.01 e-/s

9

JWST RequirementsJWST Requirements

Parameter Requirement (Goal)

DQE 70% 0.61.0 m

80% 1.05.0 m

(90%; 95%)

Well Capacity > 6x104e- (2x105e-)

Electrical Cross-talk <5% (<2%)

Radiometric Stability 1% over 1000 s

Latent Image < 0.1% after 2nd read following >80% full well exposure

Frame Read Time 12 sec (<12 sec)

Pixel read rate 100KHz; 10 s/pix

Sub-array read 0.2 s for 1282 pixels

10

SB-304 OperationSB-304 Operation

• Number of required connections

– 7 Clocks• pC1, pC2, pR1, pR2, vRstG, pRstR, VrowOn

– 9 Biases• Vp, VnRow, VnCol, VddOut, Islew, Vssuc, Vdduc, Vdetcom, VrowOff

– 4 Output

– 1 ground

• Additional connections

– 2(4) wires for temperature sensor

– 1 for diagnostic Tend

– 1 clock pScanCol for bi-directional control, fast guiding

– 1 external load current source for output (warm connection only)

11

CalibrationCalibration

• Source Follower Gain– SCA 006 SFGain=0.777– SCA 008 SFGain=0.785

• Capacitance– Noise2 vs Signal method– SCA 006

• 66 fF

• 3.22 e-/ADU

– SCA 008• 68 fF

• 3.32 e-/ADU

12

CalibrationCalibration

• Linearity– Plotted Signal Rate vs

Signal (C0/C)

– Small flux over long integration times

• Well Depth (Capacity)– @ 300 mV applied

detector bias– SCA 006 well depth =

1.4 x 105 e-– SCA 008 well depth =

1.3 x 105 e-– Larger well depths

possible with little or no increase in dark current

13

Dark Current Test MethodsDark Current Test Methods

• Dark dewars are difficult to make and keep dark

– Using an opaque mask placed in contact with InSb surface, UR dewar light leak < 0.006 e-/s

• 3 Methods of measurement– Usually yield same

values, although some discrepancies possible

• Dark Charge versus integration time

– With reference pixel correction, accurate for moderate dark currents

– Lengthy measurement

14


• Noise2 versus integration time

– With reference pixel correction, accurate for small dark currents

– Also, lengthy measurement

15


• SUTR Dark Charge vs. time

– With reference pixel correction, accurate for small dark currents

– Relatively short measurement (single 2200 sec integration)

– Addition of possible charge per read due to higher read rate

• Confuses dark current measurement

• No detectable added noise

16

Dark Current ResultsDark Current Results

• SCA 006

– Idark = 0.012 e-/s @ T=30.0K (Toptimum)

– Idark = 0.024 e-/s @ T=32.3K (Tmax)

– Charge per read of 0.09 e-/read

• Again, no detectable added noise

– No measurable amp glow or digital circuit glow

17

Dark Current ResultsDark Current ResultsDark Current ResultsDark Current Results

• SCA 008

– Idark = 0.025 e-/s @ T=30.0K

– Charge per read of 0.07 e-/read

– No digital circuit glow

– Slight glow from output amplifier

• 0.05 e-/s including dark current

• Covers small region (see operability section)

• Known multiplexer defects (shorts)

– Amp glow not seen on other multiplexers

18

System NoiseSystem Noise

• System Noise

– Shorting resistor placed between signal (video) and signal reference lines (analog ground)

– T=295K

– Connected and functioning detector in dewar to allow typical voltage/current paths which may cause cross talk (worst case)

19

Read Noise ResultsRead Noise Results

• Read noise

– Measured at T=30.0K

– All integration times are 100 s

• SCA 006 results

– Follows 1/sqrt(N) where N is the number of Fowler sample pairs

20

Read Noise ResultsRead Noise Results

• SCA 008 results

– Follows 1/sqrt(N)

21

Total Noise Measurement MethodsTotal Noise Measurement Methods

• Methods of measurement– Box average (often called

“spatial” noise method) uses the {standard deviation of mean}/sqrt(2) of difference of two 1000 sec Fowler-8 images

– Full frame average (“spatial”) noise computed using difference of two 1000 sec Fowler-8 images, and plotting histogram of pixel values

• The width of the distribution corresponds to the average noise; mean is DC offset

• Gaussian fit rejects cosmic ray• SCA 006 at right

22

Noise Measurement MethodsNoise Measurement Methods

• Methods of measurement (cont)

– Temporal noise measurement is computed by taking the standard deviation of the mean per pixel for a large number of 1000 sec Fowler-8 images (time series)

• Distribution is typically a Gaussian whose width depends on the number of images taken.

