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Periodicity Notes.notebook 1 January 13, 2020 Jan 86:02 PM Ionization Energy Ionization energy measures the attraction between the nucleus and outer electrons in an atom by stating the energy needed to remove an electron Measures the energy required to remove an electron from a gaseous atom/ion to form a gaseous ion with a higher charge Energies are positive (endothermic, absorbs/requires energy) The higher the ionization energy, the harder it is to remove the electron Na (g) Na + (g) + e Na + (g) Na 2+ (g) + e Jan 86:07 PM Trends in Ionization Energy From left to right across a period, ionization energy tends to increase (with a couple of exceptions). Increase in effective nuclear charge from left to right means electrons are more attracted to the nucleus and harder to remove this makes sense as nonmetals tend to want to GAIN electrons, not give them away. Down a group, ionization energy tends to decrease. The valence electrons get further and further from the nucleus as atoms get bigger, and are less attracted...this makes them easier to remove

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Page 1: January 13, 2020nordstromsjhs.weebly.com/uploads/1/2/1/7/121740634/... · 2020. 1. 13. · Periodicity Notes.notebook 2 January 13, 2020 Jan 86:06 PM First Ionization Energies for

Periodicity  Notes.notebook

1

January 13, 2020

Jan 8­6:02 PM

Ionization Energy

Ionization energy measures the attraction between the nucleus and outer electrons in an atom by stating the energy needed to remove an electron

­ Measures the energy required to remove an electron from a gaseous atom/ion to form a gaseous ion with a higher charge­ Energies are positive (endothermic, absorbs/requires energy)­ The higher the ionization energy, the harder it is to remove the electron

Na(g)           Na+(g) + e­

Na+(g) Na2+(g) + e­

Jan 8­6:07 PM

Trends in Ionization Energy

 ­ From left to right across a period, ionization energy tends to increase (with a couple of exceptions). Increase in effective nuclear charge from left to right means electrons are more attracted to the nucleus and harder to remove ­ this makes sense as non­metals tend to want to GAIN electrons, not give them away.

 ­ Down a group, ionization energy tends to decrease. The valence electrons get further and further from the nucleus as atoms get bigger, and are less attracted...this makes them easier to remove

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January 13, 2020

Jan 8­6:06 PM

First Ionization Energies for First 20 Elements

Jan 8­6:10 PM

If ionization energy increases from left to right, then explain why ionization energy for oxygen is lower than for nitrogen...

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Electron Affinity ­ the energy change that occurs when one mole of electrons is added to one mole of gaseous atoms to produce one mole of gaseous ions:

X(g)   +   e­              X­(g)

It is essentially the opposite of the first ionization energy, as we are ADDING electrons instead of removing them

Jan 8­6:17 PM

­ Electrons are attracted to the positive nucleus, so the first electron affinity is usually exothermic (gives off energy, reported as negative number)

­ Adding a second or third electron is generally endothermic (requires energy, positive number) since electrons are repelled by a negatively charged ion

­ Noble gases don't tend to form ions, so there is no electron affinity for them

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January 13, 2020

Jan 8­6:21 PM

Electron Affinities for First 18 Elements

­ Group 17 (halogens) have a large effective nuclear charge of +7 and an almost full valence shell ­ strongly attract electrons ­ Electron affinity is a large negative value ­ VERY EXOTHERMIC, releases lots of energy

Jan 8­6:21 PM

Electron Affinities for First 18 Elements

­ Group 1 (alkali metals) have a small effective nuclear charge of +1 and would rather lose one electron than gain any, and attract electrons least..still a negative electron affinity, but only slightly exothermic, releases a bit of energy

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Jan 8­6:22 PM

Electronegativity ­ measures the ability of an atom to attract electrons in a covalent bond (a bond between two atoms in which electrons are SHARED instead of fully transferred)

­ Elements with high electronegativity have strong pulling power

­ Elements with low electronegativity have poor pulling power

­ Related to ionization energy, as it is also measuring how strongly valence electrons (or bonding electrons, as valence electrons are used to form covalent bonds) are attracted to the nucleus

Jan 8­6:29 PM

Electronegativity:

­ Increases from left to right across a period, as the effective nuclear charge increases and does a better job attracting electrons

­ Decreases down a group as the outer (bonding/valence) electrons are furthest from nucleus and not as strongly attracted

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Okay wait...ionization energy, electron affinity and electronegativity all seem pretty similar??? What is the difference?

­ Electron affinity and ionization energy are both properties of gaseous atoms and can be measured directly

­ Electronegativity is a property of AN ATOM IN A MOLECULE and can only be measured indirectly using experimental bond energies

Jan 8­6:34 PM

Why do metals conduct electricity and non metals do not?

­ Since metals generally have lower electronegativities and ionization energies than non­metals, their electrons are able to move away from the nucleus more easily

­ Electricity is basically just the ability of electrons to move from one place to another ­ metals are more willing to release electrons!

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Jan 13­1:04 PM

Pearson IB Text pg 105 ­ 110 Worksheet

q 9, 10, 11, 12, 15, 16, 18, 19

Feb 14­10:29 PM

More on Ionization Energy

Recall ­ first ionization energy is energy needed to remove one mole of electrons from the GROUND state of one mole of gaseous atoms. For hydrogen, this would mean removing an electron from the 1s orbital

H(g)             H+(g)   +   e­

Once an electron is removed from an atom, it is we consider it to be an infinite distance from the nucleus and part of n = ∞

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This shows electrons returning from

excited energy states to lower energy.

Notice at high energy, the energy levels

become very close together ­ they

CONVERGE.

Ionization energy corresponds to the 

transition of an electron from n = 1 to 

n = ∞  ­ if we know the frequency or wavelength where the lines converge, we can calculate the energy of this transition ­ TRANSITION ENERGY!

Feb 14­10:43 PM

To calculate ionization energy for the n = 1 to n = ∞ transition, we must first recall:

Example: Determine the energy, in J, of a photon of red light, correct to four significant digits, given the wavelength for red light is 650.0 nm.

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Example 2: Calculate the first ionization energy, in kJ/mol, for the hydrogen atom given that its shortest wavelength line in the Lyman series is 91.16 nm.

Feb 15­8:58 AM

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January 13, 2020

Feb 14­10:56 PM