jean-louis vincent978-0-387-77383-4/1.pdf · jean-louis vincent, md, phd, fccm,fccp head,...
TRANSCRIPT
INTENSIVECARE
MEDICINE
EImEANNUALUPDATE
JEAN-LOUIS VINCENT
INTENSIVECARE
MEDICINE
ANNUALUPDATE
2008
Editor
Jean-Louis VincentMD, PhD, FCCM, FCCP
Head, Department of Intensive CareErasme Hospital, Universite libre de Bruxelles
Brussels, Belgium
With 238 Figures and 90 Tables
~ Springer
JEAN-LoUIS VINCENT, MD, PHD, FCCM, FCCPHead, Department of Intensive CareErasme HospitalUniversite libre de BruxellesRoute de Lennik 8081070 BrusselsBelgium
ISBN978-0-387-77382-7
© 2008 Springer Science + Business Media Inc.
Printed on acid-free paper.
All rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part withoutthe written permission of the publisher (Springer Science+Business Media, Inc., 233 SpringStreet, New York, NY 10013, USA), except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews orscholarly analysis. Use in connection with any form of information storage and retrieval, elec-tronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known orhereafter developed is forbidden.
The use in this publication of trade names, trademarks, service marks, and similar terms,even if they are not identified as such, is not to be taken as an expression of opinion as towhether or not they are subject to proprietary rights.
Printed in Germany
987654321
springer.com
Table of Contents
I Genetic Factors
Are Pharmacogenetics and Pharmacogenomics Important for CriticallyIII Patients?
C. KIRWAN, I. MACPHEE, and B. PHILIPS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Genetic Susceptibility in ALI/ARDS: What have we Learned?R. CARTIN-CEBA, M.N. GONG, and O. GAJIC 13
Racial Disparities in Infection and Sepsis: Does Biology Matter?EB. MAYR, S. YENDE, and D.C. ANGUS 24
II Cardiac Issues
B-type Natriuretic Peptide: An Emerging Biomarker in Pediatric Critical CareP.E. OISHI, J.-H. Hsu, and J.R. FINEMAN 33
Cardiac Dysfunction in Septic ShockI. CINEL, R. NANDA, and R.P. DELLINGER. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
The Consequences of Cardiac Autonomic Dysfunction in Multiple OrganDysfunction Syndrome
H. SCHMIDT, U. MULLER-WERDAN, and K. WERDAN 55
Quantification of Improved Left Ventricular Performance during CardiacResynchronization Therapy
B. LAMIA and M.R. PINSKY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
Diastolic Dysfunction and Cardiac Failure in the Intensive Care UnitJ. POELAERT, E. OSIPOWSKA, and C. VERBORGH 76
Pharmacological Support of the Failing Right VentricleP.E WOUTERS, S. REX, and C. MISSANT 88
Perioperative CardioprotectionH.-J. PRIEBE 101
III Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation
Improving the Quality of Cardiac Arrest Resuscitation CareC]. DINE and B.S. ABELLA 113
Pediatric Cardiopulmonary Arrest and ResuscitationA. TOPJIAN, R.A. BERG, and V.M. NADKARNI 121
v
VI Table of Contents
Early Cooling in Cardiac Arrest: What is the Evidence?1. HAMMER, C. ADRIE, and J.-E TIMSIT 137
IV Emergencies
Management of Severe Accidental HypothermiaG.J. PEEK, P.R. DAVIS, and J.A. ELLERTON 147
Initial ICU Management of Skin Sloughing Diseases: Toxic Epidermal Necrolysisand Stevens-Johnson Syndrome
T.L. PALMIERI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 160
V Poisonings
Pathophysiology of Caustic IngestionM. OSMAN and D.N. GRANGER 171
Extracorporeal Life-Support for Acute Drug-induced Cardiac ToxicityB. MEGARBANE, N. DEYE, and EJ. BAUD 179
VI Acute Respiratory Failure
Epidemiology of Acute Respiratory Failure and Mechanical VentilationH.S. SURI, G. LI, and O. GAJIC 193
Esophagectomy and Acute Lung InjuryD.P. PARK, D. GOUREVITCH, and G.D. PERKINS 203
Glucocorticoid Treatment in Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome: Friend or Foe?P. PELOSI and P.R.M. Rocco 214
Regional Lung Function in Critically III Neonates: A New Perspective forElectrical Impedance Tomography
I. FRERICHS, J. SCHOLZ, and N. WEILER 224
Extracorporeal Lung Assist for Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome:Past, Present and Future
R. Konr, U. STEINSEIFER, and R. ROSSAINT 235
VII Ventilatory Support
Protective Mechanical Ventilation: Lessons Learned from Alveolar MechanicsS. ALBERT, B. KUBIAK, and G. NIEMAN 245
Mechanical Ventilation for Acute Asthma ExacerbationsD. DE MENDOZA, M. LUJAN, and J. RELLO 256
Hypercapnia: Permissive, Therapeutic or Not at All?P. HASSETT, M. CONTRERAS, and J.G. LAFFEY 269
The Cardiopulmonary Effects of HypercapniaT. MANCA, L.c. WELCH, and J.1. SZNAJDER 282