• Cosmic Ray hits removed from single images (4 clipping).

23

Noise ResultsNoise Results

• Total Noise Requirement: < 9 e- in 1000 sec using Fowler-8 sampling

– SCA 006• 6.2 e- (Temporal method), 6.7 e- (Full frame spatial method) @ T=30.0K

– Note on charge per read: temporal noise data are Fowler-8 images that were re-constructed from 98 samples of a SUTR series. From the dark current results, 0.09 e-/read was inferred. One would expect to see (98-16 read)*(0.09e-/read) worth of noise power. However, the noise for the reconstructed Fowler-8 images of temporal method was LESS than the noise for standard Fowler-8 spatial method, i.e. no detectable noise contribution.

• 6.4 e- (Full frame spatial method) @ Tmax = 32.3K

• For 1000 sec Fowler-1, total noise is 12.0 e- (temporal method) @T=30.0K

– SCA 008• 7.9 e- (temporal method) @ T=30.0K

24

Quantum EfficiencyQuantum Efficiency

• UR dewar cross section optical path

• A is as simple as possible.• All IR filters from OCLI or Barr

– Transmission traces taken at room temperature and 77K

• Visible filter, KG-5– Transmission trace at room

temperature and 4.2K• Still have some optical

problems (large angles!), likely interference patterns and vignetting

– Central portion illuminated well

25


• Reconstructed psuedo-flat fields for SCA 008, cos4 corrected– Most effects are caused by dewar optics, not detector; corners are vignetted – J band on left, L’’ (3.m) on right

26


• Photon sources and calibration equipment– For > 3.0 m, photon source is room temperature black body

surface monitored with a calibrated temperature sensor• Subtract “extra signal” from image taken of liquid nitrogen cup

– For 1.0 m < < 3.0 m, photon source is NIST calibrated black body (Omega BB-4A, 100 – 1000 C, =0.99)

– For <1.0 m, photon source is stabilized visible light source feeding an integrating sphere with a NIST calibrated Si diode detector

• Responsive Quantum Efficiency -- can be > 100% due to gain– RQE = signal/(expected #photons)

• Signal is averaged signal measurement, corrected for non-linearity• Expected # photons from NIST calibrated detector or spectral black body

calculations

• Detective Quantum Efficiency -- is < 100%– DQE = (Signal/Noise)2/(expected #photons)

• Noise obtained via standard deviation of difference of two measurements

27

Quantum Efficiency ResultsQuantum Efficiency Results

RQE;

DQE

0.65m

RQE;

DQE

0.70m

RQE;

DQE

1.25m

RQE;

DQE

1.65m

RQE;

DQE

2.19m

RQE;

DQE

3.81m

RQE;

DQE

4.67m

RQE;

DQE

4.89m

SCA 006

88%;

82%

105%;

95%

107%;

97%

96.2%;

96.7%

84.6%;

85.3%

97.1%;

98.5%

84.7%;

85.0%

80.1%;

-

SCA 008

- - 114%;

97.1%

- - - 86.8%;

-

-

DQE closely matches expected value from AR coating transmission (see Raytheon data on AR curve). From this, we infer that the optical fill factor is> 98%.

28

Latent Image Measurement MethodLatent Image Measurement Method

Our test procedures are described here (since the result one gets depends critically on the exact procedure):

• a. Very dark control region on array provided by an opaque mask of black paper.• b. Use nominal bias. The number of latent traps populated depends upon the applied bias and depletion width.• c. Wait at least 15 minutes on cold dark slide (assures no prior latents).• d. Take multiple dark exposures for use as background level.• e. Move directly from cold dark slide to filter's edge (this is the source). No other filter is allowed to pass in front of optical path in

this transition. Use of filter edge to illuminate array provides a gradient of fluxes across array to allow choice in flux/fluence levels during analysis. Should do tests at several wavelengths.

• f. Integrate for Source Exposure Time. The number of latent traps populated depends upon the applied bias and thus depletion width. If the depletion width decreases (as it does during integration under illumination), then more traps near the implant will be exposed and collect charge. See Benson et al. ("Spatial distributions hole traps and image latency in InSb focal plane arrays", Proc SPIE Vol. 4131, p. 171-184, Infrared Spaceborne Remote Sensing VIII) specifically figures 6 and 7.

