japanese ammunition leaflets section b - japanese small arms & aircraft cannon ammunition

5/9/2018 Japanese Ammunition Leaflets Section B - Japanese Small Arms & Aircraft Cannon ...

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D. OF A. (INDIA)J~PANESE AMMUNITION LEAFLETS.

INTRODUCTIONDIVISION OF SECTION

SECTION B.LEAFLET 8 1

This Section is intended to cover all Japanese Small Arms Ammunition and Aircraft Cannoncartridges up to :.t5-mlll..calibre. Cartridges of calibres above 25-mm. will be dealt with in ~ection Ejunder Gun Ammunition.

2. The following division of this Section has been arranged tentatively and J. A. Ls. as they,become ready will be issued as below:-

B. l-Intiroduction.B. 2-Cartridges, S. A., 6 5-mm. (.256-in.), Semi-rimless.B. 3-Cartridges,~. A., 77-mm. (.303-:-in.),Semi-rimless.B. 4~Cartridges, S. A., 77-mm. (303-in.), Rimless.B. 5-Carbridges, 8. A., 77-mm. (. 303-in.), Rimmed.B. 6--Cartridges, S. A., 7.92-mm. (.3I1-in.), Rimless.B. 7-Reserved.B. 8-Reserved.B. 9~Pist()1 and Machine Carbine ammunition.B. 10- Reserved.B. ll-Oartridges, S. A., A.A., lS-mm.B. 12~A. C. Cannon Cartridges 127-mm. (.5-in.}-Gelleral Notes.B. IS-A. C.Cannon Cartridges 127-rnm. (.5-in.)-Detailed Description.B. 14-Reserved.B. 15-Cartridges, S. A., 20-mm.-General Notes.1 3 . I6-Cartridges, S. A., 20-mm. Ior type '97 A.T. machine gun.B. 17_:Oartridges, S. A., A. A./A. T., for type '98 machine gun.B. IS-Oartridges, SA., 20-mm., for tYF,e99 Aircraft Cannon.B. 19-Reserved.B.20-Reserved.B. 21~Oartridges, S. A., A.A.IA. T. 25-mm.

STANDARDIZATION AND TYPESS. If the Japanese have ever made any serious attempt in recent years to standardize small

asms and small arm ammunition there is little evidence of it in the many different calibres and typesin use by them in the present war. No country except perhaps Italy has anything approaching thenumber-of different calibres and types of small arm ammunition used by the Japanese.4. At the beginning of the century, following the example ofother great powers, Japan adoptedsmall calibre bore weapons and a cartridge somewhat similar to the U. S. Navy experimental 6-mm.(Lee) cartridge was introduced but, following the example of Italy and a number of other Europeancountries, a calibre of 65-mm. (.256-in.) was standardized. Initially the bullet was round nosed butfellowingthe example of Great Britain (Mk. 7 Ball) and the U. S. A. (M. 1906) a pointed bullet wasintroduced at the same time (1904-06) that these countries adopted pointed bullets.S 2\



2The British service cartridge (.803-in.} had a 1 ' i n t 1 1 1 . 8 c l case while the American (. 30-in.) hada rimless case. A somewhat similar poaition existed among the countries of Europe, e.g. Russia used3>.rimm.ed case, Germany a1'imleS8 case: The Japanese adopted a semi-rimles case; the only Berviccsmall arm semi-rimless case used by any power in the worlfl..This fOQIl of head is a compromise,the success of which is questionable.' Nevertheless Japan has adhered to it even in the changea few years ago to a larger calibre, i.e. 7 7-rnm. (. 303-in.) .. 5. The .Japanese 65-mm. cartridge has a 138 grain bullet fully jacketted 'with a cupro-nlckalor gilding metal envelope and lead core. It bas been reported from American, sources tbat two

propellant loads are used for this cartridge. 'I'he standard cartridge being loaded to give about2,700 LB . muzzle-velocity for rifles, while a slightly. lighter load is used for cartridges intended formachine guns. A1l65.,...mm.ammunition is issued in 5 round clips packed in small cardboardcartons each holding 15 rounds. A label on the carton stabes "38 Type rifle" and if the ammunitionis reduced charge for machine guns, there is a G ill a circle 011the edge of the label. This machinegun ammunition is reported to give-a muzzle velocity of about 2,400 f. s. The two types of ammuni .tion are interchangeable for rifle or machine gun. .This reduced charge ammunition for machine guns is probably desirable owing to the type ofmechanism employed which allows the breech to open with a high residual pressure leading torupture of the case and oceasional stoppages in the case of high velocity ammunition ..Altll(JUgh large quantities of 6'.5-mm. amm:unition have been examined' atl\.irkeeonly -one

propellant load has been found, 30 grains of square flaked graphited N. C. In the type Meiji S8longtitle (about 30~jn.barrel) this gave an observed mean velocity of about 2290 f. s-.at 9.0 feet (muzzleveloGityof thecrder of 2350 f. s.), If higher velocity 6 5-mm,. ammunition doesexist, it cannot havebeen used to any wide extent in the Burma theatre., 6., The change to the larger calibre of 77 -mm. commenced shortly after 1930 and the 77-mm,semi..rimless cartridge was introduced for heavy machine guns. About 1939 a -77-mm. rifle andlight machine gun were introduced but the cartridge for them was rimless;

-7 . Itwill be useful here to explain a point which has caused some oonfusion in r.egard to theinterc4angeability of7 7ammo se1ni-rimless and 77 -mm. rimlee cartrid,ges.The 77 -mm, semi-rim.less cartridges are invariably packed for the Hotchkiss. type (Type '92) 77-mm. heavy .machinsguns which are designed to take a semi-rimless cartridge. The protrudingrim of the semi-rimlesscase of this cartridge will not fit properly in the recess in the bolt head of the 7" -mm, rifle andlight machine gun which are designed to take a rimless cartridge, and jams will occur if atu'9mpts aremade to use this cartridge. On the other hand, however, the rimiess cartridge can be used in the77-mm. heavy machine ~un without difficulty. '.

8. The change to a larger bore was not confined only to Japan, a' number of countries haveehsnged since the First World War. Noticeably Italy, whi'ch was changing to'7 .65mm. bore justbefore the present war. This change to a larger calibre is probably influenced by:- .(a ) The need for greater ranging for medium machine guns and better striking energy atfighting ranges ofA..P. ammunition. i '"

I (b ) The greater facility with which the larger bullet can be used for A. P., incendiary,tracer and explosive roles. .(c ) Standardization and the better prospect of obtaining machine tools, gauges,etc.'

9. Between 1930 and 1940 the Japanese adopted machine guns of Lewis and Viokers typestaking 303-in. ammunition, termed 7 7-mm. rimmed. These guns are direct copies of the Britishand the ammunition has also been copied very closely. In addition much captured British guns andammunition are used. The Japanese manufactured. ammunition can be distinguished by thestamped base markings and coloured annulus, details of which are given in this J. A. L. This77 -mm. rimmed ammunition is fully .interehangeable with British 30B-in. ammunition althoughit may not function so well in automatic weapons.. 10. German influence is apparentfrom about 1938 when aircraft machine guns of German:design were introduced. The Japanese' Type '98 A. C. machine gun is a copy of the well-knownGerman 792mm. M. G. 15 free (flexible) A. C.machine gUD,while the Type '.00 A.C. maohinegunis similar to the Continental (Bren Type) L.M. G. Some of the 7.92-mm. ammunitton receivedhere for examination was of German and some of Japanese manufacture. The Japanese ~irorceappears to nse 7 9'2-mm. ball ill A. C. machineguns unlike the Luftwaffe which normally uses onlyA. P. and semi A. P. . . .

