JapanJapanJapanJapanI. Critical Historical JuncturesI. Critical Historical JuncturesI. Critical Historical JuncturesI. Critical Historical Junctures

II. Governance and PolicyII. Governance and Policy--MakingMakinggg

III. Representation and III. Representation and ParticipationParticipationpp

IV. Political Economy IV. Political Economy

V. Political CultureV. Political Culture

VI. Japanese Politics in VI. Japanese Politics in TransitionTransition

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Japanese PM Yukio Hatoyama

I. Critical Historical JuncturesI. Critical Historical JuncturesI. Critical Historical JuncturesI. Critical Historical Junctures‘Tokugawa Shogunate’ (1603‘Tokugawa Shogunate’ (1603--1867)1867)

Hierarchical feudalism, decentralized rule, isolationHierarchical feudalism, decentralized rule, isolationCommodore Admiral Perry (1853)Commodore Admiral Perry (1853)Meiji Restoration (1867Meiji Restoration (1867--68) 68)

Emperor as figureheadEmperor as figureheadEmperor as figurehead Emperor as figurehead Rule of Rule of daimyodaimyo (former feudal lords) and (former feudal lords) and genro genro (senior (senior statesmen)statesmen)))

Desire to copy from foreigners so as to competeDesire to copy from foreigners so as to compete“Rich nation strong army”“Rich nation strong army”

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Rich nation, strong army Rich nation, strong army

Path to World War Path to World War Early Wars and Colonization (Taiwan and Korea)Early Wars and Colonization (Taiwan and Korea)ShortShort--lived ‘Taisho Democracy’ in 1920slived ‘Taisho Democracy’ in 1920sExpansion into ChinaExpansion into China

‘Greater East Asian Co‘Greater East Asian Co--Prosperity Sphere’Prosperity Sphere’p y pp y pInvasion of Manchuria (1931); puppet government of Invasion of Manchuria (1931); puppet government of ManchukuoManchukuoFullFull--scale invasion of China (in earnest by 1937)scale invasion of China (in earnest by 1937)‘Rape of Nanking’ (1937 ‘Rape of Nanking’ (1937 ---- 300,000 civilians massacred by 300,000 civilians massacred by Japanese troops)Japanese troops)

Occupy French Indochina (1940)Occupy French Indochina (1940)

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Resources in Dutch East Indies (Indonesia)Resources in Dutch East Indies (Indonesia)

‘Rape of Nanking’ 1937‘Rape of Nanking’ 1937Rape of Nanking 1937Rape of Nanking 1937

Between 200K and 300K Chinese Civilians Between 200K and 300K Chinese Civilians Slaughtered by the Japanese ArmySlaughtered by the Japanese Army

War with the United StatesWar with the United StatesWar with the United StatesWar with the United States

US diplomatic and economic pressureUS diplomatic and economic pressureUS diplomatic and economic pressureUS diplomatic and economic pressureThe choice for war The choice for war –– Pearl Harbor, December 7, Pearl Harbor, December 7, 1941194119411941‘Island hopping’ and strategic bombing‘Island hopping’ and strategic bombingAtomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki Atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki Surrender in August 1945Surrender in August 1945ggUS Military Occupation under General Douglas US Military Occupation under General Douglas MacArthurMacArthur

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MacArthurMacArthur

Japanese Advance in the PacificJapanese Advance in the Pacific

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Postwar JapanPostwar JapanPostwar JapanPostwar Japan

American Occupation (1945American Occupation (1945--52)52)American Occupation (1945American Occupation (1945 52)52)American imposed constitutionAmerican imposed constitutionUSUS Japan Mutual Security TreatyJapan Mutual Security TreatyUSUS--Japan Mutual Security TreatyJapan Mutual Security Treaty

Postwar politics Postwar politics –– LDP predominanceLDP predominanceJapan as the rising economic powerJapan as the rising economic power

American backlashAmerican backlashThe ‘Bubble Economy’ and the ‘Lost Decade(s)’The ‘Bubble Economy’ and the ‘Lost Decade(s)’

Zombie Banks and Zombie PoliticsZombie Banks and Zombie Politics

7

II. Government and PolicyII. Government and Policy--MakingMakingyy ggCONSTUTION:CONSTUTION:

Popular SovereigntyPopular SovereigntyHuman RightsHuman RightsPacifismPacifism

Article 9 (Peace Clause): “ the Japanese people foreverArticle 9 (Peace Clause): “ the Japanese people foreverArticle 9 (Peace Clause): ...the Japanese people forever Article 9 (Peace Clause): ...the Japanese people forever renounce war as a sovereign right of the nation...land, sea, renounce war as a sovereign right of the nation...land, sea, and air forces, as well as other war potential, will never be and air forces, as well as other war potential, will never be maintained. The right of belligerency of the state will not be maintained. The right of belligerency of the state will not be g g yg g yrecognized.”recognized.”

