Preface

This book contains the Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on ‘Gamma-Ray Burstsin the Afterglow Era’ held from 17 to 20 October 2000 at the Consiglio NazionaleRicerche (CNR) Headquarters in Rome, Italy.The success of the first conference on the same topic held at the same locationtwo years before (3–6 November 1998) prompted us to organize another work-shop. Following the increased engagement of ESO in GRB science, Alvio Renzinijoined the organizers of the previous workshop (Enrico Costa, Filippo Fronteraand Luigi Piro).Two years of Gamma-Ray Burst (GRB) observations since the last workshophave more than doubled the sample of GRBs localized and followed up for af-terglow search. Most of this information came from BeppoSAX, with importantcontributions from other satellites, in particular from RXTE, Chandra and theInterPlanetary Network (IPN). The number of cases monitored with multiwave-length observations was increased and several new events were followed up. Animportant discovery of the last two years was the simultaneous observation ofgamma- and optical radiation from the prompt emission of GRB 990123, a niceconfirmation of a prediction firmly stated by Re’em Sari at the first workshopthree months before the occurrence of GRB 990123! Another relevant observa-tional result was the definite discovery of breaks in the afterglow light curves ofsome GRBs and the detection, with BeppoSAX and Chandra, of other emissionfeatures in the X-ray afterglow of a few GRBs. All these and other importantdiscoveries have increased the interest in the GRB phenomenon from both theobservational and the theoretical points of view. The Rome Workshop was justthe meeting needed to report and discuss, among the wide scientific communityinterested in the GRB phenomenon, these discoveries, their possible interpreta-tions, and the perspectives on the field.

The bad news from the two-year interval from the first to the second work-shop was the premature death of Jan van Paradijs, one of the leaders of the GRBafterglow era, who led the team who discovered the first optical afterglow of aGRB. Another piece of bad news was the similarly premature death of DanieleDal Fiume, one of the key people in the BeppoSAX team, who provided a rele-vant contribution to the development of the BeppoSAX data analysis software,especially the high-energy instruments PDS and GRBM. At the workshop, Janvan Paradijs was remembered by Ed van den Heuvel, and Daniele Dal Fiumewas remembered by Filippo Frontera.

VI Preface

The workshop also marked an important evolution in the development ofspace- and ground-based instrumentation performing episodic or systematic ob-servations of GRBs and associated phenomena. It was the first dedicated confer-ence after the unexpected and unfortunate deorbitation of the Compton Gamma-Ray Observatory, which corresponded to the termination of the real-time alertsfrom the BACODINE system. An important development, on the other hand,was the rejuvenated capability of the IPN, deriving from the activation of theburst detector aboard NEAR. One of the highlights of the workshop was thefirst presentation, by George Ricker, of the HETE-2 mission status shortly afterits launch. High expectations of a new step forward in GRB science rely on thisnew dedicated mission.

Most of the data presented in the workshop were based on BeppoSAX ob-servations, by itself or as part of a network. A central role in the domain ofX-ray measurements was played by the reports concerning Fe features in GRBspectra. After the two marginal line detections from GRB 970508 (Piro et al.1999) and GRB 970828 (Yoshida et al. 1999), two much more statistically sig-nificant detections of afterglow X-ray lines were reported at the workshop andare contained in this book: a line from the GRB 000214 afterglow detected us-ing BeppoSAX (Antonelli et al., this book) and a line from the afterglow ofGRB 991216 observed using Chandra (Piro et al., this book). The reported lineproperties confirm the importance of X-ray spectroscopy as a tool to probe thecircumburst matter distribution. Moreover, the report (Frontera et al., this book)of the first detection of a transient absorption feature in the earliest emission ofGRB 990705 confirms the scenario of a medium that is completely photoionizedby the burst radiation. All these data, although deriving from different bursts,indicate a significant amount of Fe in the GRB proximity, providing importanthints on the GRB progenitor.

Another topic on the afterglow physics reported at the workshop is the studyof deviations of the optical light curves from the straight simple power law, thatsteer the evolution of the most widely accepted synchrotron shock model towardunavoidable complications. The major role of the ESO instruments, in particularof the Very Large Telescope (VLT), apart from providing a better coverage ofthe Southern sky, is producing important data for photometry, spectroscopy andpolarimetry, and this was reported on during the workshop. The most brilliantresult is, without any question, the detection of the thus far highest redshift,4.5, for GRB 000131 (Andersen et al., this book). Also, ample space was de-voted to future satellites able to accurately localize GRBs (e.g. INTEGRAL,AGILE, Swift, GLAST). Most of the observational and theoretical results fromthe workshop are included in this book. The different parts of the book tracethe various sessions of the conference.