11. Itshould be noted that this 7Q2~mm.ammunition is fully interohangeable with B~itish792mm. 1 3 . E. S . A.amm1,1llition, although itmay not funetionso well in B.E.S.A. machine gtllJ.~,.\



12. What we usually term a Uled'i,ltm machine gun i.e. a machine gun mounted on lJ, tdpudLor sustained fire, is usually termed by the Japanese as a heasn] machine gun. The earliest heavymachine gun which is still in use appears to be the 6 a-mm. Type Taisho [; (1914). This is aHotchkiss type fed by a metal strip. In 1932 the 7 ';'-mm. semi-rimless 'I'ypc '92 heavy machine gunwas introduced, which follows generally the same lines as the 5 5-mm. Type Tuisho 8.13. In pistol calibres an 8-mm. [Nambu] cartridge (full jackcttcd bullet) is used for S. L. (t;eol iautomatic) pistols while u D mmB, & W. type cartridge (uujackcttcd lead bullet) is used Io 'revolvers. The former is an unusual cartridge, not used by any other Power. H is a bottle neckedsemi-rimless cartridge something like the 30 (sometimes termed 765-mm. Luger) Luger cartridgehut considerably different in dimensions. Itwill be seen from the Summarv that this is used in threedifferent types "of S. L. pistols. The l\I. V. is reported Lo he about 900 {s. but it has not becupossi ble yet to check this at Kirkee. 'So fill' as is known there is only one type of revolver used, the Type Meiji 2G (lfl93). This ismodelled on the old American 45 Schofield Smith and Wesson revolver and ill appearance is V01',)"much like the British Service (\Yebley) revolver. The cartridge has a solid lead uajackottcd150 grain bullet, with a propellant charge of about 3 grains of r. small greenish-grey pillowshaped N. C. powder. The bullet is seated deeply in the case over a leat.herboard cup-shaped wad.The cartridge can be fired from the 3S0-in. No.2 pistol (British Service, Webley). Small trialsusing this weapon (5.in. barrel) gave a mean observed velcoity at 30 feet of 517 f. s. The oartridgocase of the Japanese round, being slightly longer than the standard Smith and Wesson 3d-in.

revolver cartridge case, will not fit the '3~ Smith and Wesson revolvers or similar revolvers with ,Lraised shoulder in the chamber. It is considered that the velocity obtained above in the No.2 pistolis the same as that to be expected in the Japanese revolver, and M. V. of the order of 530 f. s. NoJapanese revolver was available for trials. .The use of an unjacketted bullet by the Japanese is worthy of attention in view of the strongobjections raised by the Germans and Italians to our use of unjacketted bullets in 455-in. or 380-iu.cartridges. Itwill be recollected that Allied troops caught in possession of these cartri dges wereliable to be summarily shot.14. Iuformation on sub-machine carbine ammunition is vague. One main type of machiuecarbine only has been reported, a o O P Y of the German Solothum taking the standard 8-mm.(Nambu) pistol ammunition. Another report states that the carbine is of 7 . (1(j-mm. calibre; possiblytaking a cartridge similar to the. 30 in Mauser automatic pistol cartridge. Further information is

awaited.15. The 1 : 2 " -111111. a~rcmft cannon cartridge is a close copy of the Italian Breda cartridge,although the gun is reported to be of the Browning type. Captured 12''; -mm. ammunition has beenof both Japanese aud Italian manufacture. It is believed that this gun is also used in an A. A. A. T.role, and reports say it is used by the Japanese Navy for A. A. work. It is not likely to be 'I.:cryeffective in either role owing to its low velocity.16. A 13-lim. (sometimes described as 132-nlm.) A . ..1./ A. T. machine ::;un is known to exist.'l'his is the Type '!)3 (Hotchkiss) ,v hich is thought to be an old design not widely used except perhajiu Home ureas. Little information all the ammunition is available and no dra wings or definitedetails have been recei vcd in Kirkee. No reports of its use in the Burma theatre have been received.17. In the 20-1111n.calibre there are four different weapons chambered for different types ofcartridges. The largest cartridge is used for the Type '98 A. A./A. T. Machine gun; the length ofthe cartridge case is 56". The next largest is the Type '97 A. T. machine gun which, suitablymodified, is reported to be used a.180 as an aircraft cannon; the length of this cartridge case is 49".The next cartridge in size is that for the Type HO 5 20-mm. (Browning mechanism) fixed aircraftcannon; the size of this cartridge case is 37". The smallest cartridge is used in the Type '99 A. U.cannon and more recent weapons similarly ohambered ; the length of the cartridge case is 2.S".This latter weapon appears to be widely used and samples of practically all types were captured inAssam and Burma. This machine gun is reported to be used also in a ground 1'.010 for A. A./A. 'I'.purposes or as light automatic artillery. Full details' to assist the 'identification of each type arcgiven in the summary, while the photograph at Plate D -shows typical cartridges for the Type '97,'98 and '99 machine guns.The 20-mm. ammunition for the type HO 5 aircraft cannon has only just been received, and.it is not possible to include a photograph of it in this issue, Full details will be given us SOOll aspossible in the detailed J. A. L. '18. A weapon whose role is similar to that of the 20 mm. Type '98 A.A./A.T. machine gun isthe ~5mm. Type '96 A.A./A.T. Naval machine gun. Its cartridge is dealt with in the Summaryand Plate D. .19. The Japanese also 'use a 30 mm. Naval machine gun/aircraft cannon equipment and thefollowing ammunition is reported-Tracer; H. E./Tracer j H. E.; H. E./Inccncliary; and A.P./H.E.



Little is known of the ammunition other than that it is of the Oerlikon type and tb-at the shellhas a pronounced bourrelet. The incendiary type is reported to have a white phosphorus containerand small bursting charge. The fuze is of the rotor type. Further information is awaited.

HANDLING AND TRANSPORT20. Generally speaking, Japanese small arm ammunition can be dealt with 011 the same linesas the equivalent British service types. Some points, however, require special attention;-

(a) Incendiary bullets in the 77-mlll. and 7U2-111m. calibres arc filled with whit.uphosphorus. While there is no evidence to suggest that this phosphorus is not well sealed inthe bullet; it is reasonable to assume that this is not so well sealed as in the British type.In any case the equivalent W. P. British BMk. 4 : type is disliked because of possible exudationand consequent fire risk. Any . J apanesc W. P. filled S. A. A. should, therefore, be isolated instorage and if there is any indication of exudation the rounds concerned should be dumped indeep water. Itwould be wise to keep a. receptacle handy filled with water for initial dousing.Furt.her, if loose rounds are captured which have obviously been subject to adverse storageconditions immediate destructiouvpreterably by dumping in deep water, is desirable.( b ) III the 77-mm. and l27-mm. calibres the Japanese make use of an explosive bullet

(probably more for its observation value than for its explosive effect). This bullet is filled withR. D. X and P. E. T. N. in the nose and is Iunctioued by a pointed brass hollow cone alsofilled with R. D. X. and P. E. T. N. Again. there is no evidence to suggest that this bullet isunduly sensitive but careful hancling is advisable. A report from the South West Pacificrefers to incendiary and explosive types of bullets requiring an extremely small amount of heatto ignite and that cases have occurred of rounds exploding IIIstore-houses or when lying loosein the open. It is thought that this is unlikely to happen with ammunition in good conditionand which is stored in reasonably cool storage. Nevertheless, this aspect must always beconsidered when dealing with these types.(c) The Japanese use a number of different types of fuzed shell in l27-mm., lS-mm. and20-mm. calibres. Generally speaking, these fuzes in good condition and properly stored presentno abnormal risk. But against very severe handling and jolting might be sufficient to initiate

the gaiue which usually contains pellets of lead azide etc. with no shutter or other safetydevice below.Blind shells from these calibres, however, present serious risk. In practically all cases t.hefuze is probably tully armed and the striker print may even be resting in the detonatorDestruction in situ, whenever practicable, is strongly recommended. If they must be moved,me a Iong-haudled shovel and guard, treating the shell very carefully, or use a vehicle towingsome form of improvised spade, etc. The shell should be moved only as far as necessary beforedestroying it. Powerful explosives are used in these shell, and despito their small size theexplosive effect is quite severe. Fragments may carry considerable distances. Cover shouldtherefore, always be used.(d ) Itmust be remembered always that small afm. ammunition lends itself readily to use

8 0 S a "booby trap" with a considerable nuisauce.value at the least. For instance, it is not at alldifficult to fill the case of a 65-mm. or 7-7-mm. ca.rtrid~e with high explosive and to fit a . smalldetonator in line with the cap. What happens when the round is fired will be obvious. IfJapanese ammunition is to be used by friendly troops it is desirable to use ammunition fromoriginal packages, or ammunition which it is reasonable to suppose is not likely to be "boobytrapped". Actually, so far as is known. no instances of cartridges being booby trapped in thisway have been reported. Itis, however, It possibility, even if remote.21. From the above there is little need to emphasize how unwise it is for anyone to retainrounds, bullets, cannon shell .and small fuzes etc. as souvenirs. Nevertheless, these items ha.vea great attraction for troops, and I. O. Os, and Engineer officers can do much to discourage t.hispractice by emphasizing the dangers involved whenever an opportunity occurs.

