january 3, 1925
TRANSCRIPT
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534 The Nation
[Vol.
115 No. 2993
45. In every demonstration th e leader shall see that all his
men bear themselves in such
a
manner as
t o
make every good
citizen feel tha t he Fas cis t militia
is
the first gua rd of the
nation.
46. Whenever the black shirtsappea r n public theymust
prove that they are the purest and the ighest patriotic force in
Italy-the force which asksnothingand can at an y time die
the nation.
47.
Every disorder in a group every demonstration of a
demagogical nat ure or in defense of p riva te inter ests shall be
considered treasonandshal l be punished as such either col-
lectively or individually. The eadersand th e chief offenders
shall beheld responsible firs t of all.
REWARDSND EMBLEMSF HONOR
48 Fascisti who have in some special way distinguished
themselves in action by deeds of courage performed in pu rit y
shal l receive as special distinction the medal of Fascist cour-
age
o r
promotion on the field.
49 The medal of Fasc ist courage can be of gold silver
or
bronze the coin and the form of the medal to be determined by
the General Command togetherwith the executive committee
of
the party.
50. It
is
tiedwith
a
red vermilion ribbon with two tricolor
borders.
51. Proposalsshallhenceforth be made byany political o r
lpilitary Fascist authority and passed by all superior political
andmilitaryauthorities in thehierarchyup o hegeneral
secretary of the par ty executive committee.
62. Proposals for rew ard s for valor shall be judged without
appeal by
a
majority vote of th e rium virat e of the General
Command.
53. The awards will then be published in the bulletin of the
General Command and rep rinted on all orders of the day down
to tha t of the legion command so that they may be read by all
princes black shir ts.
54. Medals for courage in action may be awarded only by
the general commanders
o r
by th e par ty leader.
55. Promotion on the field t o head of a squadron head
of
a
maniple may be made only by legion commanders the ir
su-
periors. Promotion tocenturion commander may be made by
the zone inspectors.
The General Command shallalways be notified of any pro-
motions.
56. Promotion on the field t o cohort commander
o r
higher
rank is always decided by the General Command af ter hearing
the opinion of the proper authori ty.
57. Fascis ti have beenwounded in action the
Fas cis t faith are entitled to a special wound emblem.
58. The woundemblem is formed by a str ipe of red ver-
milion braid 5 millimeters high and 5 centimeters long t o be
worn obliquely on the right sleeve of the black shir t.
59. Theextent
of
the wounds any mutilations may be
designated according to he ame rules which governed em-
blems those who suffered injur ies in the war.
60.
The General Command aft er hea rin g the opinion of th e
lower officials in the hierarchy who ar e concerned judges with-
out appeal requests for awar ds
of
emblems for mutilations
or
wounds.
TFCANSITORY
ROVISIONS
61. The provisions of thepresent regulation shall go into
For the General Command:
effect upon its publication i n the Popolo Italia
CESAFCEM RI E VECCHI
EMILIO E BONO
F o r the Par ty Executive Committee:
Pellice 17, 1922
MICHELEBIANCHI
Mussolini:
The
First Man in
s
GNOR
ENITO MUSSOLINI now leader of the Fas-
cisti was only wenty-five yea rs old when
he
became
editor of Avanti th e official organ of the Italian Socialist
P a r t y . I n 1913 he w as t he idol o f the party but when the
war broke out he found himself repudiating he Socialist
principles of internationalism.
He
broke from
and
was
expelled from
the
par ty ;
month
la ter
he
founded
the Popo lo
I t a l i a andbentallhisenergies obringing
about Italian participation in the war on he Allied side.
Af ter th e close of the war and Mussolinis retur n from ser-
vice
at the fr ont he became alarmed at th e Bolshevik ten
dencies displayed by the Italian workers. He
was
strongly
opposed tu he seiz ure of the plants by he metallu rgical
workers
in
1920 and though at that t ime his did not
have sufficient. strength t o offer any effective resistance it
was growing teadily nd in November 1920 t h e
first
bloody encounter
with
the Socialists took place at Bologna.
Th is was the beginning of the decline of Italia n bolshevism
a n d t h e ise of the Fascisti.
Signor Mussolini made t o the correspondent of t h e Ma
Guardian
th e following statement
of
his partys aims
and policies. repri nts he state ment from he
Guardian. for October 19.
I
am keenly desirous of peace and reconstruction.
I
know
tha t Ita ly needs the restoration of order needs to get back t o
work. Bu t only through our ntervention could the ground be
cleared for a political and financial situation in Italy worthy of
her great sacrifices for he Allied cause. Twice we saved
country-first when German militarismhreatened her and
secondly when the Italian Bolshevists had erected their infernal
machinery. In both cases the Fas cist Party did a gre at service
t o Europe and to the whole world.
Italys present Government
is
powerless. The present Cham-
ber of Deputies will never allow th e formation of
a
strong
Cabinet which could seriously and energetically atta ck the vita l
problems which face
us.