The workshop organization was managed by two CNR Institutes (IstitutoTecnologie e Studio Radiazioni Extraterrestri, Bologna, and Istituto AstrofisicaSpaziale, Roma), with a contribution from ESO. Many people contributed to thesuccess of the 2nd Workshop on GRBs. We wish to thank all the members of theScientific Advisory (see Table 1) and Local Organizing (see Table 2) Committees;

Preface VII

Table 1. Scientific Advisory Committee

E. Costa (Co-chair) IAS/CNR, Rome, ItalyG. Fishman MSFC/NASA, Huntsville, USAD. Frail NRAO, Socorro - USAF. Frontera (Co-chair) University of Ferrara and ITESRE/CNR, Bologna, ItalyJ. Heise SRON, Utrecht, The NetherlandsE. van den Heuvel University of Amsterdam, The NetherlandsJ. Hjorth Astronomical Observatory, Copenhagen, DenmarkK. Hurley University of California, Berkeley, USAC. Kouveliotou Univ. Space Res. Assoc., MSFC/NASA, Huntsville, USAS. Kulkarni Caltech, Pasadena, USAM. Matsuoka RIKEN, Wako-shi, JapanP. Meszaros Penn State University, University Park, USAH. Pedersen Astronomical Observatory, Copenhagen, DenmarkL. Piro (Co-chair) IAS/CNR, Rome, ItalyM. Rees IoA, Cambridge University, United KingdomA. Renzini (Co-chair) ESO, Garching, GermanyG. Ricker MIT, Boston, USAM. Ruderman Columbia University, New York, USAL. Scarsi IFCAI/CNR, Palermo, ItalyM. Tavani IFC/CNR, Milan, ItalyG. Vedrenne CESR/CNRS, Toulouse, FranceM. Vietri University of Rome III, Rome, ItalyS. Woosley UCSC, Santa Cruz, USA

Table 2. Local Organizing Committee

L. Barbanera IAS/CNR, Rome, ItalyM. Feroci (Chair) IAS/CNR, Rome, ItalyG. Gandolfi IAS/CNR, Rome, ItalyM. Orlandini ITESRE/CNR, Bologna, ItalyJ. Hjorth Astronomical Observatory, Copenhagen, Denmark

in particular we thank Marco Feroci for the hard work of coordinating the manyoperative and scientific issues of the workshop, Lidia Barbanera for her skill andnice solutions for many logistical and administrative problems, Mauro Orlandiniand Giangiacomo Gandolfi for managing the webpage of the workshop, GiuseppeDi Persio and Giorgio Patria for managing the computer system, Rossana Moranifor secretarial support, Isabella Vannutelli for the organization of the press-conference and the press-release, and Pamela Bristow from ESO for taking chargeof the contacts with Springer-Verlag for the publication of these proceedings.

We also wish to thank Aldo Spizzichino for his original design and skillfulrealization of the workshop poster. Finally a very warm thanks goes to NicolaMasetti for taking charge of the contact with the authors, paper collection, and

VIII Preface

for helping us a lot, along with Lorenzo Amati, in the editing of this book. Weare also grateful to our sponsors, CNR, ESO, Alenia Aerospazio, Laben andNuova Telespazio for their support.

Bologna, Enrico CostaOctober 2001 Filippo Frontera

Jens Hjorth

Contents

Part I Global Properties of GRBs

Some Recent, Interesting Observations of Gamma-Ray BurstsK. Hurley . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

On the Fast Spectral Variability of GRBsE.P. Mazets, R.L. Aptekar, P.S. Butterworth, T.L. Cline, D.D. Frederiks,S.V. Golenetskii, V.N. Il’inskii, and V.D. Pal’shin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

Spectral Properties of Short Gamma-Ray BurstsW.S. Paciesas, R.D. Preece, M.S. Briggs, and R.S. Mallozzi . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