IDENTIFICATION22. As explained above the Japanese use many calibres and types of small arm ammunitionand to assist identification the following Plates and Summary arc included at the end ofthis J. A.L.;-



5PLATE A.-DETAILED DRAWINGS OF S'S.mm., 7'7.mm.SEMIRIMLESS AND 7'7 -mm, RIMLESS CARTRIDGES.

Innddition to the types of G5-mm. cartridges shown, throe other types have since cometo Jight:-(i) A blank cartridge which has n crimped mouth somewhat similar to the British service;Blank, ;-303-in.L, l\Ik. 5 round. -

{ i - O A hollow pink paper bullet which is presumably a blank cartridge used to functionmachine guns similar to the British service bulletted Blank, SOIi-in.L, Mk. 7.(i ii) A tracer round, of which very little details are available;

In the 77-mm. rimless cartridge ndditional types of A.P., tracer, etc. have since been found, a.ndthese n re described briefly in the Summary.PLATE B.-DETAILED DRAWINGS OF 7'7 -Mm. RIMMED, 792 ..... RIMLESSAND S'O-mm, RIMLESS.

The 77-mm. rimmed cartridges are direct copies of British SOS-in. cartridges. The Japaneseappear to coPY these with great accuracy, even to the extent of securing the bullet by indents atmouth of case and using a coloured annulus to indicate the type of bullet, although the coloursused do not agree with those used in the British service. They have not used their nau"l method ofa coloured band at the junction of the mouth of the case and the bullet.

The sketch of the explosive round shown has been built up only from information rec~ived,and itseems reasonable that this is the ordinary explosive bullet from the 77-mm. ","i-rimle&s oarteidgeloaded in a 77-Dlm. nmmed case. The cartridges, S. A., 792-mm.rimless are accurate copies of theGerman service cartridge, and in some cases cartridges captured have been of German manufacture.There is ltttle doubt, however, that 792-mm. cartridges are ..lso being made in Japau. The SO.mm.cartridge shown is used in other weapons than the Type '94 S. L. pistol. Pull d.-Us are givell inthe Summary. _PLATE C.-COMPARATIVE PHOTOGRAPH OF TYPICAL 6S...., 7'7 - D U l l . ,792.mm., 127mlD. AND 2OO..ma.,CARTRIDGES.

This photograph will assist quick identification of thedifterent types, and the cliatinotionbetween rimmed, semi-rimless and rimless cartridge oan be seen clearly. Note that the colours pink,black, etc. refer to colour bands of paint or varnish at the junotion of .be mouth of the case andbullet. Note also the truncated tip of the 77mm. explosive bullet, item S.PLATE D.-COMPARATIVE PHOTOGRAPH OF 127.mm., 200.181D.2SO-mm. AND 370-._. CARTRIDGES.

This gives a good general idea of the relative sizes an~ appearanoe of the cartridges. No samplesof the 20-mm. cartridges for the Type '97 ma.ohine gun -have been examined at Kirkee and ~ephotograph (item 6) has been built up from dimensions and other details reported. An expl"Qa~chart is attached to this plate.SUMMARY

23. This provides major details of the different types of 8. A. 4. and the weapons in whiohthey are used in a form suitable for quick reference. Dimensions and markings have been includedto enable cartridges to be identified readily. Fuller details will be given in the separate 1.A. Ls.on each type of cartridge.The "V" shown in the remarks column against certain items indica-tes that the ammunitionhas been examined at Kirkee and the details given are correct.24. It will be useful to mention lOme characteristics of J apaneae smaIl arm ammunitionwhich may help identification. -

(a) Base markings appear to be omitted from 65-mm., 77-mm. semi-rimlt ... , 77mm. ,.i,.kB8and 127-mm. 3e1ni-rifnkss cartridg... In the case of the 77-mm, rimmed cartridge which, asmentioned earlier, is a copy of the Brinsh SOS-ill. cartridge, base su ,m piug (" , Fla .. B) basbeen used.



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(h) Similarly, with the exception of the 7'i-mm. rimmed cartridge, no coloured marking onthe annulus is used. Where coloured annuli is found or markings on the base the cartridgeconcerned has probably been manufncsurcd outside Japan or the coloured varnish is used onlyto waterproof the cup.(c) 'I'he cap in Ga-nUll. cartridge is generally pressed in and- secured by three stabs

(01' stakes). This stabbing is honvy in this calibre and the cap is sunk considerably below thebase of the cnrtridge CIlSC.( < 7 ) In all calibres of small arms brass caps nppenr to he used exclusively. No instnnce of('()PP~l' caps have been found.

INTERCHANGEABILITY25. To know what Japanese ammunition can be used in our weapons find what ammunitionof ours can be used in Jupaness weapons is extremely useful if not essential. Some brief informa-tion on this subject is, therefore, included.To say thfit certain calibres o.fS. A. A. can be used in this or that weapon may be misleadingand dangerous unless there is a proper understanding of what is meant by the term "interchangeable"in its application to the use of S. A. A. in weapons for which it was not manufactured, It will be

useful, therefore, to make some brief remarks on this aspect:- .(a.) The fact tha.t two weapons may have the same calibre is no indication whatever thatthey take the same ammunition. i.e. that the cartridges manufactured for each are interchange-able. For instance, the Italian 65-mm. cartridge is quite unlike the Japanese 65-mm. cartridgeand one cannot be used in the weapon intended for the other; they are not intmchangeable.(b ) It may be taken as a sound rule that if the calibres listed are different they arcdefinitely not interchangeable. There are one or two exceptions to this but they do not concernJupanese ammunition and can be ignored.(c) The fact that a cartridge can, under certain conditions, be loaded and fired in a weaponother than that for which it is intended, even if it is of the same calibre, does not mean thntit is interchangeable with the correct cartridge in any sense. For instance, the Japa.nese

65-mm. cartridge call be placed by hand in the chamber of the Italian 65-mm. rifle and withdifficulty be fired. The combination is, however, dangerous and may result in a burst case andsevere escape of gas to the rear. The 45-in. : : \1. 1911 cartridge (Auto. Colt or Thompson MachineCarbine) can under certain conditions be fired in the 455-in. No.1 pistol; the result can be ahurst cylinder and serious injuries to the firer. Other less dangerous combinations will. Occurwhere results may be only difficult loading, bard extraction, or bad accuracy, etc. None of thesecombinations is, however, correct and the cartridges are not inierchanqeablc.(d ) For two cartridges to be classed as interchangeable, they must be identical in the formof the case and dimensions, and give approximately the same ballistic performance, i.e. muzzledvelocity and pressure, etc. Nevcrtheless, they may not feed properly from magazines or correctautomaticity may be impossible in automatic weapons. It is, therefore, desirable to use theterm "fully interchangeable" where it is known that the cartridges can be expected to behave

the same under all conditions. Even so, trialsa.re generally necessary to confirm tha.tcartridges intended for one weapon win give one hundred percent correct functioning in anothereven though the design of both is the same.26. A chart has been included at the back of Plate D to indicate, in a form for quick reference,what, cartridges, if any, of the main belligerent Powers are interchnrgeable, or fully interchangeable,with Japanese S. A. A. cartzidgea. Detailed information on cartridges of other Powers can,if re juired, be obtained through the Director of Arlna.mentp., G. H. Q. (I).

C. I. Amm.,Kil'kee.

First Issue,'May 1945.



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SMALL A R M S AMMUNITION.-p- FOR RIFLES, M ACHINE G UNS It PISTOLS.=-:

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ItestrtctedTHIS LEAFLET MUST NOTFALL INTO ENEMY HANDS

D. OF A. -( INDIA)JAPANESE AMMUNITION LEAFLETS

SECTION B.LEAFLET B 9.JAPANESE PISTOL ANDI MACHINE CARBINE AMMUNITION.

