JGOFS REPORT No. 28

ELEVENTH MEETING OF THE JGOFS SCIENTIFICSTEERING COMMITTEE

TWELFTH MEETING OF THE JGOFS SCIENTIFICSTEERING COMMITTEE

SECOND MEETING OF THE NORTH PACIFIC TASK TEAM

NOVEMBER 1998

SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE ON OCEANIC RESEARCHINTERNATIONAL COUNCIL OF SCIENTIFIC UNIONS

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The JGOFS Report Series is published by SCOR and includes the following:

No. 1 Report of the Second Session of the SCOR Committee for JGOFS. The Hague, September 1988No. 2 Report of the Third Session of the SCOR Committee for JGOFS. Honolulu, September 1989No. 3 Report of the JGOFS Pacific Planning Workshop. Honolulu, September 1989No. 4 JGOFS North Atlantic Bloom Experiment: Report of the First Data Workshop. Kiel, March 1990No. 5 Science Plan. August 1990No. 6 JGOFS Core Measurement Protocols: Reports of the Core Measurement Working GroupsNo. 7 JGOFS North Atlantic Bloom Experiment, International Scientific Symposium Abstracts. Washington,

November 1990No. 8 Report of the International Workshop on Equatorial Pacific Process Studies. Tokyo, April, 1990.No. 9 JGOFS Implementation Plan. (also published as IGBP Report No. 23) September 1992.No. 10 The JGOFS Southern Ocean Study. September 1992No. 11 The Reports of JGOFS meetings held in Taipei, October 1992: Seventh Meeting of the JGOFS Scientific

Steering Committee; Global Synthesis in JGOFS - A Round Table Discussion; JGOFS Scientific andOrganizational Issues in the Asian Region - Report of a Workshop; JGOFS/LOICZ Continental Margins TaskTeam - Report of the First Meeting. March 1993.

No. 12 Report of the Second Meeting of the JGOFS North Atlantic Planning Group.No. 13 The Reports of JGOFS meetings held in Carqueiranne, France, September 1993: Eighth Meeting of the JGOFS

Scientific Steering Committee; JGOFS Southern Ocean Planning Group - Report for 1992/93;Measurement of the Parameters of Photosynthesis - A Report from the JGOFS Photosynthesis MeasurementTask Team. March 1994.

No. 14 Biogeochemical Ocean-Atmosphere Transfers. A paper for JGOFS and IGAC by Ronald Prinn, Peter Liss andPatrick Buat-Ménard. March 1994.

No. 15 Report of the JGOFS/LOICZ Task Team on Continental Margin Studies. April 1994.No. 16 Report of the Ninth Meeting of the JGOFS Scientific Steering Committee, Victoria, B.C. Canada, October 1994

and The Report of the JGOFS Southern Ocean Planning Group for 1993/94.No. 17 JGOFS Arabian Sea Process Study. March 1995No. 18 Joint Global Ocean Flux Study: Publications, 1988-1995. April 1995No. 19 Protocols for the Joint Global Ocean Flux studies (JGOFS) core measurements (reprint). June 1996.No. 20 Remote Sensing in the JGOFS program. September 1996No. 21 First report of the JGOFS/LOICZ Continental Margins Task Team. October 1996No. 22 Report on the International Workshop on Continental Shelf Fluxes of Carbon, Nitrogen and Phosphorus.1996No. 23 One-Dimensional models of water column biogeochemistry. Report of a workshop held in Toulouse, France,

November-December 1995. February 1997No 24 Joint Global Ocean Flux Study: Publications, 1988-1996. October 1997.No 25 JGOFS/LOICZ Workshop on Non-Conservative Fluxes in the Continental Margins, October 1997.No 26 Report of the JGOFS/LOICZ Continental Margins Task Team Meeting, No 2, October 1997.No. 27 Parameters of photosynthesis: definitions, theory and interpretation of results. August 1998

The following reports were published by SCOR in 1987 - 1989 prior to the establishment of the JGOFSReport Series:

• The Joint Global Ocean Flux Study: Background, Goals, Organizations, and Next Steps. Report of theInternational Scientific Planning and Coordination Meeting for Global Ocean Flux Studies. Sponsored bySCOR. Held at ICSU Headquarters, Paris, February 17-19, 1987

• North Atlantic Planning Workshop. Paris, September 7-11, 1987• SCOR Committee for the Joint Global Ocean Flux Study. Report of the First Session. Miami, January,

1988• Report of the First Meeting of the JGOFS Pilot Study Cruise Coordinating Committee. Plymouth (UK,

April, 1988• Report of the JGOFS Working Group on Data Management. Bedford Institute of Oceanography,

September, 1988

Additional copies of the JGOFS reports are available from:Ms. Judith R. Stokke, Adm. Secretary Tel: (+47) 55 58 42 46JGOFS International Project Office Fax: (+47) 55 58 96 87Centre for Studies of Environment and Resources E-mail: jgofs @uib.noUniversity of Bergen URL: http//ads.smr.uib.no/jgofs/jgofs.htmN-5020 Bergen, NORWAY

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Published in Norway, 1998 by:

JGOFS International Project OfficeCentre for Studies of Environment

and ResourcesUniversity of BergenBergen High-Technology CentreN-5020 BergenNORWAY

The Joint Global Ocean Flux Study of the Scientific Committee on Oceanic Research (SCOR) is a CoreProject of the International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme (IGBP). It is planned by a SCOR/IGBPScientific Steering Committee. In addition to funds from the JGOFS sponsors, SCOR and IGBP, support isprovided for international JGOFS planning activities by several agencies and organizations. These aregratefully acknowledged and include the US National Science Foundation, the International Council ofScientific Unions (by funds from the United Nations Education, Scientific and Cultural Organization), theIntergovernmental Oceanographic Commission, the Norwegian Research Council and the University ofBergen, Norway.

Citation: Eleventh meeting of the JGOFS Scientific Steering Committee. Twelfth meeting of theJGOFS Scientific Steering Committee. Second meeting of the North Pacific Task Team.JGOFS Report No. 28. November 1998

ISSN: 1016-7331

Cover: JGOFS and SCOR Logos

The JGOFS Reports are distributed free of charge to scientists involved in global research.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. Minutes from the 11th meeting of the JGOFS Scientific Steering Committee, BadMünstereifel, Germany 18-22 April 1996…………………………………...……….6

2. Minutes from the 12th meeting of the JGOFS Scientific Steering Committee, Oban,Scotland 17-19 May, 1997………………………………………………………......19

3. Minutes from the 2nd Meeting of the North Pacific Task Team, Pusan, Korea 16 & 19October 1997………………………………………………………………………...33

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JOINT GLOBAL OCEAN FLUX STUDYMinutes of the

11th Scientific Steering Committee Meeting18 - 22 April, 1996

Bad Münstereifel, Germany

1. Welcome andIntroductions:

JGOFS Chair, John G. Field, opened the 11th

Meeting of the JGOFS Scientific SteeringCommittee at 08:30, 18 April 1996, which washeld in conjunction with the IGBP Congress. Hewelcomed the members of the Committee, Chairsof the JGOFS Task Teams and Planning Groups,JGOFS guests from the Continental Margin TaskTeam, SC-IGBP Chair, and SCOR ExecutiveDirector. Field introduced the 5 newly appointed1996 Committee Members along with the newJGOFS Executive Officer. The IGBP Secretariatofficers rotated ad hoc among all SSC Committeemeetings. Because of the Congress schedule, theCommittee met all day Thursday and half days onSunday and Monday.

PresentJGOFS Chair and Vice Chair: John G. Field;Liliane Merlivat

JGOFS Executive MembersEgil Sakshaug; James McCarthy; RogerHanson(EO), Neil Swanberg (IGBP), ElizabethGross (SCOR)

JGOFS Scientific Steering CommitteeRobert Moore, Alex Bychkov, S. Krishnaswami,Graham Shimmield, Kari Lochte, K. -K. Liu ,Julie Hall, Bronte Tilbrook, Jürgen Willebrand

JGOFS Task Teams and Planning Groups(Chairs)Roy Lowry (DMTT), Julian Priddle (SOPG),Michael Fasham (NAPG), Trevor Platt,(GS&MTT), Peter Burkill (IOPG)

IGBP Secretariat (Executive Officers)Chris Rapley, Peter Liss, Risa Rosenberg, JoãoMorais

JGOFS GuestsJarl-Ove Strömberg (SCOR), Koji Terada(Japan NASDA), Andy Watson (IOC-CO2

Panel), Roger Harris (GLOBEC-Ch.), ArthurChen (CMTT Mbr), Isao Koike (SC-IGBP),Coleen Moloney (CMTT Mbr)

JGOFS SSC In Absentia:Hugh Ducklow, André Morel, James Murray,Taro Takahashi

2. Agreement on the 11th

SSC Agenda and Schedule

The agenda for the 11th Meeting of the JGOFSScientific Steering Committee with briefingitems were circulated prior to the meeting.Schedule changes were announced: (1) the timesfor TT and PG Reports would depend on chairs’attendance due to their late arrival or earlydeparture; (2) the closed Joint JGOFS-LOICZCMTT Meeting would shift to Thursdayafternoon; (3) the Committee would meet againon Sunday and Monday mornings to continuegeneral business; (4) the Committee meetingwould be adjourned at noon Monday; and (5) abrief Executive meeting would follow theCommittee meeting. The agenda with notedchanges was approved.

3. Minutes of the 10th JGOFSSSC Meeting from theVillefranche JGOFS

Symposium

Minutes of the 10th JGOFS Committee Meetingwere not written because of the logistics of theSymposium, sharing of minutes by Ducklow andGross, and hiatus in the JGOFS Core ProjectOffice. Therefore, formal Minutes were neitherprepared nor approved at the 11th CommitteeMeeting. However, Gross prepared a list of itemsthat required Committee attention. It wasdetermined that most items on the list would bedealt with during the course of the 11th Meeting.

Villefranche Symposium Synthesis Volume-Status.Only 7 high quality manuscripts have receivedpeer review (Volume Editors Field and Ducklow).About 5 manuscripts remain missing from theSymposium. Field reviewed the Symposium’spresentations and identified gaps in the SynthesisVolume. Committee recommended that

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symposium authors be reminded to submit theirmanuscripts by 30 June 1996. Field noted thatadditional manuscripts from JGOFS participantsmight be needed to round out the SymposiumSynthesis Volume, so as to represent a good cross-section of JGOFS.

ACTION: Volume Editors need to notify authorsthat symposium manuscripts are due, 30 June1996.

IGBP evaluation and recommendations.On Monday, Field reviewed ICSU/IGFA/IGBPevaluation and recommendations. On the issue ofcollaboration with IGAC, JGOFS Committeeagreed that tighter links and integration areneeded with IGAC. JGOFS air-sea componentcan expand greatly with IGAC and thus enhancea better understanding of the mechanismsinvolved in CO2 fluxes at the air-sea interface.Based on the discussion at the Oceans Session,Moore elaborated on IGAC needs for berthingspace on JGOFS cruises in support of additionalstudies. The JGOFS Committee felt that they canhelp national committees to secure additionalships and ship time with “Letters of Support”.Field noted that JGOFS CPO with ExecutiveApproval can respond rather quickly in support ofnational requests.Burkill expressed a concern that the Committeeshould be casting a bottom up approach ratherthan a top down approach. He argues that IGACshould be formally associated with JGOFS CO2

interests. However, McCarthy noted thathistorically IGAC has never been interested in theCO2 problem until recently, as they have beenentrenched in other marine aerosols. IGAC hasnow a responsibility in this area and shouldbecome active in future JGOFS activities. In thepast, IGAC has interfaced with JGOFS in theArabian Sea Study and the North Atlantic BloomExperiment.

ACTION: Field encouraged all Committeemembers to interface with IGAC activities andvice versa.

Shimmield recommended that JGOFS responddirectly to Professor Lal. The IGBP ReviewCommittee made reasonable recommendations onthe JGOFS science plan. For example, JGOFSshould address deep ocean fluxes and continentalmargins to bring the JGOFS program into themature phase. Although Field recognized theshortcomings of the program, as mentioned by theReview Committee, the problem lies at thenational funding agencies in support of theJGOFS Science Plan for the international

program. For example, the National ScienceFoundation dropped the sediment work in theArabian Sea program, which left a big hole in theinternational program. McCarthy mentioned thatalthough Professor Lal emphasized fiveshortcomings, the synthesis and modelling phaseof JGOFS is now the most critical phase to theoverall success of JGOFS. We must eagerly seekcontinued funding for synthesis and modellingfrom our national sponsors beyond 1999. Heasked if there are any plans to do this? If not,some thought should be given to this soon. Thisis the single most visible shortcoming in JGOFS.

4. Goals of the IGBPCongress-Introduction,

Purpose and Arrangements

Field reviewed the goals of the IGBP Congress,including the Theme and Special ScienceSessions. In the opening address of the Congress,IGBP requested that all Committees haverepresentation at each Theme Session. Lissreiterated and emphasized that the operationalgoal for the Congress is to integrate ProgrammeElements in IGBP, and he encouraged JGOFSCommittee to select representative(s) to eachTheme Session and report back to the JGOFSCommittee. For IGBP and Total Earth System,Field and Tilbrook will report on the session tothe JGOFS Committee. For Scaling, which ismostly terrestrial, Field felt that there is a marineinterest folded within the Scaling issue. No oneseemed immediately interested, but Liss againemphasized that there must be ProgrammeElement representation at each session to exploreand establish commonality. Platt mentioned thatScaling applies to marine systems and that hewould attend and report on the Scaling Session.For Global Change and Food Supplies, Field feltthat this session was within the realm ofGLOBEC (marine fisheries). Harris (GLOBECChairperson) agreed to represent JGOFS interestshere with support from McCarthy. For Closing ofCarbon and Nitrogen Cycles, McCarthy wouldreport. For Capacity Building and GlobalChange Science, Lochte would report withsupport from Gross. The chairs (Field and Baut-Ménard) canceled the session on Terrestrial andAquatic Ecosystem. For Ice/Variability,Krishnaswami would report. For EcologicalBuffering in Global Change, Harris wouldreport with support from Priddle. For DatabaseManagement, Lowry would report with supportfrom Hanson and Hall.

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Field discussed the organization of the upcomingOceans Session. The Oceans Session would bearranged under five discussion areas with topicspeakers. Field listed the 5 working areas,activities, speakers, and priorities. Liss felt thatthe topic area of ocean biogeochemical forcing isa two dimensional process and it would be best tosay, “Ocean-Atmospheric forcing ofbiogeochemical cycling”. In other working areas,Harris will address GLOBEC’s “Physical Forcingof Biological Organization: Biodiversity andDynamics” and GLOBEC collaboration withJGOFS synthesis and modelling. Platt will leadthe presentation on “Modelling as a SynthesizingActivity” with GAIM reporting on their activitiesin Ocean Carbon Modelling. Several Committeemembers expressed concern if there are any plansto discuss the hierarchy of modelling activities.Field felt that this could be handled under“Modelling as a Synthesis Activity”.

