japanese aesthetic sense― zen and zen calligraphy,zen
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Japanese aesthetic sense― Zen and Zencalligraphy,Zen painting,from Kamakura toMuromachi―
著者 Hajime Iwamoto雑誌名 dialogos号 4ページ 1-16発行年 2004-03URL http://id.nii.ac.jp/1060/00005014/
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1
Japanese aesthetic sense
-Zen and Zen calligraphy, Zen painting,
from Kamakura to Muromachi一
Hajime lwamoto
[1]lntroduction
1.1The fiow of Chinese Zen
Bodhi Dharma, the founder of the Zen schoo1, the 28th in the lin田ge from
Buddha, came over to China from India in early 6th cenωry. He became the
founder of Chinese Zen. Zen fitted in the spir▲t of Laotzu and Zhuangtzu which
were very popular among Chinese people in those days. They loved Zen spirit.
As time passed, they fbund originality in Zen. Soon, Dharma’s Zen exceeded the
limit of Zen school and investigated into human essence. In addition, his teachings
had deep relation with emotional training in the teachings of Buddhism They called
his teachings‘J6gakピ(samadhi or meditation learning). After En6, the 6th patrl-
arch in Zen lineage, Chinese Zen became divided into two sects、 Rinzai and S6t6.
In the late S6 period, Chinese Zen declined due to the invasion by the other race
and intemal disturbances, and in the Min period, it almost vanished.
L2 The flow of Japanese Zen(Kamakura・Muromachi)
In the Heian period Japanese envoy were no longer sent to China under the
Tang Dynasty. As the result, Japaneg. e own culture-’Kana’,‘Waka’,‘Yamato-
e’and others became prosperous. The spirit of the Heian Buddhism died out. The
Kamakura period began when Samurai came into power, Chinese culture was

2 Hajime Iwamoto
introduced through the trade between Japan and China(S6). Then Zen in China was
still prosperous. With a lot of Japanese Buddhist priests、 Eeisai and D6gen、 the
f()unders of Japanese‘Rinsai’sect and‘S6t6’sect, came over to China(Sδ). They
retumed to Japan with Chinese culture(including Zen, Zen painting and Zen cal-
ligraphy). While famous Chinease Zen prlestボRankeid6ryポvisited Japan to
propagate Zen. He became the founder of Deizenin Kenchδtemple in Kamakura.
In the‘Nanbokuch6’ period,’Gozan’institution was established at Zen temples in
Kyoto and‘Kamakura’. Zen priests enthusiastically learned Chinese poetry and
Zen paintings with Zen practice. ln the Muromachi period, Chinese Zen already
vanished in China. The first period of Muromachi was the era that‘Ashikaga
Sh6gun Yosimitsu’attached great importance to Zen. Zen calligraphY(Sho)and
Zen painting(Sumi-e)were also prospering with Zen. In the latter period of
Muromachi,‘Gozan’(Five Mountains)institution in Kyoto and Kamakura collapsed.
The center of Zen moved to‘Da▲toku’temple and local cities. This equally influ-
enced Sho and Sumi-e: both Sho and Sumi-e concentrated not only in ‘Kyoto’,but
also in Jocal cities. After that, two sects of Zen have been prospering till today.
[2]Zen and Zen calligraphy(Sho)
Originally, Zen priests regarded Sho very highiy. In the Tang period、 youths
of the nobility, who failed in ‘Kakyo’ Test(f()r public offi ces), loved Chinese poems
in Zen temples, elevated their spirits, and created a lot of Zen paintings and Zen
calligraphies. In the S6 period, the intellectuals called‘Shidaifu’, sympathized with
Zen spirit, longed for the freedom of soul or sprit not restrained by anything, and
grappled with Sho and Sumi-e. In the late 12th century, Chinese Zen priests’Sho
(calligraphies)were highly regarded in Japan and was introduced thereto. From the

