janssen status writers

8/8/2019 Janssen Status Writers

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ELSEVIER Poetics 25 (1998) 265-280P O E T I C S

S i d e - r o a d s t o s u c c e s s :T h e e f f e c t o f s i d e l i n e a c t i v i ti e s o n t h e s ta t u s o f w r i te r s *

S u s a n n e J a n s s e n *Department of Art and Culture Studies (Room L2-7), Erasmus University Rotterdam, P.O. Box 1738,NL-3000 DR Rotterdam, The Netherlands

A b s t r a c tTh e l i t e r a ry s ta t u s o f w r i t e r s i s s t r o n g l y d e p e n d e n t o n t h e c r i t i c a l a t t e n t i o n g i v e n t o t h e i r

b o o k s i n t h e d a i l y a n d w e e k l y p r e s s . P r e v io u s r e s e a r c h h a s s h o w n t h at t h is a t te n t io n d e p e n d st o a g r e a t e x t e n t o n a t t r i b u t e s t h a t a r e e x t e rn a l t o t h e w o rk i n q u e s t i o n , b u t a r e r e l a t e d t o i t si n s t i t u t i o n a l s e tt i n g , n o t a b l y t h e s t a t u r e o f t h e p u b l i s h e r a n d t h e c r i t i c a l r e c e p t i o n o f p r e v i o u sw o r k s b y t h e s a m e a u t h o r . T h i s a r t i c le c o n s i d e r s t h e o p t i o n s w r i t e r s h a v e a t t h e i r d is p o s a l t os t i m u l a t e o r h o l d t h e i n t e r e s t o f t h e c r i t i c s . F o l l o w i n g a t h e o r e t i c a l o u t l i n e o f t h e t y p e s o fa c t i v i ti e s a u t h o r s c a n e n g a g e i n , a n a n a l y s i s is p e r f o r m e d o n t h e r e l a t io n s h i p b e t w e e n 2 7 9w r i t e r s ' i n v o l v e m e n t i n a n u m b e r o f ' s i d e l i n e ' a c t i v it i e s i n th e D u t c h l i te r a r y w o r l d a n d t h ed e g r e e o f c r i t i c a l i n t e r e s t in t h e b o o k s o f t h e s e w r i t er s .

B o t h t h e v e r s a t i l i ty o f t h e a u t h o r s ' p e r f o r m a n c e i n th e l i t e r a r y w o r l d a n d t h e e x t e n t tow h i c h t h e y w e r e i n v o l v e d i n p r o m i n e n t i n s t i tu t i o n s p r o v e d t o h a v e a s t r o n g p o s i t iv e r e l a ti o n -s h i p t o th e a m o u n t o f c r i t ic a l a t te n t i o n t h e ir b o o k s r e c e i v e d . A s u b s e q u e n t a n a l y s i s c o n f i r m e dt h e h y p o t h e s i s t h a t ' P u b l i s h e r s t a t u s ' a n d ' P r e v i o u s c r i t i c a l a t t e n t i o n ' a r e n o t t h e o n l y e x t e r -n a l a t t ri b u t e s th a t a f f e c t th e a m o u n t o f a t te n t i o n r e v i e w e r s g i v e t o n e w w o r k s o f f i c t io n . T h ev e r s a t i l i ty o f t h e a u t h o r ' s p e r f o r m a n c e i n th e l i t e r a r y w o r l d a s w e l l a s h i s o r h e r i n v o l v e m e n ti n p ro mi n e n t l i t e r a ry i n s t i t u t i o n s a r e a l s o r e l e v a n t .

1 . I n t r o d u c t i o nJ o u r n a l i s t i c c r i t i c i s m i s c r u c i a l t o t h e f o r m a t i o n o f a l i t e r a r y c a n o n , i n t h a t i t p r e -

c e d e s o t h e r f o r m s o f c r i t i c i s m a n d e f f e c t s a n i n i t i a l s i f t i n g a n d e v a l u a t i o n o f t h e l i t -e r a t u r e o n o f f e r. R e s e a r c h o n t h e c h o i c e s m a d e b y c r i t i c s i n t h e d a i ly a n d w e e k l yp r e s s i n d i c a t e s th e e x i s t e n c e o f a ' r e p r o d u c t i o n m e c h a n i s m ' i n t h e i r s e l e c t i o n . I n

An earlier version of this article was presented at the Vth Biannual Conference of the InternationalAssociation for the Empirical Study of Literature (IGEL), University of Alberta at the Nakoda LodgeConference Centre, August 1996. I am grateful to a number of conference participants for their com-ments on the paper. Special thanks go to Kees van Rees and two Poetics reviewers for their perceptivecomments on a previous draft of this article and their suggestions for improvements.* E-mail: [email protected]/98/$19.00 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reservedPH S0304-422X(97)00018-1


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266 S . J a n s s e n / P o e t i c s 2 5 ( 1 9 9 8 ) 2 6 5 - 2 8 0d e c i d i n g w h e t h e r t o r e v i e w a n e w t it le , c r it ic s s e e m t o b e i n f l u e n c e d to a h i g h d e g r e eb y p r e v i o u s c r i ti c i s m s w i t h re s p e c t t o t h e a u t h o r o r p u b l is h e r ( s e e V a n R e e s a n d V e r -m u n t , 1 9 9 6 ; J an s s en , 1 9 9 4 an d 1 9 9 6 ) . I n g en e r a l , o n l y fi r s t wo r k s b r o u g h t o u t b yo n e o f t h e m a j o r l i te r a r y p u b li s h e r s h a v e a c h a n c e o f r e c e i v i n g a s u b s t a n t ia l n u m b e ro f r e v ie w s . A n e w p u b l i c a t i o n b y a n a u t h o r w h o s e e a r l ie r w o r k d r e w a l o t o f a t te n -t i o n f r o m t h e c r i t i c s c a n a l s o c o u n t o n w i d e i n t e r e s t . H o w e v e r , f o r a u t h o r s w h o s ep r ev i o u s wo r k r e ce i v ed s can t , n eg a t i v e , o r ev en n o a t t en t i o n , t h e r e i s l i t t l e h o p e t h a ti t w i l l b e a n y d i f f e r en t f o r t h e n e w t i tl e t h ey p r o d u ce . I t i s ev e n l e s s l i k e l y t h a t th e i rw o r k w i ll e v e r b e c o m e t h e s u b j e c t o f d i s c u s s i o n b y o t h e r b r a n c h e s o f c r i ti c is m ,e s s ay i s t s , an d t h e a cad em i c s t u d y o f l it e r a t u re . E s s ay i s t s an d aca d em i c l i te r a r y c r it -i c s te n d t o ' r e p r o d u c e ' t h e i n it ia l j u d g e m e n t o f j o u r n a l i s ti c c r i t ic i s m ; t h e y c o n c e r nt h e m s e l v e s a l m o s t e x c l u s i v e l y w i t h w o r k b y a u t h o r s w h o h a v e r e c e i v e d w i d e a n dp o s i t i v e a t t en t i o n f r o m j o u r n a l i s t i c c r i t i c i sm ( c f. V a n Rees , 1 9 8 3 ; R o sen g r en , 1 9 8 7 ;V e r d aa sd o n k , 1 9 8 5 ) .

I n t he l i g h t o f s u c h f i n d i n g s , t h e a u t h o r e m e r g e s a s a m o r e o r l e s s p o w e r l e s s o b j e c ti n th e c r i t ic a l r e cep t i o n o f a wo r k , a p l ay t h i n g i n th e h an d s o f t h e g o d s e i t h e rf a v o u r a b l y o r i l l - d i s p o s e d t o w a r d h i m / h e r . W r i t e r s w h o k n o w t h a t t h e s p o t l i g h t o fc r i ti c i s m i s f o c u s e d o n t h e m , c a n s i t b a c k a n d r e l a x . A l l t h e y h a v e t o d o i s d e l i v e rn ew m a t e r i a l a t r eg u l a r i n t e r v a l s t o s u s t a i n c r i t i c a l i n t e r e s t . Au t h o r s wh o se wo r kr e c e i v e s n o a t t e n t i o n c a n o n l y h o p e t h a t s o m e e x t r a o r d i n a r y f o r c e w i l l d i s r u p t t h er e p r o d u c t i o n m e c h a n i s m a n d p l a c e t h e i r w o r k i n th e f l o o d l ig h t s .

S u c h a n i n t e r p re t a t io n o f t h e a u t h o r ' s p o s i ti o n , h o w e v e r , s e e m s t o u n d e r e s t i m a t et h e ab i l i t y o f wr i t e rs t o i n f l u en ce t h e i n t e r e s t in an d ap p r ec i a t i o n o f t h e i r wo r k . I n m yv i e w , t h e a u t h o r p l a y s a n i m p o r t a n t r o le a n d c r i ti c a l r e c e p t i o n p a r t ly d e p e n d s o n h o wt h e a u t h o r p r e s e n t s h i m / h e r s e l f t o t h e l i te r a r y w o r l d . W r i te r s w h o d o n o t r e s tr ic tt h e m s e l v e s t o p u b l is h i n g b o o k s p r e s u m a b l y h a v e m o r e o f a c h a n c e o f a p p e a r in g a n ds t ay i n g i n t h e l i m e l i g h t .

