Jefferson’s First Term as President

Mr. CalellaAmerican Studies I(H)

Election of 1796• Federalists: Incumbent VP John Adams/Thomas Pinckney• Democratic-Republicans: Thomas Jefferson/Aaron Burr• At time, Constitution stated that – Winner of Electoral vote would be P– Runner up would be VP President

• It was written before the birth of the two political parties.• Adams got most electoral votes and Jefferson 2nd most, so

they became President and Vice-President respectively• Do you think this is a good result for the country? Should we

spilt the P and VP between the two parties? What if Romney became Obama’s VP?

• It did not work very well for Adams and Jefferson

Election of 1800• Federalists: Incumbent VP John Adams/Thomas Pinckney• Democratic-Republicans: Thomas Jefferson/Aaron Burr• Constitution: each Elector in Electoral College had two votes, but

there was “only one bin” where all votes were placed– Both Jefferson and Burr each received 73 votes– What did Jefferson expect Burr to do? Why do you think Burr refused to play second

fiddle as originally planned? What kind of person do you think Aaron Burr was?

• Constitution required House of Reps to vote in case of tie• Federalists in House held strong majority and rallied for Burr

fearing Jefferson’s “radical” views (focus more on liberty and equality, focus on farms instead of cities and industry, limit of central power, and approval of French Revolution)

• Hamilton (a staunch Federalist) helped sway the vote in favor of Jefferson; he felt that Jefferson was the lesser of two evils (he detested Burr and felt that he was a bigger threat)

Revolution of 1800• Why do think the Democratic-Republicans and

Jefferson referred to their victory over Federalists in the Presidential Election of 1800 sometimes called the “REVOLUTION of 1800”?

• What the CHALLENGE faced by the young country?

• What do you think could have happened if the Federalists refused to give up their power?

Jeffersonian Democracy

• “We are all Republicans-we are all Federalists”– Why do you think Jefferson chose to make this statement

during his Inaugural Address?• Yeoman farmers(ind., self-suff., land owners);anti-city – Same vision for Native Americans and settlers moving west

after Louisiana Purchase; LIMITS: women and blacks• Jefferson cuts gov’t budget (esp. military) and taxes• Wants to promote liberty/equality and decrease

central power in gov’t, but CONTRADICTION!– He owned slaves & white supremacy, yet he most likely

fathered children with Sally Hemmings (background)– Expand executive power (accepts Hamilton’s bank,

Louisiana Purchase, supports commerce, Barbary Wars)

Quick Review• Who was president before 1796?• Who won the Election in 1796? Who became

his VP? Why was this a weird result?• Who were the two finalists in the Election of

1800? Why was this a weird result? What ultimately happened?

• Why was the Election of 1800 sometimes called the Revolution of 1800?

• How did the 12th Amendment address these weird results

Make a Graphic Organizer

Questions Election of 1796 Election of 1800

Who ran for Federalists?

Who ran for Dem-Reps?

Electoral Result?

Why was it a weird result?

Additional Notes

Glogster Project (30 pts): Rubric• 3 content appropriate visuals with a paragraph of

explanatory text under each (15 points)• 1 visual must have a URL which links it to a

content appropriate .edu, .gov, or .org site with more information about the topic (5 points)

• 1 visual must have a link to a content appropriate audio or visual file that you have created or found on the web (.edu, .gov, or .org site) (5pts)

• Attractiveness of overall design and orderly background of Glog (5 points)

Marbury v. Madison

-Judiciary Act of 1789Judiciary Act of 1801-Midnight Judges-Judicial Review

Marbury v. Madison (the facts)

• Before leaving office, Adams created more judge positions– Why did he do it? – Who did he appoint?

• Jefferson takes over and is not happy, why?• All of Adams’ appointments delivered except

Marbury. – What do you think Jefferson did with it?

Marbury v. Madison (the law)• Marbury sues; he bases his lawsuit on the

Judiciary Act of 1789– He claimed that this Act of Congress gave the USSC

power to decide this lawsuit. – But, this power was NOT included in Const.!

• Justice John Marshall wrote the decision, and he had a hard time given the choices…– Rule in favor of Marbury, Jefferson will balk and USSC

will appear weak– Rule against Marbury, Jefferson wins and USSC will

appear weak

Marbury v. Madison (the ruling)• Instead, he declares the Judiciary Act of 1789

unconstitutional. – So, Marbury, his fellow Federalist, loses.– But the USSC and all other Federalists win

• By declaring a statute unconst., Marshall creates the Judicial Review (power of the Court to declare laws unconst.)

• Judicial Review helps the judiciary check the legislative branch

• The USSC becomes the gatekeeper of the Const.

The DuelHamilton purposely shoots into the air, but the scoundrel Burr then takes aim and shoots Hamilton in the gut.Hamilton dies from the wound the next day, and Burr is charged with his murder.Burr , Vice President of the U.S. at the time, becomes a fugitive of the law.Burr goes on to commit an act of treason, but he is later found innocent.Burr is never tried for Hamilton’s murder.

The Louisiana Purchase• Importance of the Purchase; crowning

achievement for Jefferson as President• Background– Napoleon used land to “feed” Hispaniola – Sugar and rum as valuable commodities – Toussaint Louverture-REVOLUTION– Yellow Fever and guerrilla warfare

Toussaint Louverture

The “Black Napoleon”

• The Deal– James Monroe and Robert R. Livingston– Authority for $10M-Florida and New Orleans• Why were these important to Jefferson?

– 1803, accepted a better deal ($15M for whole area) pending ratification by 2/3s of Senate

– Land could make Jefferson’s vision come true• Constitutional Issue– Treaty would be ratified, but constitutional?– Guilty because expanding gov’t power– Actually drafts Amendment, but ignores issue

The Louisiana Purchase (continued)

• Some attacked, but most supported like Hamilton

• Hamilton’s bonds made the deal possible• Hamilton’s importance to the deal• Was it a smart move for the Federalists?• What is the irony behind England buying the

bonds to fund the deal?

Federalist Response to Purchase

Clark, Lewis and Sacajawea

Goal: find an all-water route to the Pacific Ocean

• Why was Jefferson hoping to find an all-water route to the Pacific Ocean?

• Wanted to know what he just bought– Flora and Fauna (Wooly Mammoths?)– Indians and Jefferson’s hope for these peoples

• 1804, The two leaders-CHALLENGE• Military expedition and Mandan additions• Reach Pacific in 1805 and return in 1806 to

everyone’s surprise• Coming home was a lot quicker! Different way• A BIG SUCCESS-only 1 death

The Lewis and Clark Expedition

• North African nations• Tribute payments to Pashas• Jefferson refuses to pay Pasha of Tripoli• 1801, Tripoli declares war and Jefferson sends

in the Marines!• “Half hearted and ill started” (1801-1803)• Famous victory in 1804• Importance of Jefferson’s actions– Sets up precedent for future presidents– Jefferson expands powers of president

The Barbary Pirates

• First term was huge success• Order without discipline, security without

large military, prosperity without regulation• Adopted the strong points of the Federalists

and made them his own• Wins reelection overwhelmingly• However, his second term is marked with

CHALLENGES• Fun Fact: Jefferson was 1st president to be

inaugurated in Washington, D.C.

Conclusion