jet grouting within contaminated land fill · 2018-02-09 · timber. relics from the former...

Jet Grouting within Contaminated Land Fill

Camille Debost1; Fabrice Mathieu

2; and Murray Yates

3

1Project Engineer, Soletanche Bachy International, 280 Ave. Napoléon Bonaparte, 92500 Rueil

Malmaison, France. E-mail: [email protected] 2Expert Engineer, Soletanche Bachy International, 280 Ave. Napoléon Bonaparte, 92500 Rueil

Malmaison, France. E-mail: [email protected] 3Project Manager, GFWA, 113 Radium St., Welshpool 6106 WA, Australia. E-mail:

[email protected]

Abstract

The site of the Barangaroo Project forms part of an old Sydney Gas Works and is heavily

contaminated with hazardous materials

A perimeter retention wall is to be created with minimum UCS strengths of 5MPa. Construction

of this wall involves overlapping jet-grouting columns, performed within negative pressurised

tents with all personnel subjected to fully enclosed hazardous PPE and controlled

decontamination procedures.

Two fluid jet grouting was considered to be of high risk to personnel due to creating a high level

of airborne contaminates within the tent. Single fluid jet grouting utilising a patented optimized

monitor enabled the construction of columns up to 1.8m in diameter in typical sandy clays and

coal tars.

This paper describes the jet grouting works with focus on hydration of slag base cements within

coal tar environments, environmental protection procedures, contamination controls and there

overall effectiveness, as well as specific spoil management.

INTRODUCTION

Jet-grouting is one of the most popular techniques for strengthening soils. The principle relies on

the use of a liquid jet with high kinetic energy to deconstruct the soil matrix and mix it in place

with a binder brought by the jetted liquid itself (Morey – 1995). The device inside which the

liquid jet is formed, called monitor, is usually slowly rotated while jetting to build columns.

This concept was originated in the seventies in Japan. During the past decades, developments

around jet-grouting have led to three sub-techniques called single, double and triple jet;

depending on the number of different fluids simultaneously operated to build columns: Single jet

requires a cement grout with high hydrodynamic energy, while double jet operation adds a second

jet of compressed air encapsulating the grout jet to increase its erosion capacity. For triple jet,

erosion of soil is obtained by a high energy water jet encapsulated by air while grout is added at

lower pressure on the toe of the monitor to incorporate the binder in the mixture.

For a given sub-technique and given soil conditions, the jetting energy – pressure, flow-rate and

lifting rate - can be adjusted to reach a target column diameter. Jet-grouting is usually operated

with small diameter drilling rigs, which can be operated from narrow platforms and/or low-

headroom conditions.

More recently, some technical developments were undertaken to increase the erosive power of

the jet, leading to the introduction of new jet-grouting equipment on the market amongst which

Superjet monitor in Japan or Jetplus monitor in France (Morey et al – 2004), operated for the first

time in Australia on Barangaroo site.

Grouting 2017 GSP 289 135

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BARANGAROO SITE CONDITONS

Site History:

History of the Barangaroo South area highly influenced the site ground conditions that now

dictate the redevelopment plan of the area.

Barangaroo area is located on the western rim of Sydney city, New South Wales, Australia.

Substantial amounts of land reclamation in the area took place during the mid to late 19th

Century, with various wharves constructed perpendicular to the natural coastline. The Barangaroo

South site was part of the Hickson Road Gas Works, constructed in 1840 which included the

installation of gasholder tanks excavated into the sandstone. The Gas Works were demolished and

backfilled in 1925, followed by the construction of timber wharves and sandstone seawalls by the

early 1930’s. From the mid 1960’s containerisation of shipping created a modification of the

wharves. A concrete seawall was constructed parallel to the former seawall. A combination of

regular end tipping and construction of suspended concrete slabs formed the concrete apron which

defines the site today.

The purpose of Barangaroo redevelopment is to convert this former container port into an

extension of the Central Business District which will welcome hotels, office blocks, residential

buildings as well as public places.

The industrial history of the site has resulted in contamination being found on site such as

hydrocarbons from the gas works and asbestos from the land reclamation tipping.

As part of the redevelopment plan of the area remediation works are undertaken that feature a

Perimeter Retention Wall, which was constructed in 2016 and is the subject of this paper.

Ground conditions:

The ground of the Perimeter Retention Wall site is mainly composed of:

- Land fill of highly variable thickness,

- Class IV weathered sandstone: 1 meter thick in average, depth ranges from 1.00 meter to

13.50 meters,

- Class III sandstone: depth ranges from 1.80 meter to 14.50 meters.

The Land fill is composed of a mixture of sand and gravel, mainly derived from crushed

sandstone, with minor quantities of clay. The base of the fill has been interpreted as highly

irregular and has often mixed with the upper surface of the underlying natural soil during

placement. The fill is observed to contain sandstone cobbles, brick fragments, steel bars and

timber. Relics from the former industrial structures such as timber piles, bored piles of various

diameters, a number of reinforced concrete slabs, sandstone masonry walls, buried ceramic or

concrete services were found along the perimeter of the site.