I n t h i s a r t i c l e , t h e s e su p p o s i t i o n s a r e f u r t h e r e l ab o r a t ed an d su p p o r t ed u s i n g t h er e su l t s o f em p i r i c a l r e s ea r ch . S ec t i o n 2 g i v e s a t h eo r e t i c a l o u t l i n e o f t h e s i g n i f i c an ceo f a n u m b e r o f a c t i v i t i e s i n wh i ch au t h o r s c an p a r t i c i p a t e i n t h e l i t e r a r y wo r l d i na d d i t i o n to p u b l i s h i n g b o o k s . T h e a n a l y s i s in S e c t i o n 3 i s a i m e d a t p r o v id i n g m o r ed e t a i l ed em p i r i c a l s u p p o r t f o r th e p r o p o s i t i o n t h a t s u ch ' s i d e l i n e ' a c t i v i ti e s h av e ap o s i t i v e e f f e c t o n t h e i r c a r ee r s , an d , m o r e p a r t i cu l a r l y , o n t h e c r i t ic a l r e sp o n se t ot h e i r b o o k s . T o t h a t e n d , s o m e o f th e a s s u m p t i o n s m a d e i n S e c t i o n 2 a r e t r a n s f o r m e di n to a s e ri e s o f m o r e s p e c i fi c h y p o t h e s e s , w h i c h w i ll b e t e s t e d w i t h t h e u s e o f a d a t as e t o n D u t c h w r i t e r s ' i n v o l v e m e n t i n a n u m b e r o f s i d e -a c t iv i ti e s in t h e D u t c h l i te r a r yw o r l d a n d t h e a m o u n t o f a t t e n t i o n t h e i r w o r k r e c e i v e d f r o m r e v i e w e r s i n t h e d a i l ya n d w e e k l y p r e s s .

2 . A u t h o r s ' i n t e r v e n t i o n i n c r i t i c a l r e c e p t i o nI t g o e s w i t h o u t s a y i n g t h a t p u b l i c a t io n s f o r m t h e b a s is o f e v e r y w r i t e r 's c a r e e r o r

r e p u t a ti o n . W h e t h e r o n e i s c o n s i d e r e d a w r i te r d e p e n d s f i r s t a n d f o r e m o s t o n p u b l i-c a t i o n s , n o t o n d i p l o m a s o r o t h e r f o r m a l c r i t e r i a . A w r i t e r i s n o t s o m u c h s o m e o n e


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S. Janssen / Poetics 25 (199 8) 265-28 0 267

w h o w r i te s , b u t s o m e o n e w h o i s r e c o g n i z e d a s s uc h . T h i s re c o g n i t i o n i s e x p r e s s e d ,a b o v e a l l, i n t h e w i l l i n g n e s s o f a l it e r a r y p u b l i s h i n g h o u s e t o p u b l i s h h i s o r h e r w r i t-in gs.~ P u b l i c a t i o n s a r e a c o n f i r m a t i o n o f s o m e o n e ' s a u t h o r s h i p a n d o f t h e c l a i m s s / h ec a n m a k e o n t h a t b a s is . T h u s , p u b l i c a t io n s o f n e w w o r k s i n b o o k f o r m a r e a p re -r e q u i s i t e f o r t h e i n t e r e s t o f c ri t ic s w r i ti n g i n th e d a i l y a n d w e e k l y p r e s s .I n m o s t c a s e s , h o w e v e r , b o o k p u b l i c a t i o n s a p p e a r i n s u f f i c i e n t t o i n c i t e o r h o l d t h ei n t e re s t o f t h e c r it ic s , o r m o r e g e n e r a l l y , t o e n a b l e a n a u t h o r t o a c h i e v e a p o s i t i o n o fi m p o r t a n c e . T h e l i t e r a ry w o r l d o n l y o f f e r s a l i m i t e d n u m b e r o f i n d i v id u a l s s u c c e s s -f u l c a r e e r s , w h i l e t h e r e a r e m a n y w h o a s p i r e t o s u c h a c a r e e r . O n l y a s m a l l n u m b e ro f a u t h o r s w h o , i n a g i v e n p e r i o d a r e c o m p e t i n g f o r t h e f a v o u r o f t h e c r it ic s , c a nc o u n t o n th e i r f u l l a t t e n t io n ( J a n s s e n , 1 9 9 4 : 3 4 - 7 7 ) . T h e p u b l i c a t i o n s o f m o s t a s p i -r a n t s a r e n o t n o t i c e d o r a t t ra c t l it tl e i n te r e s t. T h i s h o l d s t r u e n o t o n l y f o r n e w a u t h o r s ,b u t a l s o f o r th o s e w i t h a r e s p e c t a b l e n u m b e r o f ti tl e s t o t h e ir n a m e . T h e l a tt e r c a nr e g u l a r l y o b s e r v e h o w t h e ir b o o k s l o s e o u t n o t o n ly t o th e l a t es t p r o d u c ts o f f a m o u sw r i te r s, b u t a l s o to n e w c o m e r s w h o s e e m t o a c h i e v e in a s i ng l e b l o w t h e r e c o g n i t i o nt h e y h a v e w o r k e d f o r fo r y e a rs . T h e r e i s o n l y a s e le c t g r o u p o f a u th o r s w h o s e w o r ki s f o l l o w e d c l o s e l y a n d c o n t i n u o u s l y b y t h e c r i t i c s . F o r a m u c h l a r g e r g r o u p , c r i t i c a la t t e n t io n t e n d s , a f t e r a n i n it ia l p e r i o d o f i n te n s i ty , t o d i m i n i s h a n d s h i f t t o a n e w c o n -s i g n m e n t o f w r i te r s.

T h e a b o v e s u g g e s t s t h a t, i n m a n y c a s e s , a u t h o rs m u s t b e w i ll in g t o e n g a g e i n o t h e ra c t iv i ti e s in o r d e r t o b e c o m e a n d r e m a i n t h e s u b j e c t o f di s c u ss i o n . A n u m b e r o f c a ses t u d i e s c a n b e c i t e d t h a t d r a w a t t e n t io n t o t h e p o s i t i v e e f f e c t o f a v e r sa t i l e p e r f o r -m a n c e b y a u t h o r s i n t h e l it e r a r y w o r l d o n t h e c r i ti c a l r e c e p t i o n o f t h e i r w o r k ( B e l ,1 9 9 3 ; B o u r d i e u , 1 9 8 3 a n d 1 9 9 3 ; V a n B o v e n , 1 9 9 2 ; V a n D i jk , 1 9 9 4 ; J a n s s e n , 1 9 9 4 :1 3 8 f f .; D e N o o y , 1 9 9 3 ; V a n R e e s , 1 9 8 7 : 2 9 0 f f . ; R i t c h i e , 1 9 8 8 ; R o d d e n , 1 9 8 9) .A u t h o r s w h o a r e a c ti v e o n s e v e r a l f r o n ts s e e m t o h a v e m o r e c h a n c e o f f o c u s s in ga t te n t io n o n t h e i r w o r k t h a n t h o s e w h o l i m i t t h e m s e l v e s t o p u b l is h i n g n e w b o o k s . O nt h e b a s i s o f th e s e s t u d ie s , v a r i o u s k i n d s o f s i d e l in e a c t i v it i e s c a n b e i d e n t i f i e d t h a ts e e m t o a d v a n c e t h e c a r e e r s o f w r i t e r s a n d , m o r e p a r t i c u l a r l y , i n c r e a s e th e i r c h a n c e so f a t t ra c t i n g a n d s u s t a i n in g c r i ti c a l in t e r e st , n o t a b l y , p u b l i s h i n g c r e a t i v e w o r kt h r o u g h c h a n n e l s o t h e r t h a n b o o k s , a c t i v i t ie s o f a re f l e c t i v e n a tu r e , a n d a c t i v i ti e s t h a tc o n t r i b u t e t o t h e i r ' s o c i a l c a p i t a l ' .2 . 1. P u b l i s h i n g t h r o u g h c h a n n e l s o t h e r th a n b o o k s

L i t e r a r y m a g a z i n e s f o r m a n i m p o r t a n t a d d i t i o n a l p u b l i c a t i o n c h a n n e l , b e c a u s et h e ir c i rc l e o f r e a d e rs c o n s i s t s m a i n l y o f p e o p l e w h o a r e p r o f e ss i o n a l l y i n v o l v e d i nt h e p r o d u c t i o n o r d i s s e m i n a t i o n o f l i te r a t u re ( s e e V e r d a a s d o n k a n d S e e g e r s , 1 9 9 0 ).

1 Publications in literary magazines also comprise a form o f recognition. For aspiring writers they canbe a crucial step for gaining acces s to certain literary publishers (see Janssen and Olislagers 1986:276ff.). Magazine articles alone ar e, however, in the lon g run insufficient for attaining the status o fauthor. If such p ublications are not followed in a given time by publications in the form o f books, whichis the cas e for a g reat man y of the new com ers who w rite in literary magazines (ibid.: 2 80ff.), it impliesthat a person's cla im to be a w riter has not received any further recognition and is therefore open toquestion.


