jeffrey eickwort, forest biologist fl division of forestry forest … · 2017. 3. 14. · new...
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Jeffrey Eickwort, Forest Biologist
FL Division of Forestry
Forest Health Section
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The History 2002 – Previously undetected ambrosia beetle species
caught in Early Detection Rapid Response (EDRR) traps near Port Wentworth, GA (Savannah area).
Identified as an Asian species, Xyleborus glabratus.
Assigned a “low risk” rating (ambrosia beetles = not usually a big deal).
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Backing up – what is an ambrosia beetle?
In weevil family (Curculionidae), closely related to bark beetles
Very diverse, ~3,000 species in two subfamilies
Defined more by behavior than taxonomy
Fungus farmers!
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Ambrosia beetles, cont’d.
By definition:
Don’t eat the tree.
Carry fungi with them, often in specialized structures (mycangia).
Burrow into the wood of the tree, create tunnels (“galleries”).
Inoculate tree with fungus, which infects the wood.
Eat fungus that grows on the walls of the galleries.
(An evolutionary derivation from bark beetle fungal symbiosis)
Not usually killers of healthy trees.
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Redbay Ambrosia Beetle (Xyleborus glabratus)
M.C. Thomas
• Native to Asia (India, Bangladesh, Japan, Myanmar, Taiwan)
• Reported Asian hosts
– Lauraceae (Lindera, Litsea, Phoebe)
– Dipterocarpaceae (Shorea)
– Fagaceae (Lithocarpus)
– Fabaceae (Leucaena)
R.J. Rabaglia et al. 2006. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 99(6):1034-1056.
M.C. Thomas
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The redbay ambrosia beetle (Xyleborus glabratus)
A.E. Mayfield
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•May 2002: Initial detection of Xyleborus glabratus in Port Wentworth, GA monitoring trap.
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•2003: Unusual mortality of redbay trees reported on Hilton Head Island, SC•Cause uncertain (drought?)
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•2003-4: Spreads into SC & GA•Eventually associated with X. glabratus and an unidentified fungus.
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•2005: First detected in Florida (Ft. George Island, Duval Co.)
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•2006: “Jump” down to Indian River Co.
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•Volusia County (Daytona Beach): Human vector identified.
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•2009: “Jump” to Mississippi
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“Jump” to Panama City
•Present in 4 states•66 Counties•27 Counties in Florida•Spreading rapidly!
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Primary host:
Redbay (Persea borbonia)“sensu lato”
Family: Lauraceae
• Aromatic, broadleaved, evergreen
of SE coastal plain
• Other closely-related “bay” species
or varieties (swamp bay, silk bay)
• Wide habitat variety
• Cultural value: culinary, cabinetry,
woodturning
• Fruits utilized by variety of wildlife
• Persea bays are only host of
Palamedes swallowtail butterfly
larvae
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Distribution of Redbay (Persea borbonia)
Distribution of redbay (Persea borbonia L.)
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Laurel Wilt: Symptoms Initial beetle hits:
Happen on healthy trees
Cryptic, difficult to find
May not be successful breeding attempts, but serve to inoculate the host
Initial sign of infection: drooping and discoloration of
leaves
S.W. Fraedrich
S.W. Fraedrich A.E. Mayfield
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Eventually crown wilts with a reddish to purplish brown
discoloration. Dead leaves tend to remain a year or more.
