J AY A N T H O N Y R . N U Ñ E Z

NETWORKING FUNDAMENTALS

ICT

OBJECTIVES

Upon completion of the FINAL TERM, the students should be able to:

define a network, different kinds of network and devices, and the components of a network and their functions.

create and assemble straight-through and cross-over cables.

define Internet and its differences to the other kinds of network.

build a Peer-to-Peer Cable Network.

ICT

OBJECTIVES (cont.)

Upon completion of the FINAL TERM, the students should be able to:

demonstrate sharing of information or data through the use of network.

list procedures to install and troubleshoot network interface cards (NICs) and modems.

explain the functions of network and Information and Communications Technology in a safe, secure and efficient marine navigation.

ICT

CONTENT

Introduction to Networks

Types of Network

Network Architecture and Devices

Network Cabling and Topology

Internet and the World Wide Web

Network Installation and Troubleshooting

ICT

What is a Network?

A combination of computer hardware, cabling, network devices, and computer software used

together to allow computers to communicate with each other.

A network consists of 2 or more computers connected together, and they can

communicate and share resources. (e.g. hardware, software, information)

The Goal of a Network

To allow multiple computers to communicate.

Communication might be:

• a download of an MP3 audio file for your MP3 player

• checking the latest sports scores

• using an instant-messaging service, such as Viber

• sending text messages to a friend

• writing an e-mail and sending it to a business associate.

• chatting on facebook or skype

Benefits of a Network

Information sharing: Authorized users can use other computers on the network to access and share information or data. This could include special group projects, databases, etc.

Hardware sharing: One device connected to a network, such as a printer or scanner, can be shared by many users.

Benefits of a Network (cont.)

Software sharing: Instead of purchasing and installing a software program on each computer, it can be installed on the server. All of the users can then access the program from a single location.

Collaborative environment: Users can work together on group projects by combining the power and capabilities of diverse equipment.

centralized administration and support

A Simple Network

A printer shared by 4 personal computers.

Risks of Network Computing

The security of a computer network is challengedeveryday by:

• Equipment malfunctions• System failures

• Note: equipment malfunctions and system failures may be caused by natural disasters such as floods, storms, or fires, and electrical disturbances

• Computer hackers• Virus attacks

Network Architecture

Refers to the logical and structural layout or the complete framework of an organization's computer network

Consisting of the hardware, software, connectivity, communication protocols and mode of transmission, such as wired or wireless

Provides the detail overview of a network

Few terms related to Network

Workstation or NodesRefers to a computer that are

attached to a network.

Server- The master computer- Facilitates the sharing of

data, software and hardware concepts.

Components of a Network

PeripheralsShared peripheral devices do not communicate

directly on the network. Instead, peripherals rely on their connected host to perform all network operations.

Examples :

cameras, scanners, and locally attached printers

Components of a Network

HostsHosts send and receive user traffic. A host is a

generic name for most end-user devices. A host has an IP network address.

Examples:

personal computers and network attached printers

Components of a Network

Network DevicesNetworking devices connect other devices, mainly

hosts. These devices move and control network traffic.

Examples:

hubs, switches, and routers.

Components of a Network

Network MediaNetwork media provides connections between

hosts and network devices.

Network media can be wired, such as copper and fiber optic or use wireless technologies.

Network Hardware and Software

Switch

small hardware device that joins multiple computers together within one local area network (LAN).

Network Hardware and Software

RJ-45 Connector

Register Jack 45 is an 8 wire connector which is commonly used to connect computers on LAN

Network Hardware and Software

Hubconnects computers

together in a star topology network.

Network Hardware and Software

Repeateran electronic device that

receives a signal and retransmits it at a higher level and/or higher power, or onto the other side of an obstruction, so that the signal can cover longer distances without degradation.

Network Hardware and Software

Modem(MOdulator-DEModulator)

an electronic device that makes possible the transmission of data to or from a computer via telephone or other communication lines.

Network Hardware and Software

NIC (Network Interface Card)

is a computer hardware component designed to allow computers to communicate over a computer network.

Network Hardware and Software

Media converters

simple networking devices that make it possible to connect two dissimilar media types such as twisted pair with fiber optic cabling.

Network Hardware and Software

Wireless Access Point

a device that allows wireless communication devices to connect to a wireless network using Wi-Fi, Bluetooth or related standards.

Network Hardware and Software

Firewall

a part of a computer system or network that is designed to block unauthorized access while permitting outward communication.

Kinds of Networks

Depending on one’s perspective, we can classify networks in different ways.

• Based on transmission media: Wired (UTP, coaxial cables, fiber-optic cables) and Wireless

• Based on network size: LAN and WAN• Based on management method: Peer-to-peer and

Client/Server• Based on topology (connectivity): Bus, Star, Ring

Kinds of Networks (Trans Media)

Two main categories: Guided ― wires, cables Unguided ― wireless transmission, e.g. radio,

microwave, infrared, soundWe will concentrate on guided media here:

Twisted-Pair cables: Unshielded Twisted-Pair (UTP) cables Shielded Twisted-Pair (STP) cables

Coaxial cables Fiber-optic cables

If the pair of wires are not twisted, electromagnetic noises from, e.g., motors, will affect the closer wire more than the further one, thereby causing errors

Twisted Pair Cables

Typically wrapped inside a plastic cover (for mechanical protection)

A sample UTP cable with 5 unshielded twisted pairs of wires.