5. JGOFS Scientific SteeringCommittee Membership

Field introduced the recent concerns of the IGBPSecretariat over the size of SSC membership andtheir effectiveness. With decreasing budgets andincreasing travel costs, IGBP Secretariat hasproposed a new structure for Committeememberships along the lines of IGBP-SC. TheIGBP-SC is composed of a small group ofexecutive members, plus Chairs of all IGBP CoreProjects and framework activities, Chairs of IHDPand WCRP, and Officers of IGBP. The JGOFSCommittee presently stands at 17 members. WithSSC invitations extended to Task Teams (8) andPlanning Groups (4) Chairs, as proposed byIGBP, the Committee would expand to 21 in1997. However, over the next few years, thisnumber would decline to about 15. Thedisadvantage of this proposal is balancingnational, gender, and discipline representation.Liss opened discussion and emphasized IGBPposition. Usually, Programme Element ExecutiveCommittee and the chairs from Task Teams andPlanning Groups do most of the work on theCommittee. Although the JGOFS Committeesupports IGBP size reduction of ScientificSteering Committees, present balance amonginternational members would be difficult,especially from developing nations, under theproposed plan. McCarthy noted that becauseJGOFS has a planned lifeline, JGOFS requiresinternational participation for links to othernational elements and discipline balance.McCarthy recommended that JGOFS should lookseriously at the recommendations proposed by

IGBP, especially now when JGOFS has reachedmaturity with a focus on program integration,synthesis and modelling. Field agreed that theJGOFS community should supports theimportance of cross-linking with other NationalCommittees and Programme Elements of IGBP.Gross emphasized that with a basic Committeecore of 5-6 executive members plus chairs (7) ofthe Task Teams and Planning Groups, aCommittee membership would be made up ofleaders and would conform to present IGBP policyof 12 Committee members per ProgrammeElement. Field deferred further discussion ofIGBP proposal until Monday when currentmembership, scheduled rotation, and 1997Committee nominations would be addressed.On Monday, Field continued with the discussionof the IGBP Committee reform. It still remains aproblem as to how to proceed. He recommendedthat the reform could be phased in over the nextthree years. Liss agreed that Committee memberscould rotate off as scheduled with the aim offocusing on a smaller and effective Committee.Five members are presently scheduled to rotate offthis Committee, 31 December 1996. AlthoughCommittee members are rotating off, a few arepresently focused JGOFS activity chairs. If theIGBP and SCOR approve a restructuring plan,they will be asked to remain on the Committee oruntil their leadership shifts or until the activity isdisbanded. This year, the Committee Chair isalso scheduled to rotate off the Committee and thepresent Executive Committee will recommend anew JGOFS Chair nominee to IGBP and SCORfor appointment. Nominations for JGOFS Chairare solicited from National Committees andCommittee membership. Nominees must be orhave been involved with the Scientific SteeringCommittee and/or a focused JGOFS activity. Theincumbent Committee Chair usually decides theExecutive Committee members from among theSSC in July.

ACTION: The Executive Committee to developa SSC restructuring plan and to nominate a newSSC Chair and SSC member(s) to both sponsorsfor approval and appointment, respectively.

6. JGOFS InternationalProject Office

Field briefed the Committee on his visit to Bergenand the new JGOFS Core Project Office. The newExecutive Officer, Roger B. Hanson, establishedthe office at the University of Bergen andappointed Judith Stokke as AdministrativeSecretary. The interviews of the candidates for

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the Assistant Executive Officer are continuing.Hanson elaborated on the status of JGOFS Officestaffing, the interviews of the AEO candidates,and office priorities for the coming years, 1997and beyond. The Office received financialsupport from the Norwegian Research Council,the University of Bergen/Meltzer Foundation andoffice space in the Centre for Studies ofEnvironment and Resources. In the coming year,the highest priorities for the Office will be toestablish a JGOFS CPO Homepage with links toIGBP Secretariat, IGBP Programme Elements,national JGOFS Project Offices, national oceandata centers and/or JGOFS data centers.

7. Reports and PlannedActivities from Task Teams

and Planning Groups

North Atlantic Planning Group Report. Fashamreported that national funding is doubtful for aNorth Atlantic Ocean JGOFS program. Atpresent, funding agencies in Canada and the USare redirecting their resources to other nationalprograms. Details are provided in the NAPGreport from the May 1995 meeting in Bergen,Norway. Lochte commented that the presentNorth Atlantic situation is an excellent examplewhere the funding of international projectsseparately and independently of national fundingagencies would have been helpful. There is noshortage of U.S. scientific interest in the NorthAtlantic, said McCarthy, but rather the NationalScience Foundation is holding US-JGOFS to itsoriginal time frame for fieldwork, which runsthrough 1999. The US-JGOFS field program willclose with the completion of the Southern Ocean.Nevertheless, there remains a strong scientificinterest in completing the WOCE/JGOFS-CO2

survey in the North Atlantic. The important issuehere is in securing commitments from U.S.national funding agencies to finish the globalocean survey. As yet, there has been nocommitment from the U.S. Department of Energyon funding the last North AtlanticWOCE/JGOFS-CO2 line.Gross asked about the possibility of UKinstitutions supporting JGOFS core measurementson other North Atlantic Ocean projects, so as tokeep some UK-JGOFS groups together. As yet,there is no plan with this thought in the fundingUK institutions, said Fasham. The Committeeasked, “what value would these ad hoc coremeasurement be to JGOFS? Fasham said that adhoc measurements would be very useful for futuremodelling efforts. Sakshaug felt that the highly

rated North Atlantic science proposal should beresubmitted to Brussels. However, there is theimpression within the scientific community thatthe EC wants to develop technology, which makesthis oceanography proposal unlikely, saidFasham. A modelling proposal, however, will besubmitted to the EC soon. However, Brussels isdifficult to pin down as to what they want. So,it’s doubtful at best.Fasham also said that other ongoing programsrelated to the North Atlantic Ocean will continue,e.g., WOCE CO2 survey measurements, invitationof JGOFS modellers (e.g., Sarmiento) to GAIMworkshops; assemble a global CO2 database (IOC-CO2 Panel, Andy Watson, chair). IMAGES isanother program where PAGES (JGOFS) isdeveloping plans in the North Atlantic, saidSchimmield.Fasham asked the Committee for guidance onhow the NAPG should proceed or complete itstask. The NAPG is presently composed of sevenmembers. McCarthy said that it was important tokeep this group intact to help nations withsynthesis issues and finding support. Therefore,the role of this group should shift to coordination,synthesis, and modelling. If the North AtlanticCO2 measurements are not completed, it leaves avery large hole in our understanding of the NorthAtlantic Ocean. Willebrand also emphasized theimportance of this group, as it will become moredifficult to acquire support and funds to assembledata for modelling and synthesis. Lochterecommended that they resubmit the modellingcomponent of the proposal to the EC and that theNorth Atlantic Ocean Synthesis must be the majortask for the NAPG. Because of this urgency,NAPG requested a meeting for 3-4 people todevelop new emphasis and goals for the NAPG.Field noted a Committee consensus to retain theNAPG and Fasham as the Chair, and torestructure the NAPG towards synthesis.

ACTION: Field asked Fasham to develop newgoals and emphasis (Terms of Reference) for theNorth Atlantic Planning Group.

Synthesis and Modelling Task Team Report.Platt reported on the Toulouse Workshop that wasarranged by G. Evans (Canada) and V. Garcon(France). A report was distributed on the JGOFSModelling Workshop on 0- and 1-DimensionalModels of Upper Ocean Biogeochemistry.Participants from 9 countries submitted theirmodels to be tested on system hardware with acommon data set. From some initial simulations,parameters were extracted for comparison.Unfortunately, because of facility problems, only afew comparisons were conducted and for only one

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site. From these limited comparison, the modelsappear to have problems. The outputs were notconsistent between models.Platt said that the workshop theme was a goodidea for a small group directed to a broader groupof people. The effort resulted in high leveldiscussions, apart from the technical difficulties.Although the Toulouse Workshop was tooexclusive with limited national participation, theSMTT could be tasked to help educate and trainthe next generation of ocean biogeochemicalmodellers. He recommends that JGOFS shouldtake the lead to target JGOFS modelling interests,and then asked the Committee for advice.Field felt that modelling workshops are of greatimportance. Swanberg asked if SMTT hascommunicated with GAIM and also inquiredabout the topic under the Oceans Session.Tilbrook felt that JGOFS efforts need strongerlinks with GAIM. Platt said that this will bedeveloped, but JGOFS SMTT group is presentlymore versatile than GAIM. Platt also said that herepresents JGOFS on GAIM issues. Field saidthat JGOFS will continue to work towards greaterintegration at the Oceans Session.The Committee supported Platt’s suggestions.Small groups of different modellers are the bestway to arrange workshops, and at the same timeit’s great for capacity building and visibility forJGOFS. These workshops will also helpbiogeochemical modellers incorporate theirmodels into large scale GAIM modellingprograms. At the Programme Element level,CMTT is proposing parallel continental marginmodelling workshops in Nigeria and again laterin The Netherlands. Between LOICZ andJGOFS, there is good coordination of modellingefforts. Training future modellers withindeveloping countries is very important, especiallyin the use of core measurement data.

ACTION: Field asked Platt to organize a JGOFSSynthesis and Modelling Workshop, ModellingSymposium, and a training course over the nextthree years.

Continental Margin Task Team Report: JointJGOFS and LOICZ SSC Meeting (Closed). OnThursday afternoon, both Committees convenedfor the first CMTT Report. Field and EdgardoGomez (LOICZ SSC Chair) co-chaired themeeting. After general SSC introductions, Hallreported on the “CMTT Terms of Reference” andSmith (LOICZ SSC) reported on “CMTTRecommendations”, i.e., workshops for fall 1996in Nigeria and then again in The Netherlands for1997. The first workshop will consist ofpresentations from four coastal margins: East

China Sea, Chile-Peru Shelf, North Sea, and theGulf of Guinea. The purpose of the workshop isto provide a better understanding of fluxesbetween continental margins and the OpenOcean. Hall agreed to organize this workshop,which will be hosted by Nigeria. From the firstworkshop, a follow up workshop will be plannedfor synthesis, which will be hosted by TheNetherlands LOICZ Office.Committees expressed concerns about coremeasurement protocols. CMTT coordinatorsaffirmed that LOICZ and JGOFS guidelines andprotocols will be followed for CMTT projects.Other concerns focused on how water circulationand fluxes will be addressed and the difficulty ofdeveloping budgets across shelves. Smith andHall agreed that the water budget varies with siteselection, and that modelling efforts requirecareful attention. Developing carbon budgets oncontinental shelves, the Workshop will need tofocus at the interface between both systems, as thebudgets of continental shelves are quite differentfrom those in estuaries. Eventually, CMTTWorkshop efforts should move towards 3-Dmodels.Both Committees approved CMTTRecommendation on the “first Workshop inNigeria. Swanberg asked the co-chairs, whowould fund the first workshop? Field and Gomezagreed that first workshop would be supportedjointly.

ACTION: CMTT should proceed immediatelywith the organization of the Nigerian CMTTWorkshop (fall 1996). Initial Workshop planswere developed during the Congress and areannexed here for the record.

Hall then presented the “Guidelines forDesignating Joint JGOFS/LOICZ CMTTProjects”. Project designations would be made ona case by case basis and would remain flexiblebecause of the heterogeneous environments. InJGOFS interests, oceanographers would directJGOFS research interests at the ocean-shelfmargins. Project leaders would also receivedirection (advise) from the CMTT and theirNational Committees. JGOFS and LOICZExecutive Officers would be kept informed andreceive relevant information on projectsdesignated by CMTT.JGOFS Committee expressed some concern overthe document language that designated projects asJGOFS beyond the year1999. CMTT haddiscussed and recognized the discontinuity in thetime lines for JGOFS and LOICZ. However, notall National JGOFS Programs are winding downin 1999. Gomez also expressed concerns over

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program interests of designated projects andfunding projects to completion. The CMTTrealized that these were legitimate concerns,which explains why the guidelines werestructured loosely.Swanberg raised a concern about JGOFS andLOICZ interfacing on the designation of CMTTprojects. Lochte recommended that the workshopparticipants review these guidelines and revisethem in Nigeria. The CMTT agreed with thisrecommendation. Field summarized thecomments of both Committees and thanked theCMTT for their efforts. Field and Gomezapproved CMTT Workshop recommendation.The “first” workshop on Continental Margins willbe held in Lagos, Nigeria.

ACTION: JGOFS and LOICZ CP Officers weretasked with arranging support for the NigerianContinental Margin Workshop.

Field asked if there were any other joint efforts orprojects that needed consideration by the JointJGOFS-LOICZ Scientific Steering Committees atthis time. Pedersen from PAGES asked for timeto promote IMAGES to the JGOFS and LOICZCommittees. He identified areas of commonalityand encouraged stronger linkage andcommunication between programs. Fieldconcurred with Pedersen and noted the OceansSession for further discussion.

Photosynthesis Measurements Task Team-FinalReport. Sakshaug reported on the revised PMTTFinal Report. Committee praised the report butexpressed concerns over the use of theunpublished symbols (e.g., “E” for Irradiance) inplace of the accepted symbol “I” for measuringlight absorption and quantum yield ofphotosynthesis in marine phytoplankton. Achange in the use of symbols would createconfusion within the community. Therefore, theCommittee recommended that the PMTT addressthe need of revising the report to conform to thepublished parameters.

ACTION: Field asked the PMTT to discuss theuse of new symbols and submit revised FinalReport to JGOFS for SSC approval for publicationas JGOFS Report.

ACTION: Field asked JGOFS EO to distributethe revised Final Report to JGOFS Executives andthe previous readers for comment.

Remaining tasks of the PMTT: (1) liaise withother Task Teams, in particular the “RemoteSensing” and “Synthesis and Modelling”, on

scaling problems, (2) evaluate further the non-interfering methods, (3) address Gross, Net, andDOC production as a function of incubation time,i.e., What is it that we measure? and (4) howdoes one interpret the differences, i.e., the prosand cons of O2 vs. 13C vs. 14C methods. Sakshaugrequested a Task Team Meeting (or mini-symposium with 5-6 additional participants) in1997 to address task #3 and #4. The site initiallyproposed was Spitzbergen.

ACTION: The Committee approved PMTTrequest to organize a small symposium tocomplete the tasks outlined above.

Sediment Trap Technology Report. OnThursday afternoon, Field asked Moore to reviewGardner’s report on “Sediment Trap Technologyand Sampling in Surface Waters" and report tothe Committee. On Sunday morning, Fieldbriefed the members on the background and askedfor advise on publication as a JGOFS Report.Moore felt that the document lackedquantification and style for a JGOFS Report. Inaddition, the report appeared argumentative to theCommittee. The Committee felt that the report iscertainly useful and recommended possibly aCommittee Report or wider distribution. Becausethe report came from the SSC in Villefranche,Gross suggested that it be annexed to 10th SSCMinutes or publish it as a Scientific SteeringCommittee Report.Initially, funding agencies asked JGOFS todiscuss the reliability of shallow sediment traps.In this regards, the discussion on sediments trapwas quite good and the section on majorrecommendations was the most important section.It is too late for JGOFS to follow up on therecommendations, as the field program comes to aclose over the next three years. However, thereare important items here for future ocean studies.Willebrand and McCarthy mentioned that theoutside community needs to follow up on theserecommendations and issues, and develop newtechniques for upper ocean sediment traps.Lochte also felt that the report should direct itsrecommendations to the general oceanographiccommunity, not just the JGOFS Committee.The Committee agreed that this should be one ofJGOFS legacies to oceanography, especially asoceanographers move towards shallow waters.However, it must be made clear that deep trapsare good and provide needed links to otherprogrammes, e.g., PAGES. Therefore, theCommittee recommended that Gardner focus onthe upper water column problems and include asection on, for example, scientific value ofsediment traps.

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Field summarized the Committee’s views. Thereport would be useful to National Committeesand oceanographic community if revised in theform for a JGOFS Report or even the SymposiumSynthesis Volume. However, many of therecommendations will be very difficult toaccomplish, especially for JGOFS, as they are notsimple and would require additional fieldexperimentation (i.e., ship time).

ACTION: Field will contact Gardner aboutrevising the document for a JGOFS Report, asdiscussed above by the Committee.

Time Series Report. Gerold Wefer, TSTT Chair,was not present. Gross noted that the TSTT wasdisbanded earlier. Field then informed theCommittee about the implementation plan fortime series stations within GOOS, which wouldbe at no cost to JGOFS. This is expected to occurwithin the year. Merlivat questioned the futuresupport for JGOFS Time Series Stations.McCarthy mentioned that the U.S. fundingagency has a ten-year commitment to BATS andHOTS (1989-1999) and future funding of thesestations beyond 1999 is under review.