High Frequency Oscillation for Acute Respiratory Failure in AdultsS.D. MENTZELOPOULOS, C. Roussos, and S.G. ZAKYNTHINOS 290
310
434
Table of Contents VII
Airway Pressure Release Ventilation : Promises and Potentials for ConcernJ. GUTIERREZ MEJIA, E. FAN, and N.D. FERGUSON 301
Post-operative Non-invasive VentilationS. JABER, G. CHANQUES, and B. JUNG
VIII Tracheostomy
Choice of Tracheostomy Tube: Does One Size Fit All?J. ORAM and A. BODENHAM 323
What's New in Percutaneous Dilational Tracheostomy?T.A. TRESCHAN, B. PANNEN, and M. BEIDERLINDEN 331
IX Infections
Novel Therapies in the Prevention of Ventilator-associated PneumoniaP.J. YOUNG and M.C. BLUNT 343
Management of Ventilator-associated PneumoniaM. FERRER, M. VALENCIA, and A. TORRES 353
Flucytosine Combined with Amphotericin B for Fungal InfectionsP.H.J. VAN DER VOORT 365
X Cellular Mechanisms in Sepsis
Apoptosis in Critical Illness: A Primer for the IntensivistZ. MALAM, J.C. MARSHALL 375
Regulation of Mitochondrial Function by Hypoxia and Inflammation in Sepsis:A Putative Role for Hypoxia Inducible Factor
T. REGUEIRA, S.M. JAKOB, and S. DJAFARZADEH 385
Gram-positive and Gram-negative Sepsis: Two Disease Entities?S. LEAVER, A. BURKE GAFFNEY, and T.W. EVANS 395
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus-induced Sepsis: Role of Nitric OxideP. ENKHBAATAR, 1. TRABER, and D. TRABER 404
XI Sepsis Therapies
The Cardiovascular Management of SepsisB.C. CREAGH-BROWN, J. BALL, and M. HAMILTON 413
Terlipressin in Septic Shock: When and How Much?C. ERTMER, A. MORELLI, and M. WESTPHAL 423
Blood Purification Techniques in Sepsis and SIRSP.M. HONORE, O. JOANNES-BoYAU, and B. GRESSENS
Glutathione in Sepsis and Multiple Organ FailureU. FLARING and J. WERNERMAN 444
Selenocompounds and Selenium: A Biochemical Approach to SepsisX. FORCEVILLE and P. VAN ANTWERPEN 454
536
VIII Table of Contents
XII Metabolic Alterations
The Role of Hypoxia and Inflammation in the Expression and Regulationof Proteins Regulating Iron Metabolism
S. BRANDT, J. TAKALA, and P.M. LEPPER 473
Hyperammonemia in the Adult Critical Care SettingK. DAMS, W. MEERSSEMAN, and A. WILMER 481
Magnesium in the ICU: Sine qua nonF. ESEN and L. TELCI 491
Strict Glycemic Control: Not If and When, but Who and How?M.J. DE GRAAFF, P.E. SPRONK, and M.J. SCHULTZ 502
Cortisol Metabolism in Inflammation and SepsisB. VENKATESH and J. COHEN 514
XIII Fluid Management
Assessment of Perioperative Fluid BalanceM.T. GANTER and C.K. HOFER 523
Fluid Resuscitation and Intra-abdominal HypertensionI.E. DE LAET, J.J. DE WAELE, and M.L.N.G. MALBRAIN
XIV Acute Kidney Injury
Six Truths about Acute Kidney Injury that the Intensivist should be Aware ofE.A.J. HOSTE 551
Role of Poly(ADP-Ribose) Polymerase in Acute Kidney InjuryR. VASCHETTO, F.B. PLOTZ, and A.B.J. GROENEVELD 559
From Hemodynamics to Proteomics : Unraveling the Complexity of Acute KidneyInjury in Sepsis
M. MATEJOVIC, P. RADERMACHER, and V. THONGBOONKERD 568
XV Hemodynamic Assessment and Management
Towards Optimal Central Venous Catheter Tip PositionW. SCHUMMER, Y. SAKR, and C. SCHUMMER 581
From Arterial Pressure to Cardiac OutputM. CECCONI, A. RHODES, and G. DELLA Roccx 591
Hemodynamic Monitoring: Requirements of Less Invasive Intensive Care -Quality And Safety
A. VIEILLARD-BARON 602
Minimally Invasive Cardiac Output Monitoring: Toy or Tool?G. MARX and T. SCHUERHOLZ 607
Bioreactance: A New Method for Non-invasive Cardiac Output Monitor ingP. SQUARA 619
Goal-directed Hemodynamic Therapy for Surgical PatientsP. MORGAN and A. RHODES 631
785
Table of Contents IX
XVI Tissue Oxygenation
Use of Mixed Venous Oxygen Saturation in ICU PatientsM. LEONE, V. BLASCO, and C. MARTIN 641
Early Optimization of Oxygen Delivery in High-risk Surgery PatientsS.M. LOBO, E. REZENDE, and F. SUPARREGUI DIAS , 654
The Influence of Packed Red Blood Cell Transfusion on Tissue OxygenationS. SUTTNER and J. BOLDT 665
Recent Advancements in Microcirculatory Image Acquisition and AnalysisR. BEZEMER, M. KHALILZADA, and C. INCE 677
The Beneficial Effects of Increasing Blood ViscosityB.Y. SALAZAR VAZQUEZ, P. CABRALES, and M. INTAGLIETTA 691
XVII Anticoagulants in Organ Failure
Protein C and Antithrombin Levels in Surgical and Septic PatientsY. SAKR, N.C.M. YOUSSEF, and K. REINHART 703
Thrombophilia as a Risk Factor for Outcome in SepsisJ.-J. HOFSTRA, M. SCHOUTEN, and M. LEVI 713
The Effects of Activated Protein C on the Septic EndotheliumS.E. ORFANOS, N.A. MANIATIS, and A. KOTANIDOU 721
Improvement in Hemodynamics by Activated Protein C in Septic ShockX. MONNET, H. KSOURI, and J.-L. TEBOUL 730
XVIII Acute Bleeding
Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage on the Intensive Care UnitS.J. THOMSON, M.L. COWAN, and T.M. RAHMAN 739
Recombinant Activated Factor VII: The Delicate Balance between Efficacyand Safety
S. BELISLE, J.-F. HARDY, and P. VAN DER LINDEN 751
XIX Hepatic Disease
ICU Management of the Liver Transplant PatientG. DELLA ROCCA, M.G. COSTA, and P. CHIARANDINI 763
Liver Support with Fractionated Plasma Separation and Adsorption andPrometheusw
K. RIFAI, C. TETTA, and C. RONCO 777
Artificial Liver Support: Current StatusF. SALIBA, P. ICHAI, and D. SAMUEL
XX Neurological Crises
Encephalopathy in SepsisA. POLITO, S. SIAMI, and T. SHARSHAR 801
X Table of Contents
Multimodality Monitoring in Patients with Elevated Intracranial PressureD.B. SEDER, J.M. SCHMIDT, and S. MAYER 811
Managing Critically III Patients with Status EpilepticusS. LEG RIEL, J.P. BEDos, and E. AZOULAY 822
XXI Analgesia and Sedation
Sedation with Inhaled Anesthetics in Intensive CareEJ. BELDA, M. SORO, and A. MEISER " 839
Sedation or Analgo-sedation in the ICU: A Multimodality ApproachE MEURANT, A. BODART, and J.P. KOCH 850
XXII Outcomes
Time to Use Computerized Physician Order Entry in all ICUsJ. ALI and A. VUYLSTEKE 865
Quality of Life in Locked-in Syndrome SurvivorsM.-A. BRUNO, E PELLAS, and S. LAUREYS 881
Post-traumatic Stress Disorder in Intensive Care Unit SurvivorsJ. GRIFFITHS, A.M. HULL, and B.H. CUTHBERTSON 891
Subject Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 907
List of Contributors
ABELLA BSDepartment of Emergency MedicineUniversity of Pennsylvania3400 Spruce Street, Ground RavdinPhiladelphia, PA 19104USA
ADRIE CDepartment of Intensive CareDelafontaine HospitalRue Dr P Delafontaine 293205 Saint DenisFrance
ALBERT SDepartment of SurgerySuny Upstate Medical University750 East Adams StreetSyracuse, NY 13210USA
ALI JDepartment of Anesthesiaand Critical CarePapworth HospitalCambridge, CB23 3REUnited Kingdom
AL-SUBAIE NGeneral Intensive Care UnitSt. James' WingSt. George 's HospitalBlackshaw RoadLondon, SW17 OQTUnited Kingdom
ANGUS DCCRISMADepartment of Critical Care MedicineUniversity of Pittsburgh School ofMedicine605 Scaife Hall3550 Terrace StreetPittsburgh, PA 15261USA
AZOULAY EDepartment of Intensive CareHopital Saint-Louis 1Avenue Claude Vellefaux75010 ParisFrance
BALL JGeneral Intensive Care UnitSt George's HospitalBlackshaw RoadLondon, SW17 OQTUnited Kingdom
BAUD FJMedical Intensive Care and ToxicologyHopital Lariboisiere2, Rue Ambroise Pare75010 ParisFrance
BEDOSJPDepartment of Intensive Care MedicineH6pital Andre Mignot177 rue de Versailles78150 Le ChesnayFran ce
XI
XII List of Contributors
BEIDERLINDEN M
Department of AnesthesiologyUniversity HospitalMoorenstr. 540225 DusseldorfGermany
BELDA FJDepartment of Anesthesiaand Critical CareHospital Clinico UniversitarioBlasco Ibanez 1746010 ValenciaSpain
BELISLE SDepartment of AnesthesiologyInstitut de Cardiologie5000 Rue Belanger EstMontreal, QB HIT lC8Canada
BERG RA
Department of PediatricsUniversity of Arizona Schoolof Medicine1501 N Campbell Avenue,Tucson, AZ 85724USA
BEZEMER R
Department of PhysiologyAcademic Medical CenterUniversity of AmsterdamMeibergdreef 91105 AZ AmsterdamNetherlands
BLASCO VDepartment of Anesthesiaand Intensive CareHopital NordChemin des Bourrely13915 MarseilleFrance
BLUNT MC
Department of Critical CareQueen Elizabeth HospitalGayton RoadKing's Lynn,Norfolk, PE30 4ETUnited Kingdom
BODART A
Intensive Care UnitKirchberg HospitalRue E.Steighen, 92540 LuxemburgLuxembourg
BODENHAM A
Department of Anesthesia andIntensive CareLeeds General InfirmaryGt. George StLeeds, LSI 3EXUnited Kingdom
BOLDT JDepartment of Anesthesiologyand Intensive Care MedicineKlinikum der Stadt LudwigshafenBremserstr. 7967063 LudwigshafenGermany
BRANDT SDepartment of AnesthesiologyUniversity HospitalInselspital3010 BernSwitzerland
BRUNO MA
Coma Science GroupCyclotron Research Centre andNeurology DepartmentUniversity of Liege - Sart Tilman (B30)4000 LiegeBelgium
BURKE GAFFNEY A
Department of Critical CareRoyal Brompton HospitalSydney StreetLondon, SW3 6NPUnited Kingdom
CABRALES PLa Jolla Bioengineering Institute505 Coast Boulevard South Suite # 405La Jolla, CA 92037USA
CARTIN-CEBA RDepartment of Internal MedicineDivision of Pulmonary and CriticalCare MedicineMayo Clinic200 First Street SWRochester, MN 55905USA
CECCONI MDepartment of Anesthesia andIntensive Care MedicineUniversity HospitalPIe S.M. Misericordia 1533100 UdineItaly
CHANQUES GDepartment of Anesthesia and CriticalCareSaint Eloi University Hospital80 avenue Augustin Fliche34295 MontpellierFrance
