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Version 6100 15-25Dec19Oct2018AP/BJ/JJ

IAEA TECDOC

On

Seismic Soil Structure Interaction for Design and Assessment of Nuclear Installations

Pecker, Johnson, Jeremić

Table of Contents

TABLE OF CONTENTS...............................................................................................................................

1. INTRODUCTION.....................................................................ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.

1.1 BACKGROUND.......................................................ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.1.2 OBJECTIVES............................................................ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.1.3 SCOPE OF THE TECDOC..........................................ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.

1.3.1 Design Considerations: General Framework.......Error! Bookmark not defined.1.3.2 U.S. Practice........................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.1.3.3 French Practice...................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.1.3.4 Canada Practice..................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.1.3.5 Japan..................................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.1.3.6 Russia..................................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.1.3.7 Other Member States.........................................Error! Bookmark not defined.1.3.8 EU practice.........................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.1.3.9 IAEA Guidance....................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.

1.4 STRUCTURE OF TECDOC.........................................ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.1.5 REFERENCES...........................................................ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.

2 ELEMENTS OF SSI ANALYSIS..................................................ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.

2.1 FREE-FIELD GROUND MOTION..............................ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.2.2 MODELING SOIL, STRUCTURES, FOUNDATIONS....ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.

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2.2.1 Modelling of soil for DBE and BDBE....................Error! Bookmark not defined.2.2.2 Modelling structures and SSI models.................Error! Bookmark not defined.2.2.3 Modelling decisions to be made.........................Error! Bookmark not defined.

2.3 UNCERTAINTIES.....................................................ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.2.3.1 Aleatory and epistemic uncertainties.................Error! Bookmark not defined.2.3.2 Avoiding double counting of uncertainties.........Error! Bookmark not defined.2.3.3 Treating uncertainties in the SSI analyses: explicit inclusion and sensitivity

studies................................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.2.5 REFERENCES...........................................................ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.

3 SITE CONFIGURATION AND SOIL PROPERTIES.......................ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.

3.1 SITE CONFIGURATION AND CHARACTERIZATION. .ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.3.2 SOIL BEHAVIOR......................................................ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.3.3 EXPERIMENTAL DESCRIPTION OF SOIL BEHAVIOURERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.

3.3.1 Linear viscoelastic model....................................Error! Bookmark not defined.3.3.2 Nonlinear one-dimensional model.....................Error! Bookmark not defined.3.3.3 Nonlinear two and three-dimensional models...Error! Bookmark not defined.

3.4 LIMITATIONS OF EQUIVALENT LINEAR MODELS....ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.3.5 PHYSICAL PARAMETERS.........................................ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.3.6 FIELD AND LABORATORY MEASUREMENTS...........ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.

3.6.1 Site instrumentation...........................................Error! Bookmark not defined.3.6.2 Field investigations.............................................Error! Bookmark not defined.3.6.3 Laboratory investigations...................................Error! Bookmark not defined.3.6.4 Comparison of field and laboratory tests...........Error! Bookmark not defined.3.6.5 Summary of required parameters and measurements techniques..........Error!

Bookmark not defined.3.7 CALIBRATION AND VALIDATION............................ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.3.8 UNCERTAINTIES.....................................................ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.3.9 SPATIAL VARIABILITY.............................................ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.3.10 REFERENCES...........................................................ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.

4 SEISMIC HAZARD ANALYSIS (SHA).........................................ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.

4.1 OVERVIEW.............................................................ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.4.2 INTERFACES BETWEEN SHA TEAM AND SSI ANALYSTS TEAMERROR! BOOKMARK NOT

DEFINED.4.3 REFERENCES...........................................................ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.

5 SESIMIC WAVE FIELDS AND FREE FIELD GROUND MOTIONS ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.

5.1 SEISMIC WAVE FIELDS...........................................ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.

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5.1.1 Perspective and spatial variability of ground motion.......Error! Bookmark not defined.

5.1.2 Spatial variability of ground motions..................Error! Bookmark not defined.5.2 FREE FIELD GROUND MOTION DEVELOPMENT.....ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.5.3 RECORDED DATA...................................................ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.