ACTION: none

Southern Ocean Planning Group Report. JulianPriddle, SOPG Chair, distributed copies of theJGOFS Southern Ocean Regional Study andbriefed the Committee on the Brest Symposium(September 1995). Research gaps in SouthernOcean research included: (1) winter CO2

measurements to assess interannual variations, (2)iron limitation studies, as well as silicatelimitation studies, to examine the HNLC paradox,(3) ocean and atmospheric measurements(physical forcing) to evaluate oceanic blooms, (4)instrumentation development to describe physicalfield at scales of biological processes, and (5)ultraviolet radiation measurements to assess itsimpact on biogeochemical processes.Recommendations included: (1) establish nationalprograms other than JGOFS to assess the impactof UV radiation on community biodiversity, (2)develop schemes to identify biogeochemicalprovinces and key biotic systems, (3) developresearch linkage with SCAR GLOCHANT at themarginal ice zone, (4) develop protocols andalgorithms for using Southern Ocean satellitedata, (5) identify proxies for past andcontemporary processes, and (6) initiate synthesisand modelling.Merlivat expressed concerns over the SouthernOcean CO2 data sets and whether the region is aCO2 sink. Tilbrook confirmed carbon dioxide

results on the Southern Ocean and that itfunctions as a CO2 sink. Watson mentioned thatthe present confusion is over the data sets used toestimate carbon flux. Tilbrook informed theCommittee that there are better estimates now andthat the Southern Ocean may be a bigger CO2

sink than once thought.Strömberg mentioned that the Southern Ocean-GLOBEC will soon need support from SO-JGOFSmodelling activities and urged future JGOFScooperation. The Committee confirmed JGOFScooperation in GLOBEC Modelling activities.Platt requested ideas or themes for aninternational Southern Ocean modellingworkshop or symposium. On the CO2 sink issue,he cautioned the Committee that the high latitudesink number is an average (number) and that itshould not be used for modelling or budgets.Tilbrook asked about SO-JGOFS interaction withother programs, e.g., SCAR. The Committee wastold that there should be SCAR-JGOFS projects inthe future. Other questions: Field asked about themembership size of the Planning Group and forhow long the group planned to meet. The SOPGis composed of twelve members. Priddlerecommends maintaining the group as formed.They plan to meet on average once a year or lessfrequently. Field thanked Priddle and the groupfor their efforts in preparing the Southern OceanReport. Although the SOPG is still active, Fieldreminded the Committee that the SOPG may needto be disbanded or restructured when theycompletes their Terms of Reference.

ACTION: Possible meeting is planned for 1997.

Indian Ocean Planning Group Report. PeterBurkill, present IOPG Chair, informed theCommittee that an IOPG Report will be submittedlater (CPO received it May 1996. The currentphase of the Process Study has been completed,which represents the largest JGOFS field programwith ships from France, Germany, India,Netherlands, Pakistan, UK, and the U.S. Thefield studies also included calibration exercisesusing comparable data sets. Several scientificmilestones were mentioned, e.g., National andInternational Science Meetings and a RemoteSensing Training Course in India. Presently, theprogram has produced several cruise reports,publications, and national data sets on CD-ROMfrom Holland, Germany and UK. The programhas also contributed substantially to the capacitybuilding in the region, e.g., various trainingprograms, at a cost of over $2.5 million USD,excluding intangibles. Future plans include theFinal Field Phase of the Process Study, which isscheduled for August 1996, the proposed

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synthesis meeting (1997), and presentation ofIndian Ocean cruise results at The OceanographySociety (Amsterdam, July 1996) and AmericanSociety of Limnology and Oceanography (SanDiego, February 1998). Future issues will focuson data merging and integration, as well assynthesis and modelling.IOPG recommends: (1) the JGOFS CPO/AEOdevelop a cruise inventory of all National IndianOcean Programs by early 1997, (2) the IndianOcean database be assembled on CD-ROM, (3)the IOPG be disbanded after the final ProcessStudy cruise or restructured towards synthesis andmodelling, and (4) an Indian Ocean SynthesisMeeting in late 1997.

Recommendation: Burkill requested that JGOFSwrite a letter expressing our appreciation to BerntZeitzchel, past IOPG Chair, for his efforts in theorganization, planning and implementation of theIndian Ocean Process Study (Arabian Sea).

Recommendation: Burkill request that theCPO/AEO develop an inventory and a databasefor the IO Process Study, and assemble theinventory and database on CD-ROM with DMTTassistance.

Lowry (DMTT Chair) supported IOPGrecommendation on the CPO/AEO to develop acruise inventory of all national IO programs.Platt addressed synthesis and modelling, andasked how IOPG plans to get it done and/orthoughts as how it will be tackled in other groups.IOPG plans to interface with SMTT on thesetopics.

Data Management Task Team Report. Lowry,DMTT Chair, distributed copies of a draftproposal for the German JGOFS Arabian SeaCTD CD-ROM development. The earliest timepossible for the next DMTT meeting would be fall1996. Several achievements have occurred sincethe Villefranche Meeting: (1) BODC has beenresourced to electronically publish all the datafrom the UK-JGOFS Arabesque Arabian Seacruises, (2) a proposal for the construction ofEUMELI data set on CD-ROM has beenprepared, (3) the appointment of Thomas Mitzkaat IFM, Kiel has been approved, and (4)documentation of the German Indian Oceanoperations and development of Indian Ocean datasets on CD-ROM is underway. Zeitzchel has beenvery keen on developing the German JGOFSArabian Sea data sets on CD-ROM. Thisdraft proposal is the first step. He also remindedthe Committee of the DMTT recommendationsfrom the Villefranche Meeting.

Recommendation: The next CPO/EO shouldprovide an inventory of all JGOFS cruises anddata, including the Indian Ocean, the EquatorialPacific, the Southern Ocean, and the NorthAtlantic Bloom Experiment.

Recommendation: The CPO/EO should makethis inventory available through the World WideWeb.

Recommendation: The CPO/EO should provideresource support to those involved in theconstruction and documentation of JGOFS datasets and metadata.

McCarthy emphasized the importance of Mitzkain the German JGOFS program and the need forsomeone at this time to work on the internationalJGOFS data sets. Field added that Ulf Lie(Norway) is willing to help support the fundingfor a Database Manager. Lowry felt that he wouldlike to appoint a person for exactly that purposeand have that person located at Bergen. Heemphasized that we need to have something toshow soon, and would like a recommendationfrom the JGOFS Committee to facilitate thisappointment.

ACTION: Field to write a letter of support for theneed of an international JGOFS DatabaseManager at the Core Project Office.

Remote Sensing Task Team Report: Yoder,RSTT Chair, was unable to attend this CommitteeMeeting. The Task Team is presently inactive asa Final Report was approved at the Villefranchemeeting. Gross confirmed that the RSTT Reporthas been completed and is ready for publication asa JGOFS Report.

ACTION: JGOFS CPO/EO to proceed with thepublication of the RSTT Final Report on RemoteSensing in the JGOFS Program.

North Pacific Ocean-Report on Activities: Koike(SC-IGBP) along with Bychkov reported onJGOFS related activities in the North PacificOcean. Koike began with a brief description ofthe North Pacific study area, mentioning theexpanse of the region, site of intermediate waterformation, contribution to CO2 exchange andatmospheric carbon input, the strong chemicalgradients from west to east, and the supply ofatmospheric iron in the region.Japan’s activities in the Northwest Pacific includethe support of the long-term record beingcollected at Station Papa, collaboration with

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Canadian Northeast Pacific JGOFS program,involvement in North Pacific WOCE survey from1977-99, support of the time-series program inthe Northwest Pacific until year 2000, andcollection of oceanographic data along a cruiseline between Japan and the United States. Futureplans are to continue these studies as to betterunderstand the influence of Global ClimateChange on biogeochemical processes in theNorthwest Pacific Ocean.Bychkov reported on Russia’s interests in theNorth Pacific Ocean. Current programs includethe international North Pacific Ocean-ClimateProgram and the International Consortium on theSea of Okhotsk. Other interests include the oceancirculation of the eastern Asia marginal seas, theformation of Pacific Ocean Intermediate Water,and the ocean’s biological carbon pump. In theSea of Okhotsk, Bychkov presented a fewoverhead views on the biological-physical carbonpump and ocean CO2 data. The presentationindicated a very interesting study area of possiblyimportant carbon exchange.Bychkov requested advise about their plans toform a JGOFS planning group for the NorthPacific Ocean. The Committee supported the ideaon the formation of a North Pacific PlanningGroup. However, some Committee membersthought that the area suggested was too far northfor Intermediate Water formation, which likelyoccurs between 30o and 40oN. A short discussionfollowed on the location of a North Pacific site;e.g. CO2 saturation values and possible CO2 sinkin the proposed area. Watson says that there arenow new numbers on the sink question, whichsuggest a very weak sink. Bomb C14 data from30o and 40oN would be helpful in thisbiogeochemical province. Others felt thatmethane carbon is an issue and most relevant inNorth Pacific, since denitrification is veryimportant in the region. Recent results suggestedthat the eastern and western boundaries are quitedifferent with regards to methane carbon flux.Field restated Bychkov and Koike’s proposal toorganize a North Pacific-planning group.McCarthy asked about the Terms of Reference forthe North Pacific group and how this one wouldevolve relative to other Terms of References.Although JGOFS status nears completion, NorthPacific group could take advantage of ongoingprograms and provide support to their NationalCommittees. Koike acknowledges the importanceof this recognition, especially in Japan.

ACTION: Field asked Koike and Bychkov todraft Terms of Reference for the North Pacificgroup for discussion. Merlivat and Chen offeredto advise the writing of the Terms of Reference.

Synthesis and Modelling Task Team Report.Platt, SMTT chair, addressed the SMTT proposalto organize a JGOFS Modelling Symposium,Workshop, and Course. The JGOFS ModellingWorkshop would bring together six participantsfor 5-10 working days to develop protocols andalgorithms by which frozen boundaries ofbiogeochemical provinces can be made elastic anddefined in real time. The Test Ocean will be theNorth Atlantic. The location (tentatively late1997) remains undetermined. Workshopparticipants would produce protocols, algorithms,and manuscripts.Platt also proposed a JGOFS ModellingSymposium. It is needed to advance synthesisfunctions. The symposium would bring togetherfifty observationalists and theoreticians for aboutfive days in 1997 to discuss a suite of criticalissues and themes. Themes suggested: (1) exportof particulate and/or dissolved organic carbon, (2)remineralization of organic matter, (3) productionparadox in HNLC regions, or (4) coupling JGOFSbiogeochemical models to earth systems models.The format would be lectures and discussion,posters, computing demonstrations, and possiblymodel output.Platt also proposed a training course on “JGOFSModelling of Ocean Biogeochemistry” in early1998. The course would expose modellingmethods and scope of modelling oceanbiogeochemistry to ocean scientists from non-industrialize countries and hopefully to a broaderrange of individuals than the existing communityof JGOFS modellers. Fifty participants are beingplanned for lectures and demonstrations during10 working days (minimum). The location willbe outside of normal range of countries withexpertise in modelling. Lecturers anddemonstrations are sought for the course for outreach and capacity building.

ACTION: The Committee supported SMTTproposal to organize a workshop, a symposiumand a course with a focus on JGOFS synthesis andmodelling, out reach, and capacity building.

Priddle asked if the Toulouse Workshop resultswould be made available. Platt mentioned thatGeoff Evans should have a detailed ToulouseModelling Report available shortly for JGOFS.

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8. Reports from OtherJGOFS Related Meetings

(1995 and 1996):Carbon Dioxide Panel Meeting Report (PuertoRico). Watson reported on the Ocean CO2 Panelmeeting, which was held in Puerto Rico, January1996. The highlights included modelling studiesusing Global Circulation Models, time-seriesstudies, and new technologies in marinechemistry. Watson noted that the IOC-CO2 Panelfelt that at this time, there is a complete and fullglobal ocean pCO2 data set. The problem isobtaining access to ocean pCO2 data. This wasalarming news to many Committee members. Forexample, McCarthy asked if seasonal andinterannual data exist for all ocean regions. Inthe North Atlantic, there is a excellent WOCEdatabase and for other regions, said Watson.McCarthy then noted that interannual pCO2

variability in the ocean has never been a majorresponsibility of WOCE. In the U.S., CO2

measurements are still needed and US-JGOFS hasrecommended the completion of theWOCE/JGOFS cruises in the North Atlantic.JGOFS scientists in the U.S. and Europe aredeeply concerned about finishing the NorthAtlantic WOCE/JGOFS CO2 lines. Their positioncontradicts a full global ocean pCO2 data set. Ifwhat the IOC-CO2 Panel says about the CO2

database is correct, then it could seriouslyjeopardize present ocean CO2 proposals, thoseprojects presently supported to continue CO2

measurements as well as the WOCE/JGOFSsurveys in the North Atlantic Ocean.In regards to data access problems, McCarthynoted that in the U.S., this isn’t a problem.JGOFS, for example, has a data policy agreement,which is leveraged by the funding agencies.Watson said that this is generally the case inEurope as well. The access problem is with thedepositories of non-JGOFS data sets, which are ofconcern to the IOC-CO2 Panel. Field asked if theCO2 Panel has a directory of where ocean pCO2

databases reside? There are about 50 institutionsin that directory, said Watson.This year, Brewer, Brown, Maier-Reimer andPlatt will rotate off the SCOR (JGOFS)/IOC-CO2

Panel and the new members will be F. Joos(Switzerland) and Douglas Wallace (USA).Merlivat remains a member on the 1997 IOC-CO2

Panel.

ACTION: none

Data Management DIS Workshop (Toulouse). Noone represented JGOFS at this meeting in

February 1996. Swanberg noted that Ducklowplanned to attend but an Antarctic cruiseprevented him from going, and Hanson justarrived at the CPO in Bergen. Lowryrecommended that the next JGOFS CPO/AEOrepresents DMTT on data management issues andattends the next DIS Workshop.

ACTION: Field asked Hanson and/or the newAEO to represent JGOFS at future DIS DataManagement Workshops.

European JGOFS Marine Remote Sensing. Fieldinformed the Committee of ERSCO activities(e.g., funding for the European Remote SensingCo-ordinating Office) and the purpose of theToulouse meeting in March 1996. ERSCOrecommendations: JGOFS to write a supportingletter to NASDA and urge coordination with JRC,JGOFS supports activities beyond the local areacoverage to data management system, and JGOFSpropose workshops on ocean color sensors.The Committee supported ERSCO proposal and aperson to run the Co-ordinating Office for oneyear, and they recommended that the office besupported out of their project funds. Fielddescribed a funding discrepancy here. Hebelieved that MAST money was initially deniedfor this proposal. But, then money came throughfor the Office and now they must use it in the bestpossible way. Following discussion, theCommittee supported ERSCO first and secondrecommendations.

ACTION: Field would write a Letter of Supportfor the development of regional satellite databasesand copy IGBP-DIS.

The third recommendation, e.g., a Workshop, isgenerally given to JGOFS Task Teams withapproval from the Committee. The Committeefelt that this recommendation was too vague andneeded development (i.e., a proposal). ERSCOshould first get the satellite databases in placebefore submitting a Workshop proposal.

No ACTION: Committee deferred the lastrecommendation to next year 1997, pending theestablishment of ERSCO and the development ofregional satellite databases.

GOOS/OOPC Meeting (Miami 1996). Fielddeferred the report on GOOS/OOPC (see TimeSeries Task Team under Section 9 (below).