CHiARANDlNI PDepartment of Anesthesia andIntensive Care MedicineAzienda Ospedaliero Universitaria S.M.della MisericordiaPIe S.M. Misericordia 1531100 UdineItaly
CINEL IDivision of Critical CareCooper University HospitalOne Cooper PlazaDorrance Building, Suite 393Camden, NJ 08103USA
COHEN JDepartment of Intensive CareRoyal Brisbane & Ipswich HospitalsUniversity of QueenslandQueensland 4029Australia
list of Contributors XIII
CONTRERAS MDepartment of AnesthesiaClinical Sciences InstituteNational University of IrelandGalwayIreland
COSTA MGDepartment of Anesthesia andIntensive Care MedicineAzienda Ospedaliero Universitaria S.M.della MisericordiaP.le S.M. Misericordia 1531100 UdineItaly
COWAN MLDepartment of GastroenterologySt George's HospitalBlackshaw RoadLondon, SW17 OQTUnited Kingdom
CREAGH-BROWN BC
General Intensive Care UnitSt George's HospitalBlackshaw RoadLondon, SW17 OQTUnited Kingdom
CUTHBERTSON BHHealth Services Research UnitHealth Sciences BuildingUniversity of AberdeenAberdeenUnited Kingdom
DAMS KMedical Intensive Care UnitUniversity HospitalHerestraat 493000 LeuvenBelgium
DAVIS PRDepartment of Emergency MedicineDefense Medical ServicesSouthern General HospitalGlasgow, G51 4TFUnited Kingdom
XIV List of Contributors
DE GRAAFF MJDepartment of Intensive CareAcademic Medical CenterMeibergdreef 91105 AZ AmsterdamNetherlands
DE LAET IEDepartment of Intensive CareZNA StuivenbergLange Beeldekensstraat 2672060 AntwerpBelgium
DELLA ROCCA G
Department of Anesthesia andIntensive Care MedicineAzienda Ospedaliero Universitaria S.M.della MisericordiaPIe S.M. Misericordia 1531100 UdineItaly
DELLINGER RP
Division of Critical CareCooper University HospitalOne Cooper PlazaDorrance Building, Suite 393Camden, NJ 08103USA
DE MENDOZA D
Critical Care DepartmentJoan XXIII University HospitalCarrer Mallafre Guasch 443007 TarragonaSpain
DE WAELE JJDepartment of Intensive CareUniversity HospitalDe Pintelaan 1859000 GhentBelgium
DEYE NMedical Intensive Care and ToxicologyHopital Lariboisiere2, Rue Ambroise Pare75010 ParisFrance
DINE CJDivision of Pulmonary, Allergy andCritical CareUniversity of Pennsylvania3400 Spruce Street, Ground RavdinPhiladelphia, PA 19104USA
DJAFARZADEH SDepartment of Intensive CareUniversity HospitalInselspital3010 BernSwitzerland
ELLERTON JABirbeck Medical GroupBridge LanePenrithCumbria CAll 8HWUnited Kingdom
ENKHBAATAR P
Department of AnesthesiologyUniversity of Texas Medical Branch610 Texas AveGalveston, TX 77555USA
ERTMER CDepartment of Anesthesiology andIntensive CareUniversity HospitalAlbert-Schweitzer-Str, 3348149 MuensterGermany
ESEN FDepartment of Anesthesiology andIntensive CareMedical Faculty of IstanbulUniversity of IstanbulCapa Klinikleri34093 IstanbulTurkey
EVANS TW
Department of Critical CareRoyal Brompton HospitalSydney StreetLondon, SW3 6NPUnited Kingdom
FAN EDepartment of Pulmonaryand Critical Care MedicineJohns Hopkins University1830 East Monument StreetBaltimore, MD 21205USA
FERGUSON ND
Department of Critical CareToronto Western Hospital399 Bathurst Street, F2-150Toronto, ON, M5T 2S8Canada
FERRERM
Pulmonology ServiceInstitut Clinic del ToraxHospital ClinicVillarroel 17008036 BarcelonaSpain
FINEMAN JRCardiovascular Research InstituteUniversity of California San Francisco513 Parnassus AvenueSan Francisco, CA 94143USA
FLARING UDepartment of Anesthesia andIntensi ve CareAstrid Lindgren's Children HospitalKarolinska University HospitalHuddinge14186 StockholmSweden
FORCEVILLE XDepartment of Intensive CareCentre Hospitalier de MeauxHopital Saint Faron6-8 Rue Saint Fiacre77104 MeauxFrance
List of Contributors XV
FRERICHS IDepartment of Anesthesiology andIntensive Care MedicineUniversity Medical Centerof Schleswig-HolsteinSchwanenweg 2124105 KielGermany
GAJIC aDepartment of Internal MedicineDivision of Pulmonary and CriticalCare MedicineMayo Clinic200 First Street SWRochester, MN 55905USA
GANTER MT
Institute of AnesthesiologyUniversity HospitalRaemistr. 1008091 ZurichSwitzerland
GONG MN
Department of Pulmonary, CriticalCare, and Sleep MedicineDepartment of MedicineMount Sinai Hospital1190 Fifth AvenueNew York, NY 10029USA
GOUREVITCH D
Department of SurgeryUniversity HospitalBirmingham NHS Foundation TrustBirmingham, B15 2TTUnited Kingdom
GRANGER DN
Department of Molecular and CellularPhysiologyLouisiana State University HealthSciences Center1501 Kings HighwayShreveport, LA 71103-3932USA
XVI List of Contributors
GRESSENS BDepartment of Intensive CareSt-Pierre Para-Universitary HospitalAvenue Reine Fabiola 91340 Ottignies-Louvain-La-NeuveBelgium
