jammu-udhampur rail link bridge construction: reducing ... · earthquake engg : international...
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PROF MAHESH TANDONMANAGING DIRECTOR, TANDON CONSULTANTS PVT LTD
GUEST PROFESSOR @ GANDHINAGARFORMER DISTINGUISHED VISITING PROFESSOR IITs @ KANPUR, ROORKEE
Bridge Construction: Reducing Disaster Risk
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JAMMU-UDHAMPUR RAIL LINK
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EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING:MAJOR MILESTONES FOR BRIDGES
• 1908: CRITERIA BASED ON HORIZONTAL
STATIC FORCES APPLIED AT cg – ITALY
• 1939: DRAFT VSPECIFICATIONS FOR HIGHWAY BRIDGE—
JAPAN
• 1943: ACCOUNTING FOR FLEXIBILITY OF
STRUCTURE WHILE EVALUATING
SEISMIC DEMAND – CALTRANS
• 1964: CONCEPT OF LIQUFACTION (Prof Mogami) AND
LATERAL SPREADING – JAPAN
• 1975: RECOGNISING THAT STRUCTURES
ENTER THE INELASTIC (POST-ELASTIC)
STAGE AND THAT DUCTILITY IS OF
SIGNIFICANCE – AASHTO
• 1981: CRITERIA OF INELASTIC DESIGN AND
DUCTILITY REQUIREMENTS-- JAPAN
EARTHQUAKE ENGG : INTERNATIONAL SCENARIO
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HANSHIN EXPRESSWAYKOBE EARTHQUAKE 1995
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CONFINEMENT OF CONCRETE BY
CIRCULAR AND SQUARE HOOPS
COURTESY: PRIESTLEY
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1964 Niigata earthquake. Shinano river, Niigata City
SHOWA BRIDGE COLLAPSE DUE TO LIQUEFACTION, LATERAL SPREADINGThe post liqufaction phenomenon (few minutes after termination of main seismic action)
ICONIC EXAMPLE OF THE DETRIMENTAL EFFECTS OF LIQUEFACTION.
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JRA Provisions (1996)• The non-liquefied crust exerts passive earth pressure • The liquefied crust exerts passive earth pressure on the pile and the liquefied soil
offers 30% of total overburden pressure.
qNL= Passive earthPressure
qL= 30% of overburdenpressure
CHECK FOR LATERAL SPREADING: ALTERNATIVE LOADING
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FIG 32: MAJOR INDIAN EARTHQUAKES IN LAST 120 YEARS
MAGNITUDE LOCATION YEAR DEATHS
(RICHTER SCALE)
>8.5 ASSAM 1897 1,542
8.0 KANGRA (HP) 1905 20,000
6.5 JABALPUR 1927 ?
7.1 DHUBRI 1930 100
8.4 BIHAR-NEPAL 1934 14,000
8.3 ASSAM 1950 1,500
7.0 ANJAR (GUJRAT) 1956 100
6.5 KOYNA 1967 200
6.6 BIHAR-NEPAL 1988 1,000
6.6 UTTARKASHI 1991 700
6.4 LATTUR 1993 10,000
6.1 JABALPUR 1997 ?
6.8 CHAMOLI 1999 100
6.9 BHUJ 2001 13,805
7.8 NEPAL 2015 9,000
EACH INCREASE OF 1.0 IN MAGNITUDE IS A 10 FOLD INCREASE IN WAVE
AMPLITUDE AND A 30 FOLD INCREASE IN ENERGY RELEASED.OVER 60%
OF INDIA IS EARTHQUAKE PRONE
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MANSHAI BRIDGE
EASTERN BENGAL
STATE RAILWAY
SURVEY OF INDIA APRIL 1898
EARTHQUAKE, JUNE 12, 1897
ASSAM BRIDGE
Catalogue of major earthquakes and post disaster survey well documented
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ASSAM BRIDGE •North Lakhimpur, Bridge on Ranganadi
• Earthquake: Aug. 15, 1950
COURTESY SURVEY OF INDIA 1898
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EXAMPLE OF LIQUEFACTION(Fine sand can result in boiling)SURVEY OF INDIA APRIL 1898
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IRC: 6-2017HIGHWAY BRIDGES
RDSO GUIDELINES- 2015RAILWAY BRIDGES
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IS 1893 Part 1: 2016GENERAL PROVISIONS AND BUILDINGS
IS 1893 Part 3: 2014BRIDGES AND RETAINING WALLS
PERFORMANCE BASED DESIGN NOT YET IMPLEMENTED
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SEISMIC ZONE
OF INDIA-IS:1893 (PART I)
-IRC:6
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GOVERNMENT OF INDIA MINISTRY OF EARTH SCIENCES (July 2006)
• THE SEISMOTECTONIC ATLAS OF INDIA SHOWS EXISTENCE OF OVER 66 NEOTECTONIC/ ACTIVE FAULTS. THE HIMALAYAN BELT, EXTENDING FOR 2400 KM, IS DISSECTED BY 15 MAJOR ACTIVE FAULTS.