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9. Status of JGOFS TaskTeams and Planning Groups

The Committee recommended that the “NorthPacific Group” should be formed to coordinateJGOFS activities in the North Pacific Ocean.During the open discussion, the Committee alsorecommended that Bychkov form a task team andthat this team is called the North Pacific TaskTeam.It was proposed that the Benthic Flux TaskTeam be disbanded and that future business behandled under CMTT. Lochte questionedwhether Deep Ocean business should be CMTTresponsibility. She proposed a joint task teamwith PAGES. Schimmield agrees that JGOFSneeds to address issues below the mix layer. Fieldfelt that this was an excellent mechanism tointeract with PAGES. Committee recommendedthat Lochte and Shimmield co-chair the TaskTeam and develop links with PAGES/IMAGES.Shimmield and Lochte later agreed thatShimmield will Chair and Lochte will co-Chair.Shimmield also proposed a name change for theTask Team and recommended “Deep Ocean FluxTask Team”. Committee approved the namechanged from Benthic Flux Task Team to DeepOcean Flux Task Team.The Time Series Task Team was disbandedearlier and the Committee agreed not to reformTime Series Task Team but to incorporate itsactivities into GOOS/OOPC (Bermuda 1996).The Executive Committee will handle suchactivities with GOOS/OOPC in the future.The BOAT Task Team is a joint activity withIGAC, but it needs a committee. Field appointedTilbrook to be JGOFS liaison with IGAC. TheCommittee supported the development ofBOATTT activities, especially in the NorthPacific and North Atlantic Oceans. At present,funding is not looking good in the North Atlanticand links with the North Atlantic Planning Groupare encouraged. Tilbrook felt that JGOFS needsto identify people in marine gaseous and to ask ifthey are interested. Lochte felt that she couldsuggest people and help Tilbrook establish theseinter-programme links. IGAC key people areNick Owens and Peter Liss. The Remote Sensing Task Team has turned intheir Final Report, but there are still otherissues/business for the RSTT, e.g.,ERSCO/ISPRA Group and their interaction withPhotosynthesis Measurement Task Team. Furtheraction on the RSTT is deferred to next year 1997.The Photosynthesis Measurement Task Team isplanning a mini-symposium in 1997, whichwould be composed of task team members plus

seven guests. McCarthy felt that LOICZ needed tobe involved. Sakshaug agreed. The 1997 PMTTwould be modify and changes would be submittedto the Executive Committee for approval.The Data Management Task Team is clearlyneeded as we move towards data synthesis,involvement of the Assistant EO in DataManagement, and the possibility of funding anInternational Database Manager. Lowry felt thatsuch plans are developing in the UK. Sakshaugsuggested industrial funds for a DataManagement Assistant.The Global Synthesis and Modelling TaskTeam has several out-year activities planned.McCarthy emphasized that it is very important toprovide encouragement of Toulouse Meetingorganizers to finish their report. The communityneeds the report and the product needs to beshared. It was initially planned to publish in theopen literature, and now it is expected to be aJGOFS Report with the software to run thesemodels.The Continental Margin Task Team has beenestablished and future workshops are beingplanned. Hall indicated a positive response fromLOICZ for the Nigerian Workshop.The IOC-CO2 Panel activities will requireMerlivat to continue and sit ex-officio on the nextJGOFS SSC. Merlivat remains a member on theIOC-CO2 Panel.The North Atlantic Planning Group willcontinue with basically the same core memberswith possible new members from other countriesand IGAC.The Equatorial Pacific Planning Group mustreport soon. McCarthy is not aware of anyactivity. Murray chairs the group and is largelyU.S. based. Field recommended that EqPaccoordinate with NPTT. Koike supported thecoordination.The Southern Ocean Planning Group is nearingits final phase in the field. Priddle will continueto chair and review their role in JGOFS.The Indian Ocean Planning Group will shifttheir focus from the field to a synthesis mode nextyear. An Indian Ocean Synthesis Meeting isplanned in 1997.The North Pacific Task Team submitted a draftof their Terms of Reference and a discussionfollowed. In general, the TOR will requiredreorganization and revision. There were stillquestions about the geography/location of theNorth Pacific site, an area north of 40oN. TheCommittee felt that NPTT should not assign aspecific area or region for political reasons. Otherquestions addressed the important process ofnitrogen fixation in the North Pacific. Althoughnitrogen fixation is covered in other programs,

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Lockte felt that it should be specifically stated inthe TOR. McCarthy would also have liked moredetails, e.g., host organization, etc. There wereother editorial and syntax concerns over thesubmitted TOR.

ACTION: Field asked Bychkov to act as NPTTChair and to coordinate the writing andorganization of the NPTT Terms of Reference.Bychkov will then submit the Terms of Referenceand names of potential members of the NPTT tothe Executive Committee for approval.

10. JGOFS Liaisons withIGBP and other

International Programmes:

• GAIM- Fasham is JGOFS liaise with GAIM.GAIM and JGOFS Modeling Groups willinterface with a small technical group.Presently, Program Elements lack two waycommunication and they must start nestingmodels.

• START-Hall and Moloney through theContinental Margins Task Team presentlylinks JGOFS with START, e.g., CMTT(JGOFS/LOICZ) Workshop in Nigeria.START has asked JGOFS/SCOR for liaise todevelop an oceanic program. There areoceanic issues here where the potential forinteraction is extensive.

• DIS-Lowry noted that JGOFS EO and AEOwill be JGOFS liaise with DIS. DIS has aworking partnership with NASA indeveloping remote sensing databases.

• GLOBEC-Strömberg is JGOFS liaise.Strong links are developing with SO-GLOBEC through programme modellers.

• CMTT-Hall links JGOFS with LOICZ inContinental Margins

• PAGES-Shimmield links JGOFS withPAGES/IMAGES in deep ocean fluxes.

• IGAC-Tilbrook links JGOFS with IGAC viaNick Owens and Peter Liss.

• GCTE-JGOFS has interests in GCTETransects.

• BAHC-JGOFS has minimal contact withBAHC.

• LUCC- Programme links with JGOFSthrough CMTT

• WOCE-Willebrand links JGOFS withWOCE.

• WCRP- WCRP is a potential parent ofSOLAS

• SCAR- Priddle links JGOFS with SCAR.• IASC-Sakshaug links JGOFS with IASC.

• GOOS-Field links JGOFS with GOOS andMcCarthy links JGOFS with JGOOS.

11. Other JGOFS Business

Canadian JGOFS Programme. Field asked Mooreand Platt to speak to the Canadian request for aJGOFS Letter of Support for CJGOFS. After adiscussion of the Canadian request, theCommittee unanimously supported the CJGOFSProgram.

ACTION: Moore will draft a letter for JGOFSsupport of the CJGOFS Program for Field. Fieldto write to Bruce Johnson, Director of CJGOFS.

12. Future CommitteeMeetings

The International Geosphere-BiosphereProgramme holds its Annual SC Meetings inFebruary-March, followed by an Officers' Meetingin the fall. This may change in the near future, asa recommendation is now developing around thepossibility of a biennial IGBP Congress. Otherrecommendations include linking JGOFSScientific Steering Committee meetings withnational and international science meetings orcombine two or more Program Elements for jointSSC meetings, e.g., the Joint JGOFS-LOICZ SSCMeeting on continental margins.The JGOFS Committee offered several sitesuggestions for their 1997 Meeting, e.g., TheNetherlands at the time of the LOICZ OpenScience Meeting (late 1997), Scotland at the sitefor JGOFS Modelling Symposium (location andtime TBD), Cape Town (South Africa), andWilliamsburg (USA). In selecting the next site,primary consideration is first the science and thenthe timetable of the Committee. Othersuggestions offered to the Committee included theArabian Sea Synthesis Meeting (TBD) and TaskTeam Workshops. Committee favored holdingthe next Committee meeting with the LOICZOpen Science Meeting or with a JGOFSModelling Symposium. The problem here islogistic for fifty or more Symposium participantsplus twenty Committee members.

ACTION: The Committee approved to hold thenext Scientific Steering Committee meeting withthe JGOFS Modelling and Synthesis Symposium,Argyll, Scotland (Spring 1997). Dates to bedetermined by the Symposium Organizers.

The next JGOFS Executive Committee Meeting isplanned for Bergen, Norway (September 1997).

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Dates to be determined at the Executive Meetingfollowing the Committee meeting. McCarthynoted that the US-JGOFS Committee hasscheduled its meeting at this time.

13. Closing Remarks

Field thanked Committee members, Task TeamLeaders, and Planning Group Chairs for theirhelp and cooperation, which made his task easier.He also thanked the out going Committeemembers, guests and participants for theircontributions and special activities. Strömbergcongratulated the Committee on being the mostsuccessful group to date and acknowledgedField’s leadership for this success. Field noted hisappreciation for the support he received from theCore Project Office and his gratitude for financialsupport from SCOR on financing the additionaltravel expenses for JGOFS guests. The 11th

Scientific Steering Committee JGOFS Meetingwas adjourned at 10:00, 22 April 1996.

14. Executive CommitteeMeeting Notes

A brief Executive Committee Meeting followedthe Committee Meeting. The short agendaincluded (1) discussion of candidates for theAssistant Executive Officer for the Core ProjectOffice, (2) the North Pacific Task Team, and (3)the next Executive Committee Meeting. After adiscussion of candidates for the CPO AssistantExecutive Officer, the Executive Committeeapproved the appointment of Beatriz Baliño.

ACTION: Field asked Hanson to offer theAssistant Executive Officer position to BeatrizBaliño.

The Terms of Reference for the North PacificTask Team were further discussed. McCarthyexpressed concerns over the Terms of Referencefor NPTT. JGOFS must be very careful withthese TOR, in particular the scope, thereorganization of the terms, the documentlanguage, how it is going to happen, who isresponsible (name or responsible government ornon-governmental body), selection of task teammembers, and host country. Executivesmentioned the possibility of Steve Emmerson andEQPAC participation on the Task Team.

ACTION: Field asked McCarthy to assist andadvise Bychkov and Koike in drafting the NPTTTOR for circulation to the Executives forapproval.

The timing of the next JGOFS ExecutiveCommittee Meeting was discussed. Because ofvarious meetings planned between August andOctober 1996, not all Executives would be able toattend the next Meeting. The Executives agreedon the 12-13 September 1996 in Bergen. Theattendance for this meeting will be Field,Merlivat, Sakshaug, Hanson, and CPO staff.Only McCarthy would be unable to attend.Invitations would be extended to IGBP andSCOR, but it is unlikely that either sponsor wouldattend.

ACTION: Executive Committee asked Hanson toarrange the next Executive Committee Meeting atthe University of Bergen, 12-13 September 1996.

The JGOFS Executive Committee Meeting wasadjourned at 1230, 22 April 1996.

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JOINT GLOBAL OCEAN FLUX STUDYMinutes of the

12th Scientific Steering Committee Meeting17-19 May, 1997

Dunstaffnage Marine LaboratoryOban, Scotland

Welcome

The JGOFS Chair, John G. Field, opened the 12th

Meeting of the JGOFS Scientific SteeringCommittee, which was held at the DunstaffnageMarine Laboratory in Oban, Scotland, at 09:00 onMay 17, 1997. He welcomed members of theCommittee, Chairs of the Task Teams andPlanning Groups, Chris Rapley, Director of IGBP,and Elizabeth Gross, SCOR Executive Director.A special welcome went to the new SSC memberfrom Japan, Professor Toshiro Saino and to theNational Committee Chair from China-Taipei,Professor Ching-Ling Wei. A special word ofappreciation went to Graham Shimmield for hisefforts on behalf of the IPO office and for his helpwith the organisation and arrangements of theSSC Meeting and the International JGOFSModelling Symposium.

PresentJohn Field (Chair, RSA), Egil Sakshaug (NO),Karin Lochte (GER), James Murray (USA),Alexander Bychkov (RUS), Kon-Kee Liu (ROC),André Morel (FR), Toshiro Saino (JAP), GrahamShimmield (UK), Taro Takahashi (USA), JürgenWillebrand (GER), Roy Lowry (UK), Julie Hall(NZ), Peter Burkill (UK), James Yoder (USA),Trevor Platt (CAN), Julian Priddle (UK),Elizabeth Gross (SCOR), Chris Rapley (IGBP),Roger Hanson (Executive Officer), Beatriz Baliño(Assistant Executive Officer), Judith Stokke(Administrative Secretary), and Ching-Ling Wei(China-Taipei).

Apologies. Hugh Ducklow (Vice Chair, USA),Bronte Tilbrook (AUS), Andrew Watson (UK)and Mike Fasham (UK).

2. Meeting Objectives,Adoption of Agenda and

Timetable

Field requested that all Task Team Chairs lookcarefully at their groups and assess its efficiency.If a group is not performing, perhaps a solutionwould be to disband or reorganise it. Proposed

Terms of Reference and membership suggestionsfor a new or reorganised group should always besent to Executive Committee for review andapproval. Another matter of importance is thebudget. All Chairs should carefully consider theexpenses involved in holding meetings and keepthese to a minimum. All chairs must presentrequests before the end of September 1997 inorder to be included for consideration for nextyear’s budget.The 1997 SSC agenda with briefing items, whichwas circulated before the meeting needed onlyminor changes in the timetable. IGBP’scontribution was moved up from Monday the 19th

to Sunday the 18th. The agenda with notedchanges was approved.

3. Old Business

1996 SSC Meeting Minutes. Minutes of the 11th

JGOFS Committee Meeting, which werecirculated prior to the meeting, were gone throughpage by page with the following comments andchanges: Pg. 1--NASDA (corrected spelling). Pg.7--Regarding the Synthesis and Modelling TaskTeam Report: the wording was too negative.Suggested change: Workshop was successful butshould be assessed to find out how to utilise whatwas learned there and implement this in a settingwith a larger group of people. Pg. 9 --Photosynthesis Measurements Task Team.Rewording to: The site initially proposed wasSpitzbergen. Should read: The site initiallyproposed was Longyearbyen. Pg.18--WCRP isthe potential parent of SOLAS. Minutes of the11th Meeting of the Scientific Steering Committeewith above changes were approved.

1996 Executive Committee MeetingMinutes. At the Executive Committeemeeting, members discussed writing anarticle on “JGOFS Legacy to OceanScience: Achievements in UnderstandingOcean Biogeochemistry”. This is stillperhaps an issue, which should have beenincluded in the agenda for the present SSCmeeting. There was general agreement to

20

discuss this later in the meeting. TheMinutes of the JGOFS ExecutiveCommittee Meeting in Bergen, Norway12-13 September 1996 were accepted.

Cambridge University Press-IGBP BookSeries. Field informed the members on theprogress, which has been made in theforthcoming publication. The currentvolume was developed from keynotepapers presented at the First JGOFSInternational Scientific Symposium held atVillefranche-sur-Mer, France, in May1995. The goal of the book is to give anoverview of JGOFS science and itsachievements to date. The editors: Field,Ducklow, and Hanson modified, reviewedand revised manuscripts, and they expect acopy to go to the publisher sometime inthe fall--hopefully no later than October.

Discussion about the contents of the bookfocused on Chapter Five involving theICSU/IGFA Evaluation. Field mentionedthat this chapter might be an editedversion of the Panels recommendations,which takes on the essence from JGOFSown perception of the evaluation. Therewas a concern mentioned about thepublishing of this semi-confidential report.Hanson commented that the report hadalready been released in various forms (seefor example, SCOR Proceedings, Volume31, 1996) and therefore its contents wouldnot be new or surprising for most.Takahashi recommended changing the titleto “Future Perspectives in JGOFS”.Rapley suggested that there would beadded value in the synopsis if there wassome focus towards the mechanism, aswell as the science, of JGOFS. These areissues, which the editors must address.

ACTION: The editors will carefullyweigh comments on whether this materialbelongs, or in what form, to complimentthe scientific presentations in this book.

JGOFS Response to ICSU-IGFA Evaluation.Field and Hanson have written JGOFS response tothe report for IGBP, but not made public beyondthat. Therefore, there were several suggestions toopen possible channels of communication. Fieldsuggested that JGOFS response to the evaluationscould be accessed on the JGOFS homepage and/orpublished in the US JGOFS News and/or IGBPNewsletter in an informative form.

ACTION: Field asked Hanson and Baliño todevelop a JGOFS release to community on thehomepage.

4. JGOFS Scientific SteeringCommittee: Membership

When IGBP Secretariat provided anoption for Core Projects to streamlinetheir SSC memberships at the IGBPCongress, the response of the JGOFS SSCwas immediately supportive. TheExecutive Committee therefore respondedwith a plan for restructuring the JGOFSSSC (Bergen, September 1996). Initially,there were some procedural problemsbecause of the speed by which the JGOFSEXEC submitted their reorganisation planto IGBP and SCOR for approval. Itseemed that SCOR approved one proposalwhile IGBP approved another version ofthe “same” proposed reorganisation.After little discussion, the 1997 SSCadopted the IGBP interpretation of thereorganisation that provides greaterflexibility within JGOFS activities.