5.3.1 3D versus 1D Records/Motions..........................Error! Bookmark not defined.5.3.2 Analytical and numerical (synthetic) earthquake models Error! Bookmark not

defined.5.3.3 Uncertainties......................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.

5.4 SEISMIC WAVE INCOHERENCE...............................ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.5.4.1 Introduction........................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.5.4.2 Incoherence modeling........................................Error! Bookmark not defined.

5.5 REFERENCES...........................................................ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.

6 SITE RESPONSE ANALYSIS AND SEISMIC INPUT.....................ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.

6.1 OVERVIEW.............................................................ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.6.2 SITE RESPONSE ANALYSIS......................................ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.

6.2.1 Perspective.........................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.6.2.2 Foundation Input Response Spectra (FIRS).........Error! Bookmark not defined.

6.3 SITE RESPONSE ANALYSIS APPROACHES................ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.6.3.1 Idealized Site Profile and Wave Propagation MechanismsError! Bookmark not

defined.6.3.2 Non-idealized Site Profile and Wave Propagation MechanismsError! Bookmark

not defined.6.3.3 Analysis Models and Modelling Assumptions.....Error! Bookmark not defined.

6.4 STANDARD AND SITE SPECIFIC RESPONSE SPECTRAERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.6.4.1 Introduction........................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.6.4.2 Standard response spectra.................................Error! Bookmark not defined.6.4.3 Site specific response spectra.............................Error! Bookmark not defined.

6.5 TIME HISTORIES.....................................................ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.6.6 UNCERTAINTIES.....................................................ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.6.7 LIMITATIONS OF TIME AND FREQUENCY DOMAIN METHODS FOR FREE FIELD

GROUND MOTIONS...............................................ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.6.8 REFERENCES...........................................................ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.

7 METHODS AND MODELS FOR SSI ANALYSIS..........................ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.

7.1 BASIC STEPS FOR SSI ANALYSIS..............................ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.7.1.1 Preparatory activities..........................................Error! Bookmark not defined.7.1.2 Site specific modelling........................................Error! Bookmark not defined.

7.2 DIRECT METHODS..................................................ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.

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7.2.1 Linear and nonlinear discrete methods..............Error! Bookmark not defined.7.2.2 Finite Element Method.......................................Error! Bookmark not defined.7.2.3 Finite Difference Method...................................Error! Bookmark not defined.7.2.4 Nonlinear discrete methods...............................Error! Bookmark not defined.7.2.5 Inelasticity, Elasto-Plasticity................................Error! Bookmark not defined.7.2.6 Nonlinear Dynamics Solution Techniques:.........Error! Bookmark not defined.

7.3 SUB-STRUCTURING METHODS...............................ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.7.3.1 Principles............................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.7.3.2 Rigid or flexible boundary method.....................Error! Bookmark not defined.7.3.3 The flexible volume method...............................Error! Bookmark not defined.7.3.4 The subtraction method.....................................Error! Bookmark not defined.7.3.5 SASSI: System for Analysis of Soil-Structure Interaction. .Error! Bookmark not

defined.7.3.6 CLASSI: Soil-Structure Interaction - A Linear Continuum Mechanics

Approach............................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.7.3.7 Attributes of two programs SASSI and CLASSI for considerationError! Bookmark

not defined.7.4 SSI COMPUTATIONAL MODELS..............................ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.

7.4.1 Introduction........................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.7.4.2 Soil/Rock Linear and Nonlinear Modelling..........Error! Bookmark not defined.7.4.3 Drained and Undrained Modeling......................Error! Bookmark not defined.7.4.4 Linear and Nonlinear Elastic Models..................Error! Bookmark not defined.7.4.5 Structural models, linear and nonlinear: shells, plates, walls, beams,

trusses, solids.....................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.7.4.6 Contact Modeling...............................................Error! Bookmark not defined.7.4.7 Structures with a base isolation system.............Error! Bookmark not defined.7.4.8 Foundation models.............................................Error! Bookmark not defined.7.4.9 Deeply Embedded Structures.............................Error! Bookmark not defined.7.4.10 Buoyancy Modeling............................................Error! Bookmark not defined.7.4.11 Domain Boundaries............................................Error! Bookmark not defined.7.4.12 Seismic Load Input..............................................Error! Bookmark not defined.7.4.13 Liquefaction and Cyclic Mobility Modeling.........Error! Bookmark not defined.7.4.14 Structure-Soil-Structure Interaction...................Error! Bookmark not defined.7.4.15 Simplified models...............................................Error! Bookmark not defined.