Japanese aesthetic sense-Zen and Zen calligraphy, Zen painting、 from Kamakura to Muromachi一 3
1ate 13th century to l 4th century, many Japanese Zen priests drew Sho as a means
to express their religious experiences.
2.1Zen and Sho
There are deep relations between Zen and Zen Calligraphy. Fisrt,‘FuryOi-m(’ji’,
one of ‘f()ur mottos of Zen’,means that Zen teachings are not in doctrines or words
(phrases), but in one’s own mind. Second, Zen teachings shouldn’tf()llow the Canon,
but follow the revered master(’Sonshi’), practicing asceticism and Zen codes. Third、
Zen teachings held actual practice in high esteem and consldered‘Sonshi’more
important than the Buddha and Bohhisattva idealized in the codes. Therefore,
yo皿g monks were always keeping the handwriting of their master with the fine
personality and their master’s portraits℃Chinz6’)by their sides. And these were
the greatest supPort to practice asceticism.
Zen priest’s Sho and their handwriting are called‘Bokusekゴ(trace of brush).
It is not a right way of writing, but is Sho written with their own spirits and per-
sonalities, only done by Zen priests who could overcome severe self-training. In
short, the spirit of Zen equals to‘Bokuseki’.
飼簑曇鷲舞縫鐘.
羅罐難竃蒜彗
m
測
輌迦鷲㍑麟ω
B
Theme of Zen’s Sho doesn’t connect
with doctrines of Buddhism. Common theme
of this kind is‘Ens6’and‘K6an’、‘Ens6’is
drawn beside a poem or a phrase to indicate
afeeling of satisfaction, perfection, or com-
pletion. The circle normally begins at the bot-
tom of its circumference and tums clockwise.
This is opposed to circles of the west which start
at the top and proceed in a counter-clockwise

4 Hajime Iwamoto
direction. They can be tight circles or large thick ones. Some have ends that bare-
ly touch and other ends which overlap. All is in accord with the feeling the author
hopes to convey. ln other wordg.,‘Ens6’is the freedom ot’ sou1 and mind which are
not restrained by anything.‘K6an’is theme or Zen conundrum thinking in Zen medi-
ation. Also、 it is the thought problem used as an aid to attain enlightenment. Zen
monks meditate on‘K6an’and reveal and resolve Zen conundrum between mas-
ter and themselves. Zen conundrum seems seばcontradictory. Therefore. great
questions, tricky questions, and rea1 pleasurable questions come from Zen conun-
drum. Through the conundrum truth is f()und, Through such a strict training and
long practice, Zen monks can attain enlightenment and get the ability to express
their spiritual worid, furthermore, to express it in‘Bokuseki’. Zen priests strike to
portray the significance of the experience in simplicity.i
.り汐.
.●
2.‘Shoaku Mansaku’
by Ikky通S6jun
Bokuseki, Shinjuan,
Kyoto
The Sho of famous Zen priests such as Dait6 Kokushi,
IkkyU S6jun, Muso Soseki, Ryokan and more recently
Hisamatsyu Shinichi who is best known for his℃howataj’
(harmonious style)is displayed in Zen temples, Also, in the
tea ceremony,‘Sarei’originates from Zen temple. A mas-
ter of the tea ceremony hangs Zen priests’‘Bokuseki’on the
alcove. Murata Juk6, Master lklcyO’s’disciplie, first hung
‘Bokuseki’,‘Kakemono’(hung-thing)in the tea ceremony.
Its manner has been continuing till now.
[3]Zen and Zen painting(Sumi・e)
There was a division of the temples into public and pri-
vate sectors. And it permitted several different kinds of