New wording for JGOFS SSCMembership: (1) There will be a core ofup to six “at-large” SSC members fromwhom the JGOFS Chair will be drawn.The remainder of the SSC will consist ofthe chairs of current task teams andplanning groups, which will be disbandedas soon as they have completed their termsof reference. It is expected that thenumber of such groups will decline asJGOFS enters its synthesis phase. Chairsof the Task Teams and Planning Groupsare ex officio members of the SSC. (2)

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The new SSC structure will be phased inby natural rotation of present SSC-members reaching the end of their 3-yearterms. Future rotation of SSCmembership will be achieved by staggeredrotation to maintain some continuity.Members will be appointed for 3-yearterms, which may be renewed once. (3)The SSC shall nominate a chair forappointment by SCOR and IGBP. Thechair with a vice-chair along with 2-3 at-large members of the SSC will form anExecutive Committee, which will overseethe day-to-day business of JGOFS and theIPO. The Executive Committee willconduct most business by e-mail, and willnormally meet once annually in addition tothe SSC meeting. Its decisions andactions shall be reported to the SSC. (4)The task team concerned and appointed bythe JGOFS Executive Committeenominates task Team and Planning Groupchairs. They will normally be appointedfor a term of three years, with a maximumof two terms unless there are exceptionalcircumstances. This is aimed at rotatingthe SSC membership and promotingvigorous groups.

Representatives from IGBP and SCORagreed that it was not necessary to identifya vice-chair for approval by the sponsors.Rapley mentioned that once the ExecutiveCommittee approves function leaders orchairs, IGBP requests at the beginning ofeach calendar year a list of all SSC “at-large” members and any others needed forits business that year. IGBP willreimburse costs for only those memberswho are on this list.

ACTION: The IPO will send a list of1998 Function Leaders to IGBP at thebeginning of each year.

Field reviewed the 1998 Rotation plan.There are presently eight “at-large”members, four will rotate off at end of the

year and two should be replaced, resultingin six SSC “at-large” members in 1998.

ACTION: Field appealed to everyone atthe meeting to come forward withnominations for the 1998 SSC.

JGOFS nominations must be completed by5th September for the next IGBP Officer’smeeting in October. Therefore, JGOFSmembers will have to make theirnominations via email with deadline at theend of June for SSC “at-large” members.

Field mentioned that he must be replacedbefore the end of the year with hand-overtaking place at the Executive Meeting inOctober. Ducklow will not be able toconsider a nomination. It is desirable thatthe next JGOFS Chairperson has someexperience in SSC activities.

5. Task Teams

Data Management Task Team (Lowry).Meeting Information. The DMTT met atBODC in January 27-28, 1997. DMTTmembers: Roy Lowry (Chair, England),Christine Hammond (USA), ThomasMitzka (Germany), Graham Glenn(Canada), Jaswant Sarupria (India), andKoji Kambara (Japan), who could notattend. Other invited participants wereDr. Peter Burkill (UK), who is the Chairof the Indian Ocean Planning Group andDr. Beatriz Baliño (Assistant ExecutiveOfficer) from JGOFS IPO.

Recommendation: Lowry notified the SSC thatthe DMTT recommends the development of aJGOFS Data Index (JDI), a centralised index tothe data collected during JGOFS fieldprogramme. The JDI will be a parameter-temporal-space index, implemented under acommercial RDBMS (relational databasemanagement system). The design of the databasewill be the responsibility of the DMTT. Thedatabase will be physically located at the IPO andis Baliño’s responsibility for loading data andmaintenance. The development of a JDI interface

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will require a special programmer. In the future,the JDI will supersede the cruise inventory

CD ROM Products. The preparation of theArabian CTD CD-ROM, containing data from theIndian Ocean north of the Equator, is wellunderway and its release is expected by May1998. Data from most participating countries isreadily available while the permission to use theUS data is under negotiation. Approval forinclusion of these data is to be discussed at theUS-JGOFS SSC meeting in June 1997. Inaddition, the US and German WOCE havecollected major data sets in the area and it will bedesirable to included them in the CD-ROM.Jürgen Willebrand advised Lowry to write aformal letter to Dr. John Gould at WOCE IPO toget access to WOCE data.

ACTION: Lowry will write to John Gould atWOCE IPO to access WOCE data in the ArabianSea

Recommendation: Lowry expressed the need forfunds for the final production and distribution ofthe CD-ROM within JGOFS community. Fieldand Gross agreed that funds will be available forthis purpose. The CD-ROM will be advertised onthe IGBP homepage, in the US JGOFS News, andon the International JGOFS homepage.

Review of Terms of Reference (TOR) andMembership. The TOR were modified toreflect the higher profile role of the IPO inJGOFS data management.

Recommendation: Lowry recommendedapproval of the Japanese nomination ofTakeharu Miyake of JODC as areplacement for Kambara. The SSCconcurred with the replacement.

Lowry also proposed to nominate aFrench JGOFS data expert to the DMTTthis year. André Morel agreed with thisinitiative and suggested a couple additionalnames. It was also noted that there is aneed for CO2 expertise on the DMTT.

ACTION: Field asked Lowry to proceedand nominate a French representative withknowledge of CO2 databases.

Lowry mentioned the value of having datausers and field scientists at DMTTmeetings and requested financial supportto invite 1 to 2 representatives fromcountries holding major data sets to attendfuture DMTT meetings. Field agreed thatthese funds could be justified. Heemphasised that budget requests of thissort as well as any other, should bereported to the IPO as soon as possible.

Data Management at the IPO. Lowrysuggested that John Hughes from BODCcould undertake the development of theJDI interface. An EU proposal in supportof a training position for Hughes will besubmitted June 15. JGOFS IPO isnegotiating office and hardware/softwarefacilities for Hughes with its hosting centrein Bergen. Platt and Rapley suggestedIGBP and JGOFS/SCOR to writerecommendation letters to the EU for thisposition. The IGBP letter will be draftedby Lowry to be signed by Rapley.Likewise, Gross/Field will write a letter onbehalf of JGOFS/SCOR. Whereas, it wasalso raised that outside pressure frominternational committees might be viewednegatively rather than having a positiveeffect.

ACTION: Lowry offered to investigate whetherlobbying by JGOFS, IGBP and SCOR would behelpful, and if necessary, IGBP andSCOR/JGOFS would write letters ofrecommendation in support of Hughes’ proposalto the EU.

Long-term archiving of JGOFS data. At theIGBP-DIS/WDC workshop in Boulder, Colorado,April 1997, Lowry arranged some plans withSidney Levitus, Director of the World Data Centrefor Oceanography, for the future long-termarchiving of JGOFS data.

Recommendation: Lowry notified the SSC thatthe DMTT recommends Baliño from IPO to liaisewith IGBP-DIS. The SSC concurred with therecommendation.

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Final comments. Platt and Rapley thanked Lowryfor his work and personal efforts for the JGOFSDMTT.

Remote Sensing Task Team (Yoder)Yoder talked of solving data availabilityproblems. NASA will have many newdata available by the end of the year. Thefuture looks promising in that spaceagencies are continuing their commitmentof gathering Remote Sensing data.Software is also being developed whichmakes data gathering and imageprocessing more easily available over thenetwork.

Due to new technology in satellite ocean-colour sensors there will be a majoramount of data available to JGOFS in thenext 5 years. Selected global satellitemissions are already generating much data,such as simulations of ocean circulationthat may be of interest to JGOFS,especially in biogeochemical modelling.The software is being developed anddistributed to handle these type of data.

An International Ocean-Colour Co-ordinatingGroup (IOCCG) has been set up. The focus ofthis international advisory group is to advise theresearch community in the co-ordination anddevelopment of this important new data streamand to promote community user involvement.SCOR and CEOS are partner organisations.

Recommendation: Yoder proposed to disband theRSTT and to develop a tighter link to IOCCGsince there is already JGOFS involvement in thisgroup. IOCCG wants liaisons with JGOFS andIGBP.

It was suggested that Saino could act as a contactfor JGOFS and report to SSC. André Morelexpressed his reluctance to disband the TaskTeam because RSTT is more than ocean colourand very important for the future. Rapleysupported the suggestion that a SSC membershould be nominated to be the link between theRSTT and IOCCG. It was suggested then that acontact should be appointed to function as a linkwith the ocean colour group (Yoder?). Yoderstated that the RSTT would not call for anothermeeting unless necessary and that the

membership should be reviewed at the next SSCmeeting.

Photosynthesis Measurements Task Team(Sakshaug)Sakshaug reported on the manuscript forphotosynthesis measurements with emphasis on14Carbon. The PMTT report is to be published inthe Journal of Plankton Research, divided intotwo papers: the first is on theory and results(which was submitted in Feb’97 with revision inlate June), and second paper will be drafted on theprotocols.

There will be a protocol discussion at the nextPMTT meeting, which will take place inLongyearbyen, August 1997. A total of 10participants plus 3 guests is expected. Theagenda will include discussions of gross versusnet photosynthesis measurements and the questionof how to complete the second part for publicationso that it will make a complete protocol. This willbe the final product of the PMTT and its lastmeeting.

Recommendation: After this last activity, theTask Team would disband.

Sakshaug inquired about the future activitiesrelated to LOICZ and GLOBEC. Hall will flagthis matter in her report later.

IOC- CO2 Panel: (Watson/Takahashi)Reference was made to Watson’s panelreport that pointed out that although thereis considerable CO2 data available, there isstill a problem with sharing or merging itin a global database. The problem centreson those that possesses or holds exclusiveright to CO2 data sets. Takahashi felt thatthe resolution of this would require moreresources and that there will probably bemore information to share after the nextIOC-CO2 meeting this June in Germany.

On the issue of data set complexities,Takahashi also mentioned that because USCDIAC shares its resources with USJGOFS and WOCE Global pCO2

database, some Principal Investigators arereluctant to submit their data. This isprobably, in part, due to themethodological aspects of CO2

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measurements, a technique underdevelopment, which means that the qualityof some of the data varies. PIs are notwilling to let their data be mixed with whatthey may feel to be inferior quality data.Therefore, they argue that this data shouldbe kept with the PIs or the cruise.

To alleviate this problem, Takahashi proposedthat those who submit data will become co-authors of the scientific papers where their dataare integrated with others and that submitted datawill not be released until the paper is published.After that, the data will be made available on thePMEL (Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratoryfrom NOAA) homepage. In order to extend theexisting global CO2 databases, Takahashirecommends that links be made with the otherplanning groups for the Equatorial Pacific, IndianOcean and Southern Ocean.

Takahashi felt that a policy decision among spaceagencies affects the authorship of CO2 data sets.They have decided that principal investigatorshave no jurisdiction over merged data sets,although they have put considerable effort intotheir data sets. Lowry commented that theinformation technology is here and that authors’names can be easily linked to their specific datasets.

Priddle posed a question of whether there areresearch areas (e.g., missing data sets) that needto be addressed in future JGOFS and/or oceanprograms. Most obvious information gap occursin high latitude regions during the winter, e.g.,the Southern Ocean and northwest North PacificOcean.

Global Synthesis and Modelling Task Team(Platt)Platt reported on the Toulouse workshop (One-Dimensional Models of Water ColumnBiogeochemistry). The JGOFS Report No. 23(February 1997) was distributed earlier. Theworkshop had 20-26 participants (plus 5 guests),and it functioned as an ad hoc meeting for theSMTT.

Recommendation of Future activity: Platt notifiedthe SSC that there are plans for a modellingtraining course. The purpose is to enlarge thegroup of people who are capable of discussing thetype of work done in Toulouse, which was ratherrestrictive. Platt proposed that these effortsshould continue and that they include

biogeochemists from developing countries whomay not have had opportunities to developmodelling skills. Although the course has notbeen announced yet, there has been a high interestjudged by the amount of inquiries received (byPlatt). The course will have a number of co-ordinating instructors. Funding is expected to besupplied by a number of sponsoring agencies. Itshould be held in a developing country, and Indiawas suggested.

Upcoming IOCCG Workshop: Platt notified theSSC that a small number of people will gather todeal with technical problems in modelling relatedto the use of ocean colour remote sensing. Theplan is to hold the workshop in Chile, November1997).

In response to Liu’s question, Platt informed theSSC that there are no links presently between theSMTT and the CMTT.

Platt announced that The International JGOFSModelling Symposium immediately follows theSSC meeting. The Symposium OrganisingCommittee anticipates 85 registered attendees, 45papers and 25 posters. The results will bereported later.

North Pacific Task Team (Bychkov and Saino)Bychkov discussed changes in the Termsof Reference (TOR) for the NPTT. Theteam decided to delete the specificreference to activities and to replace themwith ones that are more general.

Recommendation of new Task TeamMembership: Bychkov proposed the addition ofthree new members: Dr. Stephen Riser (USA,physical oceanographer); Dr. Steve Emerson(USA, chemical oceanographer); and Dr. NianzhiJiao (China, to replace Prof. Lu, deceased).Present members are: Bychkov (Russia), Saino(Japan), Frost (USA), Chen (China-Taipei),Denman (Canada) and Kim (Korea)

Draft of the report on research programs.Research is being organised on a regional basis.The report will be finished during the secondmeeting of the NPTT in October 1997 (Pusan,Korea) and a copy will be submitted to the 1998SSC.

NPTT main goal. To encourage Pacific Rimnations to launch long-term time-series stations(like PAPA) in the NW North Pacific. Japan is

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ready to do this and it is anticipated that Japanwill play an important role in the organisation ofthe time-series research.

Contacts with other organisations. Bychkovexpressed the need to keep a close relationshipwith other organisations, especially PICES.

Recommendation: Bychkov proposed that theNPTT hold its 2nd meeting (workshop) withPICES (GLOBEC) in Pusan, Korea (October1997). Bychkov and Saino request JGOFS toprovide financial support for Drs. Chen, Jiao,Emerson and Feely to participate at this meeting.Feely, non-NPTT member, would be an invitedguest of the NPTT and is essential for the purposeof this workshop. PICES plans to cover costs ofother NPTT members to the workshop.

Saino’s reports on JGOFS Japanese activities.The Japanese field programme will run between1988 and 2000 while the synthesis phase willcontinue beyond 2000.

NW Pacific Ocean Time-Series Station. Japan isinterested in establishing an ocean time-seriesstation. Its location is under evaluation, althoughthere is a site of interest at 43N and 155E. Aproposal for the time plan and fieldwork is beingdiscussed. Several ship operations have alreadyagreed to work in the area from spring to fall butthere is still a lack of ships to cover the wintermonths. Saino asked JAMSTEC (Japan MarineScience and Technology Center) for ship time tocover the winter months. Saino is waiting for areply.

Liu asked if Japan is going to launch sub-tropicalstudies, and Saino said that it is not a highpriority. Lochte expressed concerned about thecoverage of the entire North Pacific regardingbiogeochemical cycles in the region. Forexample, such data from the western NorthPacific is scarce compared to North Atlantic. Inaddition, the western North Pacific’s warm poolhas a much higher bacterial production than theNorth Atlantic. JGOFS needs a thoroughassessment of carbon cycle in North Pacific.Questions were also raised about the adoption ofJGOFS core measurement protocols and whetherthere will be Data Management accessibility.Saino assured the SSC that these concerns havebeen addressed by the NPTT and will be dealtwith appropriately.

Yoder stated that HOT (Hawaiian Ocean Time-Series Station) is addressing this problem ofcoverage, in the sub-tropical gyre of the

Equatorial Pacific. Also that a new Institute isunder development at the initiative of theUniversity of Hawaii and Alaska. Othercomments: JGOFS in particular NPTT should becareful about extending the time-line beyond year2004. Field reminded the group that the NorthPacific studies were launched rather late so thatthe SSC cannot be too harsh on the NPTT aboutextending their time schedule beyond thatstipulated.

Lochte offered her support for this expansion ofthe NPTT by two members, because the NPTThas the largest task to accomplish, and it is alogical step to take. Regarding the question aboutDr. Jiao nomination, Field asked if Beijing isplanning North Pacific activities that need co-ordinating. If this is the case, the nomination ofJiao is justified. Gross said that the ChineseSCOR Committee had considered Jiao’snomination. In addition, Hall commented thatthere has been a big initiative in the China Sea.She foresees that this could mean that China-Beijing will be an important player in the region.Field agreed and the SSC approved theappointment of Jiao, Emerson and Riser to theNPTT.