September 2005 Same tree, May 2006
Laurel Wilt: Symptoms
A.E. Mayfield A.E. Mayfield
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Symptoms: dark discoloration
in sapwood
A.E. Mayfield A.E. Mayfield
A.E. Mayfield
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Symptoms• Sawdust tubes: result of
attacks by
– X. glabratus
– other ambrosia beetles
• Occurs after tree wilts & dies
• Female X. glabratus emerge
to attack and infect new hosts
A.E. Mayfield A.E. Mayfield
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0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Jul-05 Oct-05 Jan-06 Apr-06 Jul-06 Oct-06 Jan-07
Date Recorded
Perc
ent
Mort
alit
y
> 20.3 (n=9)
15.3 - 20.3 (n=16)
10.3 - 15.2 (n=31)
5.2 - 10.2 (n=43)
2.5 - 5.1 (n=32)
Total
DBH (cm)
Jul-05 Oct-05 Jan-06 Apr-06 Jul 06 Oct-06 Jan-07
Pe
rce
nt
mo
rta
lity
10%
28%
38%
57%
81%
92% 92%
(n=132)
Redbay mortality curve at Ft. George Island, FL
S.W. Fraedrich et al. 2008. Plant Disease 92: 215-224
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Impact Nearly all mature redbays dead
in areas affected 3-5 yrs
Redbay seedlings, sprouts <1” diameter are still abundant
Shade trees in residential neighborhoods parks = costly removals
S.W.Fraedrich J. Johnson
A.E. Mayfield
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Redbay at the Horton House on Jekyll Island, GA (November, 2006)
S.W. Fraedrich
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Horton House on Jekyll Island, GA (December, 2007)Photo credit: William Kauffman (USDA APHIS)
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Laurel Wilt pathogen (Raffaelea lauricola)
Previously undescribedspecies
Transmitted to host during attack of female RAB on stems, branches Spores carried in mandibular
mycangia
Plugs xylem and discolors the sapwood of host
S.W. Fraedrich et al. 2008. Plant Disease 92:215-224
M.D. Ulyshen
S.W. Fraedrich
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Haplodiploid mating scheme = “Extremeinbreeders”
•Females fly & infest new trees•Lay eggs•Unfertilized eggs with ½ the chromosomes (haploid) = males (flightless). •Fertilized eggs = females•Females mate with males, emerge to infest new treesVery easy to start new populations!
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Redbay Persea borbonia
Swamp bay Persea palustris
Silk bay Persea humilis
Avocado Persea americana
Sassafras Sassafras albidum
Pondspice Litsea aestivalis
Northern Spicebush Lindera benzoin
S. Spicebush (pondberry) Lindera melissifolia
Lancewood Ocotea coriacea
Love vine, Devil’s gut Cassytha filiformis
Pepperleaf sweetwood Licaria triandra
Camphor tree Cinnamomum camphora
Other known and potential hosts: Florida
trees in the Lauraceae
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Sassafrass?
Known host, very large distribution
Hit hard where laurel wilt is found
We don’t know how far LW will spread through its range.
May not be very attractive to the beetle.
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Avocado?
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Avocado Monitoring at Ft. George Island 2006-2007
“Ground Zero” for FL
16 avocados planted Jul-Oct 2006
Cvs: 4 ‘Day’, 12 ‘Donnie’
2-6 cm base caliper
RAB and Raffaelea sp. recovered from 2 dying ‘Donnie’ plants
Stress?
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Laurel Wilt in Avocado, Jacksonville, FL
(Sept. 2007)
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RAB Trapping and Host Attraction
Hanula, J.L, Mayfield, A.E. III, Fraedrich, S.W., and Rabaglia, R.J. 2008 (J. Econ. Entomol.)
Tree Species
Redbay avocado Red Maple
En
tra
nc
e h
ole
s/1
00
cm
2
0
5
10
a
2007
Be
etl
es
/tra
p
0
50
100
150
200
250
a
bb
a
a a
Avocado bolts were as attractive as redbay, but had few beetle entrance holes (questionable for brood development)
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Avocado cultivar susceptibility No-choice experiments with avocado varieties (Hass,
Simmonds, Monroe, Winter Mexican, Catalina), plus redbay and live oak.
Beetles bored into all species/cultivars except live oak within 5 days
Only redbay and Simmonds avocado wilted and died All other cultivars remained externally asymptomatic
R. lauricola recovered from stained xylem samples of redbayand all avocado except Haas
UF researchers continuing to evaluate cultivars
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Host Susceptibility – Field Detections
X. glabratus and Raffaelea sp. recovered from: redbay (Persea borbonia - sensu lato)
sassafras (Sassafras albidum)
avocado (Persea americana)
Raffaelea sp. also recovered from: pondspice (Litsea aestivalis)
State threatened / endangered lists
pondberry (Lindera melissifolia)
Federal endangered list
camphor tree (Cinnamomum camphora)
J. Johnson
Wilted pondspice
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Host Susceptibility – Inoculation Studies
Growth chamber inoculations with laurel wilt fungus produce wilt symptoms in:
Redbay, sassafras, avocado
Spicebush (Lindera benzoin)
California bay laurel (Umbellularia californica)
Tested hosts outside Laurel family not affected
S.W. Fraedrich et al. 2008. Plant Disease 92: 215-224 S.W.Fraedrich
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Management Possibilities
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Laurel Wilt Management PossibilitiesDiscourage / restrict /
prohibit movement of infested wood and plants
FL legislation has passed!
Sanitation (if pursued very early and diligently?)
Pesticides for ‘high value’ trees (?)