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2 6 8 S . Ja n s s en / P o e t ic s 2 5 (1 9 9 8 ) 2 6 5 -2 8 0

The latter tend to keep a close eye on literary magazines since they chart new move-ments and developments in the literary world. Publications in literary magazines,such as poems, short stories, and excerpts from literary novels, can stimulate theinterest of fellow writers, critics, publishers, and other experts and keep an author'swork in the public eye while s/he is working on a new book.Another important forum for authors are (international) literary festivals, whichusually attract a large number of literary professionals. Thus, through performancesat festivals writers can also draw the attention of critics and other people working inthe field}Publishing through other channels is not strictly a sideline activity since it does,after all, involve his craft: creative writing. But, unlike book publications, contribu-tions to magazines and festivals are not a prerequisite for critical attention. For thesake of clarity it should be noted that, in this article, the term 'sideline' is used toindicate all the activities an author undertakes in the literary world besides publish-ing books.2 . 2 . A c t i v i t i e s o f a r e f l e c t iv e n a t u r e

Reflective activities, such as giving interviews about one's work, delivering lec-tures about literature, taking part in literary debates or polemics, and publishing crit-ical writings are not only important for generating critical interest and increasing awriter's recognition among critics and the general public. They also provide theopportunity for authors to express their aesthetic views on literature and to clarifywhere they stand as a writer. In critical practice, much value is attributed to anauthor's comments on his/her own work and that of other writers. That such com-ments are regularly described as 'theoretical' statements says much about theirimportance. Critics assume not only that high-profile authors have an all-encom-passing view of the nature and function of literature, but that they know how to inte-grate this view into their creative products. Such self-evaluation or commentary onliterature in general, can therefore greatly influence the interpretation of a work, itscentral themes and the view of reality, literature, and authorship it embodies. Thus,interviews, lectures, essays, etc. offer authors the possibility of intervening in criticalreception by making explicit their ideas and premises, but also by reacting to thecritics' interpretation. In this way possible 'misunderstandings' can be 'set straight 32 V a n R e e s ' c a s e s t u d y o f t h e r e s p o n s e o f r e v i e w e r s t o t h e ( fi rs t ) s i x b o o k s o f p o e t r y b y t h e D u t c h p o e tH a n s F a v e r e y p r o v i d e s a g o o d e x a m p l e o f t h e p o s i ti v e e f f e c t o f l i te r a r y m a g a z i n e s a n d f e s t i v a l s o n t h ec r i ti c a l re c e p t i o n o f a w r i t e r 's w o r k . F a v e r e y p r e s e n t e d h i m s e l f in a p o s i t i v e f a s h i o n b y r e a d i n g h i s o w np o e t r y a t E u r o p e a n p o e t r y f e s t i v a l s ( s u c h a s Poetry In ternat ional ) a n d b y p u b l i s h i n g s e v e r a l s e ri e s o fp o e m s i n l i t e r a r y m a g a z i n e s b e t w e e n p o e t r y b o o k s . T h e s e a c t i v i t i e s a p p e a r t o h a v e m a d e a n i m p o r t a n tc o n t r i b u t i o n t o t h e p o s i t i v e e v a lu a t i o n o f h i s w o r k ( c f . Va n Re e s , 19 87 : 2 86 f f . ) .3 I n t h is re g a r d , V a n B o v e n ( 1 9 9 2 ) d e m o n s t r a t e s h o w , i n t he f i rs t d e c a d e s o f t h i s c e n t u r y , D u t c h f e m a l ea u t h o r s o f s o - c a ll e d w o m e n ' s n o v e l s h a r d l y c o n c e r n e d t h e m s e l v e s w i t h r e f le c t i o n o n t h e i r a u t h o r s h i p o rl i t e r a t u r e i n g e n e r a l . Th e y d id n o t e n g a g e i n l i t e r a r y p o l e mic s n o r d id t h e y r e b e l a g a in s t l i t e r a r y p r e d e -c e s so r s . I n sh o r t , th e y f a i l e d t o t a k e a l i t e r a r y s t a n c e a n d t h u s n e g l e c t e d t h e o p p o r tu n i t y t o i n f l u e n c e t h ei n c r e a s i n g ly n e g a t i v e i m a g e o f t h e i r w o r k t h a t e m e r g e d i n l i t e ra r y c r i t ic i s m a n d t h e r e b y p r e v e n t i t f r o mf a l l i n g i n to o b l i v io n .


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S . J a n s s e n / P o e t i c s 2 5 ( 1 9 98 ) 2 6 5 - 2 8 0 2 69

an d p o t en t i a l o b j ec t i o n s b y t h e c r i t i c s an t i c i p a t ed .4 F u r t h e r m o r e , w r i t e rs c a n p r o v i d ec r i t i c i s m w i t h n e w m a t e r i a l f o r i n t e r p r e t a t i o n b y p o i n t i n g t o ' n e g l e c t e d ' a s p e c t s o rt h e m e s o f t h e i r w o r k . 52 . 3 . A c t i v i t i e s w h i c h c o n t r i b u t e t o a w r i t e r ' s s o c i a l c a p i t a l

L a s t b u t n o t l e a st , w e m e n t i o n a l l t h o s e a c t iv i ti e s th a t m a y i n c r e a s e w h a t c a n b eca l l ed t h e au t h o r ' s ' s o c i a l c ap i t a l ' (B o u r d i eu , 1 9 8 6 : 2 4 3 ) , th a t i s , t h e wh o l e r an g e o fr e s o u r c e s t h a t f l o w f r o m t h e p o s s e s s i o n o f a m o r e o r l e s s i n s ti t u ti o n a l iz e d e n d u r i n gn e t w o r k o f re l a ti o n s o f m u t u a l a c q u a i n t a n c e a n d r e c o g n i t io n . S u c h a n e t w o r k d o e sn o t a r i s e n a t u r a l l y n o r c an i t b e e s t ab l i s h ed b y a s i n g l e i n t e r v en t i o n . I t is , r a t h e r , t h er e su l t o f a co n t i n u o u s e f f o r t .

W h i l e t h e p o s s e s s i o n o f e x t e n s i v e s o c i a l c a p it a l c o n s i d e r a b l y s i m p l i f ie s l i fe a n dw o r k f o r p eo p l e i n g en e r a l , 6 i t is o f s p ec i a l s i g n i f i c an ce f o r t h o se w i t h an a r t is t ic o rl i te r a r y p ro f e s s io n . T h e y m u s t o p e r a t e i n a w o r l d w h e r e m o s t a c t i v it ie s t a k e p l a c e o na f r e e l a n c e b a s i s a n d a r e n o t c o n t r o l l e d o r r e g u l a te d b y f o r m a l o r g a n i z a t i o n s , a g re e -m en t s o r c r i t e r i a ( c f . C r an e , 1 9 7 6 ) . I n m an y s i t u a t i o n s , t h e v a r i o u s a c t o r s i n t h i sw o r l d c an n o t , t h e r e f o r e , ap p ea l t o o n e o r an o t h e r h i g h e r , i m p a r t i a l au t h o r i t y , b u t r e l yp r i m a r i l y o n eac h o t h e r f o r th e f u l f i l m en t o f t h e i r am b i t i o n s . I n su ch a s i t u a t i o n p e r -s o n a l c o n t a c t s a n d f e e l i n g s o f m u t u a l r e g a r d a n d f r ie n d s h i p a r e c r u c i a l f o r a c h i e v i n gn u m er o u s o b j ec t i v e s , s u ch a s b e i n g ab l e t o p u b l i s h in a l i t e r a r y m ag az i n e , b u t a l s of o r f in d i n g s u f f i c i e n t c o p y f o r t h a t m a g a z i n e . T h e s a m e a p p l ie s n o t o n l y t o h a v i n g as ay i n awa r d i n g l i t e r a r y su b s i d i e s , b u t a l s o t o r e c r u i t i n g m em b e r s f o r l i t e r a r y ad v i -s o r y c o m m i s s i o n s , e t c . 7 T h e m o r e w r i te r s a r e a b l e t o e n g a g e o t h e r a n d m o r e i n f lu e n -t i a l co l l e ag u es , t h e m o r e su cce s s f u l t h ey w i l l b e i n r e a l i z i n g v a r i o u s am b i t i o n s ,i n c l u d i n g g e n e r a t i n g w i d e a t t e n ti o n f o r t h e i r w o r k . 8