GENERAL.Although reports have mentioned calibres of 7-mm., 7.62-rnm. etc. for pistols and

machine carbines only two. calibres of ammunition are believed to be standard and in generaluse in .Japanese revolvers, S.L. pistols and machine carbines. Both these cartridges havebeen examined at Kirkee and this Leaflet is intended to give a detailed description of them.

( 1 " 1 , ) A semi-rimless 8-mm. Cart.ridge for use in S.L. (semi-automatic) pistols andmachine carbines.

(b) A 9-mm. rimmed cartridge for use in pistol revolvers.2. Before describing these cartridges it will be useful to mention briefly the various

weapons in which they are used.3. The 8-mm. (Nambu) semi-rimless cartridge is used in:-(a) 8-mm. S.L. (semi-automatic) pistol, Nambu Type :-

This is named after its designer, Colonel Kijiro Nambu. Although it resemblesthe German Luger pistol it is of Japanese origin and the mechanism is different.This was formerly the standard pistol of the .Japariese Army but was supersededby the 14th Year Type (Taisho 14) (1926. The Nambu pistol weighs about 2-ibs.and has an eight round box magazine in butt grip. The muzzle velocity is of theorder of 950 f. s.

(b) 8-mm. S.L. (semi-automatic) Pistol Type Taisho 14, (1926) :-This weapon supersedes the Nambu type pistol and although in appearance it

resembles the German Luger its mechanism follows the lines of the GermanMauser and the Italian Glisenti military semi-automatic pistols. It weighs about. 2.2-lbs. and has an eighc round box magazine in the butt grip. The muzzlevelocity is the same as for the Nambu type pistol.

(c) 8-mm. S.L. (semi-automatic) Pistol, Type '94 (1934): -This is a latest design of -Iapanese pistol and is much lighter than previous

designs weighing only 23 3/4-ozs. with the magazine empty, and 26-ozs. with themagazine filled. The barrel is slight.ly shorter and for this reason the MuzzleVelocity is slightly less, of the order of 900 f. s. The box type ma.gazine in thebutt grip holds six rounds.



2(d) a-mm. Machine Carbine Type '00 or 100 (1940) :-

This is a light blow back air-cooled automatic carbine, which appears to beissued in two types. One type has a one piece stock and fore-end while the otherhas a folding stock for use by paratroops. The latter is provided with a lightbipod similar to that used on the :F:innishSuomi carbine. The muzzle velocity isreported to be of the order of 1100 f. s.

4. The 9-mm. cartridge is a very old type and so far as is known is used only in tho9-mm. pistol revolver Type Meiji 26 (1893). This weapon is a copy of the old American .45Schofield Smith and Wessen revolver and in appearance is very much like the British Service(Webley revolver) having the same type of top breakdown frame, extraction, ejection, anddouble action trigger mechanism. The weapon is, however, very crude compared totheBritish Service No.1 or No.2 pistols, and in pistols examined here there' was no positivemethod of aligning or locking cylinder at time of firing. The weight of the revolver is 2t-Ibs.and the cylinder accommodates 6 rounds. The muzzle veloeit.y is reported to be of theorder of 520 f. s.

DESCRIPTION.8-mm. (NAMBU) SEMI-RIMLESS CARTRIDGE.

5. This cartridge with its bottle-necked semi-rimless case of an unusual design is notused by any other country. Itresembles generally the 7.65-mm. (.30-in.) Luger cartridge,but is considerably larger with a slightly heavier bullet. The general appearance of thiscartridge and the details of construction are given in the Plate, The round follows othodoxpractice, the case being made of solid drawn cartridge brass with a semi-rimless base. At themouth the case is necked down more than is usual with cartridges of this nature, this givingit a bottle neck appearance. The percussion cap is of brass and is a Berdan type secured inthe case by pressing in. No base or other markings are used.

The bullet is full jacketed with a lead alloy core and a cupronickel envelope, theweight being 100 grains. The propellant charge consists of about 4.0 grains of small pillow-shaped N.C. grains which fill the case to capacity. 'I'hese are of two distinct colours, onebeing ash coloured and the other pale yellow. Details of this propellan t are given underSummary of Data below. The velocity of this cartridge is of the order of 1000 f.s. in a shortbarrelled pistol and up to nearly 1100 in the longer barrelled machine carbine.

9-mm. RIMMED CARTRIDGE.6. This cartridge is very similar to the .38-in. Smith and Wessen revolver cartridge,but the case is approximately .I-in. longer. Its manufacture follows orthodox practice, asolid drawn case with a Berdan type percussion cap made of brass, which is secured in thecase by pressing in. Ithas a solid lead unjacketed bullet weighing 150grs. with a propellant.charge of about 3 grains of a smaller greenish grey pillow-shaped N.C powder, which fills thecase up to about one-third capacity. The bullet is seated in the case over a mill-board cupshaped wad. 'I'he general construction of this cartridge will be clear from the- Plate. Nobase or other markings are used.

PACKING.7. 8-mm. No details of packing are available at present.8. 9-mm. Fifty rounds are packed in fl o cardboard carton measuring 4-ins. x 2-ins.

x Ii-ins. A white paper label printed in black is pasted on the carton to indicate the typeof revolver, nature and quantity of contents. The inspection mark is in the centre of the label.Details of this carton are shown in the Plate.



3IDENTIFICATION.

9. The 8-mm. and 9-mm. rounds are readily identified by their sizes and appearancesshown clearly in the Plate.SUMMARY OF DATA.

10.Complete roundLength overallWeight

Bullet.Type

LengthDiameterWeight.Cart.ridge Case.TypeMaterialLengthDiameter over rim"\-Veight

Propellant.WeightComposition

Size

Percussion Cap.Type

8-mm.1.24-ins.159-grs.

Jaeketed ball; lead alloycore in cupronickelenvelope.0.59-ins.O.32-ins.100-grs.

Semi-rimlessSolid drawn brass0.84-ins.OAI3-ins.5~-grs.8-mm.4.63-grs.N C. 95.2 %Dipheny-lamine 4.8%0.05-in. x 0.05-in.x 0.04 in.

BerdanMnterial BrassDiameter 0.I79-in.Weight cap filled 1.69-grs.Weight of cap composition 0.12 grs.

9-mm.1.19-ins.203-grs.

Unjacketed ball; lead alloybullet.0.632-ins.O.354-inS.150-grs.

RimmedSolid drawn brassO.85-ins.OA3-ins.50-grs.9-mm.2.9-grs.N.C. 96%Dipheny-lamine 4%O.07-in. x O,07-in.x 0.03 in.

Berdan (similar to BritishS.A.A. Cartridge)BrassO.19-in. '1.67-grs.O.5-grs.HANDLING AND TRANSPORT.

(Of Ammunition by Ordnance)11. No special points, Treat as for similar British types.

HXPLOSION/FIRE RISK 8-mm.9-mm.GROUP CLASSIFICATIONCLASSIFICATION FOR SEA T'RANSPORT

C. I. Amn.)Kirkee,

5t-ozs.(3!!...oz.) per 100.0rounds.VI, Category X,O.A.S.

First Issue,s o u . September, 1945.



CARTRIDGE, S.A'J BALL, (S z . . W. T'(PE) 9 MM. RIMMED.

P IS T O L . . M A C H I N E C A R B IN E A M M U N IT IO N ...--_--tC . I .AMM S/I~2.4KIRKE', AUG.'45

RESTRJCTED.

" GR Y~CO lOU~ED. CARD SOARD CAR1GN

WT.OF" COMPLETE ROUNO 'Ie 0,.WT OF' BULLET tOO GRS.

'.-...-- PROPE'LlANT N C.(4'~ GRS.)

CAP COMPOSiTION.

WT. OF COMPLETE ROUND 203GRSWT OF" e.U~LT 150 GRS.