X-Ray Flashes and X-Ray Rich Gamma Ray BurstsJ. Heise, J. in ’t Zand, R.M. Kippen, and P.M. Woods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

BATSE Observations of Fast X-Ray TransientsDetected by BeppoSAX-WFCR.M. Kippen, P.M. Woods, J. Heise, J. in’t Zand, R.D. Preece,and M.S. Briggs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

Observations of Gamma-Ray Burstswith the Rossi X-Ray Timing ExplorerH. Bradt, A.M. Levine, F.E. Marshall, R.A. Remillard, D.A. Smith,and T. Takeshima . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

Testing the Optically Thin Synchrotron Shock Modelfor Gamma-Ray Bursts Spectra from 2 to 700 keVwith BeppoSAXL. Amati, F. Frontera, M. Tavani, J.J.M. in ’t Zand, E. Costa,C. Guidorzi, E. Montanari, and P. Soffitta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

On the Spectra of the Gamma-Ray BurstsZ. Bagoly, I. Csabai, A. Meszaros, I. Horvath, R. Vavrek,and L.G. Balazs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37

Short Gamma-Ray Bursts Are DifferentJ.P. Norris, J.D. Scargle, and J.T. Bonnell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

X Contents

New Possibilities Offered by BeppoSAX:Automatic GRB Alerts Using GRBMC. Guidorzi, F. Frontera, E. Montanari, F. Calura, L. Amati, E. Costa,and M. Feroci . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43

Probing the Isotropy in the Sky Distributionof the Gamma-Ray BurstsA. Meszaros, Z. Bagoly, L.G. Balazs, I. Horvath, and R. Vavrek, . . . . . . . . 47

Analysis of the BATSE GRB Light CurvesB.M. Belli . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50

Gamma-Ray Burst Follow Up Observations with BOOTESin 1998–2000J.M. Castro Ceron, A.J. Castro-Tirado, R. Hudec, J. Soldan, M. Bernas,P. Pata, T.J. Mateo Sanguino, A. de Ugarte Postigo, J.A. Berna,M. Nekola, J. Gorosabel, B.A. de la Morena, J.M. Mas-Hesse,A. Gimenez, and J. Torres Riera . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53

Non-isotropic Angular Distributionfor Very Short-Time Gamma-Ray Bursts?D.B. Cline, C. Matthey, and S. Otwinowski . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56

Tools for Gamma-Ray Burst Data MiningJ. Hakkila, R.S. Mallozzi, R.J. Roiger, D.J. Haglin, G.N. Pendleton,and C.A. Meegan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60

Broadband Spectral Deconvolution of GRBsL. Hanlon, D. Kinsella, N. Murphy, B. McBreen, K. Bennett,O.R. Williams, C. Winkler, and R. Preece . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63

A Gamma-Ray Bursts’ Fluence-Duration CorrelationI. Horvath, L.G. Balazs, P. Meszaros, Z. Bagoly, and A. Meszaros . . . . . . . 66

Estimation of Emission Time Parameter for APEX ExperimentA. Kozyrev, I. Mitrofanov, D. Anfimov, and C. Barat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69

Quiescent Times in Gamma-Ray BurstsA. Merloni and E. Ramirez-Ruiz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72

Neutrino Astrophysics with the MACRO DetectorT. Montaruli, F. Cei, R. Pazzi, and F. Ronga,for the MACRO Collaboration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75

The Fingerprints of the GRB ProcessF. Quilligan, B. McBreen, K. Hurley, L. Hanlon, D. Watson,and S. McBreen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78

Contents XI

A Variety of Decays of Gamma-Ray Burst PulsesF. Ryde and R. Svensson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81

The GRBs at Rest Frames of EmittersA. Sanin, I. Mitrofanov, D. Anfimov, M. Litvak, M. Briggs, W. Paciesas,G. Pendleton, R. Preece, G. Fishman, and C. Meegan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84

The Unique Signature of Shell Curvature in Gamma-Ray BurstsA.M. Soderberg and E.E. Fenimore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87

Final Results of the Off-Line Scan of the BATSE Daily RecordsB.E. Stern, Ya. Tikhomirova, D. Kompaneets, and R. Svensson . . . . . . . . . . 91

Part II GRB Afterglows

X-Ray Afterglows and Features of Gamma-Ray BurstsL. Piro . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97

