java (object oriented) this coursecannata/cs345/new class notes/04 hll 2 chom… · java (object...
TRANSCRIPT
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Dr. Philip Cannata 1
10
Java (Object Oriented)
ASP
RDF (Horn Clause Deduction, Semantic Web)
Relation
Jython in Java
This Course
High Level Languages
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Dr. Philip Cannata 2
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Lexical and Syntactic Analysis
• Chomsky Grammar Hierarchy
• Lexical Analysis – Tokenizing
• Syntactic Analysis – Parsing
• Hmm Concrete Syntax
• Hmm Abstract Syntax
Programming Languages
Noam Chomsky
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• Regular grammar – used for tokenizing • Context-free grammar (BNF) – used for parsing • Context-sensitive grammar – not really used for
programming languages
Chomsky Hierarchy
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• Simplest; least powerful • Equivalent to:
– Regular expression (think of perl) – Finite-state automaton
• Right regular grammar: ω ∈ Terminal*, A and B ∈ Nonterminal A → ω B A → ω
• Example: Integer → 0 Integer | 1 Integer | ... | 9 Integer | 0 | 1 | ... | 9
Regular Grammar
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• Less powerful than context-free grammars • The following is not a regular language
{ aⁿ bⁿ | n ≥ 1 } i.e., cannot balance: ( ), { }, begin end
Regular Grammar
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Regular Expressions
x a character x \x an escaped character, e.g., \n { name } a reference to a name M | N M or N M N M followed by N M* zero or more occurrences of M M+ One or more occurrences of M M? Zero or one occurrence of M [aeiou] the set of vowels [0-9] the set of digits . any single character
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Regular Expressions
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Regular Expressions
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(S, a2i$) ├ (I, 2i$) ├ (I, i$) ├ (I, $)
├ (F, )
Thus: (S, a2i$) ├* (F, )
Finite State Automaton for Identifiers
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•
Deterministic Finite State Automaton Examples
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Production: α → β α ∈ Nonterminal
β ∈ (Nonterminal ∪ Terminal)*
ie, lefthand side is a single nonterminal, and righthand side is a string of nonterminals and/or terminals (possibly empty).
Context-Free Grammar
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Production: α → β |α| ≤ |β| α, β ∈ (Nonterminal ∪ Terminal)*
ie, lefthand side can be composed of strings of terminals and nonterminals, however, the number of items on the left must be smaller than the number of items on the right.
Context-Sensitive Grammar
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• The syntax of a programming language is a precise description of all its grammatically correct programs.
• Precise syntax was first used with Algol 60, and has been used ever since.
• Three levels: – Lexical syntax - all the basic symbols of the language
(names, values, operators, etc.) – Concrete syntax - rules for writing expressions,
statements and programs. – Abstract syntax - internal representation of the program,
favoring content over form.
Syntax
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Grammars Grammars: Metalanguages used to define the concrete syntax of a language. Backus Normal Form – Backus Naur Form (BNF) • Stylized version of a context-free grammar (cf. Chomsky hierarchy) • First used to define syntax of Algol 60 • Now used to define syntax of most major languages
Production: α → β α ∈ Nonterminal β ∈ (Nonterminal ∪ Terminal)* ie, lefthand side is a single nonterminal, and β is a string of nonterminals and/or terminals (possibly empty).
• Example Integer → Digit | Integer Digit Digit → 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9
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Extended BNF (EBNF)
Additional metacharacters { } a series of zero or more ( ) must pick one from a list [ ] pick none or one from a list
Example
Expression -> Term { ( + | - ) Term } IfStatement -> if ( Expression ) Statement [ else Statement ]
EBNF is no more powerful than BNF, but its production rules are often simpler and clearer. Javacc EBNF
( … )* a series of zero or more ( … )+ a series of one or more [ … ] optional
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For more details, see Chapter 2 of “Programming Language Pragmatics, Third Edition (Paperback)” Michael L. Scott (Author)
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Internal Parse Tree
Abstract Syntax
int main ()
{
return 0 ;
}
Program (abstract syntax): Function = main; Return type = int params = Block: Return: Variable: return#main, LOCAL addr=0 IntValue: 0
Instance of a Programming Language:
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Now we’ll focus on the internal parse tree
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Parse Trees
Integer → Digit | Integer Digit Digit → 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9
Parse Tree for 352 as an Integer
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Arithmetic Expression Grammar
Expr → Expr + Term | Expr – Term | Term Term → 0 | ... | 9 | ( Expr )
Parse of 5 - 4 + 3
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• A grammar can be used to define associativity and precedence among the operators in an expression. E.g., + and - are left-associative operators in mathematics;
* and / have higher precedence than + and - .