Japaneg. e aesthetic sense-Zen and Zen calligraphy, Zen painting. from Kamakura lo Muromachト 5
imagery in Zen paintings to coexist:traditiona1 Buddhist lhemes being used f()r obj ects
on public view,with motifs and styles more directly related to the Zen spirit for objects
in the subtemples. Zen Buddhism’s focus on universal truth expressed in the pre-
sent moment vastly widened the range of themes painted by priests and for tem-
ples-from paintings of famous Zen eccentrics to evocative landscapes and
themes reflecting the evanescence of nature. Furthermore、 artists connected with
particular templeg, developed considerable-skill at working in very different styles
1and using different kinds of materials.“
3.1Zen and Sumi・e
(1)The Kamakura period
Zen and Sumi-e were introduced into Japan from China during the Kamakura
period. Most of Sumi-e were painted in Zen temples. Zen priests modeled‘White-
robed Kannon’,‘Dharuma’,‘Hotei’and so on. By the invitation of the Kamakura
Sh6gun, HOj6 Tokiyori, the learned and virtuous priest, Rankei D6ry江visited
Japan. Figures of Rankei D6ryO and Dharuma were portrayed by his disciples. They
are well-known as the work of the first stages of Sumi-e paintings.
(2)The Nanbokuch6 period
The priest-painter Mokuan’ボFour Sleepers’is said to be portrayed in a
Chinese Zen temple. He left excellent ink figure paintings in the‘Dδshakuga’tra-
dition. His Kakemono‘Four Sleepers’depicts Kanzan and Jittoku entwined with
the monk Bukan(who f()stered Jittoku after he was orphaned)and his tiger, allfbur
in sound sleep. He followed a formula for brush strokes and a gray ink medium.
Fairly broad lines describe the bodies of the sleepers, while fi ne strokes are used
fbr the facial features, and dark ink accents for such details as shoes, belts, and hair.

6 Hajime Iwamoto
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3. Four Sleepers, by MOKUAN
REIEN.14th century.
Hanging scrol1.▲nk on paper
271!ユ〉〈14)/sin.(70×36cm).
Maeda Foundation, Tokyo
Alight wash suggests rocks beside the figures and the
shoreline in front of them, while dark strokes are
used fbr vines, branches and river rocks.31t evidences
asophisticated use of ink.
(3)The early part of the Muromachi period
The Samurais惰tactful paintings and Zen priestsヲ
paintings were integrated at thistime. The result was
that Sumi-e was in all its glory」n those days, the
Ashikaga Sh6gun, Yoshimitsu, considered Zen very
highly and established‘Gozan’institution. Each Zen
temple was the center of it own culture. Especially,
Sh6koku temple, as it became the center of Zen
paintings under the Shogunate controL
Josetsu and Sh面)un, Zen priests of Sh6koku
temple, drew℃atching a Catfish with a Gourd’and
‘Reading in the Bamboo StUdy’. Their painting style
represents a small world where Zen priests have
dreamed of, with the integrity of an ideal residence
far away from the world. This is a form of ‘Shigajiku’
(Kakemono with a poem or a painting). They were
very popular among Zen priests in those days.
The priest-painter J6setsu left a picture of
‘Catching a Catfish with a Gourd’. The painting is
‘D6shakuga’of a quite unusual kind, depicting a
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4.Catching Catfish with a Gourd,
by JOSETSU.c.1413. Hanging
scro]1、 ink and color on paper;
437/s>〈297/sin.(1115>〈75.8
cm).Taizoin, My6shinji, Kyoto

