JFK AND THE COLD WARChapter 23, Section 2

By Mr. Bruce Diehl

I. Kennedy Confronts Global Challenges

A. President Kennedy Focused much of his time on foreign policy

1. The nation’s rivalry between the Soviet Union deepened.

2. Through a variety of programs Kennedy attempted to curb communism

3. He attempted to reduce the threat of nuclear war.

B. Kennedy’s Flexible Response1. Kennedy felt that Eisenhower had relied too heavily on nuclear

weapons.

2. Instead Kennedy supported a “Flexible Response” a. He asked for a buildup of conventional troops and weapons.

b. This was costly but allowed the US to fight limited style warfare.

3. Kennedy also supported the Special Forces,a. a small army unit established in the 1950s

b. They waged guerrilla warfare.

C. Kennedy proposed The Alliance for Progress

1. To improve Latin American relations,

2. A series of cooperative aid projects with Latin American governments.

3. Over a 10-year period, $20 billion was promised to aid Latin America.

4. Real Reform took place in Chile, Colombia, Venezuela, and the Central American republics.

5. In other countries, the governing rulers used the money to remain in power.

D. The Peace Corps, 1. Created to help less developed nations fight poverty,

2. It trained young Americans to spend two years assisting in a country.

3. The Peace Corps is still active today.

4. It has become one of Kennedy’s most important and withstanding legacies.

E. The US and Soviet Space Race

1. Space became another area of competition

2. Each country hoped to dominate space to enhance their positions on Earth.

3. Kennedy wanted Americans to be the first to reach the moon, and he pushed Congress to make it a reality.

II. Crisis of the Cold WarA. The Bay of Pigs Invasion

1. In 1959 Fidel Castro, deposed the American backed leader.

2. He began forming an alliance with the Soviet Union and its leader, Nikita Khrushchev.

3. During Eisenhower’s presidency, the CIA had secretly trained and armed Cuban exiles known as La Brigada.

4. Kennedy’s advisers approved a plan to invade Cuba using La Brigada.

5. On April 17, 1961 1,400 armed Cuban exiles landed at the Bay of Pigs on the south coast of Cuba.

6. Disaster struck as Kennedy cancelled air support for the exiles in order to keep US involvement a secret.

7. Most of the LaBrigada were either killed or captured by Castro’s army.

B. The Berlin Wall 1. Kennedy met with Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev2. Khrushchev had a number of demands concerning East Germany3. Kennedy refused to recognize East Germany 4. He also refused to have the US, along with Great Britain and France, withdraw from Berlin. 5. The Soviet leader retaliated by constructing a wall through Berlin6. The wall stopped the movement between the Soviet sector and the rest of the city.

7. For the next 30 years, the Berlin Wall symbolized the Cold War division between East and West.

C. The Cuban Missile Crisis - summer of 1962,

1. U-2 Photographs proved that the Soviets had placed long-range missiles in Cuba.

2. Kennedy ordered it stopped, but work on the site continued, Nuclear holocaust was feared.

3. Neither Kennedy nor Khrushchev wanted World War III.

4. Kennedy agreed not to invade Cuba and to remove missiles in Turkey.

5. The Soviets agreed to remove missiles in Cuba.

Shows range of Medium range missile and Intermediate range missile

C. The Cuban Missile Crisis - summer of 1962 (cont.)

6. The Cuban missile crises, as it became known, brought the world to the edge of a nuclear war.

7. Both sides agreed to work out a plan to ease tension.

8. In 1963 the US agreed to a treaty banning the testing of nuclear weapons in the atmosphere.

9. The missile crisis led to the demise of Nikita Khrushchev,

10. and the new Soviet leadership was less interested in reaching agreements with the West.

11. The result was a huge Soviet arms buildup.

III. The Death of a President

A. On November 22, 1963, John F. Kennedy was shot twice while riding in a presidential motorcade.

1. He was pronounced dead a short time later.

2. A Marxist, was accused of killing Kennedy, Lee Harvey Oswald,

3. Oswald was shot two days later by Jack Ruby.

3. It was suspected that Ruby killed Oswald to protect others involved in the murder.

4. Chief Justice Warren concluded that Oswald was the lone gunman.

5. The report of the Warren Commission left a few questions unanswered.

6. Conspiracy theories have persisted, although none has gained wide acceptance

JFK assassination newsreel

B. Kennedy’s successor, Lyndon Johnson, continued to promote many of Kennedy’s programs.