4 Be c k e r ( 19 82 : 357 ) p r o v id e s s e v e r a l e x a m p le s o f t h e v a r i o u s s t r a t e g i e s w r i t e r s a n d o th e r a rt i s t s f o l -l o w t o t ry t o i n f l u e n c e o p i n i o n o n t h e i r w o r k : " S i n c e a r ti s ts k n o w t h a t o t h e r a rt w o r l d p a r t ic i p a n t s m a k er e p u t a t io n a l i n f e r e n c e s f ro m t h e i r w o rk , t h e y t r y t o c o n t ro l t h e w o r k t h a t b e c o m e s a v a i l a b l e f or m a k i n gs u c h i n f e r e n ce s . T h e y d e s t r o y w o r k t h e y d o n ' t w a n t c o n s i d e r e d , o r la b e l i t ' u n f i n i s h e d ' ; i f t h e y a r el u c k y , a c o u r t m a y ( a s F r e n c h c o u r ts c a n ) p r e v e n t t h e c i r c u l a ti o n o f w o r k t h e y d o n ' t w a n t p u b l i c l y a t tr i b -u t e d t o t h e m . T h e y d i s t i n g u i s h c a t e g o r i e s o f w o r k , a s c o n t e m p o r a r y p h o t o g r a p h e r s s o m e t i m e s d i s t i n -g u i s h t h e i r ' c o m m e r c i a l ' w o r k ( n o t t o b e c o n s i d e r e d i n a s s e s s in g t h e m a s a r t is t s ) f r o m t h e i r ' p e r s o n a l 'w o r k ( t o b e so u s e d ) , a c c o r d in g t o t h e s e r i o u sn e s s o f t h e i r i n t e n t i o n s in ma k in g i t . Th e y r e v i s e t h e i r w o r kw h e n t h e y c a n , a s S t r a v in s k y a n d H e n r y J a m e s d i d " .5 I t g o e s w i t h o u t s a y in g t h a t a u th o r s c a n f o l l o w a n o th e r p a th t o k e e p t h e i r w o r k f r o m g e t t i n g s t a le .T h e y c a n , f o r e x a m p l e , s t i m u l a te r e n e w e d i n t e re s t in t h e i r w o r k b y r e v e a l i n g c e r t a i n a u t o b i o g r a p h ic a lp a r t i c u l a r s o r b y t u r n in g t o o th e r l i t e r a r y g e n r e s ( c f. J a n s s e n , 19 9 4 : 185f f. ).6 S e e , a m o n g o t h e r s , B o x m a n ( 1 9 9 2 ), F l a p a n d T a z e la a r ( 1 9 8 8 ) a n d G r a n o v e t t e r ( 1 9 7 4 ), w h e r e t h ein f l u e n c e o f s o c i a l n e tw o r k s o n a n i n d iv id u a l ' s p o s i t i o n i n t h e l a b o u r ma r k e t , r e g a r d l e s s o f h i s t r a i n in ga n d e x p e r i e n c e , i s d e m o n s t r a t e d . W h o e v e r h a s b e e n a c c e p t e d i n t o a n e x t e n s i v e a n d v a r i e d n e t w o r k o fp e r s o n a l r e l a ti o n s h a s e a r l i e r a c c e ss t o r e l e v a n t i n f o r m a t i o n p o s s e s s e d b y o t h e r m e m b e r s o f t h e n e t w o r ka n d m o r e o v e r b e n e f i t s s o o n e r f r o m t h e i n t e r c e s s io n o f i t s i n f lu e n t i a l m e m b e r s .7 C f . t h e re s e a r c h d o n e o n n e t w o r k s a m o n g G e r m a n w r i t e rs re p o r t e d i n A n h e i e r a n d G e r h a r d s( 19 9 1a ,b ) .Th i s i s tr u e m u t a t i s m u t a n d i s f o r o th e r c u l t u r a l s e c to r s , s u c h a s t h e w o r ld o f v i su a l a r t a n d t h e mu s i ci n d u s tr y . R e s e a r c h b y C r a n e ( 1 9 8 7 ) a n d R i d g e w a y ( 1 9 8 9 ) s h o w s , f o r e x a m p l e , h o w , f o r y o u n g a r t i st s ,


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2 7 0 S. Janssen / Poet ics 25 (1998) 265-280

T h u s , a c t i v it i e s w h i c h h e l p e s t a b l i s h s o c i a l r e l a t io n s w i t h r e l e v a n t a g e n t s i n t h e l it -e r a r y f i e l d ( f e l l o w - a u t h o r s , p u b l i s h e r s , e d i t o r s , e t c . ) a re i m p o r t a n t f o r s u c c e s s. T h i ss o c i a l n e t w o r k i s r e a l i z e d i n a c t i v i t i e s s u c h a s p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n a l i t e r a r y j u r y , j o i n i n gt h e e d i t o ri a l b o a r d o f a l i te r a r y m a g a z i n e o r t h e e x e c u t i v e c o m m i t t e e o f a w r i t e r ' so r g a n i z a t i o n , a c t i n g a s a n a d v i s o r o r e d i t o r f o r a p u b l i s h i n g h o u s e o r a r e v i e wm e d i u m . D e p e n d i n g o n t h e s ta t u s o f t h e s e b o d i e s a n d o r g a n i z a t i o n s a n d t h a t o f t h e irm e m b e r s a n d c o n t r i b u t o r s, s u c h a c t i v i t i es m a y i n c r e a s e t h e s o c i a l c ap i t a l o f w r i t e rsi n t h e c o u r s e o f t h e i r c a r e e r .2.4. Relat ive importanc e o f sidel ines

I t is n o t a s t r a i g h t f o r w a r d m a t t e r t o a s se s s t h e i m p o r t a n c e o f t h e a b o v e a c t i v i ti e si n t h e c r it i c a l r e c e p t i o n o f a w o r k . K e e p i n g i n m i n d t h e i r d i f f e r e n t n a tu r e , i t i sn o n e t h e l e s s p l a u s i b l e t h a t t h e y d o v a r y i n im p o r t a n c e . B o t h t h e p u b l i c a t i o n o f c re -a t i v e w o r k t h r o u g h a d d i t i o n a l c h a n n e l s a n d r e f l e c t i v e a c ti v i t ie s f o r m a p a r t o f o r a r ea t le a s t r e l a t e d to t h e p r i m a r y o c c u p a t i o n o f w r i t e rs , p r o d u c i n g c r e a t i v e w o r k . F u r -t h e r m o r e , r e f l e c t i v e a c t iv i t i e s p l a c e a n a u t h o r i n t h e s a m e f i e l d a s c r it i c s, w h i c h d o e sn o t h o l d f o r s id e l i n e s i n o r g a n i z a t i o n a l o r a d m i n i s t r a t i v e a r e a s . W i t h t h i s i n m i n d , t h ef o r m e r a r e l i k e l y to h a v e a s t r o n g e r e f f e c t o n t h e c r i t ic a l re a c t i o n s t o a w o r k t h a n t h el a t t e r , w h i c h a r e u s u a l l y a c t i v i t i e s f a r t h e r r e m o v e d f r o m w h a t i s s e e n t o b e t h ew r i t e r ' s p r i m a r y o c c u p a t i o n o n w h i c h h e o r s h e s h o u l d c h i e f ly b e j u d g e d .

I n c o n t r a s t t o b o t h p u b l i c a t i o n s o f c re a t i v e w o r k a n d t h e l i t e ra r y v i e w s a d v a n c e db y w r i t e rs , t h e o t h e r a u x i l i a r y a c ti v i t i e s f a il t o p r o v i d e c r i ti c s w i t h a n y u s e f u l r e f e r -e n c e p o i n t s f o r c h a r a c t e r i z i n g a w o r k . T h e i r i n f l u e n c e o n t h e r e c e p t i o n o f a w o r kt h e r e f o r e s e e m s t o b e l i m i t e d a n d i n m o s t c a s e s d i f f ic u l t t o t r a c e, c e r t a i n l y in s o f a ra s th e a p p r a i s a l o f it s n a tu r e a n d q u a l i t y a r e c o n c e r n e d . T h e i m p o r t a n c e o f th e s ea c t i v i ti e s p r o b a b l y l i e s f o r e m o s t i n t h e i r p o t e n t i a l f o r d r a w i n g c r i ti c a l a t t e n t io n t o aw o r k a n d w i n n i n g t h e g o o d w i l l a n d s u p p o r t o f p e o p l e i n a p o s i t i o n t o p r o m o t e i t.A u t h o r s w h o d o n o t e n g a g e i n s u c h a c t i v i t i e s , d e n y t h e m s e l v e s t h e o p p o r t u n i t y t og e n e r a t e c r i t i c a l i n t e r e s t b y t h a t m e a n s . I t i s , h o w e v e r , u n l i k e l y t h a t c r i t i c s w i l l r e a c tn e g a t i v e l y w i t h r e g a r d t o t h e q u a l i t y o f t h e i r b o o k s . 9 W r i t e r s w h o d o n o t p u b l i c l yr e f l e c t o n t h e i r a u t h o r s h i p o r l i t e r a tu r e i n g e n e r a l s e e m t o r u n a g r e a t e r r is k . C r i ti c s ,a f t e r a ll , a s s u m e t h a t a u t h o r s o f s ta t u r e h a v e a n a l l - e n c o m p a s s i n g v i e w o n t h e n a t u r ea n d r o l e o f l it e r a t u r e , w h i c h , l i k e t h e c r i t i c s , t h e y a r e a b l e t o a r t i c u l a t e . I f a w r i t e rf a i ls t o p r o v e t h a t s / h e h a s s u c h a l i t e ra r y o u t l o o k , d o u b t s c o n c e r n i n g t h e q u a l i t y o fh i s / h e r w o r k c a n a r i s e .

I t is d o u b t f u l w h e t h e r t h e s i g n i f i c a n c e o f o n e o r t h e o t h e r s i d e - a c t i v i ty f o r t h e c r it -i c a l r e c e p t i o n o f a w o r k c a n b e d e t e r m i n e d w i t h s u f f i c i e n t e x a c t i t u d e . M o s t o f th e

i n f o r ma l c o n t a c t s w i t h ( e s t a b l i s h e d ) fe l l o w - a r t i s t s a n d o th e r p e r so n s i n t h e a r t w o r ld p l a y a n im p o r t a n t r o l ei n g a in in g a c c e s s t o g a l l e r i e s . Fu r t h e r mo r e , r e s e a r c h o n t h e s i g n i f i c a n c e o f s o c i a l n e tw o r k s f o r s t u d iom u s i c i a n s ( P e t e r s o n a n d W h i t e , 1 9 8 9 : 2 4 8 f f . ) s h o w s t h a t s e s si o n m u s i c i a n s , i n fa c t , d o h e l p e a c h o t h e rg e t w o r k a n d , a t th e s a m e t ime , e m p lo y v a r i o u s s t r a t e g i e s o f e x c lu s io n i n o r d e r t o r e s t r i c t c o m p e t i t i o n .9 Th e o p p o s i t e s i t u a t i o n p r o b a b ly a r i s e s so o n e r : t h a t th e ( n u me r o u s ) o th e r s id e l i n e s a ll o w c r i t ic s toq u e s t i o n h i s o r h e r l i t e r a r y q u a l i t i e s .


