jenney’s first year latin lesson 39 · lesson 39 1.lesson 39 vocabulary 2.indirect statement...
TRANSCRIPT
Jenney’s First Year LatinLesson 39
1. Lesson 39 Vocabulary2. Indirect Statement3. Ablative of Cause
Lesson 39 Vocabulary
accēdō, accēdere, accessī, accessus (+ acc. ptw)
to approach, go to
cognōscō, cognōscere, cognōvī, cognōtus
to learn, find out
crēdō, crēdere, crēdidī, crēditus(+ dat. i.o.)to believe, trust
exīstimō, exīstimāre, exīstimāvī, exīstimātus
to think, suppose, consider
intellegō, intellegere, intellēxī, intellēctusto understand
iūdicō, iūdicāre, iūdicāvī, iūdicātus
to judge, consider
legō, legere, lēgī, lēctus
to choose; gather; read
negō, negāre, negāvī, negātus
to deny, say…not
nesciō, nescīre, nescīvī, nescītus
to not know
obtineō, obtinēre, obtinuī, obtentus
to hold (against opposition)
pertineō, pertinēre, pertinuī, ---
to pertain, extend
putō, putāre, putāvī, putātus
to think
sciō, scīre, scīvī, scītus
to know
sentiō, sentīre, sēnsī, sēnsus
to feel, realize
sperō, sperāre, sperāvī, sperātus
to hope
apud (+ acc.)
among, at the house of, in the presence of
circum (+ acc.)
around
praeter (+ acc.)
beyond, besides, except
prō (+ abl.)
in front of, on behalf of, in exchange for, instead of
Indirect Statement
Indirect Statement
• in Latin & English, statements can be reported directlyand indirectly:
• Direct Statements:
– You did your homework.
– Mr. Finnigan said, “You did your homework.”
• Indirect Statements:
– Mr. Finnigan said that you did your homework.
– She said that Mr. Finnigan said that he did his homework.
Introducing the Ind. Statement• ind. statements are introduced by a HEAD
VERB – a verb of saying, knowing, thinking, perceiving, etc.
• called a head verb because… – it’s an action done with some part of your head– it’s at the head of the sentence
• after the HV, we supply the word “THAT” in English to intro. the I.S.– Latin has no separate word for this “that;” it must
be understood and supplied.– snap your fingers after a HV to stand in for “that”
Ind. Statement Proper• ind. statements have their subjects in the accusative
case – this is the SUBJECT ACCUSATIVE
• the verb in the ind. statement is an INFINITIVE
– this MUST be translated like an indicative verb– there can be more than one infinitive in an I.S.– for future active and perfect passive infinitives
(i.e. futūrum esse; ductum esse), the form “esse” is often left out and must be understood.
Indirect Statement – Recap
HEAD VERBVerb of knowing,
thinking, perceiving, saying, etc.
“THAT”introductory word
after the HV; no separate word in
Lat. – snap!
SUBJ. ACC.subject of I.S. is in
the accusative case
INFINITIVEverb in I.S. is an
infin. – translate as indicative!
Ind. Statement – Exempla
• Dīcit Caesarem esse fortem.– He says that Caesar is brave.
• Putō puellās* librōs lēgisse.– I think that the girls have read the books.
• *the first acc. in the I.S. is generally the subj. acc., unless it doesn’t make sense
• Vīdit nāvēs vēnisse.– He saw that the ships had come.
Infinitives in Indirect Statement
• the tense of an infinitive in I.S. does not denote time absolutely – it denotes time relative to the main verb
• present infinitives – denote action happening at the same time as (contemporaneously with) the main verb
• perfect infinitives – denote action happening beforethe main verb
• future infinitives – denote action happening after the main verb
Infinitives in Indirect Statement
• present infinitives – denote action happening at the same time as (contemporaneously with) the main verb
– Present Tense HV: ”is _____ing,” “_____(s)” [like present]
– Past Tense HV: “was/were _____ing” [like imperfect]
• perfect infinitives – denote action happening before the main verb
– Present Tense HV: ” _____ed,” “ has/have _____ed” [like perf.]
– Past Tense HV: “had _____ed” [like pluperf.]
Infinitives in Indirect Statement
• future infinitives – denote action happening after the main verb
– Present Tense HV: ”will _____” [like future]
– Past Tense HV: “would _____”
• make sure you adjust your infin. translation if the infinitive is passive
Infinitives in Indirect Statement – Exempla
• Sciō eum hoc vidēre. – I know that he sees/is seeing this.
• Sciō eum hoc vīdisse. – I know that he has seen this.
• Sciō eum hoc vīsūrum esse. – I know that he will see this.
BUT
• Scīvī eum hoc vidēre. – I knew that he was seeing this.
• Scīvī eum hoc vīdisse. – I knew that he had seen this.
• Scīvī eum hoc vīsūrum esse. – I knew that he would see this.
Ablative of Cause
Ablative of Cause
• the abl. case is also used to express cause
• answers the question, “for what reason?” “why?”
• translate using “from, out of” (or “because of”)
• typically no preposition is used– BUT! with causā/causīs (esp. when modified by an adj.), dē is
often used
– e.g.: Quā dē causā – for which reason
• use context to help you determine if you are dealing with an abl. of cause
Ablative of Cause – Exempla• Hoc amōre vestrī fēcī.
– I did it from/out of love for you.
• Timōre animālium silvam relīquērunt.– They left the forest from/out of fear of the animals.
• Īnopiā cibī labōrābant.– They were suffering from lack of food.
• Quā rē hoc dīcitis?– For what reason do you say this?
• Nūllam praedam invēnit, quā dē causā urbem relīquit.– He found no loot, for which reason he left the city.