JE #10: JE #10: Unit Two Unit Two ObjectivesObjectives

I can……

1) organize matter from atom to macromolecule.

2) define macromolecule and explain its significance to cell structure.

3) identify the structure and function of a carbohydrate, lipid, protein, and nucleic acid.

4) state the Cell Theory and understand the history of cell discovery

5) differentiate between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

6) identify the structure and function of cell organelles.

7) explain the importance of surface area vs. volume ratio of cells and how it relates to their function.

8) differentiate between acids and bases and explain how pH is important to cell homeostasis.

9) explain how enzyme activity is important to cell homeostasis.

10)identify chemical characteristics of water and explain how they are related to cell homeostasis.

Unit One Notes, pt. I:Unit One Notes, pt. I:BiochemistryBiochemistry

*Organization of Matter:

Atom Element Compound Mixture

*Identification of 50+ Biological Elements.

*Macromolecules:Carbohydrates, Lipids,

Proteins, and Nucleic Acids.

Organization of MatterAtomAtom—the smallest particle of an —the smallest particle of an

element that has all the properties of element that has all the properties of the element. The atom is the basic the element. The atom is the basic building block of all elements.building block of all elements.

• Atoms are made up of smaller particles Atoms are made up of smaller particles called subatomic particles:called subatomic particles:

ProtonsProtons—positively charged, —positively charged, located located in the nucleus; in the nucleus; identifies the identifies the atom/element atom/element (same as the atomic (same as the atomic #).#).

NeutronsNeutrons—neutral (no charge), —neutral (no charge), located in the nucleus; determines located in the nucleus; determines

the isotope(form) of the elementthe isotope(form) of the element ElectronsElectrons—negatively charged, —negatively charged,

located outside of the nucleus; located outside of the nucleus; involved in chemical bonding involved in chemical bonding (determines whether the atom will (determines whether the atom will undergo a chemical reaction with undergo a chemical reaction with another atom).another atom).

Draw the Shape of an Atom

What is the Atomic Number

What is Atomic Mass

Isotopes

ElementElement—a pure substance —a pure substance that cannot be separated into that cannot be separated into

simpler substances by simpler substances by ordinary chemical means. ordinary chemical means. *An element is made of only *An element is made of only one type of atom making it a one type of atom making it a

pure substance.pure substance.

Atom vs. Element

Single Atom vs. Element

Carbon Atom Carbon Element

CompoundsCompounds—pure substances —pure substances composed of 2 or more composed of 2 or more

elements that are chemically elements that are chemically combined (react together to combined (react together to

form a new substance)form a new substance)Hydrogen + Oxygen = WaterHydrogen + Oxygen = Water

Compounds can be broken Compounds can be broken down only by chemical down only by chemical

changes.changes.

*Compounds take on different *Compounds take on different characteristics than the characteristics than the

elements that make them.elements that make them.

Sodium + Chlorine = Sodium Sodium + Chlorine = Sodium chloridechloride

*Sodium reacts violently in water*Sodium reacts violently in water*Chlorine is a poisonous gas*Chlorine is a poisonous gasSodium chloride is table saltSodium chloride is table salt

Compounds in Compounds in Nature:Nature:

Proteins, Water,Proteins, Water,

Carbohydrates, Carbohydrates, Carbon dioxide Carbon dioxide

Mixtures—combination of 2 Mixtures—combination of 2 or more substances that or more substances that

are not chemically are not chemically combined. combined.

Each substance in a mixture Each substance in a mixture keeps its chemical makeup keeps its chemical makeup

(identity) because no chemical (identity) because no chemical change occurred. Mixtures can change occurred. Mixtures can

be physically separated.be physically separated.

Atom vs Ion

• an ion is an electrically charged particle produced by either removing electrons from a neutral atom to give a positive ion or adding electrons to a neutral atom to give a negative ion. When an ion is formed, the number of protons does not change.

• Na+ Cl- H+ OH- SO4-2

Organic Compounds

• Contains carbon atoms covalently bonded to other carbon atoms OR to other elements

• Examples-butane, methaneether, vitaminsThe key to recognizing an

organic molecule is…look for a “C”

C8H9NO2

C12H22O11

NaC12H25SO4

What’s the big deal about CARBON?

• Carbon easily forms strong nonpolar covalent bonds with other atoms, including other carbon atoms.

• Each carbon creates four bonds to other atoms (some of which may be other carbon atoms), giving carbon structures diversity, flexibility, and strength.

• Carbons bonded together form long chains that can branch and form more complex structures.