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S. Janssen / Poetics 25 (1998) 265-28 0 271a c t iv i ti e s c i te d a b o v e h a v e m u l t i p l e e ff e c t s. F o r e x a m p l e , t h e p u b l i c a t io n o f a n u m -b e r o f s h o r t s t o r i e s in a p a r t i cu l a r li t e r a r y m ag a z i n e c a n f o cu s a t t en t i o n t o a wo r k , b u tm a y a l s o h a v e f a r - r e a c h i n g c o n s e q u e n c e s f o r it s i m a g e ( c f. D e N o o y , 1 9 93 ). M o r e -o v e r , d e p e n d i n g o n w h o t h e o t h e r c o n t r i b u to r s o f a m a g a z i n e a r e , th e y c a n p l a c e t h ea u t h o r i n a n e t w o r k o f m o r e o r l es s ' u s e f u l ' s o c i a l r e la t io n s .W ha t coun t s i n a l l these ac t iv i t i es i s tha t t hey tu rn a wr i t e r i n to som eon e to be r eck -oned wi th , espec ia l ly i f t hey a re assoc ia t ed wi th p rominen t i n s t i t u t ions (p res t ig iousj u r ie s , l e ad i n g n ewp ap e r s , e t c. ). J u s t a s b o o k p u b l i c a t i o n s m a k e so m eo n e a wr i te r , e acho f t h e o t h e r a c t iv i ti e s p r o v i d e s a f u r t h e r co n f m n a t i o n o f t h a t s ta t u s an d an i n c rea s e i n h iso r h e r ch an ce s o f o b t a i n i n g t h e ap p r o p r ia t e t r e a t m en t , th a t i s, w i n n i n g r e co g n i t i o n o fo ther par t i c ipan t s i n t he l i t e ra ry wor ld . Th i s r ecogn i t ion does no t necessar i l y imp lyap p r ec i a t i o n o f an au t h o r ' s p e r f o r m an ce o r w o r k ; i t b a s i c a l l y m ean s t h a t o t h e r li t e ra r yag en t s , i n c l u d i n g t h e c r i t i c s , f e e l co m p e l l ed t o r e sp o n d t o h i s o r h e r a ch i ev em en t s .

3 . L i t e r ar y s id e l in e s an d c r i t ic a l in t e r e s tA s h a s b e en s a i d , t h e e f f e c t o f t h e v a r i o u s a c t i v i t ie s t h a t c an i n f l u en ce a w r i t e r ' s

r e p u t a t i o n is h a r d t o a s s e ss . T h e r e f o r e , t h e a n a l y s i s w h i c h f o l l o w s d o e s n o t p r e t e n dt o b e d e f i n i t i v e . Ra t h e r , m y o b j ec t i v e i s t o f u r n i sh m o r e d e t a i l ed em p i r i c a l s u p p o r tf o r t h e p r o p o s i t i o n t h a t i n v o l v em en t i n s t r a t eg i e s an d ac t i v i t i e s a s o u t l i n ed ab o v e ,ad v an c e a w r i t in g c a r ee r . I n p a r t icu l a r , t h e a i m i s t o s u b s t an t ia t e t h e a s su m p t i o n t h a tt h e c r i ti c a l r e sp o n se t o a wr i t e r ' s b o o k s i s n o t o n l y a f f e c t ed b y ex t e r n a l a t t r ib u t e ssu ch a s t h e c r i t i c a l r e cep t i o n o f p r ev i o u s w o r k a n d t h e s t a t u s o f t h e p u b l i s h e r , b u ta l so b y t h e a u t h o r ' s r a n g e o f a c t io n i n t h e l i te r a r y w o r l d . T o t h a t e n d , s o m e o f th ea s s u m p t i o n s m a d e i n t h e p r e v io u s s e c t i o n ar e t r a n s f o r m e d i n t o a s e r ie s o f m o r e s p e -c i f i c h y p o t h e s e s , w h i c h w i l l b e t e s t e d w i t h t h e u s e o f a d a t a s e t o n D u t c h w r i t e r s 'i n v o l v em en t i n a n u m b e r o f a c t i v i ti e s an d t h e c r i t ic a l i n t e r e s t i n th e i r wo r k s . F o r s t y l -i s ti c co n v e n i en c e , i n wh a t f o l l o ws , I w i l l u s e ' ( c ri t ic a l ) a t t en t i o n ' o r ' ( c r it i c a l ) i n te r -e s t ' t o r e f e r to ' t h e a m o u n t o f a t t e n t io n a w r i t e r ' s b o o k p u b l i c a ti o n s r e c e i v e f r o mc r it ic s i n t h e D u t c h d a i l y a n d w e e k l y p r e s s.3 . 1 . H y p o t h e s e s( Ia ) T h e r e i s a p o s i t iv e r e l a ti o n s h i p b e t w e e n t h e e x t e n t t o w h i c h w r i te r s m a k e u s e

o f ad d i t i o n a l p u b l i c a t i o n ch an n e l s an d c r i t i c a l a t t en t i o n .( Ib ) T h e r e i s a p o s i t i v e r e l a t i o n sh i p b e t w een t h e ex t en t t o w h i ch wr i t e r s en g ag e i n

so - ca l l ed r e f l e c t i v e a c t i v i ti e s an d a t t en t io n .( Ic ) T h e r e is a p o s i t i v e re l a t i o n sh i p b e t w een t h e ex t en t to w h i ch wr i t e r s p e r f o r m

o t h e r ( o r g an i z a t i o n a l , ad v i so r y , ad m i n i s t r a t i v e ) a c t i v i t i e s an d a t t en t i o n .( Id ) T h e m o r e v e r s a ti le a w r i t e r ' s p e r f o r m a n c e in t h e l it e ra r y w o r l d , i .e . , t h e g r ea t e r

t h e n u m b e r o f d i f f e r e n t a c ti v it ie s u n d e r t a k e n , t h e m o r e a t t e n ti o n h i s /h e r b o o k sr ece i v e .

( Ie ) T h e g r e a t e r th e i n v o l v e m e n t o f w r i t er s in a c ti v it ie s a s s o c ia t e d w i t h p r o m i n e n ti n s t i t u t io n s , t h e m o r e a t t en t i o n i s g i v en t o t h e i r b o o k p u b l i c a t i o n s .


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272 s. Janssen / Poetics 25 (1998) 265-280( I Ia ) Act iv i t i es tha t fo rm a par t o f o r a re r e la ted to a w r i te r ' s p r ima ry occ upa t ion

(use o f add i t iona l pub l ica t ion channe ls and r e f lec t ive ac t iv it i es , r espec t ive ly )have a g rea te r e f f ec t on c r i t i ca l a t ten t ion than ac t iv i t i es in o rgan iza t iona l o radmin is t r a t ive a reas .

( II b ) M o r e imp o r t an t , h o w ev e r , t h an t h e ex t en t t o w h ich w r i t e r s en g ag e i n an y ( s in -g le ) so r t o f s ide l ine ac t iv i ty a re the v er sa t i l i ty o f the i r per fo rm ance in the l it e r-a ry wor ld and the ex ten t to wh ich they a re ac t ive in p rominen t in s t i tu t ions .

( I II ) A t ten t ion i s no t on ly a f f ec ted by the c r it i ca l in te res t in a wr i te r ' s p rev io usw o r k an d t h e s t a tur e o f th e p u b l i s h in g f ir m , b u t a l s o b y t h e v e r s a t i li t y o f t hew r i t e r ' s p e r f o r man ce i n th e l i te r a r y w o r ld an d h i s o r h e r i n v o lv emen t i n p r o mi -nent ins t i tu t ions .

3 . 2 . D a t a a n d m e a s u r e sT h e ab o v e h y p o th e s e s w e r e t e s t ed ag a in s t a d a t ab a s e w i th d e t a i l s o f a l l t h e n ew

Dutch - language f ic t ion t i t l e s ( inc lud ing poe t ry ) tha t appeared in the Nether lands in1978 . The inv en to ry o f t i tl e s in the da tabase wa s d rawn up b y consu l t ing the r e levan ti s s u e s o f B o e k b l a d , t h e i n d ep en d en t D u tch b o o k mag az in e . I t i s p u b l i s h ed ev e r yw eek an d co n t a in s an ex t en s iv e b ib l i o g r ap h y o f n ew ly p u b l i s h ed b o o k s i n t h eNether lands and F lander s . The 388 new Du tch - language f ic t ion t i t l e s in 1978 werep r o d u ced b y 3 2 3 au th o r s . W r i t e r s o n ly r ep r e s en t ed b y p o s th u mo u s ed i t i o n s o r b yj o in t p u b l i c a t i o n s w i th o th e r w r i t e r s w e r e n o t co n s id e r ed . T h es e tw o g r o u p s n u m-bered 44 au tho r s , thus leav ing us wi th a to ta l o f 279 fo r the p resen t s tudy .