Transient Spectral Features in the Prompt Emissionof Gamma-Ray Bursts with BeppoSAXF. Frontera, L. Amati, E. Costa, C. Guidorzi, M. Vietri,and J.J.M. in ’t Zand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106

Discovery of a Redshifted Iron K-Linein the X-Ray Afterglow of GRB 000214L.A. Antonelli, M. Vietri, L. Piro, E. Costa, P. Soffitta, M. Feroci,L. Amati, F. Frontera, E. Pian, J. in ’t Zand, L. Stella,and G.C. Perola . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112

Observations of Iron Features with ASCAT. Murakami, D. Yonetoku, and A. Yoshida . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115

Temporal and Spectral Analysis of X-Ray Afterglows of GRBsObserved by BeppoSAXG. Stratta, L. Piro, P. Soffitta, A. Antonelli, E. Costa, M. Feroci,F. Frontera, G. Gandolfi, J. Heise, J. in ’t Zand, L. Nicastro,and E. Pian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118

Optical/Near-IR Observations of Gamma-Ray Burstsin the Afterglow EraA.J. Castro-Tirado . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121

The GRB Followup Euro–US Consortium:Results from the ESO TelescopesN. Masetti, on behalf of a large collaboration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127

XII Contents

GRB 000301C: A Possible Short/Intermediate Duration BurstConnected to a DLA SystemJ. Gorosabel, J.U. Fynbo, B.L. Jensen, P. Møller, H. Pedersen, J. Hjorth,M.I. Andersen, and K. Hurley . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130

Hunting Gamma-Ray Bursts in the Lyman Forest;GRB 000131 at z = 4.50M.I. Andersen, J. Hjorth, H. Pedersen, B.L. Jensen, L.K. Hunt,J. Gorosabel, P. Møller, J. Fynbo, and B. Thomsen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133

Evidence for a Supernova in the Ic Band Light Curveof the Optical Transient of GRB 970508V.V. Sokolov . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136

Hypernovae and Gamma-Ray BurstsP.A. Mazzali, K. Nomoto, K. Maeda, and T. Nakamura . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139

Theoretical Implicationsof the Gamma-Ray Burst–Supernova ConnectionR.A. Chevalier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142

Properties of GRB Optical Afterglows: Colors and LuminositiesV. Simon, N. Masetti, R. Hudec, and G. Pizzichini . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148

GRB Optical Afterglows:Correlation between Pair of ParametersC. Bartolini, G. Beskin, G. Cosentino, A. Guarnieri, A. Piccioni,and A. Pozanenko . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151

Broad-Band Modelling of GRB AfterglowsE. Berger, R. Sari, D. Frail, and S. Kulkarni . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154

The Jet and the Supernova in GRB 990712G. Bjornsson, J. Hjorth, P. Jakobsson, L. Christensen, E.J. Lindfors,and S. Holland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157

On the Transient Fe K-Edgein the Prompt Emission of GRB 990705M. Bottcher, C.D. Dermer, L. Amati, and F. Frontera . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160

On the Detectability of Delayed X-Ray Flashes from GRBsM. Bottcher, C.L. Fryer, E.P. Liang, and I.A. Smith . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163

Wolf-Rayet Stars and GRB ConnectionA. Cherepashchuk and K. Postnov . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166

Follow-Up Observations from Observatories Based in SpainJ. Gorosabel, A.J. Castro-Tirado, J. Greiner, J.M. Castro Ceron, S. Klose,and N. Lund . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169

Contents XIII

Optical Observations of the Dark Gamma-Ray Burst GRB 000210J. Gorosabel, J. Hjorth, H. Pedersen, B.L. Jensen, L.F. Olsen,L. Christensen, E. Mediavilla, R. Barrena, J.U. Fynbo, M.I. Andersen,A.O. Jaunsen, S. Holland, and N. Lund . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172

The Light Curves of GRB 990123 and GRB 990510G. Bjornsson, S. Holland, J. Hjorth, and B. Thomsen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175

GRB/SNe Correlations:Search for Unrecognized OAs of GRBs among Detected SNeV. Hudcova, R. Hudec, N. Masetti, G. Pizzichini, and E. Palazzi . . . . . . . . 178

Optical GRB Analyses: Results from Archival PlatesR. Hudec and W. Wenzel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181

