January 17, 2013

•Pick up graded papers from round table•You will be taking APQ 19 have KP ready

HOMEWORK: Please Print and bring:HOMEWORK: Please Print and bring:

““A Dutch Massacre of the Algonquin” A Dutch Massacre of the Algonquin”

& “The Devastation of the Indies”& “The Devastation of the Indies”

When last we met…Humanism

Urbanization

Church Problems

Papal schism

Protestant Reformation

Questioning AuthorityLuther & Calvin

Scientific Revolution

Emergence of Nation-StatesHenry VIII

Louis XIV

Ferdinand & Isabella

THE NATION STATE

Why Europe?

“Age of Exploration”

I. Why not China?• Sailing the Indian

Ocean and China sea since 1st century BCE

• Had armed junks with multiple masts and sails since the 2nd century CE

• Junks had watertight compartments since 2nd century CE

•Chinese ships had axial rudder since 1st century CE

China invented the magnetic compass in the 12th century CE Chinese were more advanced with astronomy and celestial navigation

Voyages of Zheng He

•Sailed several naval expeditions to India, Persia, and Africa.

•Hundreds of ships and thousands of sailors.

•Some Ships were over 440 ft long and carried 1,000 men

In contrast, Columbus’ fleet only had three ships, the largest only 115 ft. long and carried 40 men.

Voyages of Zheng He(1405-33 CE)

1433-Chinese government launched no further expeditions.

1436-Emperor forbid building ships for overseas voyages.

While Spain and Portugal explored and claimed new lands, China withdrew from sea voyage.

Voyages of Zheng He

Why China did not explore the world

1. The Chinese government had an inadequate system of collecting taxes. Spending exceeded revenue.

2. Chinese believed that their civilization was superior to all others, so foreign goods were inferior, and there was little to learn from foreigners.

3. Neo-Confucian scholars held many important government posts. Their philosophy suppressed the desire for worldly things. So trade was held in contempt.

4. Mid-1400s, Mongols began frequently attacking China’s northern border.

Why China did not explore the world

II. Why Not Arabs?

• Arabs dominated Mediterranean and Indian Ocean since 9th centuryce

Arab dhow

Why Not Arabs?

•Arab ships weren’t as big as the Chinese, but they dominated spice islands of Malaysia, gold-rich Africa, and cotton/silk-producing Asia!

Indian Ocean Trade

•Arab merchants were ordained by the Prophet. “I commend the merchants to you, for they are the courtiers of the horizons and God’s trusted servants on earth.” ~Mohammed

Why Not Arabs?•Arabs had developed sophisticated methods of determining latitude

Astrolabe & QuadrantWhen a sailor loses sight of land, he must

have a method of determining his direction. Astrolabe - determining latitude - a simple wooden or brass stick with degrees marked around its edgeQuadrant - A quarter circle measuring 0 to 90 degrees marked around its curved edge.

Ibn Battuta (14th century)

•Arabs traveled for discovery. Ibn Battuta, an Islamic historian traveled over 75,000 miles, making him one of most traveled men of his age. He visited India, China, Sri Lanka, Sumatra, and the African interior as far south as the Niger River.

Ibn Battuta (14th century)

His achievements are historically significant; however, since he was often a passenger on voyages and the not the primary explorer he is often overlooked in history books.

III. European IncentiveThe Crusades brought knowledge and goods from Asia and the Islamic world.

European IncentiveThe Mongol Empire had fostered trade

between east and west; but it’s collapse disrupted this trade.

European IncentiveAsian spices improved European food.

But spice had to be bought from Arab merchants whoBecame Wealthy at the expense Of Europe.

Trade disadvantage of Europe1. Lack of trade items; other than gold

and silver, Europe had nothing that the east wanted. This led to a drain of wealth in Europe. (imbalance of trade)

2. Lack of technology; Europe did not have the technology to conquer or bypass the Arab world.

Trade disadvantage of Europe3. Geography; Europe was isolated from Asia. They wereforced to relyon Arab merchantsthat acted as themiddle men in this trade network.

Technological changes of the 15th century

1. Better ships; Europeans developed

deep-draft ships capable of carrying

heavy loads

on the

Atlantic

Ocean.

