Jay Al-Saadi & Paula Bontempi

Program Scientists

Ernest Hilsenrath, Lawrence Friedl

NASA Earth Science Division

6th GOES Users’ Conference, Madison, WI, 5 November 2009

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The US NRC Decadal Survey

  In 2004, NASA, NOAA and USGS requested the National Research Council (NRC) form a panel to identify and prioritize the next set of observational platforms that should be launched and operated over the next decade.  Across all fields of Earth science

  The Earth Science and Applications from Space Decadal Survey was released Feb 2007   “Minimal but robust” Earth system science  Societal benefits should be a focus of all

missions

  Strategically, NASA is implementing missions within 3 groups or “Tiers” in accordance with the sequencing of the Decadal Survey  GEO-CAPE is 1 of 5 missions in the 2nd Tier

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Why GEO-CAPE? From Decadal Survey…

  Next generation of environmental science: High-time-resolved (~hourly) observations of atmospheric composition and coastal ocean biochemistry/physics  Air Quality goals include:

• Satisfy basic research and operational needs related to air-quality assessment and forecasting

• Emission of O3 and aerosol precursors, including human and natural sources

 Coastal Ocean goals include: • Quantify response of marine ecosystems to short-term physical events • Monitor biotic and abiotic material in transient surface features

 Synergy: measurements of aerosols from the air-quality instrument can be used to correct aerosol contamination of the high-resolution coastal ocean imager

  Suggested instrumentation has strong low-Earth-orbit space heritage and high level of technology readiness; 2015 launch would be feasible  MOPITT, SBUV, GOME, SCIAMACHY, OMI, SeaWiFS, MODIS

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Decadal Survey “Notional” GEO-CAPE Mission

  Geosynchronous orbit near 80W with notional payload of 3 instruments  Wide area UV-Visible spectrometer, <10km nadir resolution, hourly,

45S to 50N (O3, NO2, CH2O, SO2, aerosol)  Wide area IR correlation radiometer for CO mapping with capability

to distinguish between near-surface and free-troposphere  High spatial resolution (250m) steerable event-imaging

spectrometer

  The 2 wide-area instruments together provide systematic/continuous air quality observations

  The high-resolution event imager provides targetable/episodic observations  This is the coastal ocean color instrument but also capable of

atmospheric observations

  Estimated mission cost ~$550M (NRC) ~$1.1B (NASA)

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DS Tier-2 Mission Status (includes GEO-CAPE)

  Systematic NASA implementation of Decadal Survey: All Tier-1 Missions will be implemented prior to beginning Tier-2 Missions

  Technical readiness and NASA budget are both constraints  Launch dates recommended by the DS assumed increases to

NASA budget, which have not yet happened in a sustained way  Current expectation for any Tier-2 launch is no earlier than… 2019?

  All Tier-2 missions continue pre Phase-A development and identify readiness for potential transition to Phase A  Science Working Groups funded at ~$2M each during FY10

• Science objectives and instrument requirements • Mission concepts, observing strategies, and key partnerships

 Advanced technology development and maturation funded separately through NASA ESTO program

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GEO-CAPE Science Working Group   Science Working Group (SWG) membership includes NASA, NOAA,

EPA, Universities; ~50 participants

  Recent meeting held 22-24 Sep 2009, Columbia, MD  Agreed to assess distributed (phased) mission concepts   Identified science and mission study requirements for FY10

  National partner Agencies actively involved in pre-formulation  NOAA scientists participating in bi-weekly working group telecons to

develop draft mission requirements • NESDIS/STAR transition leads for GEO-CAPE are involved with

Atmosphere (Kondragunta) and Ocean (DiGiacomo) teams • GEOCAPE Aerosol team co-lead (M. Wang, NESDIS/STAR) • SWG includes members involved with developing specifications for

GOES-R Coastal Waters imager (HES-CW)  New EPA Agency-wide “Working Group on Satellite Observations

for Air Quality Management” to include past, current and future missions [Keating (EPA OAR), Szykman (EPA ORD) et al.]