EN: Simultaneous Optical Data for GRBsR. Hudec, J. Florian, R. Smida, I. Stoklasova, J. Palek, N. Masetti,E. Palazzi, and G. Pizzichini . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185

Near-Infrared Polarimetric Observations of GRB AfterglowsS. Klose, B. Stecklum, and O. Fischer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188

Iron Line Emission in X-Ray AfterglowsD. Lazzati, G. Ghisellini, M. Vietri, F. Fiore, and L. Stella . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191

BeppoSAX Observation of GRB990806:From the Prompt Emission to the X-Ray AfterglowE. Montanari, L. Amati, F. Frontera, C. Guidorzi, M. Capalbi, E. Costa,M. Feroci, L. Piro, J. Heise, J.J.M. in’t Zand, E. Pian, E. Palazzi,N. Masetti, and L. Nicastro . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195

GRB000615 in X-RaysL. Nicastro, G. Cusumano, A. Antonelli, L. Amati, F. Frontera,E. Palazzi, E. Pian, E. Costa, M. Feroci, L. Piro, J. in ’t Zand,and J. Heise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198

GRB980613 a Very Faint Burst with a Not So Faint AfterglowDetected by BeppoSAXP. Soffitta, L. Amati, L.A. Antonelli, E. Costa, M. Feroci, F. Frontera,J. Heise, L. Nicastro, L. Piro, G. Stratta, and J.J.M. in’t Zand . . . . . . . . . . 201

Physical Constraints from Broadband Afterglow Fits:GRB000926 as an ExampleS.A. Yost, R. Sari, F.A. Harrison, E. Berger, A. Diercks, T. Galama,D. Reichart, D. Frail, and P.A. Price . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204

XIV Contents

Part III Host Galaxies and Cosmology with GRBs

The Observed Offset Distribution of GRBs about Their HostsJ.S. Bloom and S.R. Kulkarni . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209

A Deep, High-Resolution Imaging Survey of GRB Host GalaxiesN.R. Tanvir, S. Holland, M.I. Andersen, G. Bjornsson, J.U. Fynbo,J. Gorosabel, J. Hjorth, A. Jaunsen, P. Møller, P. Natarajan,and B. Thomsen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212

Host Galaxies as Gamma-Ray Burst Distance IndicatorsD. Band, R. Jimenez, and T. Piran . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215

The GRB Host Galaxies and RedshiftsS.G. Djorgovski, S.R. Kulkarni, J.S. Bloom, D.A. Frail, F.A. Harrison,T.J. Galama, D. Reichart, S.M. Castro, D. Fox, R. Sari, E. Berger,P. Price, S. Yost, R. Goodrich, and F. Chaffee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218

Gamma-Ray Bursts as a Probe of CosmologyD.Q. Lamb and D.E. Reichart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226

Construction of the Variability → Luminosity EstimatorD.E. Reichart and D.Q. Lamb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233

Early Afterglows as Probes for the Reionization EpochD. Lazzati, G. Ghisellini, F. Haardt, and A. Fernandez-Soto . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236

γ-Ray Burst Remnants: How Can We Find Them?R. Perna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239

Progenitors of GRBs Originated in the Dense Star ClustersYu.N. Efremov . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243

The Multiband Photometry of GRB Host Galaxies:Comparison with the Spectral Energy Distributionsof Nearby Galaxies and Theoretical ModelingV.V. Sokolov, T.A. Fatkhullin, V.N. Komarova, E.R. Kasimova,and V.I. Korchagin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246

Multiscale Statistical Methods and the Angular Distributionof Gamma-Ray BurstsR. Vavrek, L.G. Balazs, A. Meszaros, I. Horvath, and Z. Bagoly . . . . . . . . . 249

Determining the Gamma-Ray Burst Rateas a Function of RedshiftN. Weinberg, C. Graziani, D.Q. Lamb, and D.E. Reichart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252

Contents XV

Part IV Theories for GRBs and Their Afterglows

Gamma-Ray Burst Models: The Central EngineS.E. Woosley . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257

High-Energy Particles from γ-Ray BurstsE. Waxman . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263

Ultra-high Energy Cosmic Rays and Neutron-Decay Halosfrom Gamma Ray BurstsC.D. Dermer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269

On the Neutrino Flux from Gamma-Ray BurstsD. Guetta, M. Spada, and E. Waxman . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272