MetalInsulator

Unshielded Twisted Pair(UTP)

Categories of UTP Cables

EIA classifies UTP cables according to the quality:Category 1 ― the lowest quality, only good for voice, mainly

found in very old buildings, not recommended nowCategory 2 ― good for voice and low data rates (up to 4Mbps

for low-speed token ring networks)Category 3 ― at least 3 twists per foot, for up to 10 Mbps

(common in phone networks in residential buildings)Category 4 ― up to 16 Mbps (mainly for token rings)Category 5 (or 5e) ― up to 100 Mbps (common for networks

targeted for high-speed data communications)Category 6 ― more twists than Cat 5, up to 1 Gbps

Chapter 2: NETWORK CABLING 31

UTP CABLE GRADES

Category Frequency Primary Application

1 Up to 0 MHz Voice networks

2 Up to 1 MHz Voice and low-speed data networks less than 4 Mbps

3 Up to 16 MHz Voice and data networks from 4 to 100 Mbps

4 Up to 20 MHz 16-Mbps Token Ring

5 Up to 100 MHz 100-Mbps Fast Ethernet

5e Up to 100 MHz 1000-Mbps Gigabit Ethernet

6 Up to 250 MHz 1000-Mbps Gigabit Ethernet

STRAIGHT THROUGH AND CROSSOVER WIRING

Wiring within a twisted pair cable is configured as either Straight through, where each wire (or pin) is attached to the

same contact point at each end.

Crossover, where transmit contacts on each end of the cable are connected to the receive contact at the other end

In general, coaxial cables, or coax, carry signals of higher freq (100KHz–500MHz) than UTP cables.

Outer metallic wrapping serves both as a shield against noise and as the second conductor that completes the circuit

the primary type of cabling used by the cable television industry.

Coaxial Cables

Advantages and Disadvantages Noise resistance ― external light is blocked by outer jacket Less signal attenuation ― a signal can run for miles without

regeneration (currently, the lowest measured loss is about ~4% or 0.16dB per km)

Higher bandwidth ― currently, limits on data rates come from the signal generation/reception technology, not the fiber itself

Cost ― Optical fibers are expensive Installation/maintenance ― any crack in the core will degrade

the signal, and all connections must be perfectly aligned

Fiber Optic Cables

Kinds of Networks - LAN (SIZE)

Local Area Network (LAN) – a network that spans a small area such as a building or an office.

Software applications and other resources are stored on a file server.

Print servers enable multiple users to share the same printer.

Examples: • Network inside the Computer Lab• Network in your home

Kinds of Networks (Management)

Peer to peerComputers connect with each other in a workgroup to share files, printers, and Internet access. This is used to connect a small number of computers.

Client/Serversends information from a client computer to a server, which then relays the information back to the client computer, or to other computers on the network

Kinds of Networks - WAN (SIZE)

Wide Area Network (WAN) – A network that uses long-range telecommunication

links to connect 2 or more LANs/computers housed in different places far apart.

a network that spans a wide geographical area Towns, states, countries

Examples:• Network of Ce-C Panglao and Tagbilaran Campus• Internet• Broadband Cable Network

TYPES OF NETWORK TOPOLOGIES

There are three main local area network (LAN) topologies:

Bus Star Ring

Other network topologies include: Mesh Wireless

BUS TOPOLOGY

The bus topology supports thick and thin coaxial segments. Segments are connected by repeaters. The bus topology uses the baseband signaling method. Signals are broadcast in both directions simultaneously. Both ends of each segment require termination to avoid

reflection. End systems connect to the segment in a linear manner.

THICK AND THIN COAXIAL BUS

STAR TOPOLOGY

The star topology can use coaxial, twisted pair, or fiber optic cable.

A central device (hub) connects hubs and nodes to the network. Each node connects to its own dedicated port on the hub. Hubs broadcast transmitted signals to all connected

devices.

A SIMPLE STAR TOPOLOGY

RING TOPOLOGY

The ring topology can use twisted pair or fiber optic cabling.

A central device (hub) connects hubs and nodes to the network. Each node connects to its own dedicated port on the hub. You can connect multiple hubs to form a larger ring.

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A RING NETWORK

MESH TOPOLOGY

Typically uses fiber optic cabling for redundant wide area network (WAN) links

Requires an enormous amount of cable

WIRELESS TOPOLOGY

Cell-based technology that uses unbounded media Two wireless topologies:

Ad hoc WLAN (Wireless LAN) WiFi (Wireless Fidelity)

Infrastructure

AD HOC WLAN

INFRASTRUCTURE WLAN

We have seen how networks are established, but how does

data travels in a network?

STRAIGHT-THROUGH AND CROSS-OVER PATCH CABLE

Assessment: Patch Cable Construction

Objectives

Construct a patch cable following the 568A and 568B standards

Explain the difference between the 568A and 568B standards

Test a patch cables

Objectives

Construct a patch cable following the 568A and 568B standards

Explain the difference between the 568A and 568B standards

Test a patch cables

Patch Cable Types

Straight – through cable uses: router to a hub computer to a switch LAN port to a switch, hub, or computer

Crossover Cable uses: computer to a router computer to a computer router to a router switch to a switch hub to a hub

Patch Cable Pin Assignments

568A

Pin # Color

1 Orange/white

2 Orange

3 Green/white

4 Blue

5 Blue/white

6 Green

7 Brown/white

8 Brown

568B

Pin # Color

1 Green/white

2 Green

3 Orange/white

4 Blue

5 Blue/white

6 Orange

7 Brown/white

8 Brown

STRAIGHT-THROUGH CROSSOVER

568B

568B

568A

568B

Cable Connection

STRAIGHT-THROUGH DIAGRAM

568A 568A

CROSSOVER DIAGRAM

568A568B

CABLE USAGE ON DIFFERENT DEVICES

Activity

Create a straight –through and crossover cable.