Meeting reports and presentations available online: http://geo-cape.larc.nasa.gov/

Report on NOAA’s Potential Use of GEO-CAPE Measurements of

Trace Gases and Aerosols

Shobha Kondragunta NESDIS Center for Satellite Applications and Research

With inputs from: NWS (P. Davidson, B. Lapenta, I. Stajner), OAR/ARL (D. Byun, R. Draxler, M. Pitchford,

P. Lee), OAR/ESRL (J. Meagher, S. Kim, O. Cooper, S. Mckeen), CPC (C. Long)

GEO-CAPE Workshop 22-23 September 2009 Columbia MD

Areas of Cooperation Trace Gases and Aerosols

•  Chemical data assimilation (ARL as a lead) to improve air quality predictions –  Current products from MODIS, OMI and GOME-2 in preparation for

GEO-CAPE •  Synergistic use of GOES-R/GEO-CAPE proxy data sets for retrieval

simulations/ OSSEs –  NESDIS/STAR has built two simulators

•  Simulator for aerosol retrievals based on MODIS derived products as truth (provides radiances from visible to near IR using 6S)

•  WRF-CHEM simulator (CIMSS) for ABI aerosol retrievals (provides radiances from visible to thermal IR using CRTM) also includes chemical species relevant for GEO-CAPE

•  Model emissions –  Improving diurnal variation in the model to improve predictions

•  Resources needed to initiate and carry out synergistic R&D work

GEO-CAPE Workshop 22-23 September 2009 Columbia MD

(updated 11/2009)

GEO-CAPE would support NOAA’s National Ocean Service (NOS), National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS), Oceanic and Atmospheric Research (OAR), National Weather Service (NWS), as well as the supporting NESDIS efforts.

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GEO-CAPE Atmosphere Measurement Requirements (Draft 9/2/09)

  Science Traceability Matrix: instrument requirements flow from measurement requirements which flow from Science Questions

  Threshold/Goal and Instrument Requirements TBD

Species Priority Required sensitivity (cm-2 )

Temporal frequency (1)

Science Question

O3 1 2x1016 (2) 1h (SZA<70) 2,3,4,5

Aerosol 1 0.1 AOD 1h (SZA<70) 1,2,3,4,5

CO 1 3x1017 (2) 1h (SZA<70) 1,2,3,5

NO2 1 1x1015 1h (SZA<70) 1,2,3

SO2 1 1x1016 3h (SZA<50) 1,2,3,4

HCHO 1 1x1016 3h (SZA<50) 1

CH4 2 2x1016 daily 1,4

NH3 2 5x1015 daily 1,2

CH3OH 3 5x1015 daily 1

CHOCHO 3 4x1014 daily 1

(1)  For North American land and coastlines only; daily for rest of domain (2)  2 pieces of information in troposphere including sensitivity in boundary layer

Science Question Category

1. Emissions

2. Processes

3. Improve Models

4. Climate Change

5. Intercontinental Transport

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Phased Implementation of GEO-CAPE

  The DS notional baseline mission is considered expensive/complex enough that implementation will likely begin late in the 2nd Tier (launch no earlier than 2020)

  Phased implementation, featuring separable payloads with an overall strategy for accomplishing all GEOCAPE objectives, may offer a timely, systematic, cost/risk effective approach  Reduction of total cost is highly desirable  Phasing allows flexibility to adapt to future budgets  Provide revolutionary Earth observations as soon as possible while

continuing maturation of advanced instrumentation concepts

  Provides one solution to competing observing requirements/strategies  Could separate the systematic from episodic observing constraints,

significantly decreasing platform/instrument complexity

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GEO-CAPE and GOES R/S Platform   Future GOES platforms are particularly compelling shared options for

part or all of GEO-CAPE (synergistic capabilities, shared costs)  Value to GOES

• Addition of UV wavelengths will significantly improve aerosol information, e.g., can infer absorption and composition

• Coincident NO2 for lightning/air quality applications • CO for wildfire/urban plume monitoring • Hourly OMI-like ozone column complements IR ozone retrieval (jet

stream/turbulence location) • Cost sharing/ risk reduction of Coastal Waters Imager: NASA matures

advanced instrumentation, e.g. hyperspectral Visible-TIR  Value to GEO-CAPE

•  Lower cost to NASA (launch and platform cost savings) • Coincident cloud and met observations will significantly improve the

atmospheric chemistry and ocean color data products • Coincident lightning mapper and fire detection data will fundamentally

improve utility of satellite trace gas observations   European and Korean satellite programs now are planning air quality

and ocean color measurements within the operational meteorological framework (GEO and LEO)

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Global Observations: International Cooperation

Americas: NASA, NOAA

Europe and Africa: ESA, CNES

Asia and Australia: KARI, JAXA Figure courtesy

Doreen Neil, NASA

  Continuous global observations can be provided by a constellation of at least 3 geostationary satellites

