japan’s attack on china caused us alarm as to trade status – open door policy japan declared...
TRANSCRIPT
• Japan’s attack on China caused US alarm as to trade status – Open Door Policy
• Japan declared policy obsolete• US retaliated by loaning money to
China and asking US munitions makers not to sell to Japan
• Sep 1940 – US stopped sale of scrap iron to Japan – Japan retaliated by signing alliance with Germany and Italy
• FDR extended embargo to machine tools
• Neither Japan nor US wanted war – US made demands Japan refused to meet concerning expansion in Asia
• Japanese code broken – US knew attack imminent
• Surprise attack knocked US Pacific fleet out of action
• 2,300 killed 1,100 wounded• Admiral Kimmel and General Short
blamed• Defeat due to confusion and poor
communication at all levels
• Though Democrats retained majorities in both houses, conservatives kept lid on many of FDR’s initiatives
• Roosevelt good war leader but poor administrator – inspired the nation towards war effort but administration mired in confusion, inefficiency, bickering
• War caused huge increase in production effectively ending the Depression
• The South saw a revival with more manufacturing also establishment of many military camps
• By December 1941, Depression-era administrations squabbling with industry over resources, etc. FDR refused to get involved
• By 1943 economy was being managed by Office of War Mobilization under former Supreme Court Justice Byrnes
• Rents, wages, food prices were strictly regulated
• Important food and other items were rationed
• Labor shortages caused by draft and increased manufacturing gave unions more power
• FDR created National War Labor Board to arbitrate disputes between labor and management
• Coal strike caused Congress to give president power to take over any war plant threatened by a strike
• Despite war, average citizen saw no drop in standard of living
• Production of cars ceased and gas severely rationed but all other civilian activities went on
• Meat, sugar, shoes rationed but average needs met
• Skirts shortened, cuffs disappeared, as did vests to conserve cloth
• Silk stockings no longer available
• Federal government spent more $ between 1941-1945 than in its entire previous history
• National debt rose from <$49 billion to >$260 billion
• More than 40% of expenditures met through taxation – high taxes on high incomes
• Annual incomes limited to $25,000
• Taxes paid even by the poorest segments of society
• First time taxes withheld by employers
• Tax policies resulted in smaller wealth gap
• Migrations to new industrial areas
• Population of California rose >50 %
• Marriage and birth rates increased
• Population increased 3 million during 1930’s – in next five years it rose 6.5 million
• Blacks treated better in military than in WWI
• Segregation still maintained in all services
• Segregation led to several small riots and mutinies
• US Navy continued to keep blacks in demeaning non-combat tasks
• Doris “Dorie” Miller
• Black economic situation improvedMore employedMigration to Northern citiesAcquired more advanced skills Concentration in ghettos increased political clout
• NAACP adopted a more militant stance• Whites reacted to black advancements with strikes – riots erupted
killing blacks and whites
• Thousands of Mexicans came north to take jobs
• Bracero Program – migrant agricultural work
• Work plentiful and standards of living rose
• Many Mexican-Americans served in military
• Zoot Suit Riots
Who's that whisperin' in the trees?It's two sailors and they're on leavePipes and chains and swingin' handsWho's your daddy, yes I amFat cat came to play now he can't run fast enoughYou had best stay away when the pushers come to shoveZoot suit riot, (Riot) Throw back a bottle of beerZoot suit riot (Riot) Pull a comb through your coal black hairZoot suit riot, (Riot) Throw back a bottle of beerZoot suit riot (Riot) Pull a comb through your coal black hairBlow DaddyA whipped up jitterbuggin' brown eyed manA stray cat frontin' up an eight-piece bandCut me Sammy and you'll understandIn my veins hot music ranYou got me in a sway, and I want to swing you doneNow you sailors know, where your women come for love
Zoot suit riot, (Riot) Throw back a bottle of beerZoot suit riot (Riot) Pull a comb through your coal black hairZoot suit riot, (Riot) Throw back a bottle of beerZoot suit riot (Riot) Pull a comb through your coal black hairYou're in a Zoot Suit riotZoot zy-ow - Zoot za zoo zay Hey al-oo-ay-en - zay zay zayZoot zy-ay-ay ow - Zoot za zoo zay Ze-zoo-ze-zehoo - day de dayYou got me in a sway, and I want to swing you doneNow you sailors know, where your women come for loveZoot suit riot, (Riot) Throw back a bottle of beerZoot suit riot (Riot) Pull a comb through your coal black hairZoot suit riot, (Riot) Throw back a bottle of beerZoot suit riot (Riot) Pull a comb through your coal black hairYou're in a zoot suit riot
• Indian assimilation was encouraged - >24,000 served in the war while others moved to cities and worked in factories
• Windtalkers- Navajo tribe used as radio operators as Navajo was unwritten language
• Pearl Harbor caused fear of Japanese sabotage
• Executive Order 9066 - Japanese to be interned in camps throughout the West
• Korematsu v. The United States
• 442nd Regimental Combat Team
• Women worked in almost all fields including high-paying industrial jobs
• Others enlisted in women military auxiliaries
• Men initially resistant – “women not capable”
• Demand for labor broke all barriers• Loneliness brought on infidelity and
divorce rates skyrocketed
Rosie the Riveter
• Allies decided to tackle Europe first• USSR and Britain had backs to wall• Allied planes began bombing
German cities from 1942 on• First American assault on North
AfricaChurchill’s motivesVichy French – Admiral DarlanKasserine Pass
• Attack on Sicily• Attack on Italy
Surrender of Italy Stalemate at Monte
Cassino Invasion at Anzio Mussolini killed by Italian
partisans
D-Day 6 June 1944 Invasion of Western Europe
• Patton’s drive east• Operation Market-Garden
Airborne assaults on bridges – cross Rhine River
• Battle of the Bulge Last-gasp attempt by Hitler to
stop Allied advance in West
• Bridge at Remagen• Race to Berlin• Concentration camps• May – VE Day• Deaths of Roosevelt & Hitler
Scissors beats paper every time!
Every individual flag equals 100,000 soldiers dead
Every individual skull equals 100,000 dead civilians
Every individual Star of David equals 100,000 dead Jews
• Battle of the Coral Sea – carrier battle – peak of Japanese expansion
• Battle of Midway – Japan goes on defense
• General Douglas MacArthur• Island Hopping
GuadalcanalTarawa, Saipan, GuamPhilippines
• Kamikazes• Battle of Leyte Gulf• Iwo Jima and Okinawa• Invasion of the Japanese
home islands?
Hell in the Pacific Parts I and II
• The Manhattan Project Multi-national effort under US
leadership Director - J. Robert
Oppenheimer
• Russian declaration of war against Japan 8 August 1945
• VJ-Day – 15 August
The Atomic Bomb
• Little Boy Uranium core Gun method Dropped on Hiroshima 6August
1945
• Fat Man Plutonium core Implosion method Dropped on Nagasaki 9 August
1945
Little Boy Fat Man
• Debate Was the use of nuclear weapons against Japan necessary
and/or ethical? Did nuclear weapons force the surrender of Japan? Was an invasion of Japan necessary to win the war?
• US pushed image of Russia (USSR) as a friend during war
• Russia appeared to back US plans for post-WWII world including UN
• Russia: seeking domination or security?
• YaltaUS agreed to Russian
annexation of Poland in return for free elections
Discussed partition of GermanyAgreed to establishment of UN
• PotsdamAllies agreed on war crimes
trialsConfirmed division of Germany
into occupied zonesCalled on surrender of Japan
• The General Assembly• The Security Council
(Permanent Members)US, Great Britain, USSR,
France, ChinaVeto