GRIFFITHS JNuffield Department of AnestheticsJohn Radcliffe HospitalHeadley WayOxford OX3 9DUUnited Kingdom
GROENEVELD ABJDepartment of Intensive CareVrije Universiteit Medical CentreDe Boelelaan 11171081 HV AmsterdamNetherlands
GUTIERREZ MEJIA JDepartment of Critical CareToronto Western Hospital399 Bathurst Street, F2-150Toronto, ON, M5T 258Canada
HAMILTON MGeneral Intensive Care UnitSt George's HospitalBlackshaw RoadLondon, SW17 OQTUnited Kingdom
HAMMER LDepartment of Intensive CareGrenoble University HospitalBP 21738043 GrenobleFrance
HARDY JFDepartment of AnesthesiologyInstitut de Cardiologie5000 Rue Belanger EstMontreal, QB HIT lC8Canada
HASSETT PDepartment of AnesthesiaClinical Sciences InstituteNational University of IrelandGalwayIreland
HOFER CKInstitute of Anesthesiology andIntensive Care MedicineTriemli City HospitalBirmensdorferstr. 4978063 ZurichSwitzerland
HOFSTRA IIDepartment of MedicineAcademic Medical CenterMeibergdreef 91105 AZ AmsterdamNetherlands
HONORE PMDepartment of Intensive CareSt-Pierre Para-Universitary HospitalAvenue Reine Fabiola 91340 Ottignies-Louvain-La-NeuveBelgium
HOSTE EAJSurgical Intensive Care Unit , 2k12-CGhent University HospitalDe Pintelaan 1859000 GentBelgium
Hsu JHDepartment of PediatricsKaohsiung Medical University HospitalNo. 100, Tzyou 1st Road Kaohsiung 807Taiwan
HULL AMConsultant PsychiatristMurray Royal HospitalPerth, PH2 7BHUnited Kingdom
ICHAi' PDepartment of Hepatobiliary SurgeryHopital Paul Brousse12, Av. P.V. Couturier94800 VillejuifFrance
INCE CDepartment of PhysiologyAcademic Medical CenterUniversity of AmsterdamMeibergdreef 91105 AZ AmsterdamNetherlands
INTAGLIETTA MUCSD-Bioengineering9500 Gilman Dr.La Jolla, CA 92093-0412USA
JABER SAnesthesia and Critical CareDepartmentSaint Eloi University Hospital80 avenue Augustin Fliche34295 MontpellierFrance
JAKOB SMDepartment of Intensive CareUniversity HospitalInselspital3010 BernSwitzerland
JOANNES-BoYAU 0Department of Intensive CareHaut Leveque University HospitalUniversity of Bordeaux IIAvenue de Magellan33604 PessacFrance
JUNG B
Department of Anesthesiaand Critical CareSaint Eloi University Hospital80 avenue Augustin Fliche34295 MontpellierFrance
KHALILZADA MDepartment of PhysiologyAcademic Medical CenterUniversity of AmsterdamMeibergdreef 91105 AZ AmsterdamNetherlands
List of Contributors XVII
KIRWAN CDepartment of Intensive CareSt George 's University of LondonRm 30, Jenner WingCranmer TerraceLondon, SW17 OREUnited Kingdom
KOCH JP
Intensive Care UnitKirchberg HospitalRue E. Steighen, 92540 LuxemburgLuxemburg
Kozr RSurgical Intensive Care MedicineUniversity HospitalPauwelsstr. 3052074 AachenGermany
KOTANIDOU A1st Department of Critical CareUniversity of Athens Medical SchoolEvangelismos General Hospital45-47 Ipsilandou St10675 AthensGreece
KSOURI HDepartment of Intensive CareCentre Hospitalier Universitaire deBicetre78, rue du General Leclerc94270 Le Krernlin-BicetreFrance
KUBIAK B
Department of SurgerySuny Upstate Medical University750 East Adams StreetSyracuse, NY 13210USA
LAFFEY JG
Department of AnesthesiaClinical Sciences InstituteNational University of IrelandGalwayIreland
XVIII List of Contributors
LAMIA BDepartment of Critical Care MedicineUniversity of Pittsburgh Medical Center606 Scaife Hall3550 Terrace StreetPittsburgh, PA 15261USA
LAUREYS SComa Science GroupCyclotron Research Centre andNeurology DepartmentUniversity of Liege .:-Sart Tilman (B30)4000 LiegeBelgium
LEAVER SDepartment of Critical CareRoyal Brompton HospitalSydney StreetLondon, SW3 6NPUnited Kingdom
LEG RIEL SDepartment of Intensive CareHopital Saint-Louis 1Avenue Claude Vellefaux75010 ParisFrance
LEONE MDepartment of Anesthesiology andIntensive Care MedicineHopital NordChemin des Bourrely13915 MarseilleFrance
LEPPER PMDepartment of Intensive CareUniversity HospitalInselspital3010 BernSwitzerland
LEVI MDepartment of MedicineAcademic Medical CenterMeibergdreef 91105 AZ AmsterdamNetherlands
LI GPulmonary DepartmentGuang An Mem HospitalBeijingChina
LOBO SMDivision of Critical Care MedicineDepartment of Internal MedicineMedical School-FUNFARME andHospital de BaseRua Antonio de Godoy 3548Centro Sao Jose do Rio Preto - SP -15015-100Brazil
LUJAN MDepartment of PneumologyCorporacio Sanitaria Pare TauliPare Pauli sin08208 SabadellSpain
MACPHEE IDepartment of Intensive CareSt George's University of LondonRm 30, Jenner WingCranmer TerraceLondon, SW17 OREUnited Kingdom
MALAM ZDivision of Critical CareRoom 4-007, Bond WingSt. Michael's Hospital30 Bond StreetToronto, ON M5W 1B8Canada
MALBRAIN MLNGDepartment of Intensive CareZNA StuivenbergLange Beeldekensstraat 2672060 AntwerpBelgium