Constitutional Monarchy Constitutional Monarchy Emperor as ‘ symbol of the state and unity of the peopleEmperor as ‘ symbol of the state and unity of the peopleEmperor as ...symbol of the state and unity of the people, Emperor as ...symbol of the state and unity of the people, deriving his position from the will of the people, with who deriving his position from the will of the people, with who resides sovereign power’resides sovereign power’No direct political roleNo direct political role

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No direct political roleNo direct political role

Institutions of the Japanese StateInstitutions of the Japanese StateInstitutions of the Japanese StateInstitutions of the Japanese State

Legislature (Diet)Legislature (Diet) Prime MinisterPrime MinisterLegislature (Diet) Legislature (Diet) House of House of Representatives: 480 Representatives: 480

Prime MinisterPrime MinisterPolitical Weakness and Political Weakness and short tenureshort tenurepp

members; members; House of House of Councilors: 247 Councilors: 247

bb

Factions and hierarchyFactions and hierarchy

Administrative Administrative SystemSystemmembers members Mixed electoral systemMixed electoral systemFactions and ‘patronFactions and ‘patron

yyBureaucratic prestige Bureaucratic prestige and controland control

Factions and patronFactions and patron--client relationshipsclient relationships’’ AmakudariAmakudari (‘Descent (‘Descent

from Heaven’) from Heaven’) Iron TrianglesIron Triangles

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III. Representation and ParticipationIII. Representation and Participation

Liberal Liberal Democratic Party (LDP)Democratic Party (LDP)‘Neither Liberal nor Democratic’‘Neither Liberal nor Democratic’Neither Liberal nor Democratic Neither Liberal nor Democratic Factions and nonFactions and non--ideological patronideological patron--client networksclient networks

Democratic Party of Japan (DPJ)Democratic Party of Japan (DPJ)Democratic Party of Japan (DPJ)Democratic Party of Japan (DPJ)Opposition divided since midOpposition divided since mid--1990s1990sMany Many ‘new parties’ simply groupings of ex‘new parties’ simply groupings of ex--LDP LDP peoplepeoplep p g p gp p g p g p pp pEmergence (finally) of Emergence (finally) of the DPJ the DPJ as as alternate alternate governmentgovernmentOverwhelming victory inOverwhelming victory inAugust August 2009 election2009 electionWh t t f rWh t t f r H tH t ??

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What next for What next for HatoyamaHatoyama? ?

Japanese House of Representatives Election ResultsJapanese House of Representatives Election Results(30 A 2009)(30 A 2009)(30 August 2009)(30 August 2009)

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IV. Japanese Political EconomyIV. Japanese Political EconomyIV. Japanese Political EconomyIV. Japanese Political Economy

The ‘Developmental State’The ‘Developmental State’ppDebt and the Banking SystemDebt and the Banking SystemDeflation and the ‘Lost Decade’Deflation and the ‘Lost Decade’Deflation and the Lost DecadeDeflation and the Lost DecadeJapan’s ‘Dual Economy’Japan’s ‘Dual Economy’

d dd dProductive and Competitive Export SectorProductive and Competitive Export SectorUnproductive and Protected DomesticUnproductive and Protected Domestic--Oriented Oriented SSSectorsSectors

Lack of Consensus for ChangeLack of Consensus for Change

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Slowing Growth…Slowing Growth…Slowing Growth…Slowing Growth…

4.5

Average Real GDP Growth since 1980

3.5

4

2

2.5

3

rage

% C

hang

e

1

1.5Ave

r

0

0.5

1980s 1990s 2000s

13

SOURCE: OECD Economic OutlookJapan United States

…and Rising Debt…and Rising Debtgg

200.0

Public Dept as a % of GDP

Japan

140 0

160.0

180.0

Euro area100.0

120.0

140.0

United States 40.0

60.0

80.0

0.0

20.0

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Source: OECD

Japan’s Dual EconomyJapan’s Dual Economy

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V. Political Culture and IdentityV. Political Culture and IdentityV. Political Culture and IdentityV. Political Culture and Identity

Japanese IdentityJapanese IdentityJapanese IdentityJapanese Identity‘Groupism’ over Individualism‘Groupism’ over IndividualismDiscipline and SelfDiscipline and Self--SacrificeSacrificeA Man’s WorldA Man’s WorldA Man s WorldA Man s World

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VI. Japanese Politics in TransitionVI. Japanese Politics in TransitionVI. Japanese Politics in TransitionVI. Japanese Politics in Transition

Reviving Reviving the Economythe Economy

The The Demographic Time BombDemographic Time Bomb

JapanJapan in the Worldin the WorldJapan Japan in the Worldin the WorldGrappling with the Grappling with the Past (not well….)Past (not well….)

An EconomicAn Economic AND PoliticalAND Political Power?Power?An Economic An Economic AND Political AND Political Power? Power?

China, Korea and the China, Korea and the rest of rest of AsiaAsia

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Too close for comfort…images of thepast invoked at the Yasukuni Shrine