ACTIONS: (1) NPTT should clearly define theiractivities and ensure that these activities arecompleted either within JGOFS lifetime or in areasonable time frame; (2) Fair nationalrepresentation should be taken into account (e.g.developing countries, including gender anddisciplines); and (3) SSC appoints Emerson(USA), Riser (USA), and Jiao (China-Beijing) tothe NPTT.

ACTION: Field asked Hanson to determine ifJGOFS funds are available to support this 1997request and to get back with Bychkov and Saino.Funds might be ‘borrowed’ from other Task Teamactivities.

Continental Margins Task Team (Hall)The JGOFS/LOICZ CMTT project looksat the discrepancies of what reaches thecontinental margin and what leaves to theopen ocean. In Lagos, CMTT Workshopsynthesised some of the currentknowledge of non-conservative fluxes incontinental margins. One product ofWorkshop was the JGOFS Report #22:Report on the international workshop oncontinental shelf fluxes of carbon, nitrogenand phosphorus. The next workshop is

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planned for Texel, October 1997. Theorganisers plan to publish the proceedingsin a peer-reviewed journal.

CMTT Membership: Hall announced a possiblechange in membership for 1998. There will berecommendations coming from the CMTTMeeting in Texel. At the next SSC meeting, Hallfelt that the SSC should address the issue ofwhether to involve GLOBEC in the future CMTTactivities. Rapley mentioned that there is aconfusion among IGBP projects, e.g. BAHC, onhow to deal with players in horizontal fluxsystems. If a workshop is to be held, thenrepresentatives of these core projects shouldparticipate or be invited. He encouraged moreinteraction and communication betweenJGOFS/LOICZ CMTT and other IGBP projects,such as BAHC and GLOBEC.

Along these same lines of thought, Gross offeredinformation on some recent SCOR activity incoastal systems, i.e., groundwater input to thecoast. It is becoming clear that groundwater inputis a very important source of water, perhaps morethan rivers, she said, and that SCOR has receiveda proposal. The proposal came from the Russianand US SCOR Committees together with LOICZto form a working group to address this process.Shimmield also informed the group that EU hasreceived a proposal to study the runoff from theSiberian area into the Arctic.

Liu commented that he has been having problemslinking the CMTT homepage to other continentalmargin homepages, like OMEX.

ACTION: Lowry, a member of the OMEX SSC,will put the CMTT into contact with OMEXthrough Hall.

Lochte cautioned against diversifying the CMTTtasks with all its related programs. The CMTTshould continue focusing on the main goal and beselective in their links to other programs. BothHall and Liu acknowledged this concern.

Deep Ocean Flux Task Team (Shimmield andLochte)Establishing a DOFTT. Shimmield reports thatplans are underway to establish a jointJGOFS/PAGES Task Team, which will becomposed of three JGOFS and three PAGESmembers. Regarding a question about nationalrepresentation, Shimmield was informed toconsider the representation on IMAGES(International Marine Global Change Study), and

ODP (Ocean Drilling Program) Committees informing the task team. Shimmield recommendedthat DOFTT hold its first meeting in early 1998 todraft terms of reference of DOFTT, draftimplementation plan for approval, developtimetable for implementation, as well as prepareplans for its first workshop on Deep Ocean Fluxesin conjunction with ADEPD (summer 1998). TheDOFTT objectives and products will link stronglyto PAGES, GAIM and IMAGES (aPAGES/SCOR project). IMAGES links present-day ocean fluxes to paleo-oceanographic records.Emphasis will be place on data synthesis andmodelling (e.g. ADEPD). Travel funds will berequested for three JGOFS participants and threePAGES participants for the DOFTT meeting nextyear.

ACTION: Regarding DOFTT appointments,Shimmield must seek approval of DMTTmembers from the JGOFS Executive Committee(EXECOM). For full consideration, theEXECOM requires the names (plus alternatives),scientific disciplines, nationalities and institutionaddresses of all DOFTT nominees. Informationshould be sent to the International Project Office.

Lochte reported on ADEPD (AtlanticDeep-Ocean Project Database)

6. Planning Groups

North Atlantic Planning Group (Fasham)From a written statement, Fasham proposed thatthe NAPG be replaced with the NA SynthesisWorking Group (NASWG). One optionsuggested was to place this group under theSMTT for a global perspective. The TOR shouldbe redefined and the number of members reduced.Fasham is willing to lead this group and act as thelink with SMTT. An overall discussion and co-ordination with the other Planning Groups will bediscussed later.

Recommendation: Fasham proposes a NAPGmeeting in late 1997 to discuss reorganisation andto develop TOR for the NASWG (meetingapproved last year).

Equatorial Pacific Planning Group (Murray)Murray mentioned that this group has not metsince he took the leadership (1996). Most workhas been completed with the exception of somejoint Japanese-Canadian cruises. Two specialissues of the journal Deep Sea Research (Volumes42 and 43) have been devoted to the results from

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this process study. A 3rd special issue is comingout soon (Volume 44). The US Synthesis andModelling Plan will be used for data synthesis ofthe US Equatorial Pacific Process Study. Hesuggests that the group plans to meet next yearand bring the Equatorial Pacific Process Study toa closure. He suggests that Equatorial Pacificgroup should be reformed into a SynthesisWorking Group and the membership of the groupshould be changed accordingly.

Recommendation: Murray notified the SSC thathe proposes to plan an EqPAC meeting in early1998 and to suggest a refocusing of the grouptowards synthesis issues.

Indian Ocean Planning Group (Burkill)According to Burkill, no formal meetingof the IOPG had taken place since 1995.Scientific milestones include thecompletion of the fieldwork in the ArabianSea, the publication of two, possibly three,special issues of Deep-Sea Research andCD-ROMs of Indian Ocean research.CDs are now available that include a set ofbiogeochemistry data from TheNetherlands Program, a planned set ofCTD data from the Germany Program,and a planned set of biogeochemistry datafrom the UK Program.

Recommendation: The Indian Ocean project isalmost finished with its fieldwork and Burkillpresented a proposal to replace the group with aSynthesis Group. He plans to disband thePlanning Group by July 1997 (which is the timeof the last cruise). The data from this projectshould go through a proper data managingprocess. This would require that the PIscollaborate to ensure the availability of data on atimely basis.

Recommendation: Burkill suggested holding thenext scientific meeting in India (1999). Plattsuggested that this meeting could be co-ordinatedwith the training course that the SMTT isplanning at about that time (1998). This wouldgive a better chance for financial support, inaddition to demonstrating JGOFS’ concern fortraining and development issues.

Recommendation: Burkill notified the SSC thatplans are underway to assemble an IO ArabianSea Synthesis Meeting in Plymouth (January

1998) and the first meeting of the IO SynthesisWorking Group in Paris (June 1998)

Southern Ocean Planning Group (Priddle)Priddle informed the group about the progress ofthe Southern Ocean Planning Group towardscompleting the fieldwork and synthesis. To date,three special issues of Deep-Sea Research havebeen published and another in preparation. Whilethe last official meeting was in Brest 1995, part ofthe group has met in March 1997 to discuss thenext stages of synthesis. Following the JGOFSModelling Symposium in Oban, the group willmeet to discuss: cataloguing data from SO-JGOFSand other activities, refining the definition ofbiogeochemical provinces within the SouthernOcean, and developing system-specific models.

Recommendation: Priddle requested funding forseveral workshops that would address scientificand synthesis issues of each of the majorAntarctic subsystems.

ACTION: Field asked Priddle to send requestsfor 1998 activities to IPO.

Synthesis plans. JGOFS fieldwork in theSouthern Ocean will continue during thesynthesis phase. Therefore, it is anticipated thatthe transition of the SOPG to analysis andsynthesis must retain links with ongoingprogrammes, includingin situ iron-fertilisation experiments. A strategyfor developing a regional approach to analysis andsynthesis was outlined by Priddle. JGOFS wasasked to fund workshops to produce up-to-datedescriptions of biogeochemical provinces in theSouthern Ocean, based on advances made in bySO JGOFS studies.

Field stated that JGOFS should be able toaccommodate different Planning Groupapproaches from fieldwork to synthesis astimelines and memberships during this transitionphase will certainly differ.

(Executive Officer’s note: Future planning for theSouthern Ocean regional study was addressed bythe SOPG meeting after the modellingsymposium. A series of recommendations werethen forwarded to the International Project Officefor consideration at the October 1997 ExecutiveCommittee meeting. These recommendationsincluded items relating to the regional synthesismentioned above, and presented terms ofreference for the group.)

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ACTION: Lowry asked the SOPG to sendall the information about cruises and datalocation to the IPO, so that the DMTT cankeep track of things. Priddle agreed.

Gross proposed that the SOPG get incontact with GLOBEC for a liaisonmeeting. This group is preparing to startits fieldwork in the Antarctic soon. LaterJGOFS cruises could perhaps go under theGLOBEC shield. Priddle agreed.

7. Science Presentation andDiscussion

IOC-CO2 Panel (Takahashi)Takahashi reported on the ocean CO2 database.He is also preparing an article that will includeCO2 data sets gathered. In order to encourage PIsto submit their data, he will include them asauthors of that article.

JGOFS Synthesis Plan (Platt)Platt mentioned that in phasing insynthesis and modelling activities, aspectrum of models exist for people. Plattsuggested that the SMTT would like to bekept informed about what these groups areplanning by copying emails to Platt orFasham. Lochte felt that it might bebeneficial if an implementation plan wasdeveloped for each regional synthesisgroup. Field suggested that membersfrom Synthesis and Modelling Task Teamcould join in on divergent synthesis stylesproposed by the Planning Groups to helpthem phase into synthesis activities.

JGOFS Legacy (Field)There is a need to focus public attentionupon JGOFS activities and achievements.Field asked for comments on how toproduce a popular article. One could usethe WOCE Newsletter and Global ChangeNewsLetter as models. There is a need tojustify the money spent on scientific work.Lochte suggested a working group to lookat the situation. Willebrand postulatedthat the Villefranche Volume should

reflect JGOFS direction and perhapssocietal interests. He mentioned that thereis a change of attitudes in the scientificcommunity that seems to recognise theneed for better links between scienceoutputs and the needs of society ingeneral. In addition, young scientists seemto need direction. State of art, past andpresent, in the synthesis book would beuseful for scientists. Hanson asked forhighlights in different areas to help shapethe article. This process can sharpen theperspective and provide informativematerial used in the Symposium Book.

JGOFS 5-year plan (field)Field, Ducklow and Hanson are currentlysketching out a timeline, and Field will seekvolunteers to help in drafting a detailed 5-yearplan for the JGOFS Program. This article issuggested to be appended to the Villefranchebook.

8. JGOFS InternationalProject Office: Reporting

Activities

Hanson highlighted some of the majoractivities occurring in the Office over thepast year: IGFA Resource andRequirement Assessment activities, DataManagement Developments, IGBP BookSeries progress and 1997 budget concerns.

IGFA Resource Assessment (Rapley):Rapley talked about the backgroundfor the International Group of FundingAgencies, which did a resourceassessment for Global ChangeResearch. The exercise involvedlooking at how much money was beingspent annually and what research wasbeing pursued in the IGBP program.

Data Management issues (Baliño): The JGOFSIPO homepage was implemented early last year.Highlights: The JGOFS Cruise Inventory is nowimplemented on the web site. It contains a lists ofJGOFS cruises and JGOFS related cruises sincethe start of the fieldwork in 1986. The inventoryholds 654 cruises as of May 1997. Baliño is now

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linking each cruise to its data. There is rathergood coverage for the Atlantic Ocean. About67% of the cruises in the inventory have beenlinked; less links in the other ocean basins, e.g.Pacific: 30%; Indian Ocean: 19% and SouthernOcean: 2%. JGOFS Protocols (Report # 19) wereimplemented on the homepage because of highdemand from users. The document can bebrowsed and downloaded through the internet.For those that do not have access to the web, theIPO can distribute the document on a floppy diskor as a hard copy.

The publication list for JGOFS (Report #18) is being updated. It contains ca. 1200references at this time. Baliño asked chairsof Planning Groups and Task Teams, andNational Committee Chairs to ensure thatreferences be sent to the IPO.

JGOFS posters on research program and scienceare being planned and will be produced withupdated versions over time. In addition, anotherposter will be produced with information aboutJGOFS data management policy, models andproducts. Baliño will present this poster at theOcean Data Management Symposium, which willbe held in Dublin, October 1997.

Stokke covered pertinent administrative issues.

9. JGOFS related meetingsIGBP-DIS/WDC Boulder Workshop (Lowry)Purpose of the workshop was to map linksbetween IGBP core projects and the World DataCenter (WDC). For JGOFS, the Centre of interestis the WDC-A for both oceanographic data, CO2

data at CDIAC (Carbon dioxide Information andAnalysis Centre) and JGOFS benthos data(Paleoclimatology). Lowry negotiated (mentionedbefore) with the Director of this centre, Mr.Sidney Levitus, the long-term archiving of JGOFSdata sets. This workshop also gave insight intothe activities of IGBP-DIS in that they work withlarge data sets, which originate from satellite.They are helping scientists to use these data sets.Several outcomes occurred from the workshop.Participants proposed to adopt the standardDirectory Interchange Format (DIF) when itconcerns metadata. Lowry proposed to implementDIF to major JGOFS data sets, such as a DIF forBODC, NODC, etc. They also proposed to builda dedicated search engine to help locate IGBPdata on the web (Günther is doing this now).Because of this workshop, the WDCs will bebetter linked with IGBP core projects.

OOPC Workshop (Field)Field attended the second meeting of the OceanObserving Panel on Climate (OOPC) whichdefined its objectives. Field noted that there werefew carbon-experts represented on the panel.

IAI-Time Series Workshop (Chile)A recommendation from the workshopemphasises a need for greater co-operationbetween Time-Series Stations in Chile andHawaii. Organisers of the IAI workshop plan todevelop these links in a Phase 2 IAI proposalunder an umbrella common to both time-seriesstations with an aim towards synthesis. Recently,a proposal was submitted to develop data linksamong Pacific Ocean time-series stations and toestablish a time-series station near Easter Island.

GAIM Activities (Rapley)Rapley remarked that there are fourdifferent GAIM models. With GAIM’sreorganisation towards co-operation onregional projects and integration withCore Projects and International ProjectOffices, they hope to develop a newapproach and greater collaboration.

ICES Activities (Field)With an invitation from ICES, a fewJGOFS participants (Fasham (UK),Zeitzschel (GER), Field (RSA), Noji(NOR), and Marra (USA)) attended theAnnual Science Meeting in Iceland lastOctober 1996 and presented papers onlessons learned from international globalocean programs (WOCE and JGOFS) inthe North Atlantic.

10. IGBP Core projects andOther Activities

The Future of Ocean Biogeochemistry afterJGOFSField reported on the SOLAS proposal that waspresented to IGBP and SCOR for review. It wasdetermined that another meeting would be neededto consider this proposal. Field mentioned thatthe proposal required a main question(hypothesis) to connect the sub-hypotheses. Otherreviewers noted that SOLAS was mainly abiogeochemical project and would require morebalance.

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SCOR and IGBP think that with the phasing ofJGOFS fieldwork into synthesis and modelling,what may come after JGOFS has to be timed verycarefully. Rapley says that IGBP core projectswill all end according to their planned timelinesand that the IGBP Secretariat will finalise itspolicy on ending its core projects soon.

Murray stated that one should not wait untilJGOFS is over to present its continuation.Something should be already presented (SOLASis a trial), so that the one will smooth into theother. Platt expressed concerns about SOLASbeing prepared with almost no representationfrom JGOFS SSC. Field agrees that somebodyfrom JGOFS should be in the SOLAS group andthat JGOFS should contribute to itsimplementation plan. Platt suggested that arather small group meet informally to discuss thefuture of JGOFS. There must be some initiativefrom within the SSC group.