• Consider the following grammar: Expr -> Expr + Term | Expr – Term | Term Term -> Term * Factor | Term / Factor | Term % Factor | Factor Factor -> Primary ** Factor | Primary Primary -> 0 | ... | 9 | ( Expr )
Associativity and Precedence
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Associativity and Precedence
Parse of 4**2**3 + 5 * 6 + 7
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Precedence Associativity Operators 3 right ** 2 left * / % 1 left + -
Note: These relationships are shown by the structure of the parse tree: highest precedence at the bottom, and left-associativity on the left at each level.
Associativity and Precedence
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• A grammar is ambiguous if one of its strings has two or more diffferent parse trees.
• Example: Expr -> Expr Op Expr | ( Expr ) | Integer Op -> + | - | * | / | % | **
• Equivalent to previous grammar but ambiguous
Ambiguous Grammars
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Ambiguous Parse of 5 – 4 + 3
Ambiguous Grammars
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Dangling Else Ambiguous Grammars
IfStatement -> if ( Expression ) Statement | if ( Expression ) Statement else Statement
Statement -> Assignment | IfStatement | Block Block -> { Statements } Statements -> Statements Statement | Statement With which ‘if’ does the following ‘else’ associate
if (x < 0) if (y < 0) y = y - 1; else y = 0;
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Dangling Else Ambiguous Grammars
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Program : {[ Declaration ]|retType Identifier Function | MyClass | MyObject} Function : ( ) Block MyClass: Class Idenitifier { {retType Identifier Function}Constructor {retType Identifier
Function } } MyObject: Identifier Identifier = create Identifier callArgs Constructor: Identifier ([{ Parameter } ]) block Declaration : Type Identifier [ [Literal] ]{ , Identifier [ [ Literal ] ] } Type : int|bool| float | list |tuple| object | string | void Statements : { Statement } Statement : ; | Declaration| Block |ForEach| Assignment |IfStatement|WhileStatement|CallStatement|
ReturnStatement Block : { Statements } ForEach: for( Expression <- Expression ) Block Assignment : Identifier [ [ Expression ] ]= Expression ; Parameter : Type Identifier IfStatement: if ( Expression ) Block [elseifStatement| Block ] WhileStatement: while ( Expression ) Block
Hmm BNF (i.e., Concrete Syntax)
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Expression : Conjunction {|| Conjunction } Conjunction : Equality {&&Equality } Equality : Relation [EquOp Relation ] EquOp: == | != Relation : Addition [RelOp Addition ] RelOp: <|<= |>|>= Addition : Term {AddOp Term } AddOp: + | - Term : Factor {MulOp Factor } MulOp: * | / | % Factor : [UnaryOp]Primary UnaryOp: - | ! Primary : callOrLambda|IdentifierOrArrayRef| Literal |subExpressionOrTuple|ListOrListComprehension| ObjFunction callOrLambda : Identifier callArgs|LambdaDef callArgs : ([Expression |passFunc { ,Expression |passFunc}] ) passFunc : Identifier (Type Identifier { Type Identifier } ) LambdaDef : (\\ Identifier { ,Identifier } -> Expression)
Hmm BNF (i.e., Concrete Syntax)
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Hmm BNF (i.e., Concrete Syntax)
IdentifierOrArrayRef : Identifier [ [Expression] ] subExpressionOrTuple : ([ Expression [,[ Expression { , Expression } ] ] ] ) ListOrListComprehension: [ Expression {, Expression } ] | | Expression[<- Expression ] {, Expression[<- Expression ] } ] ObjFunction: Identifier . Identifier . Identifier callArgs Identifier : (a |b|…|z| A | B |…| Z){ (a |b|…|z| A | B |…| Z )|(0 | 1 |…| 9)} Literal : Integer | True | False | ClFloat | ClString Integer : Digit { Digit } ClFloat: 0 | 1 |…| 9 {0 | 1 |…| 9}.{0 | 1 |…| 9} ClString: ” {~[“] }”
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Clite Operator Associativity Unary - ! none * / left + - left < <= > >= none == != none && left || left
Associativity and Precedence for Hmm
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Hmm Parse Tree Example
z = x + 2 * y;
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Now we’ll focus on the Abstract Syntax
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Hmm Parse Tree
z = x + 2 * y;
=
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Very Approximate Hmm Abstract Syntax
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Assignment = Variable target; Expression source Expression = VariableRef | Value | Binary | Unary VariableRef = Variable | ArrayRef Variable = String id ArrayRef = String id; Expression index Value = IntValue | BoolValue | FloatValue | CharValue Binary = Operator op; Expression term1, term2 Unary = UnaryOp op; Expression term Operator = ArithmeticOp | RelationalOp | BooleanOp IntValue = Integer intValue …
Very Approximate Hmm Abstract Syntax
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Binary
Binary Operator
Operator
Variable
Variable Value
+
2 y *
x
Hmm Abstract Syntax – Binary Example z = x + 2 * y
=