jeremiah horrocks institute university of central
TRANSCRIPT
Asteroseismology
A new revolution with the Kepler and TESS
space missions
Emeritus Professor Donald Kurtz Jeremiah Horrocks Institute
University of Central Lancashire
At first sight it would seem that the deep interior of the Sun and stars
is less accessible to scientific investigation
than any other region of the universe.
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Our telescopes may probe farther and farther
into the depths of space; but how can we ever obtain
certain knowledge of that which is hidden
behind substantial barriers?
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What appliance can pierce through
the outer layers of a star and test
the conditions within?
Asteroseismology
The Kepler Mission Space Telescope
Main mission: March 2009 – May 2013K2: May 2013 – October 30 2018
TESS2018
7 days of Kepler data for one of ~200,000 starsKIC10799291
The light curve
Radial modesCepheidsP1/P0= 0.7
organ pipeP1/P0= 0.33
Structure of stellar pulsation modes
• n = number of radial nodes
• l = total number of surface nodes
• m = number of surface nodes that are lines of longitude
• l – m = number of surface nodes that are lines of latitude
Ylm q,j( ) = Nl
mPlm cosq( )eimj
Nonradial modes-Dipole modes( ) ( ) jqjq immm ePY cos, 11 µ
l = 1, m = -1 l = 1, m = 0 l = 1, m = +1
Animations courtesy of Rich Townsend
Nonradial modes -Quadrupole modes
( ) ( ) jqjq immm ePY cos, 22 µ
l = 2, m = -1l = 2, m = 0 l = 2, m = -2
Animations courtesy of Rich Townsend
Asteroseismology –how does it work?
• Turning radius
• Acoustic cavity
c 2 =G1p
r=
G1kT
m
• Sound speed
Driving mechanisms
Heat engine mechanism
• Gains heat on compression
• κ-mechanism (κappa = opacity)
• H, He, Fe main drivers
• Cepheids, RR Lyr stars,δ Sct stars, β Cep stars, SPB stars, roAp stars, pulsating white dwarfs, sdB variables, …
Stochastic driving
• Star resonates with acoustic noise
• Solar-like oscillators
• Main interest in exoplanet finding
Early versions of this figure were made by JørgenChristensen-Dalsgaard
(Aarhus University) and by Pieter Degroote (KU Leuven).
This updated version was produced by Peter Papicsbased on the version in his PhD Thesis (Papics, 2013).
The sun as a star - BiSON
The sun as a star - GOLF
large separationsmall separation
Saxo
Java
Gemma
Chaplin et al. 2010, ApJ, 713, L169
Dn µ r µM
R3nmax µ
g
Teff=GM / R2
Teff
Stellar Age
White et al. 2011, ApJ, 743. 161
p modes and g modes
Aerts, Christensen-Dalsgaard, Kurtz 2010, Asteroseismology, Springer
The Sun
KIC 11145123
g modes
g modes
g mode splitting
• For high overtone dipole g modes Cn,l asymptotically approaches 0.5
• Cn,l ≈ l/(l+1) = 0.5 for KIC 11145123 g modes
• This is model independent
• The splitting between the g mode sectoral m = +1 and -1 frequencies measures the “average” rotation rate in the core.
• Pcore ≥ 105.13 ± 0.02 days
kernels
Dipole triplet
Quadrupole quintuplet
Radialsinglet
p modes
p mode triplet
p mode quintuplet
p mode splitting
• For the p modes Cn,l < 0.03 ≈ 0
• This is model independent
• The splitting between the p mode frequencies measures the “average” rotation rate near the surface.
• Psurface ≤ 98.57 ± 0.02 days
• The surface rotates more quickly than the core
The Ap stars
The roAp stars
• Teff: 6600 – 8500 K
• Ppul: 4.68 – 23.6 min
• Aphot B: < 10 mmag
• Arv: < 8000 m s-1
• Bs: < 30 kG
• Very peculiar: atomic diffusion
• Oblique pulsators
• Chemically stratified atmospheres
log 5000
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
Pr, Nd
H
Fe
HD154708 – 24.5 kG
Hubrig, Mathys, Kurtz et al., 2009, MNRAS, 396, 1018 1/18/2021IAC WS 2010 – Lecture 2
Heartbeat Stars – KOI-54
Animation courtesy of Jim Fuller
Tidal Asteroseismology • HD 74423
• V = 8.6
• A7VkA0mA0 lambda Boo star
• Ellipsoidal variable
• Tidally trapped dipole oblique pulsator
• Pulsation axis = tidal axisFirst one!
• Essentially only one side of the star pulsates
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What appliance can pierce through
the outer layers of a star and test
the conditions within?
Asteroseismology
A new revolution with the Kepler and TESS
space missions
Emeritus Professor Donald Kurtz Jeremiah Horrocks Institute
University of Central Lancashire