java (something like c). object oriented programming process orientated – code acting on data...
TRANSCRIPT
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JAVA (something like C)
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Object Oriented Programming• Process orientated – code acting on data• Object oriented – data controls access to
code• Encapsulation – java has a ‘class’. The data
is the state and the methods (code) is the behavior. You control the methods and access to the data
• Inheritance – where one class acquires the properties of another class
• Polymorphism – one interface multiple methods
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JAVA editors• did a ‘search’ for JAVA editors on the NET
and obtained...
• JCreator – www.jcreator.com– Download the free one
• editPlus - I have used this one– http://www.editplus.com/– shareware - pay after 30 days
• WingSoft– http://www.wingsoft.com/wingeditor.shtml
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comments
• A single line comment
• int row; // keeps track of the row
• multiple line comments
• /* this is one line of the comment
• this is the 2nd line
• this is the third line */
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Documentation comments• acts like multiple line comments
• /** this is one line of the comment
• this is the 2nd line
• this is the third line */
• note the initial /** The javadoc program
• will collect these blocks of comments as documentation for the program
• javadoc filename.java
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special symbols• { } indicates a block of code• ( ) parameters to a method• [ ] indicates an array• ; terminates a statement• , a seperator• . used to separate package names
• Note table of reserved words on page 39
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Identifier names• Start with a letter• Contains• letters (upper or lower case)• numbers• _ (the underscore)• $• Can be any length• No imbedded spaces or special characters• Do not start an identifier with a number
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Examples/Naming Conventions • numberOfRows• num_rows• row8• Naming Conventions• classes start with a capitol letter• HelloWorld ShoppingCart• methods & identifiers with a small letter• println() getChar() • constants are all caps PIE
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System.out.println( )
• System.out.println (….) sends a String to the monitor
• System.out.println(“Hi Mom”);
• The + ‘concatenates’ two variables
• int aVal = 17;
• System.out.println(“a = “ + aVal);
• System.out.println(“a=“ + aV + “ b=“ + bV)
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Primitive data types
• JAVA has 8 primitive data type• Name size |-------range-------|• • byte 8-bits -128 ~ 127• short 16-bits -32k ~ +32k• int 32-bits -2**31 ~ +2**31• long 64-bits -2**63 ~ + 2**63
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Primitive data types (cont.)
Name size |-------range-------|• • float 32-bits +- 3.4 X 10**38• double 64-bits +- 1.8 X 10**308• char 16-bits 0 ~ 65,535• boolean 1-bit true or false• (not a 0 or a 1)
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Examples of primatives• int x;
• int x, y=7, zz, rows=8;
• boolean isRunning = false;
• double dd;
• float f = 10.3; (error - defaults to a double)
• float fx = 22.4f; note the ‘f’
• byte b1, b2 = 44, cx;
• short ss=5;
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The char• char uses a 16-bit Unicode character set
• The Unicode set allows 65,536 different characters. (about half are assigned)
• char ch = ‘a’;
• char ch1, ch2 = ‘7’, ch3 = ‘X’;
• char delta = ‘\u0394’ delta symbol
• char copyrt = ‘\u00AE’ copy write symbol
• escape seq. – page 32 (EX \t is tab)
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the String class
• String is a class, not a primitive data type
• is a sequence of characters
• not an array of char terminated by a null
• immutable – cannot be changed once created
• String ss;
• String s1 = “hi mom”;
• String s1, su=“XXX”, s3=“SDE”;
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Java DOS commands• Javac A:\>javac test.java
– compiler– uses a text file named ????.java– creates a ????.class file of byte code
• java A:\>java test– the interpreter (runs the class code)– runs an application
• appletviewer A:\>appletviewer test.html– runs an applet
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Minimum JAVA program
• class Skeleton
• {
• public static void main(String args[])
• {
• } // end main
• } // end class
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arithmetic• Expression – series of variables (methods) that evaluate to a single variable• = assign (evaluate right, assign to right)• + add x = x + 7; • - subtract x = 8 – cx;• * multiply pay = rate * time;• / divide tax = too_much / 1.0;• % remainder (mod)• row = x % 4; • row is the remainder of x / 4• ans = 33 % 6; ans is 3
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Consider the primitives
• byte 8 bits
• short 16 bits
• int 32 bits
• long 64 bits
• float 32 bits
• double 64 bits
• char 16 bits
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Some examples
• Define and initialize all the primitives
• Add the following to skeleton and compile
• short = byte;
• byte = short;
• double = float
• float = double;
• int = boolean;
• int = short * byte;
• int = short * float;
• double = int * double;
• float = short * double;
• int = char; chat = int;
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Conversion and casting• Automatic – • types are compatible • destination is larger than the source• Casting (target type) value• byte b = (byte) someValue;• byte b = intExample; error• byte b = (byte) intExample; OK• byte b = 50;• byte x = b/2; Error• Byte x = (byte)(b/2); ok
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Shortcuts in arithmetic
• Shortcuts
• x++ x = x + 1;
• x-- x = x – 1;
• x+=7; x = x + 7;
• x*=3; x = x * 3;
• x/=2; y = y / 2;
• q-=5; q = q – 5;
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ternary expression
• expression01 ? expression02 : expression03
• Expression01 must evaluate to a boolean
• If expression01 is true,
• expression 02 is evaluated, else
• expression03 is evaluated
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Example of ? :
• if (x > y)
• max = x;
• else
• max = y;
• is the same as
• max = x>y ? x : y;
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‘pre’ & ‘post’
• Difference between x++; and ++x;
• Example
• int x = 5;
• System.out.println(x + “ “ + x++);
•
• int x = 5;
• System.out.println(x + “ “ + ++x);
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Operator precedence• Do work within ( )
• Then, left to right….