Recommendation: Field suggested that a subgroupfrom the SSC be formed to treat this topic andasked the Executive Committee to see theformation of this group. Field said that theSOLAS committee does not exist anymore sincethey finished the proposal. He suggests that anew one should be formed to review the wholething.

Field mentioned that the SOLAS acronym isbeing used for a maritime commission calledSaving of Lives at Sea (SOLAS). A possiblealternative acronym for proposed project isSOLAF (Surface Ocean Layer and AtmosphericFeedbacks).Lochte suggested that this subgroup be chargedwith the synthesis of JGOFS achievements in theplanned volume from the VillefrancheSymposium. It should also highlight the openquestions and pressing topics to be addressed bySOLAF. There should be JGOFS representativeson the SOLAF planning group to present theseviews. Lochte also suggests that this groupshould synthesise JGOFS achievements, writedown the questions that JGOFS has raised, andpresent this information to the next SOLAFmeeting. This would be JGOFS contribution toSOLAF. Field agreed. Platt commented thatJGOFS legacy should be a protocol to watchocean changes due to climatic changes, which iseconomically effected. JGOFS goal of watchingthe ocean to observe indications in structure andfunction change should remain. The SOLAF 2nd

point does not reach this goal. Lochte felt thatthis project might be linked to GOOS.

GLOBEC (Gross)Gross briefly reviewed progress in the planningand implementation of the SCOR/IGBP/IOCGlobal Ocean Ecosystem Dynamics (GLOBEC)program since the last meeting of the JGOFSSSC. This is being carried out under theChairmanship of Dr. Roger Harris (UK), who hadgiven a detailed GLOBEC science presentation tothat meeting. Most importantly, the GLOBECSSC has been reconstituted since the decision ofIGBP to adopt GLOBEC as a Core Project, andthis new SSC held its first meeting in Baltimorein November 1996. This meeting approved thefinal version of the international GLOBECScience Plan which has now been published asIGBP Report 40 and GLOBEC Report No. 9. TheGLOBEC SSC will meet in Plymouth in June1997 and will devote much of its attention overthe coming months to the completion of aninternational Implementation Plan. An advanceddraft of such a plan will be presented at the firstGLOBEC Open Science Meeting in Paris inMarch 1998. Lastly, GLOBEC does not yet havean International Project Office and this lack isseriously hampering the development of theprogram. A bid for UK support of an IPO failedrecently, although other possibilities are beingexplored.

PAGES (Shimmield updates)The NAUSICCA-IMAGES II, a part of theIMAGES programme, is working on two essentialareas: (i) the South African Region and (ii)Southeastern Atlantic Upwelling System. Withthe main objective of recovering giant piston coresof sediment from these areas, the NAUSICCA-IMAGES II cruise took place aboard the FrenchR/V Marion Duffresne between La Réunion (20September 1996) and La Réunion (25 October1996). Representatives from seven countriesparticipated in this cruise. Based on what hasbeen tentatively evaluated onboard, sediments of amaximum age of Early Pleistocene were retrievedfrom the Saldanha Slope near Cape Town. Moregenerally in the Benguella Upwelling System,especially off Lüderitz and Walvis Bay,sedimentary records show high sedimentationrates, up to over 15 cm/ky, which will enable theteam to work to time-resolution of even less than7y/cm.

LUCC/JGOFS Activities (Hall)Hall mentioned that links through CMTT andLOICZ have not been established yet. Rapleystated that an Implementation Plan is beingdrafted, and JGOFS should make early contact.

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START/JGOFS Activities (Hall and Platt)Hall along with Coleen Moloney plans to developan oceanic program with START. It will be done,but nothing concrete yet. Platt mentioned that hedrafted a proposal requesting help from STARTwith a SMTT workshop (India, 1998?).

IGBP Secretariat (Rapley)Rapley gave a brief update on the status of theIGBP. The Programme is maintaining its highreputation with the developing world. Forexample, Vietnam recently established the 75thIGBP National Committee, and it is working tocreate an Indonesia-Chinese regional networkconsisting of Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia,Myanmar and Thailand. Taiwan is keen toprovide secondments to IPOs. The possibility isbeing actively explored.

There is continuing pressure for the Programmeto deliver "goods and services of value to society"in addition to front-ranking science. A new jointproject with WCRP and IHDP on "ClimateVariability Prediction and Agriculture inMonsoon Asia" is a specific response. GCTE'sSynthesis exercise is also seen as very helpful inthis respect.

Accreditation continues to be a problem. AllIGBP participants are urged to ensureacknowledgement of IGBP's role and support inassociated science output. Several recentimportant IGBP-related publications omitted tomention IGBP.

The SC meeting in Norwich was very productive.The entire Programme was reviewed, and was,largely, judged to be making excellent progress.Changes to the GCTE and PAGESImplementation Plans (IP) were approved.START IP was presented and approved. BAHCand GAIM are reviewing and updating their IPs.LUCC and GLOBEC are in the process ofdeveloping their IPs. GAIM is reviewing itsorganisational structure with a view to expandingits remit to include a wider range of activities,including certain types of "Inter Project, e.g., aproposed project with JGOFS on carbon modelintercomparisons".

Liu suggested making contact with GAIM. InVietnam, there was a committee recently formedthat resulted in an Indo-Chinese network. JGOFSshould take advantage of this development.

A three-year fixed cycle of IGBP meetingshas been adopted with SACs and

Congresses scheduled 18 months apart(SAC in November or December of year1, Congress in April or May of year 3).The SC-IGBP will meet in late February,SSCs (other than Congress years) in theMarch or June timeframe, IPOs in latesummer or early autumn, and SC-Officersin early October.

SAC V will be held in Nairobi from the 1st to the8th December this year. It will start with a two-day Policy Forum, followed by a one-day reviewof the IGBP, a one-day set of SAC discussions, ahalf-day National Committees session, and a two-day science Symposium entitled "Living withGlobal Change in Africa". (“Editor’s Note”: SACV was cancelled (September 1997) andrescheduled. The new date is 1-7 September 1998in Nairobi, Kenya)

Recent publications include the 1997 Directory,and the GLOBEC Science Plan. It is intended toproduce a draft of the IGBP 1999-2003 Five-yearplan for consideration at SAC V. A draft contentslist was circulated in November 96, but moredetails will be provided by the Secretariat shortly.

11. Other InternationalPrograms

SCAR/GLOCHANT (Priddle)Priddle reported that this group has beenrestructured to provide a forum for all SCAR,IGBP and WCRP global change programmes withAntarctic interests. Southern Ocean interannualvariability has been proposed as a focus forcollaboration between SCOR, SCAR and otherbodies involved in oceanographic studies in theregion.

IASC/Bering (BESIS) and Barents (BASIS) SeasImpact Study (Sakshaug)Sakshaug mentioned a BESIS/BASIS Modellingmeeting that showed large-scale modellingactivities. These are interesting programs withlinks to both GLOBEC and JGOFS.

JGOOS (Hall)Hall mentioned that JGOOS held a workshopearlier in the year to review the content and focusfor a coastal component for GOOS. A JGOOSCoastal Panel will be formed soon. JGOOS wants

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more involvement of users with interests in theidentification and review of remote technologies.

CRP/CLIVAR (Willebrand)Willebrand mentioned that WCRP/CLIVAR(Climate Variability and Predictability) wasinitiated by the Joint Scientific Committee of theWCRP and has three foci. The first focus(CLIVAR-GOALS) addresses ENSO, monsoon-interaction and seasonal predictability; secondfocus (CLIVAR-DECCEN) addresses decadal andcentennial natural climate variability; and thirdfocus (CLIVAR-ACC) addresses modelling ofanthropogenically induced climate change.

CEOS (Platt)Platt reported on the activities of CEOS.A small group within CEOS hasdesignated 6 projects, which willdemonstrate usefulness of RemoteSensing, Long-term Time-series, andOcean Colour.

WOCE (Willebrand)Willebrand mentioned that theobservational phase of WOCE isscheduled to end this year. The analysis,interpretation and modelling phases willcontinue for another 4 years. However,national funding for the analysis phase hasbeen problematic in many countries.

12. Other JGOFS Business

There were several places suggested for the nextSSC meeting. Field proposed the next meeting bein Cape Town, South Africa, since it will be theend of his term as Chairman. An alternativeplace would be in Bergen, concatenate with theData Management and Synthesis Workshop. Itwas also suggested that Task Teams could holdjoint meeting with GLOBEC Open ScienceMeeting in March 1998. This period is a bit earlyfor the SSC, as April or May are usually themonths when the SSC meet.

Field then thanked those members rotating offSSC this year. They are K.-K. Liu, André Morel,Taro Takahashi, Karin Lochte and GrahamShimmield. Rapley offered a special thanks to allthose rotating off for their service on the SSC.Their personal efforts are greatly appreciated.Gross also noted that this was the 10th yearAnniversary of JGOFS since it began in 1987, and

then noted the three significant JGOFS phasesthat paralleled its three leaders.

Field announced the 12th Meeting of the ScientificSteering Committee adjourned at 18.00 on the19th of May 1997.

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Minutes of the JGOFS NORTH PACIFIC TASK TEAM MeetingPusan, Korea, 16 & 19 October 1997

PresentMembers: Alexander Bychkov (Co-chair),Toshiro Saino (Co-chair), Chen-Tung Chen, KenDenman, Steve Emerson, Bruce Frost, Nianzhi Jiaoand Kyung-Ryul Kim;

Guests: Robert Bidigare (ALOHA, USA),Robin Brown (TCODE/PICES, Canada), RichardFeely (PMEL/NOAA, USA), Howard Freeland(POC/PICES, Canada), Paul Harrison (PAPA,Canada), Masashi Kusakabe (JAMSTEC, Japan),Allen Macklin (AFSC/NOAA, USA), YukihiroNojiri (KNOT, Japan), Ian Perry (CCCC/PICES,Canada), Sei-Ichi Saitoh (OCTS/ADEOS, Japan),Nobuo Suginohara (SAGE, Japan), Bruce Taft(WG9/PICES, USA), Shizuo Tsunogai (Japan,invited scientific presentation)

Welcome & Opening remarksDr. A. Bychkov opened the meeting onThursday, 16 October, at 0900, andwelcomed NPTT members and guests whohad taken time to join the meeting. Hedirected a special thanks to the JGOFS IPOand North Pacific Marine ScienceOrganization (PICES) for the sponsorship,and to Korean colleagues for the effortsthey had put into organising the meeting.

Dr. Bychkov outlined the objectives of the meeting(to review the present status of ongoing and futurenational and international programs related toJGOFS, to identify areas for cooperative efforts inthe North Pacific and adjacent marginal seas, todiscuss mechanisms for coordinating fieldprogram, and plan NPTT activities for 1997-1998)and significant issues for discussion. He reviewedthe agenda, circulated prior to the meeting, andasked for changes and additions. Absent from themeeting were Drs. T. Yoshida (JMA) and S. Riser(Univ. Washington) who had sent visuals to Dr.Bychkov. Drs. K.-R. Kim and C.-T. Chen wouldnot arrive until the late afternoon, requiring thattheir presentations be rescheduled. After therecommended changes were incorporated, theagenda was approved (Appendix 1). Dr. KenDenman was appointed as a rapporteur.

Dr. Bychkov briefly reviewed the history of theJGOFS NPTT and provided a Task Team progress

report. The JGOFS SSC made a decision to set upthe NPTT in April 1996 (Bad-Munstereifel,Germany), recognizing the lack of JGOFS processstudies in the subarctic North Pacific, a region ofsignificance as a sink for anthropogenic carbondioxide. In September 1996, the JGOFS ExecutiveCommittee (Bergen, Norway) approved the Termsor Reference and appointed 7 members to the newTask Team. The first NPTT meeting was held inNovember 1996 in conjunction with theInternational Symposium on BiogeochemicalProcesses in the North Pacific (Mutsu, Japan),thanks to the efforts of Prof. Shizuo Tsunogai andgenerous sponsorship from the Japan MarineScience Foundation. At the meeting the Terms ofReference were revised and changes to the TORand membership of the NPTT were recommended.In May 1997, the JGOFS SSC (Oban, Scotland)approved the suggested changes and appointed 3new requested members for the Task Team. TheSSC also tasked the NPTT with developing aSummary of scientific JGOFS-related programs inthe North Pacific for submission to the SSC at itsnext annual meeting scheduled for May 1998. Dr.Bychkov announced that joint efforts of the NPTTand Japanese JGOFS resulted in the approval of theKyodo North Pacific Ocean Time Series (KNOT)station in the western North Pacific (44°N, 155°E)(Fig. 1a) by

the Science and Technology Agency of Japan, andthis is, undoubtedly, the major achievement sincethe first NPTT meeting.

Summary of presentationsThe following is a summary of the reports of thevarious speakers with the titles listed in the agenda.The summary emphasizes points relevant to theplanning and activities of the NPTT.

October 16, 1997

JGOFS-related activities in the subarcticPacific and marginal seas

Dr. S. Tsunogai (Hokkaido University,Japan) introduced a term “the potentialanthropogenic CO2 sink capacity”, definedas the expected amount of CO2 absorbed byseawater when all the nutrients contained

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are transformed to the organic matter. Theamount of preformed PO4 in the N. Pacificis greater than that in the N. Atlantic,making the potential chemical capacity foruptake of anthropogenic CO2 in the N.Pacific greater than commonly known. Hepresented new estimates of the potentialcapacity of the N. Pacific by consideringfour processes:

(1) the formation of the North PacificIntermediate Water in the northwesternNorth Pacific occupying the layer downto about 1000 m with a residence timeof a few tens to one hundred years;

(2) the continental shelf pump providing thedense water which contains more totalcarbonate and supplying it to thesubsurface layer of the open ocean;

(3) the gas exchange process in the highlatitudes where the gas transfer velocity,being accelerated by bubbles, is largerthan that accepted at present by themajority of scientists in this field;

(4) the abundant silica controlling theecosystem by producing larger particlessinking into the abyssal with higherspeeds and larger organic-C/carbonate-C ratios in the western North Pacific.

All these processes indicate the peculiar andimportant role of the North Pacific,especially its western part, as theanthropogenic CO2.sink, and seem to beoverlooked or underestimated by thepresent modellers giving smaller values forthe oceanic CO2 uptake.

Providing comments to this presentationDr. S. Emerson mentioned that the physicalpotential may be limiting because of theabsence of deep convection in the N.Pacific beyond that associated with theNorth Pacific Intermediate Waterformation.

B. Frost (Univ. Washington, USA) reviewed the USplans for JGOFS synthesis and modelling in the N.Pacific. He had expected a funding decision bynow on the first round of activities, but thatdecision has been delayed pending decisions onnext year’s federal budget. His presentation wasthus based on planning information contained inthe US JGOFS Newsletter Vol. 7 (3, 4), Vol. 8 (3)and at US JGOFS home page(http://www1.whoi.edu/jgofs.htm). The US JGOFSprogram consisted of the following elements:

- the CO2 survey- time series studies- process studies in the N. Atlantic, the

Equatorial Pacific, the Arabian Sea, andcurrently the Southern Ocean

- synthesis and modelling to describe therole of oceanic

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Figure 1. Japanese North Pacific Study: Cruises and stations.

processes in the global carbon cycle- satellite color analysis- data management

Two synthesis and modelling workshopshave been held: in August 1996 where animplementation plan was drafted(published in February 1997), and in July1997 which focussed on modelling timeseries observations. The US synthesis andmodelling phase is designed to support thetwo main JGOFS goals, to understand theoceanic carbon cycle and to develop thecapability to predict future change in theoceanic carbon cycle, and will focus on 3areas:

- global and regional mass balances- mechanistic controls of local C mass balances- extrapolation and prediction.