• The properties of carbon allow its compounds to store large amounts of chemical bond energy.

• Carbon is the basis for living organisms on earth.

Bonding

• Covalent-sharing of electrons, between Non Metals

• Ionic- Transfer of electrons, between a metal and a non metal

Chemical Equations

NaClH2SO4

Mg(HSO4)2

Chemical ReactionsBalance

Left side must equal the right6CO2 + 6H2O ------> C6H12O6 + 6O2

Macromolecules

*Cells are made up of four basic ingredients:

carbohydrates lipids

proteinsnucleic acids

*Each of these ingredients are a type of macromolecule.

Macromolecule – a large, organic compounds needed by living things in large amounts.

Characteristics of Macromolecules

1) All macromolecules have carbon (C), hydrogen (H), and oxygen (O) in common.

2) All macromolecules are types of organic compounds.

Organic Compound – any type of compound that is made/used by living things and contains the element carbon.

*Examples of Organic Compounds:

C6H12O6 = blood sugar (glucose)CH4 = methane gas

*Examples of Inorganic Compounds:

H2O = waterNaCl = table salt

3) All macromolecules are classified as polymers, made up of repeating subunits called monomers.

Polymer – a generic term for any large compound made up of many smaller subunits, called monomers.

Monomer – a generic term for any small subunit that links together to form a larger compound, called a polymers.

Monomer vs. Polymer

*Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids are all POLYMERS made up of smaller units called monomers – small subunits that make up larger molecules.

Ex: Brick = Monomer Brick Wall =

Polymer

More Examples....

• Monomer....

• Polymer....

*Each of the four main macromolecules are organized based on the following: (be able to compare and contrast each one in these categories!!!)

DescriptionFunction

Chemical IngredientsMonomer

Overall shapeSub-classesExamples

CarbohydrateDescription: sugars and

starches

Function: quick energy for cells

Chemical Ingredients: *carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen; C,

H, O will always be in a 1:2:1 ratio (ex: C6H12O6 = blood sugar)

Monomer: Monosaccharide*single sugar subunit consisting of 6

carbon atoms, 12 hydrogen atoms, and 6 oxygen atoms (1:2:1 ratio).

*Shape: shape is either straight or ring-shaped, depending on the # of monosaccharides (monomer) are hooked together.

Example of a single

monosaccharide

Example of two monosaccharides

(ring form)

*Subclasses:

1) Monosaccharides:

- simplest sugar- C6H12O6

- also the monomer of a carbohydrate.- ex: glucose

2) Disaccharides

- two monosaccharides chemically linked together.- C12H22O11 (not a perfect 1:2:1 ratio because one molecule of water is lost for every monosaccharide that hooks together)- ex: sucrose (table sugar)

3) Polysaccharides:

- multiple (many) monosaccharides linked together (most complex carbohydrate)- ex: starches, glycogen, cellulose

Starch – carbohydrate produced by plants as an energy source (potatoes, pasta, bread).

Cellulose – fibrous material found in plant cell walls that give cells shape and rigidity.

Glycogen – a chemical found in the liver of animals made up of multiple links of glucose molecules; produced when extra glucose molecules in the blood are not needed.

Why Are Carbohydrates Important To

Know....• Glucose is the only carbohydrate that is usable by living organisms because it is one of the main ingredients used during cellular respiration; any other carbohydrate MUST be broken down by the body.

• Glucose is broken down during cellular respiration to extract energy needed for cells to function.

• Glucose is a monosaccharide and is the simplest sugar possible...therefore, it is not necessary for an organism to break it down any further.

• The more your body has to work to break the carbohydrate down into glucose, the more calories you burn!!

• If you eat meals full of fructose and sucrose (disacccharides), your body doesn’t have to work as hard to break it down;

• Since polysaccharides are made up of many subunits, they need a lot of energy to be broken down and thus, you burn calories.

• Fiber is the “toughest” polysaccharide to break down; in some cases, you actually burn more calories just by digesting the food than what is actually in the food!!

• Sugar-free products usually use more trans-fat (artificial fat) which raises cholesterol levels OR sometimes disguises its “sugar-free” claim with other scientific names for sugar.

Moral of story....please read your food labels!! Check out fiber content!!! If a product has 0 fiber, you are consuming TOO MUCH sugar and it will go straight to FAT!!

LipidsDescription: fats, oils, and

waxes

Function: long-term energy storage, makes up cell membrane and hormones, cushioning.