  Harmonization of currently planned geostationary missions would enable an integrated global observing system fulfilling the visions of GEO/GEOSS and IGOS Atmospheric Chemistry and Coastal themes   ESA Sentinel 4 on MTG, 2017 (AQ)   MEST/ME MP-GeoSat, 2017 (AQ, OC)   NASA GEO-CAPE, 2020? (AQ, OC)   CNES OCAPI ???? (OC)

  The US component of this global constellation could be effectively achieved by coordinating GEO-CAPE to align with ESA and MEST observations   Cost must fit within NASA Earth Science mission budget profiles

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NASA Advanced Technology Investments

  NASA Earth Science Technology Office (ESTO) plans and funds investments to further support the research areas, observations, and notional missions recommended in the Decadal Survey: http://esto.nasa.gov/adv_planning_ds.html

  Advanced instrumentation development and maturation programs:  Advanced Component Technologies (ACT)

• Component and subsystem level technologies •  3 GEO-CAPE relevant projects selected in 2008 solicitation

  Instrument Incubator Program (IIP) • Assessment of instrument concepts in ground, aircraft, or engineering

model demonstrations •  4 GEO-CAPE relevant projects funded within past 5 years are

summarized in the following charts

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Geostationary Spectrograph (GeoSpec) for Earth and Atmospheric Science Applications

PI: Dr. Scott Janz / GSFC Objective • Demonstrate the feasibility of future Geostationary Earth Science missions using hyperspectral UV/VIS/NIR instrumentation. • Geostationary orbit allows the measurement of the diurnal evolution of physical processes. • Breadboard demonstration of a dual spectrograph instrument with UV/VIS and VIS/NIR channels using hybrid PIN/CMOS detectors. • Target Earth Science Products: Coastal and ocean pollution events, tidal effects, origin and evolution of aerosol plumes, and trace gas measurements of O3, NO2, CH20, and SO2.

Accomplishments: • Completed GeoSpec instrument design and system performance studies including polarization sensitivity, spectral sampling/sensitivity trades, image quality, and detector packaging/thermal control. • Completed design, testing, fabrication and coating of all system optics including convex holographic gratings and new technology single crystal silicon (SCS) mirrors. • Completed design and fabrication of optical bench mechanical structure. • Completed optical alignment and end-to-end testing of breadboard including atmospheric retrievals. • Completed both ISAL and IMDC studies of flight instrument concept.

CoIs: • Pennsylvania State University • Washington State University • Research Support Instruments/Ball Aerospace

TRLin = 3 TRLout = 4

Local Time (hr) NO2 column density: Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI)

4/07

Completed 1/07

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Tropospheric Infrared Mapping Spectrometers (TIMS) for CO PI: John Kumer, Lockheed Martin Adv. Tech. Center

•  Develop a miniaturized version of an infrared Grating Mapping Spectrometer (GMS) prototype for mapping tropospheric CO profiles.

•  Validate operational performance in a field demonstration campaign.

•  Based on validation results, generate a design recommendation for a flight instrument version.

•  Developed VSWIR and MWIR portable brassboard spectrometers with required spectral resolution and sensitivity; achieved –  Noise equivalent radiance NEdN = 2.74E-10 & 1.28E-10 W/(cm2srcm-1) for VSWIR & MWIR, respectively, better than threshold

values 8E-10 & 2E-10 as stated in the original proposal –  Spectral resolution .25 & .53 cm-1 as compared to goals 0.13 and 0.2 cm-1, however these actuals are far better than achieved by

previous spectrometers such as SCIAMACHY or AIRS, and coupled with the low noise have facilitated excellent CO retrieval •  Demonstrated ability to acquire high quality atmospheric spectra in ground-based tests •  Validated retrieval of CO profiles from these spectra through comparison with Denver University FTS measurements •  Measurement concept has been demonstrated through ground measurements campaigns •  Developed concepts for flight instrument design, operation, and data production – focus has been on GEO-CAPE Mission

Co-Is/Partners: AE Roche, R. Rairden, JL Mergenthaler, Lockheed; F. Murcray, Denver University; L. Straw, UMBC; R. Chatfield, NASA ARC

TRLin = 3; TRLout = 5

TIMS and FTIR data acquisition at UD, Nov. 2007

UD FTIR Heliostat dewar enclosing

4.65mm module 4.65mm

skyview input mirror

dewar for 2.33 mm detector

2.33mm spec-

trometer

Diffuser scattering sunlight into the 2.33 mm input assembly

4/09

Objective

Accomplishments

Completed 12/08

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Infrared Correlation Radiometer for GEO-CAPE PI: Doreen Neil, NASA LaRC

Co-Is/Partners: Jack Fishman, William Luck NASA LaRC, David Edwards NCAR, Lackson Marufu UMd

•  Develop Gas Filter Correlation Radiometer technology to demonstrate the 2.3 um performance needed for the GEO-CAPE DS Mission.