• ++ --
• * / %
• + -
• =
• What’s the answer to the following..
• n = 1 - 2 * 3 - 4 + 5;
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if statement
• if(expression) // expression is evaluated• block of code // execute if true• else• block of code // execute if false
• Note – a block of code can contain a nested if statement
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examples• if (x > 6)• System.out.println(“x is bigger);• else• System.out.println(“x is less than 6);
• if (x>8)• {}• else• System.out.println(“x is less than 8”);
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logical operators• & evaluate both, both must be true• | evaluate both, either must be true• && both must be true. If 1st is false, do not
evaluate the 2nd
• || one must be true. If 1st is true, do not evaluate the 2nd
• ~ tilda - not• Shift and bit-wise operators – you are on
your own (page 80)
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&& and &• if ((a>b) & (c<=7))
• System.out.println(“both true”);
• else
• System.out.println(“one not true”);
• if ((a>b) && (c<=7))
• System.out.println(“both true”);
• else
• System.out.println(“one not true”);
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|| and |• if ((a>b) | (c<=7))
• System.out.println(“at least one true”);
• else
• System.out.println(“both false”);
• if ((a>b) || (c<=7))
• System.out.println(“at least one true”);
• else
• System.out.println(“both false”);
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• if ((a>b) && (a++))• System.out.println(“(true)a=” + a);• else• System.out.println(“(false)a=” + a);
• if (a>b)• if (c!=7)• System.out.println(“123456”);• is the same as• If((a>b) & (c!=7))• System.out.println(“123456”);
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Relational operators
• == equal to
• != not equal
• > greater than
• < less than
• >= greater than or equal to
• <= less than or equal to
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The loops
• For a loop you need 3 things
• a counter of some kind
• a comparison statement - a test
• increment the counter some time
• the loops are
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for loop
• for (int i = 6; i<5; i++)
• {
• System.out.println(“counter is “ + i);
• }
• the ‘for’ statement contains the counter, increment, and test all together
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example• For (int k=0; k<3; k++)
• System.out.println(k);
• for (int d=5; d<3; d++)
• System.out.println(k);
• for (int d=3, int e=7; d<e; d++, e--)
• System.out.println(d + “ and e=“ + e);
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for loop – using a comma• for (a =1, b=4; a<b; a++, b--)• {• System.out.println(“a = “ + a);• System.out.println(“b = “ + b);• }• Gives a = 1
– b = 4– a = 2– b = 3
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for loop – some variations• boolean done = false;
• for (a =1; !done; a++)
• { ……… done = true; }
• boolean done = false;
• for ( ; !done; )
• { ……… done = true; }
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while loop
• int x=0; // counter
• while (x<5) // test
• {
• System.out.println(“counter = “ + x);
• x++; // increment
• }
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Example #1
• int x=4; // counter
• while (x<5) // test
• {
• System.out.println(“counter = “ + x);
• x++; // increment
• }
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Example #2
• int x=4; // counter
• while (x<5) // test
• {
• System.out.println(“counter = “ + x);
• }
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Example #3
• int x=14; // counter
• while (x<5) // test
• {
• System.out.println(“counter = “ + x);
• x++; // increment
• }
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do/while loop
• int c=3; // counter
• do {
• System.out.println(“counter = “ + c);
• c++; // increment
• } while (c<5); // test
• what’s ‘special’ about a do/while loop??
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Example #1
• int c=3; // counter
• do {
• System.out.println(“counter = “ + c);
• } while (c<5); // test
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Example #2
• int c=13; // counter
• do {
• System.out.println(“counter = “ + c);
• c++; // increment
• } while (c<5); // test
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Switch statement• switch(expression)• {• case value01:statement;• break;• case value02:statement;• break;• default: statement;• }• The expression is evaluated. Jump to the
corresponding case statement with = value
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• expression must be a byte, short, int, or char
• When you jump to the proper case value, you execute code until the end of the switch statement or a break statement is executed
• No matches – jump to default
• No default – out of switch
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• Switch(month)• {• case 1: days=31;• break;• case 2: days=28;• break;• case 3: days=31;• break;• case 4: days=30;• break;• |• case 12: days=31;• break;• default: days=0;• }
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• switch(month)• {• case 9:• case 4:• case 6:• case 11: days=30;
break;• case 2: days=28;• break;• default: days=31;• }
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More use of “break”• hitting a ‘break’ will terminate a loop• for(int x=0; x<100; x++) {• if (x==5) break;• System.out.println(“X=“ + x);• }• X=0• X=1• X=2• X=3• X=4
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• Using ‘break’ in nested loops• for(int x=1; x<4; x++) • {• System.out.println(“X=“ + x);• for (int y=0; y<30; y++) • { • if (y==x) break;• System.out.println} (“Y=“ + y);• }• }
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“break” with the while loop• while (x<100 {• if (x==5) break;• System.out.println(“X=“ + x);• x++;• }• X=0• X=1• X=2• X=3• X=4
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break with a label• outer: for(i=1; i<100; i++)• { • for (j=4; j<50; j++)• { …….• if((j%i)==0)• break outer;• ……..• } // end j for loop• } // end i for loop
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continue statement• for (int x=0; x<8; x++) {• System.out.print(x + “ “);• if(x%2) continue;• System.out.println(“ “);• }• 0 1• 2 3• 4 5• 6 7
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break / continue / go to
• break and continue may specify a label
• a label is a JAVA identifier that indicates a block of code
• aLabel:
• {
• stuff;
• }
• It is close to a GoTo. Don’t use it;