Only the Fascist Party
is
giving clear
evidence
of
its patriotism and ts determination to rescue the
countryfrom the prese nt impasse. The Government must un-
derstand that the time has come to call upon the Italian people
to elect a new Chamber. Should the Cabinet fa il to do this we
shall take drastic action.
Our subsequent policy will be inspired by the loveof our
countryand of the working people.We shall call ageneral
election as soon as peace and normal activity have been restored.
feel certain however that he Government will realize
str eng th and our single-minded desire t o attain peace and free-
dom all and for every political par ty. The present Cham-
ber of Deputies then mus t be dissolved; our pa rty will emerge
victorious from the polling. As soon as we are n power we
shall proceed to carry out o u r program.
At present I asked you have thousands of armed followers
the so-called black shirts.
How
couldyou reconcile the
ex-
istence of two armies-the regula r rmy nd our black
sh~rts-if you were the head even a member of the Govern-
ment
As
a
member of a Cabinet with
a
Fascist program
I
should
a t once intimate t o the Italia n people tha t bloodshed must cease.
Everyone mus t work and act for he welfare of the country.
There
w ll
be no reason for the continued existence of the black
shirt army. They must obeymy ordersand keep the peace.
In common with all other Italian citizens they must abandon
political antagonisms in order to serve the great common cause
th e welfare of our beloved country.
What will be your home and foreign policy?
love the working classes. The supreme ambition and he
dearest hope of my lif e has been and is still to see them bette r
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536 The-Nation [Vol 115,No.
2993
treated and enjoying conditions
of
life worthy of the citizens
of
a great nation. They have a just claim t o humane conditions
and
to
a rewardproportionate t o their labor. But men li m e
dutiesas well as rights.
I
cannotadm it he classic, Marxis t
conception of socialism, and I deny that the welfare
of
the pro-
leta ria t can be attained hrough he principles of Marxism. I
do not believe in the class war,but
in
cooperation between
classes. TheFascist Government will devote all its efforts to
the crea tion of a n agr ar ian democracy based on th e principle
of small ownership. The grea t esta tes mus t be handed over
t o
peas ant communities; the great capitalists
of
agriculture must
submit
t o a
process of harmonization of their rights with those
of thepeasants.
In ore ign policy we hall be good friendswith all those
nations which are worthy of our friendship; but we shall be
bitter enemies of those nations which will not realize tha t Italy
will never ssert ims conflicting with he ights of other
peoples.
Our policy
will
be entirely liberal. We shall be glad to accept
th e collaboration of all, even of
our
opponents.
But I
want the
Italian people t o understand that our conception of liberty
implies a severe national discipline. The ule of theFascist
P a r ty will begin a new er a of liberty-provided. of course, th at
all parties understand that this liberty m ust be entirely devoted
t o our countrys welfare.
What will be your program for improving the financial situa-
tion of the country?
The most energetic measures will be taken t o deal with the
financial ituation.Wemust spend ess andearn more. The
budget will bebalanced as speedily as possible. We cannot
afford o mport housands o tons of wheat every year. The
people mu st at less read. All tate xpenditur emust be
ruthlesslycut down. Our motto will be theutmost economy.
If the situa tion should call
f o r
it we shall return to the war-
time system of bread cards.
We ar e pre par ed to ent er int o negotiations with other polit-
ical parties-except, of course, the Socialists-for the orm a-
tion of a new Cabinet. But we wa nt the most important min-
istries-Home Affairs, For eign Affairs, theWar
Office,
the
Admiralty, heLaborMinis try, Should either Giolitti
or
Sa-
lzndra accept
our
proposal, we shall be very glad to bear the
burden ofoffice in orde r to overcome Italys present difficulties.
Personally I am not onging for power. I am not
so
foolish
as
t o desire office
f rom
personal ambition.
I
know
I
am
a
very
prominent eader n Italian politics. There is
no
need
f o r
me
to become a minister, a premier, in rder t o exercise my
authority. I shall accept th e heavy task of ruling he country
only because
I
know
tha t
Italy
can only be saved through
our
Patriotism and our energy.
I n F o r t h c o m i n g s s ue so f t h
In temuzt ioml Re la t ions Sec t ion
Suppressing
Japanese
Schools
in
Hawaii
y G. HAMILTON OLKET
W h y th e fore ig ll r language school
prob le m has caused the me lt-
ing-pot of H a w a i i t o boil over.
Bonds of Love
A t r e a t y be tw e e n . G re a t B r i t a in and i rak w h ic h
in the Government s v iew of fe rs a com ple te
p l y
t o t k e c r i t i c i s m s t h a t G r e a t B r i t a i n i s e x p l o i g n g
I r a k o r t h e s a k e o f its oi l resources.
-THE WISERS M MOIRS
unique histoncal document in which the man who
precipitated the World War shows himself t o have been,
as his translator puts
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pltlfully small man doomed
t o figure in tremendously blg events.
This
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After
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His remlnlscences are more
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A
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It
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