D.."X'X)Oo--- LEAD ALLOV BUL.L.ETUN.JACKETEO

lIoo



Restricted

THIS LEAFLET MUST NOTFALL INTO ENEMY HANDS

D. OF A. (INDIA),JAPANESE AMMUNITION LEAFLETS

SECTION BLEAFLET B 11

AMMUNITION FOR 13-mm . TYPE 2 AND132-mm . TYPE 3 MACHINE GUNS

The following American Beporb" with slight alterations to suit printing facilities is reproduced.When actual ammunition is received, a more detailed J. A. L. will be issued*1\1. ~~~Y22~3~4r37 , if necessary. None of this ammunition has been received at Kirkco andReceived inKirkee SO far as is known this calibre has not yet been used in the Burma theatre.on 2 B - 4 - 4 : : ' . I

"Ammunitiqn for two types of 13 mm. Naval machine guns was recovered on Olark Field,Luzon. One type of ammunition is exactly 13 mm. and, is an entirely new type. The other is132 mm. and similar to known ammunition for the Type 93 A.A. gun. The 13 mm, is labelled fora Type 2, the 13 ~~ mm , for a Type 3 gun. There is documentary evidence of a Type '2 flexible and aType 3 fixed aircraft machine gun. Neither have yet been recovered.AMMUNITION fOR TYPE 2 GUN (13 mm .)

Documentary data on this gun is as follows:-Muzzle VelocityRate of fireWeight

2640 ft/sec.900 rds/min.376 .lbs.

The ammunition recovered is' tracer, H.E.-tracer, and incendiary .. The last two rounds arefuzed; the tracer has a dummy fuze,.Projectiles

1. All projectiles are fixed in the cases by three crimps at the cannelure, the junction is coatedwith a clear lacquer. Exterior dimensions are the same, Each has a smooth rotating band with aforward slope. The ogive starts at the bourrelet and is completed by the fuze.(a) TRACER PROJECTILE

This projectile has a dummy hollow f.uze ~nd. an empty forward cavity. The base cavity isfilled with yellow tracer compound. Burning time IS 4-1/2 seconds,(b) H. E.-TRACER PROJECTILE

This projectile has a fuze and gaine. Below the gaine the forward cavity is filled with pentolite.The base cavity contains yellow tracer.(c) INCENDIARY PROJECTILE

The entire explosive cavity below the gaine is filled with a canister containing cast whitephosphorus. This is similar in shape to the cannister used in the 25 mm. incendiary round. Thegaine presumably is sufficient to crack the case and cannister thus igniting the phosphorus.



.,ROJECTILE DATAOverall length without fuzeDiameter at bourreletDiameter of 'bodyDiameter of rotating band lipWall thickness of bodyDistance from bourrelet to noseDistance from band to baseWidth of bandWeight of projectile empty;-TracerH. E. 'I'racerIncendiary

Weight of fillings ;-Tracer, tracer chargeH. E. Tracer, H. E. ChargeIncendiary, incendiary charge

Threads of fuze pocket ;-Per inchOutside diameter of threadslength o f threaded portion

1583 ins."512 "

'535 ".. , .094 ".402 "394 ".197 "

. . . 4198 grains.37~6 "3750 "

124 ,t231 "386 "32 U. S.'std.346 ins.283 "

Case and Propellant. 2. ,rr~e ca~e is brass of th,c reduced r~m type similar to the Type 99, 20 111m.ammunition. Thprimer is identical to the pruner used m that case. (Usual Berdan Type S, A. A. Cap.]. Thepropellant is graphited fine cylindrical grains of smokeless powder. Analyst~ was notavailable.

CASE DATAWeight of caseWeight of propellantLength overallLength of neckLength of bodyLength of base,Exterior diameter of neckExterior diameter of upper shoulderExterior diameter of lower shoulderExterior diameter of extractor grooveExterior diameter of base

4922 grains.1142 ". . . 2.480 ins .472 "1772 "236 n.343 "441 "709 "551 "673 "

Fuze3. The fuze is an air column type. Itis made in one piece of brass. The gaine is a Iigh]alloy and threads into the fuze with a right hand thread. It contains i:1 primer over a lead azidecore imbedded in PETN. On impact the nose crushes the closing disc compressing the ail' in ,thecolumn and producing enough heat and pressure to detonate the primer.



3FUZE DATA

Weight of fuze completeWeight of gains completeWeight of explosive

617 grains.12 ti "62' "

Color and Mar:kings4. The projectiles follow the color code of the Type 99 20 .mm. aircraft ammunition without; thesystem of white bauds. The tracer round is red, the H. E.-tracer red with a 50 mm. brown bandimmediately forward of rotating band, and the incendiary round yellow. The dummy fuze in thetracer is red too. The fuzes are unpainted except for. the closing disc which is red. There areno markings on the fuze, proj ectile, or case. The primers are sealed with bla ck lacquer in all rounds,but this is without significance as to type of round.AMMUNIT~ON FOR THE TYPE 3 GUN (13"2 mm.}

According to documents this hut fixed A. 0, M, G. representing < 1 , mod ificabion of U. S.-~12 gOcalibre Browning A. O.M. G. statistics are;- ,Muzzle velocityRate of fire

The ammunition appears to be the same design as the ammunit.ion forThe rounds recovered are tracer-ball, A. P., and H. E. I. All are Iuzeless.ball projectile appear identical with the projectiles for the 'I'ypc va gun.

2,600 H/sec.BOOrd s /m i n .

the type 9;3 A. A. gun.The A. P, and tracer-

Projectiles.1. Tho, projectiles arc of tho copper-jacketed type. They have a long ogive, a relatively shallowsingle cannelure and a boat-t ailed base. The case is secured by three short crimps.

'I'his projectile has a mild-steel 001'0 chilled at the base for the tracer. The trucercavity is.. notfilled flush with the base. n h, .....PROJECTILE DATA:

Overa111ength ;-Tracer-ballA.P.H.E.I.

Maximum diameterDistance from maximum diameter to baseV Ieight of projectile empty;-

Tracer-ballA. P.H. E. I.

-2.441 inches.2284 "2441 "520 ".422 "6914 grains.7994 ". . . . 6837



4Weight of fillings-\-

TracerH,E.I.:-

PETNIncendiary mixture

3 0 9 grains.

'" 108 ". . . 2 4 . 7 "Case and Propellant

2. The case is rimless brass. The primer is the same as that used in the 13mm. case.The propellant cons.ists of small graphited cylindrical grains, larger than the 13 mm, propellant.

CASE DATAWeight of caseWeight of propellantLength overallLength of neckLength of bodyLength of baseExterior diameter of neckExterior diameter of upper shoulderExterior diameter of lower shoulderExterior diameter of extracter grooveExterior diameter of base

'8 1 4 9 grains.2006 "3898 ins.787 ", 2855 "256 "571 "729 "8~7 "669 "795 "

Color and Markings3. The only color marking is the color of t.he lacquer used to seal the primer. The regularaircraft ammunition code is used.

Tracer- ball Red '(designated tracer by the Japanese).A. P. White.H.E.I.

There are no other markings".Yellow (designated incendiary by the Japanese},

NOTE BY C. I. AMN.; KIRKEE'I'his report clarifies the p.osition considerably in regard to 13-mm .. and 132-1nm. ammunition,see J, A. L. B. 1, para. 16 and sheet 4 of Summary. Itseems clear now:-

, / (a) That the Type '93 A.A.jA.T. gun and its ammunition is known as l32-mm., similar132-mm. ammunition described in the report above being used in the Type 3 Machine Gun.( b ) An entirely different size of cartridge being used in the Type 2 A. O. Machine Gun andknown as l3-mm. This is a new type of ammunition with a belted cartridge, of which we havehad no definite .information previously.( c ) That the type 3 Gun may be an improved version of the Type '93 A.A.jA.T. Gundesigned to take the same l3'2-mm. ammunition, while the Type 2 Gun is a new design, takingentirely different amm unition, for use as an aircraft cannon.

O . r. Amn . ,Kirkee,

First ISSUe,16th' June'1945.



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, ,PLATE BFUZE MADE OF BRASS E:t.CEPT FUZE MADE OF BRASS EXCEPTWHERE OTHERWISE STATED. WHERE OTHERWISE STATED.

T HREE V EI'1 T HOLES.Af.STRIKER HEAD. OODEN HAa. .h lER .STRIKER (STEEL.).BOOY UPPER HALF.CENTRIFUGAL BOLTS PR ING (S TEEL )CENTRIFUGAL BOLTCLOSING PLUG .