Technological changes of the 15th century

2. Magnetic compass; Europe adopted the compass from the Arabs who themselves got it from the Chinese.

Tchnological changes of the 15th century

3. Mapmaking; Mapmaking enhanced

by humanism

from the

Renaissance

became more

accurate.

European technological changes of the 15th century

4. Gunpowder; Europe adopted the knowledge of gunpowder from the Chinese.

5. Metalwork; European advancements in metalworking allowed blacksmiths to create the first guns and cannons.

IV. Portuguese ExplorationPrince Henry “The Navigator.” He established a naval

observatory for the teaching of navigation, astronomy, and cartography.

Portuguese Exploration

Prince Henry sent expeditions down the west coast of Africa to outflank the Muslim hold on Asian trade routes.

Portuguese Exploration

27 years after Henry's death Bartolomu Dias’ ship rounded the Cape of Good Hope in [1487].

Portuguese Exploration

In 1497 Vasco da Gama rounded the Cape and continued sailing along the eastern coast of Africa. He located a route to India, but had to contend with Arab strongholds.

Portuguese Exploration1502- deGama returns with 14 heavily armed

ships to defeat the Arab fleet. 1511- the Portuguese control the Spice routes. 1513- Portuguese trade extended to China and Japan.

V. Spanish ExplorationPortuguese success inspires Columbus to sail west in search of a new route to Southeast Asia (India)

Financed by Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain, who wanted to increase Spanish power. Reconquista”-Spain had recently defeated the Muslims (Moors) in Spain and needed wealth to maintain control.They were also eager to Christianize the East.

Spanish ExplorationColumbus reaches the Caribbean which he believes to be the East Indies

For GoldFor God For Glory

Spanish Crown

Line of Demarcation2 catholic countries vying for territory in the new world.1494 Pope (Alexander VI)

Spain has the right to claim land west of the linePortugal has the right to claim land east of the line

Treaty of Tordesillas

Big Ten Explorers

Sailed for Spain on behalf of King Ferdinand and Queen IsabellaSailed west to IndiesLanded on the Bahamas

Columbus

2 min. video

Magellan

Searched for passage to Pacific OceanSailed through “straits of Magellan”Died in PhilippinesCrew lst to circumnavigate the world

CabotSailed for EnglandLanded on coast of New-foundlandGave England claim to North America

Ponce de Leon1st to land on the mainland of North America (Florida)Looking for the “fountain of youth”Established

St. Augustine, FL

De SotoSailed for Spain

Explored Mississippi River & Present-day Oklahoma

CoronadoLooking for fabled seven cities of gold

Explored present-day Arizona and New Mexico

CortesSpanish Conquistador

Conquered Aztec empire under rule of Montezuma II

BalboaSpanish Explorer

Claimed Pacific Ocean and all adjoining lands for Spain

PizzaroConquered the Inca Empire

VespucciAmerigo VespucciMap makerFirst to call America a “new world”.America was named after him

Triangular TradeTriangular Trade The The Pattern Pattern of trade in the Atlanticof trade in the Atlantic

The Columbian ExchangeWhat was traded

Columbian Exchange

From AmericaCorn/maize

Potatoes

Beans

Chocolate

Buffalo

Beaver

Parrots

Pineapples

Squash

Tomatoes

Peanuts

Chilis

Chocolate

Avocados

Tobacco

Syphillis

Columbian ExchangeFrom Europe

Small Pox

Influenza

Measles

Slaves

Wheat

Bananas

Grapes

Melons

Sugar

Coconuts

Olives

Rice

Figs

Honeybees

Cattle

Pigs

Chickens

Rabbits

Horses

Sheep

Goats

Rats

“Letter from Christopher Columbus to King Ferdinand”

What is Columbus’ POV?

His motive?

Was his voyage successful?

Kirkpatrick Sale “The Conquest of Paradise”

1. “Thinking Historically”

2. Read your assigned excerpt.• Focus on Sales point of view and analysis of

Columbus’ letter.

? ? ?“The absence of evidence is not the same as evidence

of absence”

What did Columbus accomplish?

Was his voyage successful? According to?

POV: Author? Purpose or intent?

What effect does this have on your view of this historic event?

Is Columbus a villain or merely ethnocentric?

The End!