[email protected] geneva, november 2012. trade, transport and international logistics: the...
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[email protected] Geneva, November 2012.
Trade, Transport and International Logistics: The role of trade facilitation
1) Globalization
2) Role of transport
3) Role of logistics
4) Role of trade facilitation
Trade, Transport, Logistics and Technologies: An Introduction
1) Globalization
2) Role of transport
3) Role of logistics
4) Role of trade facilitation
Trade, Transport, Logistics and Technologies: An Introduction
Globalization of tradeWhat is meant by “Globalization” of
trade?• Global production, with increased
trade in components and unfinished products
Globalization of trade
Globalization of trade
What are the causes of Globalization?• Trade liberalization• Telematics • Standardization• Transport and Logistics
Elasticity Trade/GDP
GDP
Exports
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
1971 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79
1980 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89
1990 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99
2000 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09
2010
per cent annual growth
Exports = 2.5 GDP – 3
Trade grows faster than GDP
Source: data from UNCTAD and from WTO
For a country’s GDP to grow e.g. 5%, trade “needs” to grow 7 – 12%
Traditional “Geography of Trade”
• Transportation of all kinds of commodities for industrial processing (South -> North)
Traditional “Geography of Trade”
• Transportation of all kinds of commodities for industrial processing (South -> North)
• Exchange of industrial products for consumption (North <-> North; and North -> South)
• Supplies of parts and components for industrial production(North <-> North)
The emergence of the emerging economies
Source: UNCTAD, Review of Maritime Transport, 2012 (forthcoming)
The emergence of the emerging economies
Old Scenario: Developing countries exported large volumes of raw materials and imported high value (low volume) manufactured goods
Source: UNCTAD, Review of Maritime Transport, 2012 (forthcoming)
The emergence of the emerging economies
Today’s Scenario: Developing countries participate
in globalized production. They also import raw materials and also export manufactured
goods
Source: UNCTAD, Review of Maritime Transport, 2012 (forthcoming)
1) Globalization
2) Role of transport
3) Role of logistics
4) Role of trade facilitation
Trade, Transport, Logistics and Technologies: An Introduction
Mode of transport of global trade ?metric tons (excluding intra-EU)
0
1,000,000,000
2,000,000,000
3,000,000,000
4,000,000,000
5,000,000,000
6,000,000,000
7,000,000,000
8,000,000,000
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
air
land
sea
Mode of transport of global trademetric tons (excluding intra-EU)
Source: Global Insight
0.27%
89.56%
10.17%
Mode of transport of global trade ?USD (excluding intra-EU)
Source: Global Insight
Mode of transport of global tradeUSD (excluding intra-EU)
Source: Global Insight
0
1,000,000,000
2,000,000,000
3,000,000,000
4,000,000,000
5,000,000,000
6,000,000,000
7,000,000,000
8,000,000,000
9,000,000,000
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
air
land
sea
14.09%
70.07%
15.84%
64.48%
• Example: You want to buy a car “made in Mexico”.
• Today: is its transport from Mexico to Geneva more or less expensive than 20 years ago?
Globalization and international transport
Globalization and international transport
• Less expensive • BUT: You pay MORE for “transport”
then 20 years ago. Why?
1) Globalization
2) Role of transport
3) Role of logistics
4) Role of trade facilitation
Trade, Transport and International Logistics: An Introduction
Logistics in the supply chain
Source: “logistics management”, IML, Lausanne
Production
TransportInventory
LOGISTICS OPTIONS
Just-In-Time
Spatial organizationof collection and
distribution centres
Globalizationof production
Production
TransportInventory
LOGISTICS OPTIONS
Just-In-Time
Spatial organizationof collection and
distribution centres
Globalizationof production
Production
TransportInventory
LOGISTICS OPTIONS
Production
TransportInventory
Production
TransportInventory TransportInventory
LOGISTICS OPTIONS
Just-In-Time
Spatial organizationof collection and
distribution centres
Globalizationof production
Transport
Logistics
Supply Chain
Logistics Expenditure in the United States
CSCM – State of Logistics Report 2010
1) Globalization
2) Role of transport
3) Role of logistics
4) Role of trade facilitation
Trade, Transport, Logistics and Technologies: An Introduction
Examples of technologies ?
International seaborne trade for selected yearsindex of major commodities
Source: UNCTAD Review of Maritime Transport, 2011
Trade is measured in “TEU”
Anytime: day and night operations
Anywhere: e.g. Tierra del Fuego in Chile
… the world’s driest desert
…Beirut
… Luanda
…Bangkok
Guayaquil… Hamburg (daytime)
… Bandar Abas
…Suez Canal
…Panama Canal
Lima
…Maldives
… France
Anyhow: intermodal
… into Burkina Faso
… Mekong River
Zam
bia
… into Zambia
Anything:
Anything: The United Nations
Anything: e.g. port library in Rio de Janeiro
Technologies in international logistics
30 years ago:Containerization30 years ago:Containerization
Today:TelematicsToday:Telematics
Fuente: Michael Schwank, TOC Americas, 2004
Intercambio de datosInformation exchange
AutomatizaciónAutomatizaciónAutomation
[New] technologies can help…
+ Planning for cargo handling operations+ Organizing onward transport+ Improving cargo security+ Tracing the status and location of cargo+ Data exchange+ Preparing transport documents + Customs clearance+ …
= trade facilitation
1) Globalization
2) Role of transport
3) Role of logistics
4) Role of trade facilitation
Trade, Transport, Logistics and Technologies: An Introduction
Questions?