In the p rev ious sec t ion , th ree c lu s te r s o f l i t e r a ry s ide l ines were d i s t ingu ished :( A ) Pu b l i s h in g c r ea t iv e w o r k th r o u g h ch an n e l s o th e r t han b o o k s ;( B) Re f l e c t i v e a c t i v it i e s;(C) (Other ) ac t iv i t i es con t r ibu t ing to a wr i te r ' s soc ia l cap i ta lO b v io u s ly , u n d e r tak in g a co m p le t e r eg i s tr a ti o n o f s u ch ac t i v it i e s fo r m o r e t h an 2 7 5w r i t e rs w o u ld h av e b een t o o t ime co n s u min g . T h e r e co r d o f i n v o lv em en t i n e achc lu s t e r w as co n f in ed t o t h o s e a c t i v i t i e s t h a t co u ld b e r e co r d ed r e l a t i v e ly e a s i l y . T oredu ce the r i sk o f c las s i fy ing wr i te r s too r ead i ly as in -ac t ive , each o f these ac t iv i t i esw as r e co r d ed f o r t h e 3 - y ea r p e r io d p r io r t o t h e i r n ew b o o k p u b l i c a t i o n s , t h a t i s f o rt h e p e r io d 1 9 7 5 - 1 9 7 8 . Ho w ev e r , i t s h o u ld b e n o t ed t h a t a w r i t e r ' s p a r t i c i p a t i o n i nth e ab o v e c lu s t e rs o f a c ti v i ti e s ( n o t ab ly c lu s t e r B) w as o p e r a t i o n a l i zed w i th o n ly af ew ex am p le s . T h e r e f o r e , t h e ex t en t t o w h ich s u ch ac t i v i ti e s a r e p e r f o r m ed i s p r o b a -b ly u n d e r e s t ima ted .

T h e i n v en to r y o f th e t h r ee c lu s t e rs o f l i te r a r y s i d e li n e s f o r t h e p e r io d 1 9 7 5 - 1 9 7 8con ta in s the fo l lowing s ix ac t iv i t i es :CLUSTER A(1) P u b l i c a t io n o f c r e a ti v e w o r k i n li te r a r y m a g a z i n e s

Us in g t h e BL T V N ( B ib l i o g r ap h y o f L i t e r a ry Ma g az in e s i n F lan d e r s an d t h eNethe r lands ) , an inven to ry o f c r ea t ive w ork (poem s , sho r t s to r ies , exce rp ts f rom


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S . J a n s s e n / P o e t ic s 2 5 ( 1 9 9 8 ) 2 6 5 - 2 8 0 273

literary novels or novellas) in literary magazines was taken. This inventoryinvolved eighteen Dutch literary periodicals: Bzzl let in , Chrysal l i s , Gedicht , DeGids , Gis t , Ho l lands Maandblad , Horus , Ken ter ing , Maats ta f , Mandala , NaarMo rgen , Raam , Raster , De Revi sor , De Schans , Ti rade , Ti jd Schr i ft , and WAR.The total number of publications per author in the magazines cited wasrecorded.

CLUSTER B(2) Essa ys an d other cr i t ical contr ibut ions to l iterary ma gazines Drawing on the BNTL (Bibliography of Dutch Linguistics and Literature) andthe B L T V N , each author's critical contributions to the above eighteen magazineswere recorded.(3) Cri t ica l wr i t ing fo r the da i ly and weekly pressWith the help of the review database at Tilburg University, which consists of allthe literary book reviews and articles on literature that appeared in the Dutchpress between 1975 and 1980, the contributions on literature made by eachauthor in Dutch dailies and weeklies were counted.CLUSTER C(4) Serving as a n edi tor o f a l iterary ma gazineDrawing on Bakker (1985) it was determined whether each author served as edi-tor of one of the above-mentioned magazines. Editorships of periodicals not cov-ered by this survey were established by consulting the relevant issues of the

magazines themselves. The total number of editorships was recorded for eachauthor.(5) M em ber o f a jury fo r award ing l it erary pr i zesMemberships on juries were inventoried through Michael et al (1986). The totalnumber of memberships was recorded for each author.(6) Perfor ming a dm inistrat ive or advisory func t ions in the Dutch l i terary wo rldThe inventory of administrative and advisory functions was drawn up by consult-ing the annual reports of the Dutch Association for Writers and Translators and theinstitutions and organizations involved in awarding subsidies and prizes for litera-ture: the Dutch Arts Council, the Foundation for Literature, the Dutch LiteratureSociety, the Jan Campert Foundation, the Prince Bernard Foundation, the City ofAmsterdam Art Foundation, the City of Rotterdam Art Foundation, and provincialcultural councils. The total number of functions was recorded for each author.ACTIVITY LEVEL CLUSTERS A, B, AND CThe writers' activity level in cluster A was measured in terms of the total numberof publications of creative work in the literary magazines cited.The activity level in cluster B was measured in terms o f the total number of pub-lications about literature in literary magazines and the daily and weekly press.The activity level in cluster C was measured in terms of the total number of func-tions they performed (including editorships, jury memberships, and memberships onboards and advisory commissions)


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2 7 4 S . J a n s s e n / P o e t i c s 2 5 ( 1 9 9 8 ) 2 6 5 - 2 8 0

VERSATILITY OF PERFORMANCEThe number of different activities undertaken by each author was recorded, i.e.,how many of the six activities he or she performed in addition to publishing books.Thus, each author was given a score between 0 and 6.ACTIVITYLEV EL 1N PROMINENT INSTITUTIONSThe proportion of publications and functions which involved prominent periodi-cals/organizations was recorded for each writer.The latter are defined as follows: Prominent literary magazines are those with aprintrun of more than 1000 (Bzzlletin, Gedicht, De Gids, Hollands Maandblad,Maatstaf, Raster, De Revisor and Tirade). Prominent dailies and weeklies are thosewith a nation-wide circulation which allot a large amount of space to book reviewsand other pieces on literature. Prominent juries include those awarding the followingprizes: the P.C. Hooft Prize, the Literature Prize of the Low Countries, the prizes ofthe Jan Campert Foundation, the Poetry and Prose Prize of the city of Amsterdam,the Martinus Nijhoff Prize, and prizes awarded by the Dutch Literature Society.Prominent administrative and advisory bodies are the boards and commissions of theDutch Association for Writers and Translators, the Dutch Arts Council, the Founda-tion for Literature, the City of Amsterdam Art Foundation and the City of RotterdamArt Foundation.C RITIC A L A TTENTIONCritical attention for the writers' books was measured by the total number ofreviews in Dutch dailies and weeklies. The record of reviews is based on the collec-tions available in the NLMD (Dutch Literary Museum) and the NBLC (DutchLibrary and Reading Centre). These collections are fairly complete as regards thenational daily and weekly press. The list of regional media for which the reviewswere systematically collected includes one-third of the existing regional daily news-papers (cf. Janssen, 1994: 42ff.).In order to test hypothesis III, the 92 new authors in the data set were disregarded.Obviously, in deciding whether or not to review work by a new name, reviewerscannot take into account the interest previously shown by their colleagues. For eachof the remaining 187 authors, his or her previous work was recorded.PREVIOUS ATTENTIONCritical attention for writers' previous titles was measured by the total number ofreviews these titles received in Dutch dailies and weeklies.P UBLIS HER S TA TUSThe status of the publishing houses was assessed by calculating, for each finn, theaverage number of reviews devoted to their publications in 1978. On the basis ofthese average scores, each publishing house in the data set was assigned a rankingscore from 1 to 37, which was used in the analysis as a measure of its status withinthe Dutch literary field at the time.


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s. Janssen / Poe tics 25 (19 98) 265-28 0 2753 . 3 . R e s u l t s

T a b l e 1 p r e s e n t s a n o v e r v i e w o f t h e w r i t e r s ' i n v o l v e m e n t in l i t e ra r y a c ti v it i es . T h ef i rs t c o l u m n g i v e s t h e p r o p o r t i o n o f a u th o r s w h o e n g a g e d i n a t l e a s t o n e o f t h er e c o r d e d a c t i v i t i e s ( f o r a l l c l u s t e r s c o m b i n e d ) . A b o u t o n e - t h i r d ( 0 . 3 5 ) c o m b i n e d t h ew r i t i n g o f a n e w b o o k w i t h o n e o r m o r e o t h e r a c t i v it i e s in t h e l i te r a ry w o r l d , w h e r e a st h e m a j o r i t y o f w r i te r s a p p a r e n t l y d i d no t . T h e n e x t c o l u m n s h o w s t h a t le s s th a n 1 5 %o f th e w r i t e r s w e r e a c t i v e i n p r o m i n e n t i n s t it u t io n s . T h e r e m a i n i n g t h r e e c o l u m n sr e p o r t t h e p r o p o r t i o n s o f a c t iv e a u t h o r s p e r c lu s t er . C o m p a r a t i v e l y m a n y a u t h o r sp u b l i s h e d c r e a t iv e w o r k t h r o u g h o t h e r c h an n e ls . T h e p r o p o r t i o n s o f a u t h o rs e n g a g e di n a c t iv i t i es o f a r e f l e c t i v e n a t u r e ( C l u s t e r B ) o r w h o p e r f o r m e d a d v i s o r y , e d i t o r ia l o ra d m i n i s t r a ti v e f u n c t i o n s ( C l u s t e r C ) w e r e c o n s i d e r a b l y s m a l l e r.Table 1Proportions of writers who engage d in sideline activities: total, prominent institutions and p er cluster

TOTAL PROMINE NT CLUSTER CLUSTER CLUSTERCINSTITUTIONS'Active' writers 0.35 0.13 0.28 0.18 0.12'Non-active' writers 0.65 0.87 0.72 0.82 .88Note: N=2 79. See section 3.2 for a detailed description of how the w riters' engagem ent n activities wasmeasured.

I n S e c t i o n 3 .1 i t w a s h y p o t h e s i z e d ( H y p o t h e s e s I a - I e ) t h a t c r i t i c a l a t t e n t i o n i s p o s -i t i v e l y a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e e x t e n t t o w h i c h w r i t e r s e n g a g e i n e a c h c l u s t e r o f a c t i v i -t i e s , t h e v e r s a t i l i t y o f t h e i r p e r f o r m a n c e , a n d t h e i r a c t i v i t y i n p r o m i n e n t i n s t i t u t i o n s .