MANCA TPulmonary and Critical Care MedicineFeinberg School of Medicine,Northwesten University240 E. Huron, McGaw Pavilion M-300Chicago, IL 60611USA
MANIATIS NAM. Simou LaboratoryUniversity of Athens Medical SchoolEvangelismos General Hospital3 Ploutarchou St10675 AthensGreece
MARSHALL JCDivision of Critical CareRoom 4-007, Bond WingSt. Michael's Hospital30 Bond StreetToronto, ON M5W IB8Canada
MARTIN CDepartment of Anesthesiologyand Intensive CareHopital NordChemin des Bourrely13915 MarseilleFrance
MARX GDepartment of Anesthesia andIntensive Care MedicineFriedrich Schiller UniversityErlanger Allee 10107747 lenaGermany
MATEJOVIC M
151 Medical Department, ICUChalres University Medical Schooland Teaching HospitalAlej svobody 8030460 PlzenCzech Republic
MAYER SANeurological Intensive Care UnitDepartments of Neurology andNeurosurgeryNeurological InstituteColumbia University Medical Center710 West 1681h StreetBox 39New York, NY 10032USA
List of Contributors XIX
MAYR FBCRISMADepartment of Critical Care MedicineUniversity of Pittsburgh Schoolof Medicine605 Scaife Hall3550 Terrace StreetPittsburgh, PA 15261USA
MEERSSEMAN WMedical Intensive Care UnitUniversity HospitalHerestraat 493000 LeuvenBelgium
MEGARBANE BMedical Intensive Care and ToxicologyHopital Lariboisiere2, Rue Ambroise Pare75010 ParisFrance
MEISER AAnesthesiology DepartmentSt Josef-HospitalGudrunstr. 5644791 BochumGermany
MENTZELOPOULOS SDIntensive Care MedicineEvangelismos Hospital45-47 Ipsilandou Street10675 AthensGreece
MEURANT FIntensive Care UnitKirchberg HospitalRue E. Steighen, 92540 LuxemburgLuxembourg
MISSANT CDepartment of Acute Medical SciencesKatholieke Universiteit LeuvenMinderbroederstraat 19 - bus 70033000 LeuvenBelgium
XX List of Contributors
MONNET XDepartment of Intensive CareCentre Hospitalier Universitaire deBicetre78, rue du General Leclerc94270 Le Krernlin-BicetreFrance
MORELLI ADepartment of Anesthesiologyand Intensive CareUniversity of Rome "La Sapienza"Via Barnaba Oriani 200197 RomeItaly
MORGAN P
General Intensive Care UnitSt. James' WingSt. George's HospitalBlackshaw RoadLondon, SW17 OQTUnited Kingdom
MULLER-WERDAN UDepartment of Medicine IIIMartin-Luther-UniversityHalle- WittenbergKlinikum KrollwitzErnst-Grube-Str. 40060097 Halle/SaaleGermany
NADKARNI VM
Department of Anesthesia and CriticalCare MedicineThe Children's Hospital of Philadelphia34th Street and Civic Center BoulevardPhiladelphia, PA 19104USA
NANDA RDivision of Critical CareCooper University HospitalOne Cooper PlazaDorrance Building, Suite 393Camden, NJ 08103USA
NIEMAN GDepartment of SurgerySuny Upstate Medical University750 East Adams StreetSyracuse, NY 13210USA
OISHI PE
Pediatric Critical CareUniversity of California513 Parnassus Avenue, Box 0106San Francisco, CA 94143USA
ORAM JDepartment of Anesthesia andIntensive CareLeeds General InfirmaryGt. George StLeeds, LSI 3EXUnited Kingdom
ORFANOS SE
2nd Department of Critical CareMedicineAttikon HospitalI, Rimini St.12462 HaidariGreece
OSIPOWSKA E
Department of AnesthesiologyUniversity Hospital of BrusselsLaarbeeklaan 1011090 BrusselsBelgium
OSMAN M
Department of Pediatric SurgeryAin Shams University Schoolof MedicineAbbasya SquareCairoEgypt
PALMIERI TLDept of SurgeryUC Davis Regional Burn Centerand Shriners Hospital for Children2425 Stockton Blvd., Suite 718Sacramento, CA 95817USA
PANNEN BDepartment of AnesthesiologyUniversity HospitalMoorenstr. 540225 DusseldorfGermany
PARK DPBirmingham Heartlands HospitalBordesley Green EastBirmingham, B9 5SSUnited Kingdom
PEEK GJCardiothoracic SurgeryGlenfield HospitalGroby RoadLeicester LE3 9QPUnited Kingdom
PELLAS FNeurorehabilitation Medicin eHopital CaremeauCHU30029 NimesFrance
PELOSI PDepartment of AnesthesiologyOspedlae di Circolo e FondazioneMacchiViale Borri 5721100 VareseItaly
PERKINS GDWarwick Medical SchoolUniversity of WarwickCoventry, CV4 7ALUnited Kingdom
PHILIPS BDepartment of Intensive CareSt George's University of LondonRm 30, Jenner WingCranmer TerraceLondon, SW17 OREUnited Kingdom
List of Contributors XXI
PINSKY MRDepartment of Critical Care MedicineUniversity of Pittsburgh Medical Center606 Scaife Hall3550 Terrace StreetPittsburgh, PA 15261USA
PLOTZ FBDepartment of Pediatric Intensive CareVrije Universiteit Medical CentreDe Boelelaan 11171081 HV AmsterdamNetherlands
POELAERT JDepartment of AnesthesiologyUniversity Hospital of BrusselsLaarbeeklaan 1011090 BrusselsBelgium
POLITO ARespiratory Muscle LaboratoryHopital Raymond PoincareBoulevard Raymont Poincare 10492380 GarchesFrance