7.5 PROBABILISTIC RESPONSE ANALYSIS.....................ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.7.5.1 Overview............................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.7.5.2 Simulations of the SSI Phenomena.....................Error! Bookmark not defined.

7.6 LIMITATIONS OF NUMERICAL MODELING.............ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.

8 SEISMIC RESPONSE ASPECTS FOR DESIGN AND ASSESSMENTERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.

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8.1 INTRODUCTION.....................................................ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.8.2 FREE-FIELD GROUND MOTION..............................ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.

8.2.1 Introduction........................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.8.2.2 Design process (DBE)..........................................Error! Bookmark not defined.8.2.3 Assessment (BDBE).............................................Error! Bookmark not defined.8.2.4 Uncertainties......................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.

8.3 SOIL MATERIAL BEHAVIOUR.................................ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.8.3.1 Introduction........................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.8.3.2 Design Basis Earthquake.....................................Error! Bookmark not defined.8.3.3 Beyond Design Basis Earthquake........................Error! Bookmark not defined.8.3.4 Uncertainties......................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.

8.4 STRUCTURE MODELLING.......................................ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.8.4.1 Introduction........................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.8.4.2 Design Basis Earthquake.....................................Error! Bookmark not defined.8.4.3 Beyond Design Basis Earthquake........................Error! Bookmark not defined.8.4.4 Uncertainties......................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.

8.5 FOUNDATION MODELLING...................................ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.8.5.1 Introduction........................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.8.5.2 Foundation modelling for conventional foundation/structure systems...Error!

Bookmark not defined.8.5.2.4 Uncertainties......................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.8.5.3 Foundation modelling for non-conventional foundation/structure systems

– pile founded, caissons.....................................Error! Bookmark not defined.8.5.4 Deep Embedment...............................................Error! Bookmark not defined.

8.6 SSI MODELS (TO BE ADDED)..................................ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.8.6.1 Introduction........................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.8.6.2 Design Basis Earthquake (DBE)...........................Error! Bookmark not defined.8.6.3 Beyond Design Basis Earthquake (BDBE)............Error! Bookmark not defined.8.6.4 Uncertainties......................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.

8.7 UNCERTAINTIES.....................................................ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.Uncertainties in all aspects of SSI need to be taken into account. Methods to do

so are probabilistic and deterministic.................Error! Bookmark not defined.8.8 SENSITIVITY STUDIES AND BENCHMARKING........ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.8.9 DETERMINISTIC ANALYSES (LINEAR AND NONLINEAR).......ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT

DEFINED.8.10 PROBABILISTIC ANALYSES (LINEAR AND NONLINEAR)........ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT

DEFINED.8.11 STRUCTURAL DESIGN QUANTITIES.......................ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.8.12 SEISMIC INPUT TO SUBSYSTEMS..........................ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.EXTRA MATERIAL TO BE INSERTED AS APPLICABLE.............ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.

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8.3 ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGIES...........................ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.8.3.1 Free Field (probabilistic and/or deterministic).......Error! Bookmark not defined.8.3.2 Site response (probabilistic and/or deterministic)Error! Bookmark not defined.8.3.3 Foundation modeling – for assessment:.............Error! Bookmark not defined.8.3.4 Structure modeling.............................................Error! Bookmark not defined.8.3.5 SSI models (considerations)................................Error! Bookmark not defined.8.3.6 Uncertainties in all aspects of SSI need to be taken into account. Methods

to do so are probabilistic and deterministic.......Error! Bookmark not defined.8.5 DETERMINISTIC ANALYSIS (LINEAR AND NON-LINEAR).......ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT

DEFINED.8.6 PROBABILISTIC ANALYSIS (LINEAR AND NON-LINEAR)........ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT

DEFINED.8.7 STRUCTURAL DESIGN QUANTITIES.......................ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.8.2 SEISMIC INPUT TO SUB-SYSTEMS (EQUIPMENT, DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS, ETC.)ERROR!

BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.

9 AVAILABLE SOFTWARE..........................................................ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.

9.1 EXAMPLES OF COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE, OPEN SOURCE, OPEN USE AND PUBLIC DOMAIN, ETC.........................................................ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.9.1.1 Available Software..............................................Error! Bookmark not defined.

9.2 SOFTWARE SUPPORT.............................................ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.9.2.1 Documentation...................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.9.2.2 Online Support...................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.

9.3 EDUCATION AND TRAINING...................................ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.9.4 QUALITY ASSURANCE.............................................ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.

9.4.1 Verification & Validation (V&V) Introduction.....Error! Bookmark not defined.9.4.2 Introduction to Verification and Validation........Error! Bookmark not defined.9.4.3 Detailed Look at Verification and Validation......Error! Bookmark not defined.9.4.4 Examples of V&V................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.

10 BIBLIOGRAPHY............................................................................................................................

11 BIBLIOGRAPHY AND REFERENCES..............................................................................................

11 ACRONYMS AND DEFINITIONS........................................................................................................

APPENDIX I. PRACTICAL EXAMPLES...............................ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.

I.1. THREE DIMENSIONAL SEISMIC MOTIONS AND THEIR USE FOR 3D AND 1D SSI MODELINGERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.

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I.2. SEISMIC WAVE PROPAGATION AND DAMPING OUT HIGH FREQUENCIES OF MOTIONS. .ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.

I.5. APPROACH 3, - DRAFT..........................................................ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.

I.6. INCHOERENCE: CASE HISTORY - U.S. (IN PROGRESS - TO BE COMPLETED)ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.

I.7. SITE RESPONSE ANALYSIS......................................................ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.

1.1 SOIL BELOW THE WATER TABLE............................ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.

I.8. NALYSIS OF A PILE FOUNDATION (FOR A BRIDGE) BY THE SUBSTRUCTURE METHOD......ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.

I.9. NONLINEAR RESESPONSE OF SOIL ADJACENT TO THE NPP FOUNDATIONS, ISSUES OF DILATANCY............................................................................ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.

I.10. APPENDIX, EXAMPLES SEISMIC RESPONSE OF AN NPP ON NONLINEAR SOIL AND CONTACT (SLIP AND UPLIFT).................................................................ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.

I.11. SEISMIC RESPONSE OF AN NPP WITH DRY AND SATURATED CONTACT AND (NONLINEAR) BUOYANT FORCE EFFECTS....................................................ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.

I.12. , NONLINEAR ANALYSIS OF A DEEPLY EMBEDEED SMALL MODULAR REACTOR (SMR)..............

I.13. NONLINEAR, TIME DOMAIN, 3D, EARTHQUAKE SOIL STRUCTURE INTERACTION (ESSI) ANALYSIS OF NPP, ANALYSIS PROCEDURES (DETAILED, EDUCATIONAL EXAMPLE!).........ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.

I.14. STRUCTURE TO STRUCTURE INTERACTION ANALYSIS...........ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.