T a b l e 2 p r e s e n t s t h e s i m p l e c o r r e l a t i o n s ( P e a r s o n ' s r ) b e t w e e n t h e f i v e ' s i d e l i n ea c t i v i t y ' v a r i a b l e s a n d a t t en t i o n . A s h y p o t h e s i z e d , e a c h o f t h e v a ri a b l e s i s m o d e r -a t e l y t o h i g h l y c o r r e l a t e d w i t h t h e l a tt e r.

I n o r d e r t o g a i n i n s i g h t i n t o t h e e f f e c t o f e a c h a c t i v i t y o n c r i ti c a l i n t er e s t ( H y p o t h -e s i s l l a ) , a m u l t i p l e r e g r e s s i o n a n a l y s i s w a s c o n d u c t e d w i t h t h e w r i t e r s ' a c t i v i t y l e v e li n c l u s t e r s A , B , a n d C a s i n d e p e n d e n t v a r i a b l e s . T a b l e 2 , E q u a t i o n I , r e p o r t s t h er e s u lt s . T h e t h r e e v a r i a b l e s t o g e t h e r a c c o u n t f o r 3 1 % o f t h e v a r i a n c e i n r e v i e w e ra t t en t i o n . E a c h o f t h e v a r i a b l e s c o n t r i b u t e s s i g n i f i c a n t ly t o t h e e x p l a i n e d v a r i a n c e .T h e b e t a c o e f f i c i e n t s r e v e a l t h at a w r i t e r ' s a c t i v i t y le v e l i n c l u s t e r A i s a m o r ei m p o r t a n t p r e d i c t o r t h a n t h e o t h e r v a r i a b l e s . T h i s m e a n s t h a t h y p o t h e s i s I I a i s o n l yp a r t l y c o n f i r m e d . C o n t r a r y t o w h a t w a s h y p o t h e s i z e d , t h e b e t a c o e f f i c i e n t s i n d i c a t et h a t i n v o l v e m e n t i n r e f l e c t i v e a c t i v i t i e s ( A c t i v i t y l e v e l c l u s t e r B ) a n d t h e e x t e n t t ow h i c h o t h e r ( a d v i s o r y , o r g a n i z a t i o n a l , e t c . ) f u n c t i o n s a r e p e r f o r m e d ( A c t i v i t y l e v e lC ) h a v e a n e q u a l l y s t r o n g e f f e c t o n c r i t ic a l a t te n t i o n .

H o w e v e r , t h e v e r s a ti l it y o f a w r i t e r' s p e r f o r m a n c e a n d h i s / he r i n v o l v e m e n t i np r o m i n e n t i n s t it u t i o n s a r e e x p e c t e d t o b e o f g r e a te r s i g n i f i c a n c e th a n h i s / h e r a c t i v i tyl e v e l i n e a c h s e p a r a t e c l u s t e r ( H y p o t h e s i s l i b ) . T o t e s t t h i s h y p o t h e s i s , a m u l t i p l er e g r e s s i o n a n a l y s i s w a s p e r f o r m e d w i t h a ll f i v e a c ti v i t y v a ri a b l e s a s p re d i c t o r s . T h er e s u l t s a r e g i v e n i n T a b l e 2 , E q u a t i o n I I .


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276 S . J a n s s e n / P o e t i c s 2 5 ( 1 9 9 8 ) 2 6 5 - 2 8 0Table 2Multiple regression analysis of Critical attention with three sets o f predictorsVariables r Equation I Equation II Equation III

Beta Beta Beta1. Activity level cluster A 0.49*** 0.36*** 0.13" 0.13"2. Activity level cluster B 0.39*** 0.18"* 0.10 -3. Activity level cluster C 0.38*** 0.17"* 0.05 -4. Versatility of performance 0.58*** - 0.31"** 0.34***5. Activity level in prominent institutions 0.55*** - 0.21"** 0.27***R2=.31.** R2=.41.** R2=.40.**N o t e : N = 279; r = Pearson correlation coefficient; R 2 = proportion of explained variance; Beta = stan-dardized regression coefficient. See section 3.2 for a detailed description of how the dependent and inde-pendent variables were measured.*p


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S. Janssen / Poetics 25 (1998) 265-280 277Table 3Multiple regression analysis of Critical attention with Activity level cluster A, Versatility of perfor-mance, Activity level in prominent institutions, Previous attention, and Publisher status as predictorsVariables Equation I Equation II

Beta Beta1. Versatility of performan ce2. A ctivity level in p rom inent institutions3. Ac tivity level cluster A4. Prev ious attention5. Pub lisher status

0.15"* 0.15"*0.12"* 0.12"*0.010.47*** 0.47***0.35*** 0.35***R2=.81.** R2=.81.**

Note: N = 187; R 2 = proportion o f explained variance; Be ta = standardized regression coefficient. Seesection 3.2 for a detailed description of how the dependent and independent variables were measured.*p < .05 **p < .01 ** *p < .001A ' , t h e y a l l m a k e a s ig n i f i c a n t c o n t r i b u t i o n . T a b l e 3 , E q u a t i o n I I , s h o w s t h a tt h e s e f o u r v a r i a b l e s a l o n e a c c o u n t f o r m o r e t h a n 8 0 % o f v a r i a t io n i n a tt e n t io n .A s i s a p p a r e n t f r o m t h e s t a n d a r d i z e d r e g r e s s i o n c o e f f i c i e n t s t h e e f f e c t s o f 'P r e v i -o u s a t t e n t i o n ' a n d ' P u b l i s h e r s t a t u s ' a r e g r e a t e r t h a n b o t h t h e v e r s a t i l i ty o f aw r i t e r ' s p e r f o r m a n c e a n d h i s o r h e r a c t i v i ty l e v e l i n p r o m i n e n t i n s ti t u ti o n s . N e v -e r t h e l e s s , t h e e f f e c t o f th e l a t te r t w o v a r i a b l e s o n t h e a t t e n t io n g i v e n t o a w o r k iss u b s t a n t i a l .

4 . D i s c u s s i o n a n d c o n c l u d i n g r e m a r k sT h e m a i n o b j e c t iv e o f t h is a r ti c le w a s t o p r o v i d e m o r e d e t a il e d e m p i r i c a l s u p p o r t

f o r th e p r o p o s i t i o n t h a t c r i ti c s ' r e s p o n s e t o w o r k s o f f i c t io n p a r t l y d e p e n d s o n t h em a n n e r i n w h i c h t h e i r a u t h o r s p r e s e n t t h e m s e l v e s t o t h e l i t e r a r y w o r l d , i . e . , o n t h e i ra c t i v i t i e s o t h e r t h a n p u b l i s h i n g b o o k s . W r i t e r s w h o a r e a c t i v e o n s e v e r a l f r o n t s s e e mt o h a v e a b e t t e r c h a n c e o f a tt r a c t in g t h e c r i t i c s ' a t t e n t io n t h a n t h o s e w h o l i m i t t h e m -s e l v e s t o p u b li s h i n g n e w w o r k i n b o o k f o r m . T o s u b s ta n t ia t e t h is a s s u m p t i o n , a n u m -b e r o f m o r e s p e c i fi c h y p o t h e s e s w e r e f o r m u l a t e d , w h i c h w e r e t e s t ed a g a i n s t a d a tas e t o f D u t c h w r i t e r s ' i n v o l v e m e n t i n v a ri o u s ' s i d e l in e ' a c t iv i ti e s a n d th e s u b s e q u e n td e g r e e o f c r i ti c a l i n t e r e s t in t h e i r b o o k s .

C r i t i c a l a t t e n t i o n w a s f o u n d t o b e p o s i t i v e l y a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e e x t e n t t o w h i c hw r i t e r s e n g a g e d i n th r e e c l u s t e r s o f a u x i l i a r y a c t i v i ti e s t h a t w e r e d i s t i n g u i s h e d i n th i sa r ti c le . I n v o l v e m e n t i n a c ti v i t ie s t h a t f o r m a p a r t o f t h e p r i m a r y o c c u p a t i o n o f w r i t -e r s ( p u b l i c a t i o n o f c r e a t i v e w o r k t h r o u g h a d d i t io n a l c h a n n e l s ) p r o v e d t o h a v e ag r e a t e r e f f e c t o n c r i t i c a l i n t e r e s t t h a n a c t i v i t i e s o f a r e f l e c t i v e n a t u r e ( c r i t i c a l w r i t i n gf o r n e w s p a p e r s a n d m a g a z i n e s ) a n d t h e p e r f o r m a n c e o f f u n c ti o n s i n o t h e r ( a d v i so r y ,o r g a n i z a t i o n a l , a d m i n i s t r a t i v e ) a r e a s .

H o w e v e r , t h e v e r s a t il i ty o f t he w r i t e r s ' p e r f o r m a n c e i n t h e l it e ra r y w o r l d a n d t h ee x t e n t t o w h i c h t h e y w e r e a c t i v e in p r o m i n e n t i n s ti t u ti o n s w e r e f o u n d t o b e m o r e s i g -


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S. Janssen / Poet ics 25 (1998) 265-280 2 7 9

A n h e i e r , H e l m u t K . a n d J f i rg e n G e r h a r d s , 1 9 9 1 b. T h e a c k n o w l e d g e m e n t o f l it e r ar y i n f lu e n c e . A s t ru c -t u r a l a n a ly s i s o f a G e r ma n l i t e r a r y n e tw o r k . S o c io lo g i c a l Fo r u m 6 ( 6 ) , 137 - 156 .