Japanese aesthetic sense-Zen and Zen cal]igraphy、 Zen painting、 from Kamakura to Muromachi一 7
’K6an’. The thought problem was used as an aid to attain enlightenment. We飴el
the following puzzle{n thispainting. The center ofthe foreground shows him hold-
ing a pale orallge gourd in front of hinl as contrasted against the longer length of
the wriggling gray fish swimming in the strealn at his feet. The man cuts a strange
and solitary figure, with his porcine face, hisoddly animated clothing, and his stiff二
legged stance, placed alone in the flat. barren landscape. The pointed peaks of three
mountains can be seen above the mist far in the distance. Thus, there is a comment
included in a detailed, multifacedted landscape setting in this’D6shakuga「.4
ShObun’s‘Reading in the Bambboo Studゾsuggests an almost unending pro-
cession of motifs carrying the eye mr back into space, The brushwork emphasizes
short, repetitive strokes that describe the natural elements but also give the pain仁
ing a somewhat decorative effect. It is clear that ShUbun was familiar with the S6
Dynasty landscape painting, because he uses several stock motifs such as the
scholar and his attendant crossing the bridge, the scholar visible through the win-
dow of his study, fishing boats close to Iand, and the temple buildings in the dis-
5tance.
The priest-painter Minch6 was a remarkably versatile artist and nourished in
this particular type of environment. The‘White-robed Kannon’belongs to the
‘D6shakuga’tradition of imagery-descriptions of Buddhist themes intended to
convey the suヒ,j ect▲ve experience of receiving spiritual insight or revelations. The
su切ect matter of LD6shakuga’includes such divinities as‘Kannon’. Also, his
℃ottage by a Mountain Stream’is an example of‘Shig司iku’,ahanging scoll com-
bining poetry-often composed and copied by several different priests-with a
monochrome image of an ilnaginary landscape. In these two types of paimings,
LD6shakuga’and‘Shig司iku’,the Zen priest-artist could give his brush and his
imagination free rein and create imagcs由at elnbodied his religious beliefs and
goalS.6

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c」446.Hangjng scrolJ、
ink and color on paper:
53Y,×131ムin.(136.5>〈
33.6cm). Tokyo National
Mvseum
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6. Cottage by a Mountain Stream,
by MINCHQ 1413. Hanging scroll. ink on paper;
40×13s/註n.(101_S×34.5
cm).Konchiln,
7,White-robed Kannon, by M IN-
CHQ l42 L Hanging scroll,
ink on paper;24×107/Hin.
(60.9×27.6cm),Museum of
Art、 Atami, Shizuoka prefξc一
ture

Japanese aeslhetlc、enle-Zen and Zen cai]igraphy、 Zen palntlng、 from Kamakura to Muromachi一 9
(4)The latter part of the Mしiromachi period
The Onin War changed the wor】d of Zen painting very greatly. Kyoto was
almost reduced to ashes.’Ashikaga Sh6guパlost its authority. LGozan可institution
collapsed and during the la腫er part ot’ ‘Muromachi’the center of Zen was trans-
f{》rred to Daitoku temple and to local cities called small “Kyoto’.Daitoku temple
is the Zen temple built by」Dait6 Kokushi’in the early 14th century.
In that temple, Bunsei、Sh口bun and Oguri S6tan practiced Zen lneditation and
created Zen paintings.‘Yuimazu\written by Bunsei ls a portrait、 depicting a
飴mous lndian lay Buddhist. The work has characterlstics of a powerful painting
with a sharp look.
8.LYuimazピby BunseL c1457,
Ink on paper;92.4>〈343cm,
Yamato Bunka Kan, Nara
9,Winter Landscape, onc of four
h田1ging scrolls ofthe R)ur se asons,
by SESSHU TOYO.c.1470s.
Ink on paper;18[力×111/iin.
(46.4×29.4cm).Tokyo National
Museum