Efficiency and Spectrum of Internal γ-Ray Burst ShocksM. Spada, D. Guetta, and E. Waxman . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275

Observational Consequences of e± Pair Creation in γ-Ray BurstsE. Ramirez-Ruiz, P. Madau, M.J. Rees, and C. Thompson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278

The Close Environment of GRBP. Meszaros . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281

Failed Optical AfterglowsG. Ghisellini, D. Lazzati, and S. Covino . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288

Winds from Massive Stars and the Afterglows of γ-Ray BurstsE. Ramirez-Ruiz, L.M. Dray, P. Madau, and C.A. Tout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291

The Effects of a Gamma-Ray Burston Nearby Preplanetary SystemsP. Duggan, B. McBreen, L. Hanlon, L. Metcalfe, A. Kvick,and G. Vaughan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294

The Role of Dust in GRB AfterglowsD.Q. Lamb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297

Theory of GRB AfterglowT. Piran and J. Granot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300

Strange Afterglows from Embedded GRBs:Reconciling Hypernovae with Slow DecaysR.A.M.J. Wijers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306

Light Curves from an Expanding Relativistic JetJ. Granot, M. Miller, T. Piran, W.M. Suen, and P.A. Hughes . . . . . . . . . . . 312

XVI Contents

GRBs and Fireball versus Precessing Gamma JetsD. Fargion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315

Neutrino Pair Annihilation above a Kerr Black Holewith the Accretion DiskK. Asano . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318

Dissipation Efficiency of Internal Shocks in GRBA.M. Beloborodov . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321

Interaction between Internal Shocks and the Reverse Shockfor a GRB in a Dense Stellar WindF. Daigne and R. Mochkovitch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 324

GRB Synchrotron-Self-Compton EmissionGenerated by Self-Consistent Electron DistributionE.V. Derishev, V.V. Kocharovsky, Vl.V. Kocharovsky, and P. Meszaros . . . 327

Effects of Free Neutrons on Gamma-Ray BurstsE.V. Derishev, V.V. Kocharovsky, and Vl.V. Kocharovsky . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 330

Bursts and Black HolesA. Gomboc and A. Cadez . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333

Light Curves of Optical AfterglowsF. Hroch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 336

Ultra Efficient Internal ShocksS. Kobayashi and R. Sari . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339

Light Curves of GRB Optical FlashesS. Kobayashi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 342

100 GeV Photons from Gamma-Ray Burst FireballsVl.V. Kocharovsky, E.V. Derishev, and V.V. Kocharovsky . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345

New Results on the Temporal Structure of GRBsE. Nakar and T. Piran . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 348

Signature of a Highly Magnetized Millisecond Pulsarin GRB AfterglowsB. Zhang and P. Meszaros . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351

Part V Experiments: Present and Future

The Swift Panchromatic GRB MissionN. Gehrels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357

Contents XVII

The Italian Contribution to the Swift MissionG. Chincarini, G. Tagliaferri,and F.M. Zerbi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 360

The INTEGRAL Burst Alert SystemS. Mereghetti, D.I. Cremonesi, and J. Borkowski . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363

AGILE and Gamma-Ray BurstsM. Tavani, G. Barbiellini, A. Argan, N. Auricchio, P. Caraveo, A. Chen,V. Cocco, E. Costa, G. Di Cocco, G. Fedel, M. Feroci, M. Fiorini, M. Galli,A. Giuliani, C. Labanti, I. Lapshov, P. Lipari, F. Longo, S. Mereghetti,E. Morelli, A. Morselli, A. Pellizzoni, F. Perotti, P. Picozza, C. Pittori,C. Pontoni, M. Prest, M. Rapisarda, E. Rossi, A. Rubini, P. Soffitta,M. Trifoglio, E. Vallazza, S. Vercellone, and D. Zanello . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 366

Gamma-Ray Bursts with SuperAGILEM. Feroci, E. Costa, E. Del Monte, I. Lapshov, M. Rapisarda, P. Soffitta,G. Barbiellini, M. Prest, E. Vallazza, S. Mereghetti, M. Tavani,S. Vercellone, A. Morselli, and F. Longo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 368