Ba k k e r , S i e m , 19 85 . L i t e r a i r e ti j d s c h r i f t e n v a n 1885 t o t h e d e n [ L i t e r a r y ma g a z in e s b e tw e e n 1885 a n d1 9 8 5 ] . A m s t e r d a m : D e A r b e i d e r s p e r s .

Be c k e r , Ho w a r d S . , 19 82 . A r t w o r ld s . Be r k e l e y , C A : Un iv e r s i t y o f C a l i f o r n i a P re s s .Be l , J a c q u e l i n e , 19 9 3 . Ne d e r l a n d se l i t e r a t u u r i n b e t f i n d e s i b c le . Ee n r e c e p t i e - h i s t o r i s c h o v e r z i c h t v a nh e t p r o z a t u s s e n 1 8 8 5 e n 1 9 0 0 [ D u t c h f in de s idcle l i t e r a t u r e . A r e c e p t i o n - h i s t o r y r e s e a r c h o f D u t c h

p r o s e b e t w e e n 1 8 8 5 a n d 1 9 0 0 ]. A m s t e r d a m : A m s t e r d a m U n i v e r s i ty P r es s .B i b l i o g r a fi e v a n d e L i t e r a i r e T i j d s c h r i ft e n i n V l a a n d e r e n e n N e d e d a n d [ B i b l i o g r a p h y o f L i t e ra r y M a g a -

z i n e s in F l a n d e r s a n d t h e N e t h e r l a n d s ], 1 9 7 4 - .. . A n t w e r p : R o b . R o e m a n s - S t ic h t i n g .B i b l i o g r a f ie v a n d e N e d e r l a n d s e T a a l - e n L i t e r a t u u r w e t e n s c h a p [ B i b l i o g r a p h y o f D u t c h L i n g u i st i c s a n d

L i t e ra t u r e ], 1 9 7 0 - .. . T h e H a g u e : K o n i n k l i j k e B i b l i o t h e e k / L e t te r k u n d i g M u s e u m .Bo u r d i e u , P i e r r e , 19 80 . Th e p r o d u c t i o n o f b e l i e f : C o n t r i b u t i o n t o a n e c o n o my o f sy mb o l i c g o o d s .

M e d i a , C u l t u r e a n d S o c i e t y 2 , 2 6 1 - 2 9 3 . [ T r a n s la t i o n o f : L a p r o d u c t i o n d e l a c r o y a n c e . C o n t r i b u ti o nu n e 6 c o n o m i e d e s b i e n s s y m b o l i q u e s . A c t e s d e l a R e c h e r c h e e n S c i e n c e s S o c i a le s 1 3 ( 1 9 77 ) , 3 - 4 3 ]

Bo u r d i e u , P i e r r e , 19 83 . Th e f i e l d o f c u l t u r a l p r o d u c t i o n , o r : Th e e c o n o m ic w o r ld r e v e r s e d . P o e t i c s 12 ,3 1 1 - 3 5 6 .

Bo u r d i e u , P i e r r e , 19 86 , Th e f o r ms o f c a p i t a l . I n : J o h n G . R i c h a r d so n ( e d . ) , Ha n d b o o k o f t h e o r y a n dr e s e a r c h f o r th e s o c i o l o g y o f e d u c a t i o n , 2 4 1 - 2 5 8 . N e w Y o r k : G r e e n w o o d . [ T r a n s la t i o n o f :Oe k o n o misc h e s Ka p i t a l , k u l t u r e l l e s Ka p i t a i , s o z i a l e s Ka p i t a l . S o z i a l e We l t 2 ( 19 83 ) , 183 - 19 8 . ]

Bo u r d i e u , P i e r r e , 19 9 3. F l a u b e r t a n d t h e F r e n c h l i t e ra r y f ie l d . I n : I d e m , Th e f i e l d o f c u l tu r a l p r o d u c t i o n .E d i t e d a n d i n t r o d u c e d b y R a n d a l J o h n s o n , 1 4 5 - 2 1 1 . C a m b r i d g e : P o l i ty P re s s .

B o v e n , E r i c a v a n , 1 9 9 2 . E e n h o o f d s t u k a p a r t . ' V r o u w e n r o m a n s ' i n d e l i t e r a i r e k r i t i e k 1 8 9 8 - 1 9 3 0 [ Ac h a p t e r i n i t s o w n r i gh t . T h e r e c e p t i o n o f w o m e n ' s n o v e l s i n l it e r a ry c r i ti c i sm 1 9 0 0 - 1 9 3 0 ] . A m s t e r -d a m : S a r a /V a n G e n n e p .

Bo x m a n , E .A .W . , 19 92 . C o n t a c t e n e n c a rr i~ re . Ee n e m p i r i s c h - t h e o r e t i s c h o n d e r z o e k n a a r d e r e la t i et u s s e n so c i a l e n e tw e r k e n e n a r b e id sma r k tp o s i t i e [ C o n t a c t s a n d c a r e e r s . A n e mp i r i c a l - t h e o r e t i c a li n v e s t i g a ti o n o f t h e r e l a ti o n s h i p b e t w e e n s o c i a l n e t w o r k s a n d l a b o u r m a r k e t p o s i t io n ] . A m s t e r d a m :Th e s i s P u b l i sh e r s .C r a n e , D i a n a , 19 76 . Re w a r d sy s t e m s i n a rt , s c i e n c e a n d r e l i g i o n . I n : R i c h a r d A . P e t e r so n ( e d . ), Th e p r o -d u c t i o n o f c u lt u re , 5 7 - 7 2 . B e v e r l y H i l l s, C A : S a g e .

C r a n e , D i a n a , 19 87 . Th e t r a n s f o r ma t i o n o f th e a v a n t - g a r d e : Th e Ne w Y o r k a r t w o r ld , 19 40 - 19 85 .C h i c a g o , I L : U n i v e r s i t y o f C h i c a g o P re s s .

D i jk , Ne l v a n , 19 9 4 . D e p o l i t i e k v a n d e l i t e r a t u u r k r i t i e k . D e r e p u t a t i e - o p b o u w v a n M e n n o t e r B r a a k i nd e Ne d e r l a n se l e t t e r e n [ P r a g ma t i c c o n s id e r a t i o n s i n l i t e r a r y c r i t i c ism . Th e e s t a b l i s h m e n t o f t h e r e p u -t a t i o n o f M e n n o t e r B r a a k i n D u t c h l i t e r a t u r e ] . D e l f t : Eb u r o n .

F l a p , H .D . a n d F . Ta z e l a a r , 19 88 . D e r o l v a n i n f o r me l e so c i a l e n e tw e r k e n o p d e a r b e id sma r k t : F l e x i -b i l i s e r i n g e n u i t s l u i t i n g [ Th e ro l e o f i n f o r ma l so c i a l n e tw o r k s o n t h e l a b o u r ma r k e t . F l e x ib i l i z a t i o n a n de x c lu s io n ] . I n : H .D . F l a p a n d A .A . A r t s ( e d s . ) , D e f l e x ib e l e a r b e id sma r k t . Th e o r i e e n p r a k t i j k [ Th ef l e x i b le l a b o u r m a r k e t . T h e o r y a n d p r a c ti c e ]. D e v e n t e r : V a n L o g h u m S l a te r u s.

G r a n o v e t t e r , M . , 19 7 4. G e t t i n g a j o b . A s t u d y o f c o n t a c t s a n d c a r e e r s . C a m b r id g e , M A : Ha r v a r d Un i -v e r s i t y P r e s s .J a n s s e n , S u sa n n e , 19 94 . I n h e t l i c h t v a n d e k r i t i e k . Va r i a t i e s e n p a t r o n e n i n d e a a n d a c h t v a n d e l i t e ra t u -

u r k r i t i e k v o o r a u t e u r s e n w e r k e n [ Th e sp o t l i g h t s o f c r i t i c i sm . D iv e r g e n c e s a n d p a t t e r n s i n t h e a t t e n -t i o n o f li t e r a r y c r i t i c i sm f o r a u th o r s a n d t h e i r w o r k s ] . H i l v e r su m: Ve r lo r e n .

J a n s s e n , S u sa n n e , 19 96 . Re v i e w in g a s so c i a l p r a c t ic e . I n s t i t u t i o n a l c o n s t r a i n t s o n c r i t i c s ' a t t e n t i o n f o rc o n t e m p o r a r y f i c ti o n . P o e ti c s 2 4 , 2 7 5 - 2 9 7 .

J a n s s e n , S u sa n n e a n d No r m a Ol i s l a g e r s , 19 86 . D e r o l v a n l i t e ra i r e ti j d s c h r i f t e n b i j d e b e s l i s s i n g v a n l i t-e r a i r e u i t g e v e r i j e n o m Ne d e r l a n d s t a l i g e a u t e u r s t e l a t e n d e b u t e r e n [ Th e r o l e o f l i t e r a r y ma g a z in e s i nt h e d e c i s i o n o f l i t e r a r y p u b l i sh e r s t o b r i n g o u t a f i r s t b o o k p u b l i c a t i o n b y a D u t c h o r F l e mi sh a u th o r ] .T T T / I n t e r d i s c ip l i n a i r T i j d s c h r if t v o o r T a a l - e n T e k s t w e t e n s c h a p 6 / 3 , 2 7 5 - 2 8 4 .

M ic h a ~ l , H . , D . Ra a f f a n d A . Ho e k m a n ( e d s . ) , 19 86 . Ne d e r l a n d se l i t e r a i r e p r i j z e n 1880 - 19 85 [ D u tc h l it -e r a r y p r i z e s 1880 - 19 85 ] . Th e Ha g u e : S t a a t su i t g e v e r i j .


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