PRIEBE HJDepartment of AnesthesiologyUniversity HospitalHugstetter Str. 5579106 FreiburgGermany
RADERMACHER PDept of AnesthesiaUniversity HospitalParkstrasse89073 UlmGermany
RAHMAN TMDepartment of GastroenterologySt George's HospitalBlackshaw RoadLondon, SW17 OQTUnited Kingdom
XXII List of Contributors
REGUEIRA TDepartment of Intensive Care MedicineUniversity HospitalInselspital3010 BernSwitzerland
REINHART KDept of Anesthesiology and IntensiveCareFriedrich-Schiller UniversityErlanger Allee 10307743 lenaGermany
RELLO JCritical Care DepartmentJoan XXIII University HospitalCarrer Mallafre Guasch 443007 TarragonaSpain
REX SDepartment of AnesthesiologyUniversity Hospital of the RWTHPauwelsstrasse 3052074 AachenGermany
REZENDE EIntensive Care DepartmentHospital do Servidor Publico EstadualRua Pedro de Toledo 1800Sao Paulo 040039901Brazil
RHODES AGeneral Intensive Care UnitSt. James' WingSt. George's HospitalBlackshaw RoadLondon, SW17 OQTUnited Kingdom
RIFAI KDepartment of Gastroenterology,Hepatology, and EndocrinologyMedical SchoolCarl Neuberg Strasse 130625 HannoverGermany
Rocco PRMLaboratory of Pulmonary InvestigationCarlos Chagas Filho BiophysicsInstituteFederal UniversityRio de JaneiroBrazil
RONCO CDepartment of Nephrology, Dialysisand Renal TransplantationSan Bortolo HospitalViale Rodolfi 3736100 VicenzaItaly
ROSSAINT R
Surgical Intensive Care MedicineUniversity HospitalPauwelsstr. 3052074 AachenGermany
Roussos CIntensive Care MedicineEvangelismos Hospital45-47 Ipsilandou Street10675 AthensGreece
SAKR YDept of Anesthesiology and Intens iveCareFriedrich-Schiller UniversityErlanger Allee 10307743 lenaGermany
SALAZAR VA.ZQUEZ BYUCSD-Bioengineering9500 Gilman Dr.La Jolla, CA 92093-0412USA
SALIBA FDepartment of Hepatobiliary SurgeryHopital Paul Brousse12, Av. P.v. Couturier94800 VillejuifFrance
SAMUEL DDepartment of Hepatobiliary SurgeryHopital Paul Brousse12, Av. P.V. Couturier94800 VillejuifFrance
SCHMIDT HDepartment of Medicine IIIMartin-Luther-UniversityHalle-WittenbergKlinikum KrollwitzErnst-Grube-Str. 40060097 Halle/SaaleGermany
SCHMIDT JMNeurological Intensive Care UnitNeurological InstituteColumbia University Medical Center710 West 168th StreetBox 39New York, NY 10032USA
SCHOLZ JDepartment of Anesthesiologyand Intensive Care MedicineUniversit y Medical Centerof Schleswig-HolsteinSchwanenweg 2124105 KielGermany
SCHOUTEN MDepartment of MedicineAcademic Medical CenterMeibergdreef 91105 AZ AmsterdamNetherlands
SCHUERHO LZ TDepartment of Anesthesiaand Intensive Care MedicineFriedrich Schiller UniversityErlanger Allee 10107747 lenaGermany
List of Contributors XXIII
SCHU LTZ MJDepartment of Intensive CareAcademic Medical CenterMeibergdreef 91105 AZ AmsterdamNetherlands
SCHUMMER CDept of Anesthesiologyand Intensive CareFriedrich-Schiller UniversityErlanger Allee 10107747 lenaGermany
SCHUMMER WDept of Anesthesiologyand Intensive CareFriedrich-Schiller UniversityErlanger Allee 10107747 lenaGermany
SEDER DBNeurological Intensive Care UnitDepartments of NeurologyNeurological InstituteColumbia University Medical Center710 West 168th Street, Box 39New York, NY 10032USA
SHARSHAR TRespiratory Muscle LaboratoryHopital Raymond PoincareBoulevard Raymont Poincare 10492380 GarchesFrance
SIAM I S
Respiratory Muscle LaboratoryHopital Raymond PoincareBoulevard Raymont Poincare 10492380 GarchesFrance
SORO MDepartment of Anesthesiaand Critical CareHospital Clinico UniversitarioBlasco Ibanez 1746010 ValenciaSpain
XXIV List of Contributors
SPRONK PEDepartment of Intensive CareAcademic Medical CenterMeibergdreef 9Il05 AZ AmsterdamNetherlands
SQUARA PICU CERICClinique Ambroise Pare27, Bd Victor Hugo92200 Neuilly-sur-SeineFrance
STEINSEIFER UChair of Applied Medical EngineeringUniversity HospitalPauwelsstr. 3052074 AachenGermany
SUPARREGUI DIAS F
Intensive Care UnitHospital Sao Lucas da PUCRSAv. Ipiranga 6690Porto Alegre 90610-000Brazil
SURI HS
Department of Internal MedicineDivision of Pulmonary and CriticalCare MedicineMayo Clinic200 First Street SWRochester, MN 55905USA
SUTTNER S
Department of Anesthesiology andIntensive Care MedicineKlinikum der Stadt LudwigshafenBremserstr. 7967063 LudwigshafenGermany
SZNAJDER JI
Pulmonary and Critical Care MedicineFeinberg School of Medicine,Northwesten University240 E. Huron, McGaw Pavilion M-300Chicago, IL 606IlUSA
TAKALA J
Department of Intensive CareUniversity HospitalInselspital3010 BernSwitzerland
TEBOUL JL
Department of Intensive CareCentre Hospitalier Universitaire deBicetre78, rue du General Leclerc94270 Le Kremlin-BicetreFrance
TELCI L