Class IV sandstone is typically highly weathered, fractured, and has low strength and significant

clay seams. Class III sandstone features medium to very high strength and is slightly to

moderately weathered. The bedrock profile along the perimeter of the site was heavily influenced

by the construction of the wharfs, followed by the construction of the gasholder tank and

subsequent buried service installation.

The site is crossed by a near vertical dolerite dyke, between 1.5 m and 3 m wide. It is composed

of moderately weathered to slightly weathered dolerite. The dyke is variably weathered across its

width, with the margins typically preferentially weathered than the core, and completely

weathered to clay in its upper part. It features typically low to medium strength.


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The Perimeter Retention Wall crosses a former gasholder tank that was constructed by bulk

excavation into the Sandstone. An annulus trench of about 1.8 meter wide and 9.5 meters depth

was used to hold residual material of gas operations. The tank was backfilled at the shutting down

of the gas works, but this material, particularly Coal Tar, remained in the annulus. More

generally, a large portion of the fill has been contaminated by gasworks waste as a result of the

previous use of the site as a gasworks plant. The variable nature and distribution of fill materials

has caused localised variations in groundwater flow and associated contaminant migration, which

is further complicated by tidal influences, the dyke and point sources outside the perimeter.

Design of the Perimeter Retention Wall:

Soletanche Bachy International – Menard Bachy Joint Venture were engaged by Lend Lease

Building to design and construct the Perimeter Retention System for the Block 4 & 5 Remediation

Works on the Barangaroo South project. The Scope of Works included the installation of the

Perimeter Retention System to allow an ex-situ remediation and land forming works. The

Retaining Wall had to achieve minimum UCS (Unconfined Compressive Strength) strength of

5MPa.

The eastern side of the site along Hickson Road was identified to be highly contaminated,

particularly in the vicinity of former Gas Works infrastructure and tanks. Main pollutants

identified were:

- Separate Phase Gasworks Waste and Tar, namely Coal Tar, containing among others

Volatile Organic Compounds such as TPH, PAH (including Benzo(a)pyrene) and BTEX

and emitting a strong hydrocarbon odour,

- Contaminants of potential concern, including lead and relatively high concentration of

metals (copper and zinc) and ammonia,

- Widespread Asbestos Containing Material.

Within these soil conditions, the construction of the Perimeter wall in this area could not be

completed by excavation means such as secant pile wall, contiguous pile wall or slurry wall.

Volatile Organic Compound concentration measured in soils along Hickson Road identified

concentrations of gas vapour in soil with concentrations up to 90 ppm.

These values, as well as the presence of pedestrian walkways along Hickson Road, required the

execution of works within confined and covered areas called Odour Containment Enclosures

(OCE) presented later in this paper.

The remaining solution to build all sections of the Perimeter Wall in these contaminated soils

was a sequence of overlapping jet grouting columns of 1.5 and 1.6m diameter to provide a

structural homogenous wall within the in-situ fill embedded into the top of the weathered rock, as

shown on Figure 1. At shallower depths, the temporary anchor was replaced by a second row of

inclined columns built behind the vertical columns to form a gravity wall.

This allowed the bulk excavation down to 16 meters depth for remediation works and basement

construction.


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US PERFOR

beginning of

routing prod

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ding on conc

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Table 1

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RMANCE A

f constructio

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Flow-rate

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1: Jetting pa

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ment was su

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f jetting spec

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a one fluid je

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ants;

pse and soil

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w.

ANALYSIS

on works, se

ameters. Tria

column diam

f existing tar

e (l/min)

e (MPa)

e (min/m)

W/C ratio

mption (kg/m

arameters us

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ration and

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mns up to 1

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ific energies

target colum

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easier manu

maintenance a

fracturing v

ulting in a s

everal trial c

al results en

meters and es

r to be treate

Set

30

3

3.

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sed on site fo

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FS is a sulph

mount of vola

final UCS

ing Ordinary

constructing

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s required w

mn diameter

nstead of air j

ual handling

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safer work p

columns wer

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t #1 Se

00 3

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meter where

with standard

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in confined

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n or trapped

place enviro

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selection of

able Cement

et #2

300

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Jet Grout w

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Slag

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al Tar

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Figure 9: UC

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CS evolution

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ersion is norm

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Figure 11: C

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mal water in

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REFERE

AECOM

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nvironmental

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a positive w

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conditions.

WLEDGM

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tanche Bachy

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(2014) - Stag

GEOTECH

PACIFIC SE

n Wall

and R.R.W.

ng Geology

and F.Mathie

um on Groun

BARANGAR

ww.barangar

NS BRINCHE

r Barangaroo

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en an excep

hat lateral thi

ed work spac

type helme

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l control m

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materials, e

work force th

ted retaining

ENTS

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y-Menard B

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HNICS (2014

ERVICES (2

.Harris (199

Special Publ

eu (2004) - Th

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ERHOFF (20

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jet grouting within contaminated land fill · 2018-02-09 · timber. relics from the former...

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