195

FUZE,PERCUSSION,O.A.TYPE '93 ( SMALL)

DETONATOR F.OF M.DETONATOR HOLDERBODY LOWER HALFSHUTTER SPRING &SHUT TER SPR IN G P INSHUTTERH O L D E R F O R S H U T T E R &D E T O N A T O R A S S E M B LYGAINE C L O S I N G PLUGW ITH PER fO RA TfD G .P.Pi:LLEl.TIN FOIL DISC.LEAD AZIDE PEllET.

FUZE MADE OF BRASS E.XCEPTWHERE OTHEP,WISE STATED. CLOSING DISC.STRIKER (STEEL)

BODY.C E N T R I F U G A L FORK.

CENTR IF UG AL F OR K

DETENT (STEEL)DETENT SPRINGSTRIKER GUIDE (L.H.T W O T O M M Y H O L E S .C L O S IN G C U PF.OF M.T I N FOIL DISCL E A D A Z IDE PEL LET.

'v'

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FUZE,PERCUSSION,O.A.B ELIE VED ,rvp E 1 00 (S MA LL).r u z s MADE OF BRASS EXCEPTW HERE OTHE~W ISE SlATED.

C L O S I N G D IS C .

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(STEEL) .

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-L'_- A Z I O E P E L L E T .

FUZE, PERCU SSION. D.A. ~( I.e. ... M. F . H .) 'v '

FUZES. NOSE. P E R C U S S IO N , D . A ..F O RJAPANESE 2 0 M M . A M M U N I T I O N .DIMENSIONS IN I N Q 4 E S .



RESTRICTED. PLATE CfUZE MAOE OF BRASS EXCEPTWHERE O T H E . R JI S E . S T A T E D .

FUZE. MAtlE OF BRA~ [)(cPTW H E R E t l ' T H E R W lS e S T A T E D .

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D . OF A . ( INDIA)JAPANESE AMMUNITION LEAFLETS

SECTION B.LEAFLET B 16

CARTRIDGES, S.A., 20-mm.FOR

TYPE '97 A.T. MACHINE GUN.

GENERALThe Type '97 A.T. Machine Gun is a gas operated, air cooled, automa-tic weapon. and isusually fired in the prone position from the shoulder: it can be carried into positions inaccessi-ble to other anti-tank weapons.2. Apart from A.P. and A.P./T. rounds, H.E /1. (fuzed), H.E.!!. (fuzeless), R.E./T_ andH.E./T. self destroying rounds also exist for this weapon but the only one examined at Kirkeeis the H.E./I. No details are available on the other types and therefore they are pot includedin this Leaflet. Although this machine gun is reported to be a single purpose weapon (A.T.),the existence of various types of HE. round suggests that it is also used fI~ainst;~thin-skinnedvehicles. .

In this Leaflet it is proposed to discuss the H.E.jI. (fuzed) round only.

DESCRIPTION3. 'I'he Plate A gives details of the complete round whereas Plate B ShOWA'ts externalappearance and method of packing.4. Cartridge Case. The case is of brass and is similar in design to that for the 20-mm.

Type '98 gun, though of smaller dimensions. It is secured on to the projectile by three longcrimps. The length is 4.9-in.5. l'ropellant: The charge weighs 1.34 ozs. and consists of tubular grains of

graphited N. C.A sheet of lead tin foil, 2.1' x 1 7" x .002" in size is included as a . decopp~ri:ng agent.6. Primer. The primer used is tho type 'R' which has already been described

in J.A.L. E2. (a).



27. Shell H.E./Incendiary. The shell body is machined from steel bar and is drilled

from the nose to hold 92 grains of an incendiary composition above which' are 49 grainsof H.E The incendiary composition consists of Barium nitrate, Aluminium, Magnesium andWax and the H. E. of R.D.X. and Wax.8. Fuze. The fuze used is the. Type '93 small (typo 'A') described in J.A.L. BI5.

PACKING9. The rounds examined at Kirkee, were received packed, each round in a cardboardcontainer, a photograph of which is included at Plate B

IDENTIFICATION10. This shell is painted black with a yellow band around the middle of the body and ared band immediately below the shoulder. Note the length of the cartridge case which is

4.9 inches. A label in Japanese characters attached to the cardboard container indicatesthe calibre and type of ammunition.

HANDLING AND TRANSPORT( Of captured ammunition by Ordnance)11. See J.A.L. Bl and B15.

O. A. S. (c)

EXPLOSION/FIRE RISKGROUP CLASSIFICATIONCLASSIFICATION FOR SEA TRANSPORT

3.6 oz. (for 12 rds.)VI, Co. tegory Z.

0.1. Amn.,Kirkee. First t S S 1 t e 126th June; 1946. '



RESTR\CT .ED . PLATE A

3-34"

PRIMERTYPE 'H'

FUZE TYPE'9~SMALL)

7-65"8\Z"

CARDBOARDCONTAINER

~APANE8ECARTRIDGE s.A. 20 MM. H.E/I.FOR TYPE '87 A./T. MACHINE GUN. C.l.A MN .S ;L480 .



RESTRICTED. PlATE 8

L-1APANE5ECARTR lOGE B.A. 20M"". H.E!-I.FOR

TYPE '97 A/_T MAC~IN[ GUN.

III 1 11 , 1 .rrn ,I : I I , \01 5

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~ FUZe: TYPE '~3 . (SMALL)

REO BANO~YELL~W BAND~

""""__F'ELT WASHER.

._- OEcoppERING 5TRIP.( l.EAt)!IN Al.LOY)

49III

COMPLETE W T . 10l OZ5.

OiMENS.lCN5 I~INCHES.

IrSHELL PAlNT~D/ SL"CK.

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STEMC tLLE t) INVIOLET .

_.:;-- B~5E SiAM?Itoli.

IC.I.AMN. 5/14-76.ItQR~EE.JUNE 46



Restricted


D. OF A. (INDIA)JAPANESE AMMUNITION LEAFLETS


CARTRIDGES, S.A., 20-MM.,FOR

JAPANESE TVPE '98 A.A./A. T. GUN

GENERALThe Type '98 A.A./A.T. gun is an all purpose, gas operated, air-cooled, automaticweapon which is usually fired on a tripod but which is also mounted on wooden wheels formobility. It has proved effective against low flying aircraft but may also be used as an A:T.weapon or as a heavy machine gun. '2. This weapon uses the largest cartridge case of all the .20-mm~ types and con-sequentlya large propellant charge can be loaded and a high muzzle velocity obtained. It isreported that the muzzle velocity is 2720it./sec. and that this gives a maximum ground rangeof 5450 yds. and a ceiling of 12,000 feet. .3. So far. five types of projectile are known to be used in the equipment and theseare shown together with a typical complete round in the drawing at the end of this Leaflet;three of these projectiles have actually been examined here and these are indicated on thedrawing by a "V". A chart summarising all the data for these rounds is also included at theend of this Leaflet.

DESCRIPTION4. Cal1iridge Case. This is a solid drawn brass case of the rimless 8-.A.A: type

recessed at the base to take a push-in type 'R' primer described in J.A.L. E. 2 (a). A lipformed in the cartridge head is turned over to secure the primer, already a very tight fit, inposition. The case is heavily neoked and is crimped into a cannelure and this secures theprojectile to the case.' ./5. Propellant. The cartridge case is loosely filled with graphited tubular grains of

propellant which consist of N.C. stabilized with diphenylamine and D.N.T. A sheet oflead/tin foil is included as a decoppering agent,PROJECTILES

6. H.E./Tracer. 'I'he shell body is machined from steel bar and the method offilling follows normal practice for such rounds. A type A' fuze (See J.A.L. B. l~) screws into.the nose. The base is closed with a screwed plug which has a eentral hole to allow the: pro



27. H.E'/T. Self.-Destr91in[:_ The method of construction of this shell is generally

similar to that of the H.E,/T. shell but the central portion is drilled to take theself-destroying element; this consists of A. brass tube filled with rnealed G.P. which connectsthe two compartments. The shell is fuzed with a fuze Type "B" (See J A.L. B. 15). The shellactually examined here had a main filling of gunpower and bore a marking in Japanesecharacters meaning" Practice". These shell then are obviously used for practice purpo sesbut it is probable that they are merely a modification of a service design normally filled withH. E., especially as a fuze with a detonating gaine was fit.ted to the specimen examined. Thismeans that shell, identical in external appearance with the practice round except in thestencilling, may by encountered with an H. E. filling.