The GLAST Burst Monitor (GBM)G.G. Lichti, M.S. Briggs, R. Diehl, G. Fishman, R. Georgii, R.M. Kippen,C. Kouveliotou, C. Meegan, W. Paciesas, R. Preece, V. Schonfelder,and A. von Kienlin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371

The IPN I: From the Past to the FutureT.L. Cline, K.C. Hurley, S. Barthelmy, P. Butterworth, M. Feroci,F. Frontera, S. Golenetskii, E. Mazets, and J. Trombka . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375

One Year of Rapid, Precise Gamma-Ray Burst Localizationsby the Interplanetary NetworkK. Hurley, T.L. Cline, S. Barthelmy, P. Butterworth, M. Feroci,F. Frontera, E. Montanari, C. Guidorzi, S. Golenetskii, E. Mazets,and J. Trombka . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 378

GRBs of Energy E >10 GeV with ARGO-YBJS. Vernetto, for the ARGO-YBJ Collaboration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381

Progress on MARGIE, a Gamma-Ray Burst Ultra-long DurationBalloon MissionD. Band, M. Cherry, J. Stacy, T. Guzik, S. Kappadath, J. Buckley,P. Hink, J. Macri, M. McConnell, J. Ryan, and J. Matteson, . . . . . . . . . . . 384

Simultaneous Detection of the High Energyand Optical Transients by Cerenkov TelescopesG. Beskin,, C. Bartolini, A. Guarnieri, A. Piccioni, S. Biryukov,D. Eichler, and D. Faiman . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 387

PREPROCESS: A Fast Image Processing Software ToolA. Di Paola . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 390

XVIII Contents

The HETE Triggering AlgorithmE.E. Fenimore and M. Galassi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 393

The Status of the Ondrejov BART ExperimentR. Hudec, M. Nekola, P. Kubanek, C. Polasek, and A.J. Castro-Tirado . . . 396

Progress in Lobster Eye X-Ray Telescope DevelopmentR. Hudec, A. Inneman, and L. Pina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 399

On the Feasibility of Independent Detectionsof Optical Afterglows of GRBsR. Hudec . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 402

High Precision Space Astrometry of Cosmic GRBsS.M. Kopeikin, V.G. Kurt, O.S. Ougolnikov, and A.A. Sukhanov . . . . . . . . . 405

New Version of Optical Transient Monitorfor BOOTES ProjectP. Pata, M. Bernas, A.J. Castro-Tirado, and R. Hudec . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 412

High Resolution Spectroscopy of the X-Ray Emission of GRBsby IMXS-BOSS on the ISSL. Piro, L. Colasanti, E. Costa, G. Gandolfi, P. Soffitta, F. Gatti,M. Razeti, D. Pergolesi, R. Vaccarone, G. Testera, M. Pallavicini,A. Ferrari, E. Trussoni, M. Orio, D. Mc Cammon, T. Sanders,M. Galeazzi, A. Szymkowiak, and S. Porter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 415

Statistics of Faint Variable Sources for GRB OA AnalysesJ. Polcar, R. Hudec, and H. Meusinger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 418

Event Rates in SuperAGILE and HETEB. Preger, E.E. Fenimore, and E. Costa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 421

IR and Optical Observations of GRB from Campo ImperatoreR. Speziali, F. D’Alessio, L. A. Antonelli, A. Di Paola, L. Burderi,F. Fiore, G. Israel, D. Lorenzetti, F. Pedichini, L. Stella, and F. Vitali . . . 424

A GRB Detection SystemUsing the BGO-Shield of the INTEGRAL-Sectrometer SPIA. von Kienlin, N. Arend, and G.G. Lichti . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 427

A Preview of the Swift UVOT Capabilities:Imaging and Lightcurves from XMM-Newton OMS. Zane, K.O. Mason, M.S. Cropper, T.E. Kennedy, J. Nousek,P. Roming, and M. McLelland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 431

Contents XIX

REM – Rapid Eye Mount. A Fast Slewing Robotized Telescopeto Monitor the Prompt Infra-red Afterglow of GRBsF.M. Zerbi, G. Chincarini, M. Rodono, A. Antonelli, L. Burderi,S. Campana, P. Conconi, S. Covino, G. Cutispoto, G. Ghisellini,D. Lazzati, E. Martinetti, E. Molinari, S. Sardone, L. Stella,and F. Vitali . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 434

List of Participants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 437