janice thies and hongyan jin - biochar-international...microbial community composition in brazilian...
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Janice Thies and Hongyan Jin
Johannes Lehmann, Julie Grossman, Brendan O’Neill, Biqing Liang
Crop and Soil SciencesCornell University
International Symposium on Environmental Behavior and Effects of Biomass-Derived Charcoal
Hangzhou, China
10/9/20101Thies and Jin, 2010
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Terra preta• Soil microbial dynamics
Biochar-amended temperate soil• Cautionary notes
• Soil and rhizosphere microbial dynamics
C conserving pathways
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Photo Thies © 2003
Johannes Lehmann
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‘Bitten’ by the biochar ‘bug’
Hatahara
Açutuba
Lago Grande
Dona Stella
2003
Hatahara
Embrapa, 2001
1st International Biochar Conference
Manaus, Brazil, 2001
Thies and Jin, 2010
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Higher bacterial abundance, diversity and actinomyceterecovery
O'Neill, B., Grossman, J., Tsai, M. T., Gomes, J. E., Lehmann, J., Petersen, J., Neves, E., Thies, J. E. 2009. Microbial community composition in Brazilian anthrosols and adjacent soils characterized using culturing and molecular identification. Microbial Ecology, 58 (1), 25-35.
Significant changes in bacterial and archael diversityGrossman, J, O’Neill, B, Tsai, SM, Liang, B, Neves, E; Lehmann, J, Thies, J.E. 2010. Amazonian anthrosols support similar microbial communities that differ distinctly from those extant in adjacent, unmodified soils of the same mineralogy. Microbial Ecology 60: 192-205.
Significantly lower respiration • both basal and after addition of sugarcane residue
Stabilization of labile C by black CLiang, B, Lehmann, J, Sohi, SP, Thies, JE, O’Neill, B, Trujillo, L, Gaunt, J,
Solomon, D, Grossman, J, Neves, EG, Luizão, FJ. 2010. Black carbon affects the cycling of non-black carbon in soil. Organic Geochemistry41: 206-213.
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Cumulative carbon mineralization of soils with high and low BC and with and without additions of
sugar cane during a 10-month incubation (means and standard errors, n=4). Liang et al. (2009)
With
Sugarcane
Without
Sugarcane
Time (days)
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
C m
inera
lization [m
g C
O2-C
g-1
C]
0
200
400
600
800 TP (BC) Hatahara
OX Hatahara
TP (BC) Acutuba
OX Acutuba
TP (BC) Dona Stella
OX Dona Stella
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Field Design
Cornell Musgrave Farm, Aurora, NY, 2007
Corn stover biochar incorporated into soil at
0, 1, 12, 30 t biochar ha-1
Corn planting density = 32,000 seeds acre-1
NH4NO3 applied at 0.13 t ha-1 to each plot
Bulk & rhizosphere soils sampled midsummer
2007 & 2008
Best Energies corn stover biochar:
slow pyrolysis at 600°C
Honeoye silt loam8
Lehmann et al.
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Biochar Amended Soil
Field samples Biochar particles
Microbial biomass
Microbial respiration
DNA extraction
Bacterial 16S rRNA PCR
Fungi ITS PCR
T-RFLP Fingerprinting
Microbial community compositionFungi colonizing
biochar surfaces
Microbial
abundance
Microbial activity
Exoenzyme
activity
Clone
library
Exoenzyme dynamics
Exoenzyme
Localization
Sequencing
Adsorption !
?
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51%
34%
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Equilibrium isotherms for each rate, fitted to the Freundlich
equation and used to adjust microbial biomass estimatesThies and Jin, 2010
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Bulk
Rhizosphere
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Possible mechanisms underlying observed
reductions in soil respiration & metabolic quotient
• Changes in substrate quality ( )and/or quantity ( )
• Changes in the composition of the biotic community
(e.g., increased fungal/bacterial ratio [15:1, 5:1, C:N]
• Changes in the diversity of the microbial community
• Co-location of substrates, microbes, exoenzymes that
increase C use efficiency of the community
• Reduced C mineralizing enzyme function
• Carbon recycling within microbial biofilms
• Increased activity of autotrophs, particularly nitrifiers
• Participation in the carbonate cycle12
Thies and Jin, 2010
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B. Hha1 - Fungi
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Bulk
Rhizosphere
[12 & 30 t ha-1]
[0 and 1 t ha-1]
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2007 vs. 2008
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Possible mechanisms underlying observed
reductions in soil respiration & metabolic quotient
• Changes in substrate quality ( )and/or quantity ( )
• Changes in the composition of the biotic community
(i.e., increased fungal/bacterial ratio [15:1, 5:1, C:N]
• Changes in the diversity of the microbial community
• Co-location of substrates, microbes, exoenzymes that
increase C use efficiency of the community
• Reduced C mineralizing enzyme function
• Carbon recycling within microbial biofilms
• Increased activity of autotrophs, particularly nitrifiers
• Participation in the carbonate cycle17
Thies and Jin, 2010
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β-D-glucuronidase activity Phosphatase activity
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54%
32%
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Alkaline phosphatase activity was very high in biochar amended soils
β -D glucosidase activity was much lower in biochar amended soils
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L-Leucine aminopeptidase activity was higher in biochar amended soils
β –D cellobiase activity was much lower in biochar amended soils
Thies and Jin, 2010
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Alkaline
phosphatase
Biochar amended
3 hr 4 hr
β – D
glucuronidase
Phosphatase
Unamended
4 hr
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β-D-glucuronidase activity Phosphatase activity
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Inorganic nutrients
Microbes
Organic matter
Exoenzymes
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Possible mechanisms underlying observed reductions in soil respiration & metabolic quotient• Changes in substrate quality ( )and/or quantity ( )
• Changes in the composition of the biotic community (i.e., increased fungal/bacterial ratio [15:1, 5:1, C:N]
• Changes in the diversity of the microbial community
• Co-location of substrates, microbes, and their exoenzymes resulting in increased C use efficiency
• Carbon recycling within microbial biofilms
• Reduced efficiency of (or need for) some C mineralizing enzymes – methodological artifact?
• Increased activity of autotrophs, particularly nitrifiers
• Participation in the carbonate cycle25
Thies and Jin, 2010
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Possible mechanisms underlying observed reductions in soil respiration & metabolic quotient• Changes in substrate quality ( )and/or quantity ( )
• Changes in the composition of the biotic community (i.e., increased fungal/bacterial ratio [15:1, 5:1, C:N]
• Changes in the diversity of the microbial community
• Co-location of substrates, microbes, and their exoenzymes resulting in increased C use efficiency
• Carbon recycling within microbial biofilms
• Reduced efficiency of (or need for) some C mineralizing enzymes – methodological artifact?
• Increased activity of autotrophs, particularly nitrifiers
• Participation in the carbonate cycle26
Thies and Jin, 2010
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NH4+ + 1.5O2 NO2
- + 2H++ H2O
• Nitroso- 65 kcal/mole 6e-
NO2- + H2O NO3
- + 2H+
• Nitro- 17-18 kcal/mole 2e-
H+ used to generates reducing potential needed to fix CO2 into carbohydrates.
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CO2 + H2O ⇌ H2CO3 ⇌ H+ + HCO3− ⇌ H+ + CO3
2−
carbonic acid bicarbonate carbonate
Weathering of calcium silicates
• CaSiO3 Ca2+ + SiO2 + O
Formation of calcium carbonate
• Ca2+ + HCO3− CaCO3 + H+
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