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LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1-1. Effect of soil stiffness on structure response of a typical nuclear power plant structure; rock (Vs = 1830 m/s), stiff soil (Vs = 762 m/s), medium soil (Vs = 305 m/s), and soft soil (Vs = 152 m/s) (Courtesy of James J. Johnson and Associates)............Error! Bookmark not defined.Figure 1-2. Recorded motions at the Kashiwazaki-Kariwa Nuclear Power Plant in Japan, due to the Niigataken-chuetsu-oki (NCO) earthquake (16 July 2007) in the free-field (top of grade) and in the Unit 7 Reactor Building basement, and third floor (IAEA, KARISMA program [1-4])........................................................................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.Figure 2-1 Flow chart of elements of SSI analyses correlated with text.....Error! Bookmark not defined.Figure 3-1. Predicted pure shear response of soil at two different shear strain amplitudes, from Pisano` and Jeremic (2014)............................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.Figure 3-2. Cyclic response of soils: (left) no volume change; (middle) compressive response with decrease in stiffness; (right) dilative response with increase in stiffness. (from Jeremic 2016 (CNSC report)................................................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.Figure 3-3. Idealized stress cycle during an earthquake...............Error! Bookmark not defined.Figure 3-4. Experimental stress-strain curves under cyclic loading: nonlinear shear behaviour (left); volumetric behaviour (right)...............................................Error! Bookmark not defined.Figure 3-5. Threshold values for cyclic shear strains...................Error! Bookmark not defined.Figure 3-6. Shear stress-shear strain curves for constant amplitude cyclic loading..............Error! Bookmark not defined.Figure 3-7. One-dimensional viscoelastic model..........................Error! Bookmark not defined.Figure 3-8. Example of nonlinear characteristics of soil..............Error! Bookmark not defined.Figure 3-9. Rheological models for Iwan’s nonlinear elastoplastic model. Error! Bookmark not defined.Figure 4-1 Seismic Hazard Assessment Steps (IAEA, SSG-9[4-1]- revision in progress)...Error! Bookmark not defined.Figure 5-1 Propagation of seismic waves in nearly horizontal local geology, with stiffness of soil/rock layers increasing with depth, and refraction of waves toward the vertical direction. Figure from Jeremic (2016)............................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.Figure 5-2 Propagation of seismic waves in inclined local geology, with stiffness of soil/rock layers increasing through geologic layers, and refraction of waves away from the vertical direction. Figure from Jeremic (2016)...........................................Error! Bookmark not defined.Figure 5-3 Acceleration time history LSST07 recorded at SMART-1 Array at Lotung, Taiwan, on May 20th, 1986. This recording was at location FA25. Note the (almost complete) absence of vertical motions. signifying absence of Rayleigh waves. Figure from Tseng et al. (1991).........Error! Bookmark not defined.

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Figure 5-4 Acceleration time history LSST12 recorded at SMART-1 Array at Lotung, Taiwan, on July 30th, 1986. This recording was at location FA25. Figure from Tseng et al. (1991). Error! Bookmark not defined.Figure 5-5 Four main sources contributing to the lack of correlation of seismic waves as measured at two observation points. Figure from Jeremic (2016).....Error! Bookmark not defined.Figure 5-6 Uniform Hazard Response Spectra (UHRS) – annual frequency of exceedance = 10-4

- for a rock site in the U.S. (Courtesy of James J. Johnson and Associates)Error! Bookmark not defined.Figure 5-7 Comparison of ground motion coherency functions for soil [5-7] and hard rock [5-8] sites................................................................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.Figure 6-1 Definition of FIRS for idealized site profiles..............Error! Bookmark not defined.Figure 7-1: Summary of substructuring methods..........................Error! Bookmark not defined.Figure 7-2 Schematic representation of the elements of soil-structure interaction – sub-structure method............................................................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.Figure 7-3: Schematic representation of a sub-structure model....Error! Bookmark not defined.Figure 7-4: 3-step method for soil structure interaction analysis (after Lysmer, 1978)........Error! Bookmark not defined.Figure 7-5: Substructuring in the subtraction method...................Error! Bookmark not defined.Figure 7-6 AREVA Finite Element Model of the EPR Nuclear Island (Johnson et al., 2010)........................................................................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.Figure 7-7 Absorbing boundary consisting of dash pots connected to each degree of freedom of a boundary node.............................................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.Figure 7-8 Large physical domain with the source of load Pe(t) and the local feature (in this case a soil-structure system....................................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.Figure 7-9 Symmetric mode of deformation for two NPPs near each other......Error! Bookmark not defined.Figure 7-10 Anti-symmetric mode of deformation for two NPPs near each other...............Error! Bookmark not defined.Figure 7-11 Nuclear Power Plant – Ensemble of free-field ground motion response spectra – X-direction, 5% damping...................................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.Figure 7-12 Example Nuclear Power Plant – Ensemble of in-structure response spectra (ISRS) – X-direction, 5% damping – median and 84% NEP....................Error! Bookmark not defined.Figure 9-1 Role of Verification and Validation per Oberkampf et al. (2002).. .Error! Bookmark not defined.Figure 9-2 Detailed view of V&V...............................................Error! Bookmark not defined.Figure 9-3 Detailed view of Verification......................................Error! Bookmark not defined.Figure 9-4 : Detailed view of Validation......................................Error! Bookmark not defined.Figure 0-1 : Analyzed problem......................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.Figure 0-2 : Cyclic simple shear tests on sandy gravel at 5m depth (drained test) and at 20m depth (undrained test)....................................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.

