Jerome D. FellmannMark BjellandArthur GetisJudith Getis

Chapter 3

Spatial Interaction&

Spatial Behavior

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Photo by Mark Bjelland

A Summarizing Model (Ullman) Complementarity

Depends on effective supply and demand, purchasing power, and transportation

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A Summarizing Model Complementarity

For two places to interact, one place must have what another place wants and can secure

Effective supply and demand are important considerations for exchange

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A Summarizing Model Transferability

The value of the product must be greater than the cost of transportation

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A Summarizing Model Transferability

Acceptable costs of an exchange An expression of the mobility of a commodity

and is a function of three interrelated conditions:

1. The characteristics of the product2. The distance measured in time and money

penalties, over which it must be moved3. The ability of the commodity to bear the cost

of movement If the time and money costs of traversing a

distance are too great, exchange does not occur.

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A Summarizing Model (cont.) Intervening Opportunity

A function of distance N. Dakota oil fields

South Carolina vs Wisconsin frac sand?

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A Summarizing Model Intervening Opportunity

Complementarity can be effective only in the absence of more attractive alternative sources of supply or demand closer at hand or cheaper

Intervening opportunities serve to reduce supply/demand interactions that otherwise might develop between distant complementary areas

For reasons of cost and convenience, a purchaser is unlikely to buy identical commodities at a distance when a suitable nearby supply is available

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What is Spatial Interaction? What is Ullman’s summarizing model of

spatial interaction used for? Describe the following components of

Ullman’s model: Complementarity Transferability Intervening Opportunity

What is the problem with focusing on “aggregate, not individual” behavior when modeling spatial interaction?

Measuring Interaction Distance Decay The Gravity Concept Interaction Potential Movement Biases

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Measuring Interaction Friction of Distance

Distance has a retarding effect on human interaction because there are increasing penalties in time and cost associated with longer distance, more expensive interchanges The “friction of distance” is reduced by lower costs.

Geographically speaking, what effect did the automobile have on the United States?

Distance Decay The decline of an activity or function with increasing distance from its point of origin.

Study Guide

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The volume of interaction (flow) between two points is inversely related to the square of the distance separating them.

So…volume of flow between two places 50 miles apart would probably be only ¼ of that between places 25 miles apart.

Study Guide

The problem is that distance is only one factor of transferability…What other factors influence our decisions?

Cost…Time…Perception…?

Measuring Interaction The Gravity Concept

The physical laws of gravity and motion developed by Sir Isaac Newton (1642-1727) are applicable to aggregate actions of humans

A large city is more likely to attract an individual than is a small hamlet…More opportunity (real and perceived)

Study Guide

Chapter 3

Measuring Interaction (cont.) Movement Bias…Or “If you build it, they will

come”…”Anchor chains/Stores”/ Mall of America? Predictable flows making some centers more

attractive to merchants and customers (google earth)

Study Guide

Distance Bias - “distance decay” favoring short interactions over long ones

Direction Bias – East/West Bias in the US (google earth Hwy map

Network Bias – movement along existing networks/routes – self-

reinforcing mechanism. Where would you site a new restaurant in the Chippewa Valley?

Mobility vs. Migration Circulation mobility

Daily/temporary use of space for travel/work/school/ commerce etc.

Migration mobility (Permanent relocation)

Individual Activity Space Territoriality Varies by culture

Activity space is determined by:

Stage in life Mobility (economic) Opportunity

– availability of nearby resources

The Tyranny of Time Space-Time Prism [65]

Illustrates geog. Limits bound by time What effect did modern transportation have on the space-time prism? Information

technology?

Distance and Human Interaction Critical Distance [fig3.12, 66]

Examples of the “frictionless zone”?

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Study Guide

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Spatial Interaction and the Accumulation of Information

Critical Distance: Does critical distance vary with different activities? Information Flows

Implications of instantaneous information flow? [work, education, cities, governments, culture]

Figurative impact on critical distance?

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Information and Perception Our place perceptions are based on our sense of place –

our “perceptions of reality” Are those perceptions always accurate?

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The Peters Projection Map from Two Perspectives: In 1974, as an effort to reduce the political

bias of conventional maps, Arno Peters created the 'Peters

Projection' of the world so that one square inch anywhere on the map represents an equal

number of square miles of the earth's surface.