8- H.E./I. This is made in two pieces; the head, containing the H.E. filling, screwsinto the body which contains the incendiary composition. There is no fuze, the H.E. fillingbeing sufficiently sensitive to detonate on impact.

9. A.P.lT. This is a hardened steel bullet recessed at the base to take the tracingand priming compositions and closed with a screwed plug.

10. Practice. This is a wooden bullet fitted with a driving band, and is used as..bullet.ed blank.

PACKING11. No details of bulk packing are known, but the round received in Kirkee waspacked in a cylindrical cardboard carton, closed at one end and having a hollow woodencylinder inside the closed end to receive the shell. Two labels were pasted on the cartongiving the type of round, gun in which fired and the date and place of manufacture .

.HANDLING AND TRANSPORT( Of captured ammunition by Ordnance)12. See J.A.Ls. B. 1 and B. 15.

I H,E,rr'j H.E./1'/SD I H.E/I .~_~.:T ! Practice II

EXPLOSION/FIRE RISK Iioz. 11 oz. 1 Iioz. I-oz. I I-oz.I,----- !GROUP CLASSIFICATION VI, Z I VI, Z VI, Z VI X I VIaX. !\ I ICLASSIFICATION FOR SEATR,ANSPORT O. A. S. (0)

c. 1. A m 1 f . , First Issue,8th December, 1945.



Kirk,e.RESTRIOTED.

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Itesiricted.THIS LEAFLET MUST NOTFALL INTO ENEMY HANDS

D . OF A . (INDIA ) SECTION B -JAPANESE AMMUNITION LEAFLETS LEAFLET B 18

CARTRIDGES S. A., 20-MMFOR-

TYPE '99 AIRCRAFT CANNON

GENERALOf all the types of 20-mm. equipment" the Type '99 A. C. Cannons were the roostextensively used in the Burma campaign and large quant.it.ies of ammunition were captured.

'I'he 20-mm. aircraft. cannon is reported to be used in the majority of Japanese planes, bothus fixed guns in fighter planes and as flexible guns in bombing planes.

2. Four versions of this cannon are known to exist namely :-(i) Fixed A.C. Cannon Mk. 1.(ii) .Fixed A.C, Cannon Mk. II.(iii) Flexible A.C. Cannon Mk. I, and(iv) Flexible A.C. Cannon Mk. II

These cannons have often been converted to ground weapons and used in defensive posit.ions.In some instances they have been found on well constructed mounts with A A. or A.T.sights attached; in others they were on poorly constructed, hastily improvised tripods andwere not equipped with sights.

3. The following data, taken from reports, will be useful :-Fixe



24. It should be noted that the ammunition for the different marks of these cannonsis not interchangeable as the size of the catridge cases differs; the cartridge case for Mk. Icannons is 2.8-in. long as against 3.9-in. for the one usod inMk. II. So far as is known theprojectiles can be fired from any of these weapons.5. A chart giving the summarised details of all the known types of ammunition isincluded in this Leaflet ; those items marked with a 'V' have been critically examined at

Kirkee and the details given are correct; details of other types, which are taken from reportsare given for the sake of completeness.

DESCRIPTlor~6. The drawings at Plates A and B show the genoral appearance and details ofconstruction of all the known types. Only typical rounds have been included i in the Plates,and except for the colour markings and slight differences in internal dimensions etc., theyare representative of the particular type.

CARTRIDGE7. A drawing of a typical cartridge case is shown in Plate A. The case is made ofbrass with R rimless base. the anvil being formed integral with the case. It has a very short.neck and is secured on to the projectile by three Ior.g or six short crimps.Dimensions are given in Plate A. The internal walls are well finished with brasscoloured lacquer or varnish.

As stated above, another type of cartridge case (1\1k. II) is known to be used, whichis similar in construction but of larger dimensions. The Jength of case is 3.9-in. No sampleof this type of case has been received at Kirkee,8. Percussion cau-The cap is of brass, of the Berdan type, and is pressed into the

case. The caps of the rounds-examined here were found to hold a charge varying from1.3 grs, to 1.9 grs. of a composition similar 'to British 'A'm.ixture e. g. mercury fulminate,potassium chlorate and antimony sulphide.9. Propellant-The propellant is 1003ein the case andr consists of N,C. powder; full

details are given in the chart at the end of this Leaflet.No decoppering foil was found in the rounds examined here.

PROJECTILES10. H. E. (dark brown body)-The shell body is machined from a steel bar and is

drilled out from the nose to hold the H.E. filling. The inside. walls are well finished withblac~ lacquer or varnish. Below the driving band is a cannelure for the nt.tachment of thecar-tridge case. The fining consists of about 160 grs. of Pentolite (40:60) having a recess inthe top for the fuze gaine.

11. H.E, Tracer (red body with 1white band)-The shell body follows the usual~.E./T construction. Dimensions are shown in Plate A. At the base of the tracer cavity isa push-fit steel sleeve holding a priming composition and closed by a thin brass disc securedin place by the wall of the sleeve being spun over.

Details of fillings are given in the chart.



12. H. E. Traser Self-Destroying (Red body with 3white bands)-The construc-tion of this shell is identical to that of H.E. tracer shell (Para 11 above) with the differencethat it holds a self destroy-ing element, which consists of a black charge (presumably gun-powder) housed in the central partition and connected by black powder pellets to the H. E.filling.

It is important to note that the gaine of the fuze (Type 'D') used in this shell, isreported to hold black powder charge pellets in the gaine filling (P.E.T.N.) also.13. H.E. Incendiary {greenish yellow with 2 white bands)-'l.'he shell is very

similar to the H.E. shell (Para 10) except for the internal cavity which tapers towardsthe base.It holds an H.E. filling (T.N.T.) in the lower portion above which is an aluminiumcapsule containing white phosphorus. Above and surrounding this capsule is a pyrotechnicmixture consisting chiefly of H.C. powder; for details see chart.

14. Armour Piercing {black body)-This is a normal A.P. bullet and can bedistinguisheclhy its black colour and solid steel body with a pointed nose. None of thesehave been examined at Kirkee,15. Armour Piercing Incendiary- (white body)-This has a. soft copper nose cap

0.016-in. thick, extending 7/16-in. from the tip of the bullet. The incendiary cavity isdrillod from the base and is threaded internally to take the steel closing plug.The filling is reported to be a green and silver coloured powder; full details are notavailable.16. Bag Burster Tracer {red body)-This round is reported (being the las't one

loaded into the magaz ine) to be the first round fired from the cannon to break the tapecap over the muzzle. The bullet can be distinguished by its red colour end blunt nose. Thetracer cavity which is drilled from the base is closed by a thin brass disc, secured to thebase of the bullet by being spun over. Details of the tracer composition are not known.17. Training Round (bIsck body)-According to information available, the bullet is

of the same weight and shape as the fuzed rounds. It has the appearance of typicaltraining ammunition where weight and shape of the projectile is important and it is desiredto eliminatevexplosive damage to the target.

FUZES18. The fuzes used with the various rounds are shown in the. fuze column in thecharts at the end of this Leaflet and have been already described in J.A L. B 15.

IDENTIFICATION19. See Plate A, J.A.L. B 15. These cartridges can be identified from other types of20-mm. ammunition by the length of the cartridge case which is almost equal to that ofthe fuzed shell. Note the elaborate system of colour bands, and the many varieties of shellin existanee.The ammunition used in the Mk. II cannons is known to have a longer cartridge casebut up to date no samples have been received here.



HANDLING AND TRANSPORT(Of captured ammunition by Ordnance)20. See J.A.L. Bl Para. 20.

HE. H.E./T.' H.E./T. H . E . / I . I - A.P. A.P./I B.B:!'. TrainingS.D.EXPLOSION/FIRE 3-1bs. 4-lbs. 3i-lbs. 3t-lbs. li-lbs. 21-1bs. 2~-Ibs, 1-Ibs.RISK.(Per 100Rds.)