Fungicide injection treatment
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New Florida Law: FAC Rule Chapter 5B-65, Firewood and Unprocessed Wood Products
Passed August 2010
Prohibits import & movement of firewood & other unprocessed wood products (including yard waste, etc.)
Permits granted for properly treated wood (kiln/heat, fumigation, etc.)
Exemptions: Within-state movement < 50 miles
Certified cut Christmas trees
Processed mulch or wood chips for cooking (w/ appropriate certificates).
Primary & secondary forest products for transport to mills & plants
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Effect of propiconazole on laurel wilt disease development in
redbay trees and on the pathogen in vitroMayfield, A.E. III, Barnard, E.L., Smith J.A, Bernick, S. and Eickwort, J.M. 2008.
(Arboriculture & Urban Forestry)
1. Inhibition in vitro: Determine minimum effective
concentrations (MEC) at which fungicides
inhibit R. lauricola growth
2. Fungicide injections: Determine whether root-
flare injections of propiconazole help prevent
laurel wilt in mature redbays
3. Fungicide bioassay: Determine if propiconazole
is retained in xylem up to 7.5 months later
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1. In-vitro Tests of Fungicides on growth of Raffaelea sp.
Propiconazole(Concentration, ppm)
Thiabendazole(Concentration, ppm)
Check 0.01 0.1
1 10 50
Check 0.01 0.1
1 10 50
* Plugs transferred to fresh agar; fungus dead on Propiconazole 1-50 ppm
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2. Fungicide Injection Field Trial• Root-flare injections of
propiconazole (Alamo®)
• 20 ml product in 0.3 L water
per inch DBH
• Raffaelea sp. inoculum plug
inserted at BH 2-3 weeks
post injection
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2. Fungicide Injection Field Trial
Tree Injection
Treatment
Tree Inoculation
Treatment†††
No. of
trees
DBH
(cm)
Mean (SE) Range
Propiconazole† R. lauricola plug 10 23.8 (1.7) 16.8 - 35.8
None R. lauricola plug 10 24.8 (2.0) 16.8 - 39.4
None Clean agar plug 5 15.1 (0.3) 14.2 - 16.0
Propiconazole†† None 7 23.4 (1.6) 16.5 - 29.2
† Trees injected Mar 28 – Apr 5, 2007.†† Two trees injected Mar 30 – Apr 5, 2007; five trees injected Jun 27-28, 2007.
These trees were used and evaluated in the bioassay trial only. ††† Trees inoculated April 19, 2007.
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Fungicide Injection Field Trial
Weeks post
inoculation
Treated (n=10)
Fungicide (+)
Pathogen (+)
Control (n=10)
Fungicide (-)
Pathogen (+)
Clean plugs (n=5)
Fungicide (-)
Pathogen (-)
6 weeks 0% 30% 0%
9 weeks 0% 70% 0%
12.5 weeks 0% 90% 0%
30 weeks 0% 90% 0%
1 year 0% 90% 0%
2 years 10% 90% 60%
3 years 50% 100% 100%
Percentage of redbays with greater than 1/3 crown wilt, from time of pathogen inoculation:
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3. Fungicide Bioassay
Plugs from main stem
(4 per tree)
Outer branch discs
(6 per tree)
• Evidence of inhibition in 16 of 17
treated trees
• Usually in 3-4 samples/tree
• Inhibition zones in agar more frequent
in trees injected most recently
• Evidence of inhibition in 9
of 17 treated trees
• Usually in 1-2 samples/tree
• No inhibition zones in agar
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Laurel Wilt Management Possibilities (continued)
Development of resistant trees
Collection and conservation of redbay seed
Improve lures to “trap out” low beetle populations in the aftermath of mature redbaydevastation
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0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16Ju
n-0
5
Se
p-0
5
De
c-0
5
Ma
r-0
6
Ju
n-0
6
Se
p-0
6
De
c-0
6
Ma
r-0
7
Ju
n-0
7
Se
p-0
7
De
c-0
7
Collection date
Beetl
es / t
rap
/ d
ay
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Red
bay m
ort
ality
(%
)
Redbay ambrosia beetle flight activity, Ft. George Island, FL
A.E. Mayfield and Eickwort J.M. 2008 (in prep.)
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My opinion…
The future of redbay looks bleak.
Stopping movement of woodMay preserve some isolated
populations
Prevent spread to new hosts outside of redbay range (California, Central & South America)
These exotic introductions need to be prevented
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2010 EDRR trappingXylosandrus amputatus
New continental record
Orlando, Jacksonville and Gainesville trap collections
Early detection, what response?