Information and Perception (cont.) Perception of Environment…Again tied to Relph’s “sense

of place”

Perception of Natural HazardsDiminished by our sense of place“Diminished” by necessityFlooding in Bangladesh

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Video Lessons: Spatial Interaction Human Spatial BehaviorQuizlet: Fellmann Ch. 3

Video Clips: China Infrastructure Spending 60 Minutes: America’s Crumbling Infrastructure

Article Jigsaw Activity Focus on: 1. Spatial interactions (both stated and implied)

2. Four-Level Analysis(1)Local, (2)State or regional, (3)National,

(4)globalPower of Place: Spatial interaction in a megalopolisFor Thursday: Complete Power of place disc. Questions and Annual Editions Reading and Critical Thinking

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Principal Migration Patterns Intercontinental

A reflection of massive intercontinental flows Intracontinental

Movements between countries Interregional

Movements within countries Rural-to-Urban

Migration Vid Intro

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Principal Migration Patterns Rural-to-Urban

Movements of peoples from agricultural areas to cities; prominent during the industrial revolution

Rapid increase in impoverished rural populations put increasing and unsustainable pressures on land, fuel, and water in the countryside

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Forced The relocation decision is made solely by people other than the migrants

themselves Slaves were forcibly transferred to the Americas Convicts transported to other continents Communist relocations (USSR) Immigrants expelled (Uganda) Forced repatriation of foreign nationals

Reluctant Less than fully voluntary

Aggressive governmental relocation campaigns (Indonesia)

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Voluntary The great majority of migratory movements

are voluntary Migrants believe that their opportunities and

life circumstances will be better at their destination than they are at their present location.

Involuntary

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Push & Pull Factors Push factors are negative home conditions that impel

the decision to migrate They might include loss of job, lack of professional

opportunity, overcrowding or slum clearance, or a variety of other influences

Pull factors are the presumed positive attractions of the migration destination All the attractive attributes perceived to exist at the new

location: safety, and food, perhaps, or job opportunities, better climate, lower taxes, more room, and so forth

Power of Place 21

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Place Utility Top Ten The measure of an

individual’s satisfaction with a given residential location

Step Migration Place transition Rural to central city A series of less extreme

locational changes From farm to small town to

suburb, and finally to the major central city itself

Forced Migration in China

Chain Migration The mover is part of an

established migrant flow from a common origin to a prepared destination

An advance group of migrants is followed by second and subsequent migrations originating in the same home district and frequently united by kinship or friendship ties Hmong

Counter Migration Not all immigrants stay

permanently at their first destination

Return migration Back to Syria

Channelized Migration Areas that are in some way tied to one another by

past migrations, by economic trade considerations, or some other affinity

Ravenstein’s Laws of Migration Most migrants go only a short distance Longer-distance migration favors big cities Most migration proceeds step-by-step Most migration is rural to urban Most migrants are adults and males

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Homework For Friday

4.1 What were the extreme values? Why were these states over/underestimated by the gravity model?

4.2 In general, how did the gravity model fare? Do the predictions hold up?

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4.3 How is distance a deterrent to migration?

Distance acts as a deterrent to migration in several ways: cost, information, and intervening opportunities. The farther apart two places are, the more expensive it is to move between them. Also, people are unlikely to move to a place they know nothing about, and they tend to know less about distant places than about those nearby places. And finally, the farther apart two places are the greater the likelihood of intervening opportunities.

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4.4 Justify the use of population as the numerator in the gravity model. Can you suggest a variable that might be preferable to population as a measure of the sending power of a state or province?

Population is justified in the gravity model because the more people live in a state, the more potential migrants there are. If distance were held constant, one would expect migration to be proportional to the population of a state. However, a better measure of the “sending power” of a state would take into account not only how many people live in a state, but also what kinds of people are most likely to move. Therefore, there might be a higher weighting on young adults and highly educated people who move more frequently than others…other factors??

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4.5 Along the 45* = an accurate prediction * For points below the line, actual migration is greater than

predicted migration, the gravity model predictions underestimate migration, and residuals (actual – predicted migration) are positive. * For points above the line, predicted migration is larger than

actual migration, the gravity model predictions overestimate migration, and residuals are negative.

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4.6 Groups of states that are over or under predicted? * possible explanations?

4.7 Other variables that we might use to reduce those residuals identified in 4.6?

* Economic?* Age?* Gender?* Climate?

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