• g. Move back to cold dark slide (again, no other filters pass array).• h. Delay time is time to move filter wheel plus reset time plus time to mid-point of pedestal (e.g. JWST minimum is 6s in Fowler-1).

Propose 30s delay =expected JWST dither time. Any amelioration techniques allowed during this interval (e.g. autoflush in the STScI tests).

• i. Take "darks" at Latent Integration Time in a loop such that a pair of tests {(1 and 2) or (4 and 5)} are completed for the same single source exposure. UR usually takes twice as many darks as required. Multiple sampling and/or multiple pixel average assumed.

• j. Reduction: All statistics are done with 4 sigma clipping to eliminate dead/hot pixels and cosmic rays. Use 4 column by 25 row box averages (# of columns chosen to keep fluence roughly constant over box - gradient from filter edge, while # of rows chosen to reduce pixel to pixel variation).

• A. Remove background level due to any light leak or dark current using prior • dark frames.• B. Remove any frame-to-frame instability (using reference pixels or masked off • region as reference level).

29

Latent Image ResultsLatent Image Results

Test #

SrceFlux(e-/s)

Source Exposure (s)

Source Fluence (e-)

Delay (s)*

Latent Integr’n Time (s)

Max. DesiredLatent Fluence (e-: %)

Meas’d (%)Latent Fluence SCA006 ; SCA008

1 300 100 30,000 30 100 9 ; 0.03 0.3 ; 0.12

2 300 100 30,000 1000 100 0.9 ; 0.003 0.017 ; ≤0.01

3 30 1000 30,000 30 1000 4.5 : 0.015 ;

4 300 500 150,000 30 100 90 ; 0.06 0.48 ; 0.22

5 300 500 150,000 1000 100 9 ; 0.006 0.03 ; ≤0.01

6 3 10,000 30,000 200 8000 Noise level

7 15 10,000 150,000 200 8000 Noise level

30

OperabilityOperability

• Operability is affected by two types of defects:

– Missing contact between InSb diode implant and multiplexer unit cell• First InSb bump-bonding to mux had moderate outages.• Significant strides made in very short time (see next slides).

– PEDs (Photo-emissive defects)• Defect centers that glow (both IR and visible photons).• Techniques in place which either eliminate or dramatically reduce glow

region such that ~20-40 pixel diameter region fail operability.• Future multiplexers will have additional circuitry to fully eliminate all

PEDs.• Foundry improvement to reduce/eliminate defects.

31


• SCA 006

– Basic Fail = 13.5%

– Large fraction failing are unconnected pixels

32


• SCA 008

– Basic Fail = 1.94%

– Slight amp glow in lower left

33

Radiometric StabilityRadiometric Stability

• Method of measurement

– Using similar technique as RQE measurement at = 3.50 m, a room temperature black body source was the source of “stable” flux.

– A calibrated temperature sensor was used to monitor/calibrate variations in the temperature of the black body (radiation source).

– A series of integrations were then taken over a 9 hour period.

– Most of the errors or inaccuracies in this measurement are a result of source calibration error or instabilities in our system electronics and not due to the SCA itself.

• Result

– SCA 006 exhibited instabilities < 0.07% over 1000 s and < 0.19% over the total 32000 s.

– Further improvement by factor of 10 - 100 may be gained by using our NIST calibrated black body source.

34

MTF and Electrical Cross-TalkMTF and Electrical Cross-Talk

• Methods of measurement–MTF using knife edge and circular apertures placed in contact

with InSb surface–Cosmic ray hit pixel upset for electrical cross-talk

35


• MTF results

– Edge spread functions shown for two wavelengths

– Edge spread modeled by diffusion and rectangular pixel function which is the ratio of {pixel pitch/ distance between photon absorption and the depletion region}

36


• MTF results (cont.)