Chemical Ingredients: *large #s of carbon and

hydrogen, but low #s oxygen; (low # of oxygen makes fats

insoluable in water).

Monomer: Fatty Acid

- molecule that consist of long hydrocarbon tails (made up of C and H only) and a “head” made up of a compound called glycerol.

Fatty Acid Structure

• *The head is hydrophilic, meaning that it borders any type of water (water-loving).

• *The hydrocarbon tail is hydrophobic, meaning that it always points inward, away from water (water-hating).

- there are two types of lipid monomers:

Saturated Fatty Acids:

*comes from animals.*hardens at room

temperature.*disease-causing; clogs

arteries.*has a straight tail, meaning

all carbons and hydrogens are single-bonded to each other, leaving no more room for further bonding (hence... “saturated”).

Unsaturated Fatty Acid:

- comes from plants- stays liquid at room temp.- better alternative for your

health; doesn’t clog arteries.

- hydrocarbon tail is kinked since some of the bonds between carbon and hydrogen are double bonds (meaning that more carbon and hydrogen could be added to it later..... “unsaturated” means not full).

Saturated vs. Unsaturated Fatty

Acids

*Shape: shape of fat (lipid) depends on...

1) whether it is saturated or unsaturated.2) the number of hydrocarbon tails present.

*Subgroups:

1) Triglycerides – fat found in diet; three tails.

2) Steroids – hormones; tails are ring-shaped instead of straight.

3) Phospholipids – make up cell membrane; two hydrocarbon tails.

ProteinsDescription: makes up skin,

nails, bone, muscle, etc.; enzymes; antibodies; chemical messengers.

Function: provides structure; cell homeostasis and regulation (control messaging, chemical reactions, etc.)

Chemical Ingredients: C, H, N, O, (no particular ratio)

Monomer: Amino Acid

• *there are twenty different types of amino acids that can hook together to forma protein.

*Protein size can range from two amino acids (dipeptide) to thousands of amino acids (polypeptide).

*Proteins are diverse because these 20 amino acids can arrange themselves in any number and order to make each protein unique.

Shape: mostly globular, some helical and others pleated.

Subgroups of Proteins

1) Structural Proteins – make up hair, skin, muscle, nails, etc.; such as collagen, keratin, elastin.

2) Enzymes – special proteins that help speed up chemical reactions; many enzymes help to speed up digestion.ex: Lactase = enzyme needed to break down lactose (milk sugar).

3) Antibodies – proteins that are apart of our immune system; helps to fight off infection.

4) Receptor Proteins – chemical messengers that help cells communicate with each other.

Nucleic Acids*Description: organic molecules

that store the information necessary to conduct life.

*Function: contain the genetic code to produce proteins (proteins determine the structure and function of living things).

*Chemical Ingredients: C, H, N, O, and P.

*Monomer: basic unit of a nucleic acid is called a nucleotide:

Nucleotides

*Each nucleotide contains three ingredients:

1) sugar group2) phosphate group3) nitrogen group – 4 types

*Since there are four different nitrogen groups (aka “nitrogen bases”), there are four different kinds of nucleotides.

*These four nucleotides are arranged randomly in a unique number and order to make each living thing genetically unique.

Nucleotide

*Shape: either a double-helix or a single-helix

*Subgroups:

1) DNA: “deoxyribonucleic acid”

*type of double helix-shaped nucleic acid that is found in the nucleus (the “brain”) of the cell.

*DNA has the genetic code to produce proteins.*each living organism has a unique DNA structure (no two organisms are alike).*DNA cannot leave the nucleus, so it must make a “helper” to send the genetic code to the ribosome (organelle that makes proteins).

2) RNA – “ribonucleic acid”.

*A type of nucleic acid produced from DNA; DNA’s “helper”.

*Single-stranded helix.*RNA carries DNA’s

genetic code outside the nucleus to the ribosomes so that protiens can be produced.

JE #13: Identification of 50+ Biological

ElementsH = Na = Kr = Rb =

He = Mg = Xe = Tl =

Fe = Mn = Cd = Bi =

Li = Al = Ba = Po =

Co = Ni = Pt = At =

Be = Si = Ti =B = P = As = Cu = Zn = Se =C = S = Br =N = Cl = W =Ag = Sn = Zr =O = Ar = U =F = K = Sr =I = Hg = Cs =Ne = Ca = Fr =Au = Pb = Mo =Rn = Cr = V =

• 1. What does insoluable mean in a lipid?

• 2.How will the basic definition of a lipid be illustrated in this experiment?

Lipid Lab