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Figure 0-3 : Cyclic undrained shear test on stiff clay at 40m........Error! Bookmark not defined.Figure 0-4 : Sandy gravel – Drained triaxial compression test at 5m depth Error! Bookmark not defined.Figure 0-5 : Acceleration time history...........................................Error! Bookmark not defined.Figure 0-6 : Velocity time history..................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.Figure 0-7 : Displacement time history.........................................Error! Bookmark not defined.Figure 0-8 : 5% damped response spectrum..................................Error! Bookmark not defined.

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LIST OF TABLES

Table 2-1 Summary of elements of SSI analysis with reference to chapters covering topicsError! Bookmark not defined.

Table 2-2 Partitioning of uncertainties...................................Error! Bookmark not defined.Table 3-1: Strain thresholds and modelling assumptions........Error! Bookmark not defined.Table 3-2: Characteristics of equivalent viscoelastic linear constitutive models.............Error! Bookmark not defined.Table 3-3: Required Constitutive Parameters..........................Error! Bookmark not defined.TABLE 4-1 ELEMENTS OF DETERMINISTIC SEISMIC HAZARD ANALYSIS (DSHA) (IAEA SSG-9 [4-1])........................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.TABLE 4-2 TYPICAL OUTPUT SPECIFICATION OF PROBABILISTIC SEISMIC HAZARD ANALYSES [4-1]........................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.TABLE 4-3 TYPICAL OUTPUT OF PROBABILISTIC SEISMIC HAZARD ANALYSES [4-1] Error! Bookmark not defined.TABLE 5-1 ARRAYS USED TO DEVELOP THE COHERENCY MODELS [5-7].........Error! Bookmark not defined.TABLE 5-2 EARTHQUAKES IN THE ARRAY DATA SETS [5-7].......Error! Bookmark not defined.TABLE 7-1 RAYLEIGH WAVE LENGTH AS A FUNCTION OF WAVE SPEED [M/S] AND WAVE FREQUENCY [HZ]............................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.TABLE 0-1 ARRAYS USED TO DEVELOP THE COHERENCY MODELS..................Error! Bookmark not defined.TABLE 0-2 EARTHQUAKES IN THE ARRAY DATA SETS. Error! Bookmark not defined.

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8.8 Appendices

1. BibliographyI. Babuˇska and J. T. Oden. Verification and validation in computational

engineering and science: basic concepts. Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering, 193(36-38):4057–4066, Sept

2004.

R. J. Budnitz and M. W. Mieler. Toward a more risk-informed and performance-based framework for the regulation of the seismic safety of nuclear power plants. NUREG/CR 7214, United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Division of Engineering, Office of Nuclear Regulatory Research, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Washington, DC 20555-0001, May 2016.

L. Hatton. The T experiments: Errors in scientific software. IEEE Computational Science and Engineering, 4(2):27–38, April–June 1997.

L. Hatton and A. Roberts. How accurate is scientific software? IEEE Transaction on Software Engineering, 20(10):185–797, October 1994.

B. Jeremić. Development of analytical tools for soil-structure analysis. Technical Report R444.2, Canadian Nuclear Safety Commission – Comission canadiene de suˆreté nucléaire, Ottawa, Canada, 2016.