• AS PER SEISMIC ZONING OF THE COUNTRY, OVER 59% OF INDIA’S LAND MASS IS UNDER THREAT OF MODERATE TO SEVERE SEISMIC HAZARD, I.E. PRONE TO SHAKING OF MSK INTENSITY VII & ABOVE. SEVERAL IMPORTANT CITIES LYING IN SEISMIC ZONE III, IV AND V ARE VULNERABLE TO EARTHQUAKES.
National Centre for Seismology (August 2014)
CURRENT INDIAN SCENARIO
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PRESENT DAY TECTONIC PLATES
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The four known instrumentally recorded great (M *8.0–8.7)earthquakes in the foothills of the Himalaya in India, from
west to east – the 1905 Kangra, 1934 Bihar, 1897 Shillong and the 1950 Assam
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Ground
SE
ISM
IC
EN
ER
GY
STRUCTURE
DEVICES
E structure
E dissipated
E seismic =
E structure + E dissipated
E shared
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FIG. 26:
OUR CODAL PROVISIONSARE STILL PRESCRIPTIVE
AASHTO (2012) STIPULATES DESIGN BASIS AS A 975 YEAR RETURN PERIOD (5% POSSIBILITYOF EXCEEDANCE IN 50 YEARS)
MANY BUILDING CODES ACCEPT 500 YEAR RETURN PERIOD FOR BUILDINGS
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BASIC ISSUE:
PREVENTION OF DISLODGEMENT
(UNSEATING) TWO OPTIONS :
-USE REACTION BLOCKS
-SELECT INTEGRAL BRIDGES
MANDATORY REQUIREMENT :
-PROVIDE ADEQUATE SUPPORT
LENGTHS
HELP !!
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OLD SURAJBARI BRIDGE
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EXAMPLE OF LONGITUDINAL SEISMIC RESTRAINER FOR CONTINUOUS BRIDGES
PEDESTALBLISTER BELOW
SOFFIT OF
SUPERSTRUCTURE
LONGITUDINAL
SEISMIC
RESTRAINER
BEARING FOR
VERTICAL
LOADS
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BRITANIA CHOWK FLYOVER
ELEVATION OF RESTRAINED PIER
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LONGITUDINAL
TIE BARS
PREVENTION OF
DISLODGEMENT
HOLDING-DOWN BARS
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SEISMIC REACTION
BLOCKS: PERSPECTIVE
VIEW
APPLIED FORCES ON PIER (t) : SLS ULS
TRANSVERSE 130 162
LONGITUDINAL 120 172
CAPACITY OF SEISMIC RESTRAINERS (t) :
TRANSVERSE NA 256
LONGITUDINAL NA 512
* BASIS : h = 0.126
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INTEGRAL
BRIDGES
SUB-STRUCTURE AND
SUPERSTRUCTURE ARE MONOLITHIC
---NO BEARINGS!!
---FEW EXP JTS!!
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SURAJBARI OLD BRIDGE METTALIC BEARINGS DESTROYED
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PADSHAHI BAGH
PADSHAHI BAGH (J & K) : DAMAGED PIER CAP,
BEARINGS & SUPERSTRUCTURE
DISASTER REDUCTION FROM TERRORIST THREAT: HARDEN THE STRUCTURE
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PANCHSHEEL CLUB FLYOVER: INTEGRAL CONSTRUCTION,
HIGH DURABILITY, LOW MAINTENANCE, INCREASED
SAFETY DURING EARTHQUAKES
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PANCHSHEEL CLUB FLYOVER: VIEW FROM SOFFIT
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REDUCING SHARING
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EJ2
EXPANSION
JOINT
EJ1
EXPANSION
JOINT
EJ1
EXPANSION
JOINT
RESTRAINED RESTRAINED
STUSTU STU STU
510m 510m
NHAI’s GANGA BRIDGE AT ALLAHABAD
SHOWING APPLICATION OF STUs.
STU FORCE (ULTIMATE) = 650t
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NHAI’s ALLAHABAD BRIDGE: APPLICATION OF STUs
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