– Characterize the noise and spectral performance of a laboratory prototype of the SWIR (2.3 um) subsystem of an infrared gas filter correlation radiometer for geostationary carbon monoxide (CO) measurements. – Verify the instrument model to guide evolving GEO-CAPE mission implementation decisions.

• Fabricate the 2.3 um subsystem of an infrared gas filter correlation radiometer specifically designed for geostationary measurements. • Characterize performance to quantify instrument response functions (spectral , spatial, radiometric, and polarization), and explicitly, an end-to-end noise performance characterization. • Incorporate these characterizations into the CO measurement modeling system for use in GEO-CAPE mission formulation and payload system engineering.

TRLin = 3 TRLcurrent = 3

•  System Requirements Review 06/09 •  Critical Design review 08/09 •  Test Plan Review 03/10 •  Breadboard Assembly complete 03/10 •  Characterizations complete 09/10 •  Instrument Performance Model complete 01/11

X

2.3 µm optical path demonstrated in this IIP detectors

Gas cell filter wheel assembly

Interference filter wheel assembly

Infrared Correlation Radiometer

for GEO-CAPE

Measurements at both 2.3 µm and 4.6 µm are required to obtain boundary layer CO.

4/09

Objective

Key Milestones Approach

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Panchromatic Fourier Transform Spectrometer (PanFTS) Instrument for the GEO-CAPE Mission

PI: Stanley P. Sander, JPL

•  Develop detailed instrument requirement set for the imaging Fourier Transform Spectroscopy (FTS) with broad spectral (0.25 – 15 um) range to support the Decadal GEO-CAPE mission.

•  Develop a lab PanFTS instrument which demonstrates two key enabling technologies: high-speed, high-dynamic range CMOS hybrid focal plane arrays (FPAs), and parallel, co-aligned optical trains for the ultraviolet-Visible-Near-infrared (UV-Vis-NIR), and mid-IR bands.

•  Verify the performance of PanFTS by acquiring and analyzing atmospheric spectra from JPL’s California Laboratory of Atmospheric Remote Sensing (CLARS).

•  Complete instrument requirements definition 12/08 •  Complete instrument design 06/09 •  Deliver Scan Mechanism 12/09 •  Deliver UV FPA 03/10 •  Deliver IR FPA 07/10 •  Complete instrument assembly 09/10 •  Complete field testing at CLARS Facility 08/11

•  Develop detailed instrument design specifications on FPAs, FTS scan mechanism and interferometer optics

•  Issue Request for Information to industry for FPA detectors and electronics

•  Verify scan mechanism by life testing •  Procure key components, build/test lab instrument •  Field deployment/test at CLARS Facility

Co-Is/Partners: R. Beer, J-F Blavier, K. Bowman, A. Eldering, R. Key, D. Rider, G. Toon, W. Traub, J. Worden, JPL

PanFTS Instrument Architecture

The geostationary orbiting PanFTS will sequentially imaging ~50 patches for ~1 minute each with an 900km X 900km IFOV using a 128 X 128 pixel array to provide 7-km pixel resolution and 0.06 cm-1 spectral resolution

PanFTS Observational Approach

TRLin = 3 TRLcurrent = 3

4/09

Objective

Key Milestones Approach

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Summary and Next Steps

  GEO-CAPE and the GOES-R System are highly complementary for the next generation of atmospheric and coastal ocean observations

  NASA is supporting advanced technology development and science working groups to refine GEO-CAPE mission concepts  NOAA scientists involved; expanded involvement is welcomed!

  GEO-CAPE phased implementation concepts, including launches of opportunity for individual instruments, may offer a timely, systematic, cost- and risk-effective approach  This fiscal year, NASA plans to conduct instrument accommodation

studies for commercial and future GOES-R (S, T) platforms

  A specific concept that leverages NASA and NOAA investments while enabling an integrated global observing system for air/water quality:  Launch mature high-heritage wide field-of-view UV-Vis and IR (2-4

micron) instrumentation as soon as possible  Continue to develop compact pan-chromatic FTS instrumentation

with initial focus on high-resolution event and hazard monitoring