B. Jeremić, Z. Yang, Z. Cheng, G. Jie, K. Sett, N. Tafazzoli, P. Tasiopoulou, J. A. A. Mena, F. Pisanò, K. Watanabe, Y. Feng, and S. K. Sinha. Lecture notes on computational geomechanics: Inelastic finite elements for pressure sensitive materials. Technical Report UCD-CompGeoMech–01–2004, University of California, Davis, 1989-2016.

B. Jeremić, G. Jie, Z. Cheng, N. Tafazzoli, J. A. Abell, Y. Feng, and S. K. Sinha. The Real ESSI Simulator System. University of California, Davis and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 2016.http://sokocalo.engr.ucdavis.edu/~jeremic/ESSI_Simulator/.

W. Oberkampf. Material from the short course on verification and validation in computational mechanics.

Albuquerque, New Mexico, July 2003.

W. L. Oberkampf, T. G. Trucano, and C. Hirsch. Verification, validation and predictive capability in computational engineering and physics. In Proceedings of the Foundations for Verification and Validation on the 21st Century

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Workshop, pages 1–74, Laurel, Maryland, October 22-23 2002. Johns Hopkins University / Applied Physics Laboratory.

J. T. Oden, I. Babuˇska, F. Nobile, Y. Feng, and R. Tempone. Theory and methodology for estimation and control of errors due to modeling, approximation, and uncertainty. Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering, 194(2-5):195–204, February 2005.

T. Oden, R. Moser, and O. Ghattas. Computer predictions with quantified uncertainty, part i. SIAM News,, 43(9), November 2010a.

T. Oden, R. Moser, and O. Ghattas. Computer predictions with quantified uncertainty, part ii. SIAM News,, 43(10), December 2010b.

P. J. Roache. Verif ication and Validation in Computational Science and Engineering. Hermosa Publishers, Albuquerque, New Mexico, 1998. ISBN 0-913478-08-3.

C. J. Roy and W. L. Oberkampf. A comprehensive framework for verification, validation, and uncertainty quantification in scientific computing. Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering, 200(25-28):2131 – 2144, 2011. ISSN 0045-7825. doi: 10.1016/j.cma.2011.03.016. URL http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045782511001290.

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J. A. Abell, S. K. Sinha, and B. Jeremi´c. Wavelet based synthetic earthquake sources

for path and soilstructure interaction modeling: Stress testing of nuclear power plants.

In Y. Fukushima and L. Dalguer, editors, Best Practices in Physicsbased Fault

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K. J. A. Abell, N. Orbovic, D.B. McCallen, and B. Jeremic. Earthquake soil structure

interaction of nuclear power plants, differences in response to 3-D, 3×1-D, and 1-D

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L. Aki and P. G. Richards. Quantitative Seismology. University Science Books, 2nd

edition, 2002.

J. Allen. p − y Curves in Layered Soils. PhD thesis, The University of Texas at Austin, May 1985.

J. Allmond and B. Kutter. Fluid effects on rocking foundations in difficult soil. In Tenth

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[6] Johnson, J.J., Short, S.A., Hardy, G.S., “Modeling Seismic Incoherence Effects on NPP Structures: Unifying CLASSI and SASSI Approaches,” Paper K05-5, 19th Structural Mechanics in Reactor Technology (SMiRT19), Toronto, Canada, 2007.

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K. Watanabe, F. Pisanò, and B. Jeremić. A numerical investigation on discretization effects in seismic wave propagation analyses. Engineering with Computers, pages 1–27, 2016. ISSN 1435-5663. doi: 10.1007/ s00366-016-0488-4. URL http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00366-016-0488-4.

Z. Yang, A. Elgamal, and E. Parra. Computational model for cyclic mobility and associated shear deformation. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 129(12):1119–1127, 2003.

C. Yoshimura, J. Bielak, Y. Hisada, and A. Fernández. Domain reduction method for three-dimensional earthquake modeling in localized regions, part ii: Verification and applications. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 93(2):825–841, 2003.

Hall J.F. (2006). Problems encountered from the use (or misuse) of Rayleigh damping, Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics, 35:525–545.

Chopra A.K. (2017). Dynamics of Structures: theory and applications in earthquake engineering, fifth edition, Pearson.

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