Department of Anesthesiology andIntensive CareMedical Faculty of IstanbulUniversity of IstanbulCapa Klinikleri34093 IstanbulTurkey
TETTA CInternational Research andDevelopmentFresenius Medical Care DeutschlandGmbH61346 Bad HomburgGermany
THOMSON SJ
Department of Intensive CareSt George's HospitalBlackshaw RoadLondon, SW17 OQTUnited Kingdom
THONGBOONKERD VMedical Molecular Biology UnitOffice for Research and DevelopmentFaculty of Medicine Siriraj HospitalMahidol UniversityBangkokThailand
TIMSIT JF
Department of Intensive CareGrenoble University HospitalBP 21738043 GrenobleFrance
TOPJIAN A
Department of Anesthesia and CriticalCare MedicineThe Children's Hospital of Philadelphia34th Street and Civic Center BoulevardPhiladelphia, PA 19104USA
TORRES A
Department of PneumonologyInstitut Clinic del ToraxHospital ClinicVillarroel 17008036 BarcelonaSpain
TRABER DDepartment of AnesthesiologyUniversity of Texas Medical Branch610 Texas AveGalveston, TX 77555USA
TRABER LDepartment of AnesthesiologyUniversity of Texas Medical Branch610 Texas AveGalveston, TX 77555USA
TRESCHAN TA
Department of AnesthesiologyUniversity HospitalMoorenstr. 540225 DusseldorfGermany
VALENCIA MDepartment of PneumonologyInstitut Clinic del ToraxHospital ClinicVillarroel 17008036 BarcelonaSpain
VAN ANTWERPEN PPharmacy InstituteService de Chimie PharmaceutiqueOrganiqueBId du Triomphe Campus PlaineCP205/051050 BrusselsBelgium
List ofContributors XXV
VAN DER LINDEN PDepartment of AnesthesiologyCHU Brugmann4 Place Arthur Van Gehuchten1020 BrusselsBelgium
VAN DER VOORT PHJDepartment of Intensive CareOnze Lieve Vrouw GasthuisP.O. Box 955001090 HM AmsterdamNetherlands
VASCHETTO RFaculty of MedicineUniversity of Eastern PiedmontNovaraItaly
VENKATESH B
Department of Intensive CarePrincess Alexandra & Wesley HospitalsUniversity of Queensland4066 QueenslandAustralia
VERBORGH CDepartment of AnesthesiologyUniversity Hospital of BrusselsLaarbeeklaan 1011090 BrusselsBelgium
VIEILLARD-BARON A
Department of Intensive CareHopital Ambroise Pare9 avenue Charles-de-Gaulle92104 BoulogneFrance
VUYLSTEKE A
Department of Anesthesiaand Critical CarePapworth HospitalCambridge, CB23 3REUnited Kingdom
XXVI List of Contributors
WEILER NDepartment of Anesthesiologyand Intensive Care MedicineUniversity Medical Centerof Schleswig-HolsteinSchwanenweg 2124105 KielGermany
WELCH LCPulmonary and Critical Care MedicineFeinberg School of Medicine,Northwesten University240 E. Huron, McGaw Pavilion M-300Chicago, IL 60611USA
WERDAN KDepartment of Medicine IIIMartin-Luther-UniversityHalle-WittenbergKlinikum KrollwitzErnst-Grube-Str. 40060097 Halle/SaaleGermany
WERNERMAN JDepartment of Anesthesiaand Intensive CareKarolinska University HospitalHuddinge14186 StockholmSweden
WESTPHAL MDepartment of Anesthesiologyand Intensive CareUniversity HospitalAlbert-Schweitzer-Str, 3348149 MuensterGermany
WILMER AMedical Intensive Care UnitUniversity HospitalHerestraat 493000 LeuvenBelgium
WOUTERS PFDepartment of AnesthesiologyGhent University HospitalDe Pintelaan 1859000 GhentBelgium
YENDE SCRISMADepartment of Critical Care MedicineUniversity of Pittsburgh Schoolof Medicine605 Scaife Hall3550 Terrace StreetPittsburgh, PA 15261USA
YOUNG PJDepartment of Critical Care MedicineQueen Elizabeth HospitalGayton RoadKing's Lynn, PE30 4ETUnited Kingdom
YOUSSEF NCMDept of Anesthesiologyand Intensive CareFriedrich-Schiller UniversityErlanger Allee 10307743 lenaGermany
ZAKYNTHINOS SGDepartment of Intensive CareEvangelismos Hospital45-47 Ipsilandou Street10675 AthensGreece
Common Abbreviations
XXVII
ALIARDSBALCBPCNSCOPDCTCVPDICDOzEEGEKGHIVICUILLPSMAPMOFMRINF-KBNONOSPACPAFPAlPAOPPARPPEEPRBCROSScvOzSIRSSOFASvOzTLRTNFVILIVOz
Acute lung injuryAcute respiratory distress syndromeBronchoalveolar lavageCardiopulmonary bypassCentral nervous systemChronic obstructive pulmonary diseaseComputed tomographyCentral venous pressureDisseminated intravascular coagulationOxygen deliveryElectroencephalogramElectrocardiogramHuman immunodeficiency virusIntensive care unitInterleukinLipopolysaccharideMean arterial pressureMultiple organ failureMagnetic resonance imagingNuclear factor-kappa BNitric oxideNitric oxide synthasePulmonary artery catheterPlatelet activating factorPlasminogen activator inhibitorPulmonary artery occlusion pressurePoly(ADP-ribose) polymerasePositive end-expiratory pressureRed blood cellReactive oxygen speciesCentral venous oxygen saturationSystemic inflammatory response syndromeSequential organ failure assessmentMixed venous oxygen saturationToll-like receptorTumor necrosis factorVentilator-induced lung injuryOxygen uptake