GROUP CLASSIFICA- VI, Y VI, Z I XII, Y VI, Z VI, YI, Z XII, YI VI, YTION.CLASSIFICATION O. A. S. (c)FOR SEA TRANS-PORT

O.I. Amn., First Issue,



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,Restrictea

THIS LEAFLET MUST' NOTFALL INTO ENEMY HANDS.



CARTRIDGES, S.A., 20-mm.,FOR

Ho5 A/C. CANNON.

GENERALTI e Ho 5 A/C Cannon is a scaled up version of the ordinary Japanese 12.7-mm. A/C.Cannon and in design and eonat.ruct.ion represents an immense improvement over the previous

::!O-mm. A. M. G3. It is recoil-opera tied, belt-fed, air-cooled machine gun and it is mountedeither in the wing or in a power' operated turret. It is fired electrically by remote controland works on the Browning principle,2. The cyclic rate of fire of this gun is as high as 950 r. p. m. Muzzle velocities of

2300 f. s, with A. P. ammunition and 2430 f. B. with H. E. ammunition are obtained. It hasn penetration performance of 7/8-in. homogeneous plate at 20 at 200 yards, and 1/2-in. at20 at 850 yards. 'I'he effective range is believed to be 600 yards. The maximum weightlifting capacity of the belt, which is of the disintegrating metal link type, is 62-lbs.

3. So far as is known, four types of ammunition are believed to be used in this equip-ment and these are shown in the drawing at Plate A. Only three of these projectiles haveactually been exa.rnirrad at Kirkee and these are indicated on the drawing by a V'. A chartsummarising all the data available on these rounds is also included at t.he end of this Leaflet.

DESCRIPTIONCARTRIDGE CASE

4. The case is of brass of the rimless S. A. A. type with a slight taper towards theneck and is 3.7-ins. long. A primer Type G, described in J. A. L. E. 2 (b), is pressed into thebase of the case. The case is slightly necked and is secured t.o the projectile by 3 long or 6short indents.PROPELLANT

5. In the cartridges examined at Kirkee the propellant charge consisted of graphitecltubular grains of N. C. stabilised with D. P. A. and D. N. T., a small. piece of lead/tinfoilbeing incorporated as a decoppering material. Other rounds, not examined here, are reportedto use au N. C. propellant, containing a small quantity of N. G. For details see chart at endo r Leaflet.PROJEC'rILES '"

6. A. P. /Tracer. This is a solid steel shot recessed at the base to take' the tracingand primin~omposid~s and closed by a perforated screwed plug. The projectile is painted



Another A. P./T. round similar to the above has been examined at Kirkee. The onlydifference is in the tracing composition, and this is believed to give a greenish white traceThe projectile is painted black with a green and white band on the body.7. H. E. II. Fuzeless. This round is somewhat similar to the Japanese 12-7- mm.

H. E./I. shell described in para. 15 of J. A. L. B. 12. "I'he shell consists of a steel .bodycontaining an incendiary composition of 'aluminium, barium nitrate and magnesium. A hollowbrass nose piece screws into the nose of the shell body; externally this resembles a fuze, butis actually hollow and is filled with R. D. X. and P. E. T. N. On impact the nose crushes,detonating the H. E. filling and igniting the incendiary composition.

8. H. E'/ Incendiary. Shells with two different colour markings may be found, butthey are essentially the same. The shell body may be painted black withou tA ny colour bands,or black overall with yellow band in the middle and red band just below the fuze, The formertakes the one piece strikerless fuze designated Type H in para. 6 of J. A. L. B. 15. The shellwith the colour bands take the Type G fuze which is reported to be identical with the Type100 (small) fuze, except that the body is made of aluminium alloy.

9. H. E. Incendiary. Same as above but the body is painted silver-grey without anycolour bands. Fuze Type J,a two-piece strikerless type without any separate gaine, is used.10. Practice. This is a practice shell of exact shape and dimensions as the H.E.

Incendiary shell when fuzed. Ithas no filling and is closed at the base by a screwed plug. Thisround is often referred to as an empty cartridge.IDENTIFICATION

11. The comparative photograph in J.A. L. B. 15 will be useful in distinguishingammunition for the 20-mm. Ho 5 from other rounds of the same calibre. Note the lengt.hof the cartridge case which is 3-7-ins.

12. A different colour scheme is used in this ammunition. The marking on these projec-tiles indicates a tendency for the Army to abandon its elaborate system of colour bands, andrely on the difference in external appearance to identify the projectiles. In almost all cases,colour bands are used only where no external difference exists.

HANDLING AND TRANSPORT( Of captured ammunition by Ordnance )13. See J.A.Ls. B. 1 and B. 15.

H.E./T. H.E./I. .H. E./I. PracticeFuzelessEXPLOSION/FIRE RISK ioz. !oz ioz t oz.( Per rd. )GROUP CLASSIFICATION VI VI- VI VICat. X Cat. Z Cat. Z Cat. XCLASSIFICATION FOR SEATRANSPORT O.A. S. (C) O. A. S. (C) O. A. S. (C) O.A.S.(C) -

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PLATE.DR E S T R I C T E D . COPPEROlSO.

BR~S FUZE NOSE.STRIKER HEAD (DURALUMIN). -{ ~A IFSTAMPED MARK INO ON REVERSE. ~ .R .H .T. l-AGV.,TOMMY HOLES.BRASS fUZE BOD'1 ' .NEEDLE. SlEEL (JOINED TO DURAlUMINST~'\('ER HEAD ') . .CLOSING PL U G (P~N1ED W HilE ).CEN1 RIFUG Al BOLT (B RA SS ).CENTR ifU GAL SO lT SPR ING l\N -rou DISC

~~~~~~~~. DE10NA lO~ HOLDER .DEtO NATO R (F .O F M.IN COPPER SHELL ) .R.H.T.SHUllE~.HOLOE~ fOR DETONATOR A N D SHUilE~AS SEMB L'f L.H.i.PRESSED G.P. \54 GRS.

7 BRASS BOOS tER PLUG (R.H. l. ).P APER D ISCS .lEAD A 'liOE PELLET 2.5 GRS.c . E.ntie ORS.GAINE ( DURALUMIN ) .

WEIGHT OF FUZE COMPLETE WITH GAlNE \48 or.SHUTTER.P IVOT P IN . --MVSTOP p tN .

SHUTTER ASSEMBLV IN HOLDER.CENTRIFUGAl BOLT. (!1 J

P APER D ISC -------+--l~C A P C O M P O S I T IO N

P O T A .S S I U M C H LO R A T E }A N T IM O N V S U l P H I t l 1 1 4 G R S .M E R C U R Y fU L M IN A T E

~~~~-- LACQUERED PAPER DISC.PR ES SED G . P . PELLET_o l IGRS .BRASS BOD'1 '.A NV IL {BRASS )

IF.;: :!l~ ill:?'''''_ -- 8RASS CAP (1 5 43 GRs . F ILLED)TIN fO lL D IS C.t---'63 .j

PRIMER. CD"PUS H IN" TY PE

D .A . F U Z E & " P U S H - I N " T Y P E P R I M E RFORJ A P A N E S E N A V A L A . A . C A R T R I D G E S 2 5 M M . ( R I M L E S S )

SHUTlE R DETENT BOLT

A N V I L .

SK EEl ~ OF 3 SK EETSC. I .AMM.5 /931 .KIRKEE. NOV.1944.



RestrictedTHIS LEAFLET MUST NOTFALL INTO ENEMY HANDS


SECTION BLEAFLET B 21(a)CAR TR IDG ES, S. AI, 25-mm.,FORTYPE '96 A.A./A.T. GUN.

GENERALA number of types of ammuntion is known to exist, in the 25-mm. calibre and theseinclude shell of eight different colour markings, four types of shell design and an A.P. shot.Two of .the~e de~jgns have already been discussed in J.A.L. B 21; another two designs will bedealt wit.h Inhis Leaflet, For reference purposes the following arbitrary types have beenallotted :-Type 'A' design :-See sketch of H E./T shell in Plate A of J.A.L. B21.!.ype 'B' design :-See sketch of H.E. shell in Plate B of J.A.L. B21. ,Type 'C' design :-80e sketch of H.E./T shell (long

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