– From the best fit model parameter, (frequency in cycles/thickness) can be determined, which in turn leads to MTF:

MTF = 0.64 (2 e –2)/(1 + e-4)

– If Nyquist frequency is taken as ½ , then MTF = 0.45• Similar measurement on SB-226 InSb SCA produced MTF=0.52

– If Nyquist frequency is taken as ¼ , as in Rauscher’s MTF document, then MTF = 0.58

• Exceeds (existing) requirement of 0.53 in NASA JWST 641 document

37


• Cosmic ray hit pixel upsets used to quantify electrical cross-talk

– Used CRs which appear to be normal incidence with charge predominantly in one pixel and equal distribution to neighbors

– Histogram of 30K dark data difference showing peaks at 0.1% for next nearest neighbors and 0.5-1.2% for nearest neighbors

– Cross talk is < 2%

38


• 4th pixel over electrical cross-talk

– 4 interleaved outputs = next pixel on same output is 4 pixels away

– Deterministic, can be removed or corrected in software

– Below is a table of pixel values in percentage of a single cosmic ray event; notice 4th pixel over is 2%

0 0.025 0.012 0.025 0.012 -0.025 0.037 -0.037 0.012 0.099

0 -0.025 0.074 0.546 0.099 0 0.037 -0.012 0.025 -0.062

0.012 -0.050 1.142 100 0.782 0.137 -0.248 2.062 -0.211 0.012

0.062 0.012 0.161 0.733 0.012 0.062 -0.074 0 -0.050 0

0.025 -0.062 -0.037 0.012 0.012 0 0.074 0.025 0.012 0.001

39

Power DissipationPower Dissipation

• Power Dissipation per 2K x 2K InSb detector array

– Original requirement was < 1 mW per 1K x 1K array.

– Measured by summing powers generated by voltages and currents {see Wu, et al., Rev Sci Inst., 68, 3566 (1997)}.

– Total power dissipation on ROICs with moderate shorts < 0.37 mW

– Total power dissipation on ROICs with no shorts < 0.1 mW

40

Additional TestsAdditional Tests

• NASA Ames conducted proton radiation testing at UC Davis

– Please see paper “Radiation environment performance of JWST prototype FPAs” McCreight, et al., SPIE Vol. 5167 (in publication)

• STScI IDT Lab conducted independent tests on both InSb detector arrays from Raytheon and HgCdTe detector arrays from Rockwell Scientific.

– Please see paper “Independent testing of JWST detector prototypes” Figer, et al., SPIE Vol. 5167 (in publication)

41

Summary ofSummary ofSB-304 InSb SCA PerformanceSB-304 InSb SCA Performance

Parameter Requirement (Goal) SB-304-006 Result SB-304-008 Result

SCA Format 2048 x 2048 pixels 2048 x 2048 active + 2 reference columns

2048 x 2048 active + 2 reference columns

Fill Factor 95% (100%) 98% (100%) 98% (100%)

Bad Columns/Rows

<5 containing >1000 No Yes

Bad Pixel Clustering

< 20 cluster up to 20 pixels

No Yes

Pixel Operability >98% 86.5% basic 98.1% basic

Total Noise 1000 s 9 e- (2.5 e-) 6.2 e- 7.9 e-

Read Noise for single read

15 e- (7 e-) 12 e- (CDS) 14.5 e- (CDS)

Dark current < 0.01 e-/s 0.012 e-/s 0.025 e-/s

42

Summary ofSummary ofSB-304 InSb SCA PerformanceSB-304 InSb SCA Performance

Parameter Requirement (Goal) SB-304-006 Result SB-304-008 Result

DQE 70% 0.61.0 m

80% 1.05.0 m

(90%; 95%)

82% @ 0.65 m

97% @ J,H,L’’

-

97% @ J

Well Capacity > 6x104e- (2x105e-) 1.4 x 105e- 1.3 x 105e-

Electrical Cross-talk

<5% (<2%) <1.3% (nearest and next nearest pixel)

<1.3% (nearest and next nearest pixel)

Radiometric Stability

1% over 1000 s < 0.07% over 1000s < 0.07% over 1000s

Latent Image < 0.1% after 2nd read following >80% full well exposure

0.3%

(no amelioration)

0.12%

Frame Read Time 12 sec (<12 sec) < 11 sec < 11 sec

Pixel read rate 100KHz; 10 s/pix 100KHz; 10 s/pix 100KHz; 10 s/pix

Sub-array read 0.2 s for 1282 pixels <0.05 s for 1282 <0.05 s for 1282

43

ConclusionsConclusions

• Raytheon has produced a robust, mature InSb detector array technology.

• Both the InSb detector arrays from Raytheon and the HgCdTe detector arrays from Rockwell Scientific have demonstrated excellent performance.

• The University of Arizona has selected Rockwell Scientific to produce the NIRCam SCAs and FPAs.

– Congratulations to UH and RSC!

james webb space telescope: university of rochester detector testing on raytheon sb-304 insb scas

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