10 Hajime Iwamoto
IkkyO S6jun moved to Daitoku temple in his late years and left a strange por-
trait which compared himselfto KidδChigO, a Zen master he respected.
During the China’s Ming Dynasty the trade between Japan and China pros-
pered. Cities, such as Hakata and Yamaguchi, became the centers of culture. The
Zen priest, SesshUemerged伽m the creative atmosphere of Shoko㎞temple in those
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10.Landscape▲n the haboku
technique、 by SESSHU
TOYO.1495. Hanging scrolL ink on paper:
58り4×127/sin.(1479×
32.7cm),
Tokyo National Museum
days, but did not succeed there. Then he moved from
Kyoto to Yamaguchi where the Ouchi family ruled. And
he went over to China along with Japanese envoys in
1467.
In China, he painted‘Winter Landscape’.one of lbur
hanging scrolls of the four seasons. The t tyle of painト
ing was an old一ねshioned one、 constructing a still land-
scape. One of his most characteristic landscapes is a
winter scene, probably part of a set of landscape
‘Kakemono’of the four seasons and thoughuo date
from the 1470s. In this painting SesshO wove motifs廿e-
quently fbund in Chinese landscape paining into an o亘g-
inal and typically Japanese statemenL Furthermore, a
work that demonstrates Sessh6’sfacility with brush and
ink is the‘haboku惰or broken」nk landscape.‘Haboku’
is a term denoting the very 1ヤee and rapidly executed style
in which ink seems to have been splashed on the paper
surface of the painting.7
Sh6kei, a Zen priest of Kench6 temple in Kama㎞ra,
went up to Kyoto, and smdied under‘Geiami’,learned
the new style ofpainting, and then retumed to Kamakura.
When he painted landscapes, he always left a big blank

Japanese aesthetic sense-Zen and Zen calligraphy, Zen painting, from Kamakura to Muromachi一 Il
space Iike the old-fashioned style and printed in a clear.1ight tone ofcolor.
ThピSess加’sstyle ofpainting was succeeded by hisdisciples in each place.
One of SesshU’s disciples, ShGgetsu、 who painted‘Saiko zピin China, followed
Sessh百s style of painting. Also、 the Sh6kei’sstyle of painting was succeeded by
many painters of the Kantδdistrict. Keison, a descendent of Sh6kei, painted
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灘溺彩
11. ‘Kacho zu By6bピ, by
Scsson, Muromachi era,
lnk on paper,156.0>〈
333.Ocm , YamatoBunka kan, Nara
℃hikurin Shichiken By6bu Zu’(Seven Sages in the
Bamboo Grove). Hispainting was a curious picture with
vcrtical bamboo and rocks painted by swift brushwork.
A Zen priest, Sesson. traveled around various parts
of Japan and learned the Chinese painting of Mookei and
Gyoklcan. Also, he modeled h▲mself on‘SesshU’and
left fine pieces of work. His‘Kach6 Zu By6bu’has a
pecualiarity of a stream flowing into the ground, ocur-
ring remarkably fmm the right side of the picture, with
a carp of the left side foaming at its mouth and flying in
the sky. It is not at all restrained by the old-fashioned style
of painting.
Consequently, in the‘Muromachi’period,‘Kara-
e’ 唐浮モ?@as‘Baen∵Kakei’,‘Ry6kai’,‘Mookei’and oth-
ers were introduced to Japan from China. Their works
were the highest grade works in those days.‘San ami’
(‘N6ami’,‘Geiami’,and‘SOami’)purchased these great
works f()r decoration in ceremonies, and analyzed works
of art for the Sh6gun family. They were like directors
who were called‘Dδhosh6’and painted Sumi-e though
they were not Zen priests. Also,‘Kan6 Motonobu’was

12 Hajime Iwamoto
the fbunder of the‘Kan6s’、and created the studio system of where painters could
create many works and drew paintings on paper sliding doors and screens. But the
Kan6s did not follow Zen. Moreover, the number of professional Sumi-e painters
who had nothing to do with Zen was gradually increasing. In the next period of
‘Momoya’、there were few Zen painters.
握涜瀦
12.‘Sai ko zu’. by Shtigetsu, c.1496. Ink en paper,46.8×84cm.Museum of Art, Ishikawa prefecture
13.℃hikurin hichiken ze by6bu’by Ke▲son, Muromachi era, Ink on paper.155,5×365.4cm.Tokyo
National Museum

Japanese aesthetic g.ense-Zen and Zen calligraphy、 Zen painting、 from Kamakura to Muromachi一 13
[5]Agreenient between Zen and Zen calligraphy, Zen painting
The mental state of enlightenment in Zen involves a mysterious expression.
Ordinarily, we try to learn truth through symbols and language but truth is beyond
their scope and can on]y be gained through communication from one mind to anoth-
er. Zen priests painted their circumstances only with black in Sumi-e as‘Zen kl
zu’ ithe expression of Zen spirit). Also, Zen priests expressed their mental states
of enlightenment in “Geju’(Buddhist teachings in Zen verses), in the form of Zen
handwriting.‘Geju’by high-ranking Zen prieg. ts wag. a kind of guide to lead monks.
to enlightenment. And they hung it on the wall as Kakemono for their ascetic prac-
tice. They wrote‘Gej’u’in Sumi-e as‘San’(words、 poems and so on to reveal the
intent of Sumi-e). Calligraphies by Zen priests are not their handwritings, but paint-
ings to directly comm皿icate from mind to nlind」n other words, it means that ‘Zen
ki zu’(Sumi-e)is equaho Zen calligraphy, The ascetic practice of Zen renounces
materialistic desires, and is like a journey to an boundless and deep world, name-
ly, the world of Lemptiness’.It is said that‘emptiness’is best expressed in black.
If all ofthe universal colors are mixed, they will make a very dark color. Dark black
color includes all colors. Therefore,‘emptiness’which isexpressed in a dark color
is not ‘emptiness’, but unboundedness. The color embracing the whole universe
is the world of both Zen paintings and Zen calligraphy、 which is painted and writ-
ten in black. It is also the world of enlightenment. In Zen, both calligraphy and paint-
ing have the same spirit.
[6]Conclusion
As Zen is the world of a spiritual en)ightenmentjust playing with ‘emptiness’
or‘boundlessness’, i亡is the world that is beyond letters and languages. In Zen we

14 Hajime Iwamoto
can paint and write what no one can whte and paint. In Zen we also can see the
world no one can see、 This is the soul of Zen. Illdeed、 many high ranking Zen pnests
underwent severe ascetic practice and expressed their mental state ofenlightenment
in a lot of calligraphies and paintings. The disciples considered them as a guide to
enlightenment. Also, every time they saw their master’s figure, they had a spiri-
tual relation with their master. ln Zen、 calligraphy is‘a voiced painting’ and paint-
ing is ‘a voiceless poem’. We try to understand instantly the meaning of something
written in letters, but Zen monks considered a calligraphy as a painting and con-
sidered a painting as a calligraphy every time they see them. Thus, in Zen, both
calligraphy and painting have a deep relation with Zen’sascetic practice
Note
1(∠34戸)67
Christopher J. Earnshaw(1988), pp98~99
Penelope Mason(1993), PP 194・-195
1bid:. ppl99~201
1bid’,. p201
1bid’,. pp201--202
1bid’,. pp 195~197
1bidl,. pp202~203
1
〔∠2」
45
Refeareces
Christopher J. Eamshaw(1988),‘SHO Japanese Ca〃igraph’Tuule publish-
ing co, Inc. Tokyo
Hakuho Hirayama(1979), Sumi-E, K6dansha Intemational,Tokyo
Penelope Mason(1993), Histot y ofJaρanese Art, Harry N.Abrams, Inc. New
York
Motoaki kawano(2002)ノapanese A rt- Suibokuga, Bizyutsu nenkan sha
Gakken(1994),‘Zen no Hon’

Japanese aesthetic sense-Zen and Zen calligraphy、 Zen painEing. from Kamakura to Muromachi一 15
6
789
Myochi Nancy O’Hara(2003). Zen B.), The Brush Stewart、 Tabori&Chang,
New York.
Stephen Addiss(1989)、 The Art qf Zen, Harry N. Abrams、 Inc.
Fujihiko Kaneda(1996), Eozy Kanji、 Passport Books, NTC/Comtemporary
Publishing Company
Rebecca Hon Ko(1987). Chinese Ca〃igraρh.y Abbeville press. publishers, New
York・London

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