Subarctic PacificDr. Y. Nojiri (National Institute forEnvironmental Studies, Japan) reviewedprogress on the Japan/Canada monitoringprogram carried out aboard the merchantship Skaugran. This 5-year projectcommenced in March 1995 and consists ofrepeated east/westward transects (8-9round trips per year with 6 weeksintervals) between Japan to NorthAmerica. The ship route from Vancouver

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to Japan is the great circle route crossingthe Gulf of Alaska, the southern BeringSea and the western subarctic Pacific,whereas that from Japan to North Americafluctuates in a latitudinal band between35°N and 52°N, according to the port ofdestination (Fig. 1b) The project’s goalsare (1) to monitor the spatial and temporalvariations of sea surface delta fCO2 andrelated meteorological and biogeochemicalparameters in the northern N. Pacific and(2) to understand factors controlling theatmosphere/ocean CO2 exchange in thisregion. Partial pressure of CO2 in the airand seawater, temperature, salinity, chl.-afluorescence are monitored continuouslyand logged in computer. Samples fornutrients, dissolved inorganic carbon,alkalinity, pigments, aerosols, calcium,selenium, etc. are taken every six hours.The Skaugran program is funded underthe Agreement on Cooperation in Scienceand Technology between the Governmentof Japan and Canada, and principalinvestigators are Dr. Yukihiro Nojiri fromthe National Institute for EnvironmentalStudies (Japan) and Dr. C.S. Wong fromthe Institute of Ocean Sciences (Canada).

Dr. Nojiri presented results from repeatedtransects and annual time series fromseveral regions. About 20 round tripshave been made between March 1995 andSeptember 1997. In the northwesternsubarctic Pacific, clear seasonality in deltafCO2 (fCO2 in sea – fCO2 in air) wasobserved, showing low delta fCO2 fromMay to December and high delta fCO2

from January to April. In the Bering Sea,delta fCO2 minimum in summer andmaximum in winter were revealed. Thelargest peak to peak amplitude in deltafCO2 was recorded in western region ofthe Gulf of Alaska, where extraordinarylow fCO2 of 220 µatm was found in the 5degree longitude zonal average in June1995. In the middle of the Gulf of Alaska,the seasonal variation in delta fCO2 wasvery small. The two and a half year

integration of the fCO2 data and on boardrecorded wind velocity suggested the netCO2 sink of 0.3 GtC/y in the latitudinalzone north of 35°N. However, the datainclude uncertainty, especially due to theincomplete seasonal coverage in the lowlatitude zone (35-40°N°).

Dr. M. Kusakabe (JAMSTEC, Japan) presented aJapan Marine Science and Technology Centerresearch plan on Biogeochemical study of thenorthern North Pacific and its adjacent seas.Major goals of this study are (1) to assess thespatial and temporal variations of theatmosphere/ocean CO2 flux and verticalparticulate biogenic fluxes; (2) to understandmechanisms controlling the biological pump andits role in the carbon cycle; (3) to clarify transportprocesses of dissolved materials in conjunctionwith the intermediate water formation; and (4) todetermine the past changes in the oceanicenvironment from the records in sediments.Observations include deployment of sedimenttraps at three or more stations and repeated CTDand sampling lines (Fig. 1a). Analysis areplanning in the following areas: air-seainteraction (continuous pCO2, TCO2, bottle pH,carbonate species, meteorological parameters andgas exchange coefficients), biological activity(primary production, 13C isotopes, chlorophyll,trace metals (Fe, Cu, etc) in seawater and air);material transport (dissolved and particulatematter from the sediment traps, 14C in seawater,radioisotopes: 234Th (particles), 226Ra (mixing),228Ra (terrestrial)); and paleoceanography(sedimentation rates from C and O isotopes,biomarkers in sediments for organic matter, and Tand S from O isotopes).

The new research vessel Mirai (meansFuture in Japanese), capable for winteroperations in the high latitude (length of130 m, gross tonnage of 8600 tons,service speed of 16 knots and capacity for28 researchers and 18 technicians), will beused for the field campaign. Completed inOctober 1997, she will go through a yearof test shakedown cruises and willundertake her first biogeochemical cruisein October 1998. Beginning in 1999, atleast two months a year of ship time willbe allocated to this study, which isexpected to last a minimum of five years.From 1998 the program will be open to

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Japanese scientists from universities andnational research institutes and limitedopportunities for foreign scientists,especially those from institutions withcooperative agreement with JAMSTEC.

Dr. S.I. Saitoh (Hokkaido University, Japan)reviewed activities with satellite remote sensing ofocean color in the subarctic N. Pacific,emphasizing the importance to gather sea-truthdata simultaneously with satellite observations todevelop and validate bio-optical algorithms fromthis area. His group is comparing color serieswith in situ sampling from four sites in thewestern N. Pacific. The OCTS (Ocean Color andTemperature Scanner) on ADEOS was launchedin August 17, 1996 and provided 8 months ofimages, but died in June 1997. The US SeaWiFS(Sea-viewing Wide Field-of-view Sensor) onSeaSTAR which was launched August 1, 1997 formonitoring the marine environment, especiallyprimary production, in the subarctic North PacificOcean. Hokkaido University started receivingand archiving SeaWiFS images for the western N.Pacific on 29 September 1997. Dr. Saitohpresented some results on temporal and spatialvariability of phytoplankton pigmentconcentration in the Japan and Okhotsk Seas,using the CZCS (Coastal Zone Color Scanner)monthly mean data sets. Future missions includeMODIS (MODerate resolution ImagingSpectroradiometer) on EOS-AM in 1998 and GLI(Global Imager) on ADEOS-2 in 1999. They alsoplan to start in 1998 a cruise, repeated each yearfor 5 years, along a track over the N. Pacificreaching Seattle.

Dr. T. Yoshida (Japanese MeteorologicalAgency) provided information presentedby Dr. A. Bychkov. The JMA’s objectiveis to monitor the state of the ocean andunderstand the mechanisms responsible foroceanic variability on various time scales,with an emphasis on greenhouse gases.The JMA has been making a variety ofobservations from hourly at the tidal andmeteorological stations to seasonal andannual onboard research vessels. Theseoceanographic activities are carried out inthe Climate and Marine Department ofJMA Headquarters in Tokyo, at fourMarine Observatories in Hakodate, Kobe,Nagasaki and Maizuru and at the

Meteorological Research Institute (MRI)in Tsukuba. The Agency also operates theWMO World Data Centre for GreenhouseGases (WDCGC), which collects andanalyses greenhouse gas data in the world.

To contribute to the understanding of the roles ofthe western N. Pacific in the climate systemoceanographic observations along 137°E fromnear the equator (3°N) to the Japanese coast(33°N) has been performed on a routine basissince 1967 in winter and 1972 in summer.Measurements of oceanic and atmospheric CO2

along this line, started in 1981. In 1989, the JMAinitiated operational monitoring of greenhousegases (carbon dioxide, methane,chlorofluorocarbons and nitrous oxide) in themarine air and sea surface water, and in 1992, theobservation of these gases was extended to deeplayers of the oceans. In 1994, to estimate theaccumulation of carbon dioxide in the oceans, theJMA started observing organic substances(dissolved organic carbon and dissolved organicnitrogen) in seawater. In 1996 the Agencycommenced making measurements (includinggreenhouse gases monitoring) along 165°E, from50°N to 7°S, and carried them out twice, in April-June and in October-December. The JMA isplanning CO2/greenhouse gases observation alonglines 144°E, 147°E, and 152°E as a part of theSubarctic Gyre Experiment (SAGE), which hasbeen started in 1997. Besides the north-southlines in the western North Pacific, observationsare conducted four times a year along five lineswhich traverse major ocean currents in the seasadjacent to Japan. The JMA also operates threemoored ocean (meteorological and oceanographicobservations) data buoys in the Japan Sea, EastChina Sea and south of Japan. Data are reportedto JMA via GMS and distributed to the worldcommunity through the GlobalTelecommunication System (GTS).

Some results on spatial pCO2 variations along137°E and 165°E and temporal pCO2 variationsalong 137°E were presented. Dr. K. Denmanmentioned that the reported increase in oceanicpCO2 along 137°E, at a rate of 1.8 µatm/yr northof 15°N and 0.65 µatm/yr south of 15°N iscomparable with 2.0 µatm/yr growth along theouter half of line P (C.S. Wong, Canada, personalcommunication). This presentation followed by adiscussion on the JMA involvement in the NorthPacific Process Study and NPTT activities.

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Bering Sea

A. Macklin (Alaska Fisheries Science Center,NOAA, U.S.A) described two Bering Sea researchprojects funded by the U.S. National Oceanic andAtmospheric Administration (NOAA) CoastalOcean Program. The projects are Bering SeaFisheries-Oceanography CoordinatedInvestigations (BS FOCI) and Southeast BeringSea Carrying Capacity (SEBSCC). They are ofinterest to the JGOFS community primarily fortheir monitoring and modeling components thatprovide information on physical oceanographyand meteorology, abundance and distribution ofnutrients, primary and secondary productivity.

The BS FOCI, 7-year program completed30 September 1997, had a WalleyePollock focus with moorings givingvertical profiles of ADCP currents andchlorophyll absorption. Major findings,resulted from analysis of satellite altimetry,trajectories from over 100 satellite-trackeddrift buoys, development of a circulationmodel, and atmospheric studies, includevariability in forcing from the N. Pacific,identification of a new current, the NorthAleutian Slope Flow, and detection ofmesoscale features such as eddies that areimportant to transport and shelf/slopeexchange. S. Bollens (WHOI) developeda coupled 1D physical biological modelthat, consistent with observations,indicated zooplankton over the continentalslope would starve and required onshoretransport for survival. Severaltechnological achievements by the project,such as in situ chlorophyll absorptionmeters for use on moorings and modifiedequatorial surface moorings with standardmeteorological and at-depthoceanographic sensors, biological sensorsfor chlorophyll and photosyntheticallyactive radiation, and ADCP for oceanvelocity and zooplankton abundanceestimates, are of interest to JGOFS. Asummary of FOCI will appear in theupcoming PICES volume on the BeringSea and is available through the FOCIHome Page athttp://www.pmel.noaa.gov/foci/.

The SEBSCC program will focus on therole of juvenile pollock in the slope/shelfecosystem and will have an ecosystem,management orientation. The six-yearproject (1996-2001) is jointly managed bythe University of Alaska, the AlaskaFisheries Science Center, and the PacificMarine Environmental Laboratory.Researches relevant to JGOFS includemonitoring from biophysical platforms inconjunction with measurements ofnutrients, primary and secondaryproductivity, isotopic and biomarkercomposition of sinking organic matterfrom sediment traps, and a corningcomponenet. Further information can befound on the NOAA Bering Sea/NorthPacific home page(http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/bering/), and adata inventory for the Bering Sea is beingdeveloped with PICES.

Okhotsk Sea

Dr. S. Riser (Univ. of Washington, USA)provided Dr. A. Bychkov with a summary ofinternational cooperative studies in the Sea ofOkhotsk. Because of harsh environmentalconditions and political limitations, the OkhotskSea has traditionally been a difficult venue forresearch by non-Russian scientists. In recentyears this situation has improved somewhat, andthere is hope that further international cooperativeresearch programs will take place in the nearfuture. Two JGOFS-related expeditions werecarried out recently. In 1994 a Russia-CanadaWOCE cruise completed 35 stations along anabbreviated line P1 and in 1995 a Russia – USAcruise completed 184 CTD stations in the Sea ofOkhotsk. Both of these cooperative ventures werehighly successful and provided new scientificresults concerning the Okhotsk Sea as well asfostering a spirit of international cooperation.

A number of cooperative ventures in theOkhotsk Sea are now underway andcontinuing. As examples, (1) theHokkaido University has cooperated withRussian colleagues in recent years tocontinue to maintain a meteorologicalstation on Sakhalin Island; (2) a numberof Japanese scientists from the HokkaidoCentral Fisheries Experimental Station and

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their Russian colleagues from the SakhalinResearch Institute of Fisheries andOceanography have continued to carry outa cooperative study of the flow throughSoya (La Perouse) strait.

Plans are presently being made for a 3-year joint Russian-Japanese-UScooperative study of the Okhotsk Seabeginning in the summer of 1998 andinvolving scientists from the HokkaidoUniversity and JAMSTEC (Japan), Far-Eastern Regional HydrometeorologicalResearch Institute and PacificOceanological Institute (Russia), andUniversity of Washington and ScrippsInstitute of Oceanography (USA).Proposals for this program have beenwritten and submitted in all threecountries, and funding from the Scienceand Technology Agency of Japan wasgranted, and approval from two othergovernments is now awaited.

Project goals: (i) to Okhotsk Sea in theregion east of Sakhalin Island and north ofthe Kurile Islands, and the region in andaround Bussol’ Strait; determine thecharacteristics of dense water formed inthe Okhotsk Sea in winter and itsconnection to NPIW; (ii) to examine thepathway between dense water formationregions in the north of the Okhotsk Seaand the Kurile Straits and North Pacific inthe south; (iii) to quantify the nature ofthe exchange between the Okhotsk Seaand North Pacific. Observations include:

1. 3 current meter and 4 pressuregauge moorings in Bussol’ Strait,to be deployed in summer of 1998to be recovered in the summers of1999 and 2000

2. current meter moorings in the East SakhalinCurrent between 46°N and 54°N, to bedeployed in summer of 1998 and recovered insummer of 1999

3. CTD and chemical surveys with core JGOFSmeasurements in the vicinity of the Bussol’

Strait and north between 1000 m isobath andSakhalin Island in the summers of 1998 and1999

4. sediment core sampling along SakhalinIsland in summer of 1998

5. meteorological observations usingweather balloons along Sakhalin Islandin summer of 1998.

Japan/East Sea

Dr. A. Bychkov (PICES) reviewed theCirculation Research of the East AsianMarginal Seas (CREAMS) programstarted in 1993 as a joint venuebetween Japan, Korea and Russiainvolving scientists from the SeoulNational University and KORDI(Korea); Research Institute forApplied Mechanics, Kyushu University(Japan); and Far-Eastern RegionalHydrometeorological ResearchInstitute (Russia).. CREAMS-I wascompleted in 1997 and followed byCREAMS-II beginning in 1998 foranother 5 years. An intensiveobservation program includingsimultaneous multi-ship surveys anddeployment of current meters, surfacedrifters, PALACE floats and mooringsin the entire Japan/East Sea is plannedin 1999-2000. Primary contacts areDr. Kuh Kim(kuhkim@ocean.snu.ac.kr), Dr.Masaki Takematsu (i79493a@kyu-cc.cc.kyushu-u.ac.jp) and Dr. YuriVolkov (hydromet@online.ru

Project Goals are

1. to understand the circulation of coldwater in the Japan/East Sea (JES) andthe dynamics of the path of theTsushima Current;

2. to clarify the structure of the deep waters andmeso-scale variations of properties andcurrents;

3. to relate the interior properties of the JES tothe boundary conditions;

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4. to forecast short- and long-term changes ofthe JES environment.

Plan for the U.S.A. participation in the programwas adopted recently by the Office of NavalResearch.

Dr. S. Riser (U. Washington, USA) provided A.Bychkov with an update of US plans forparticipation in the CREAMS program.Proposals for the US CREAMS were submitted inJuly 1997 and funded programs were announcedin October 1997. The Office of Naval Research(USA) allocated about $12M spread out over 5years and 12 scientific projects. The USCREAMS Project Office headed by Dr. StephenRiser will be organized at the Univ. ofWashington campus. List of US-CREAMSprojects include

(1) Satellite characterization of bio-optical and thermal variability in theJES (Bob Arnone, Naval ResearchLab.);

(2) Atmospheric forcing and its spatialvariability over the JES (Bob Beardsley,WHOI);

(3) The upper-layer circulation of the JES:historical data analysis (Amy Bower,WHOI);

(4) Studies of the physical and biologicalprocesses in the JES using couplednumerical models (Carol-Anne Clayson,Purdue Univ.);

(5) Glider surveys of the JES circulation(Chariles Eriksen, Univ. of Washington);

(6) JES dynamics using numerical models with1/8 to 1/64 degree (Harley Hurlburt, NavalResearch Lab.);

(7) Physical and optical structures in the upperocean of the JES (Craig Lee, University ofWashington, and Kenneth Brink, WHOI);

(8) Optical properties as tracers of water massstructure and circulation patterns in the JES(Greg Mitchell, SIO);

(9) Modeling support for CREAMS: oceanicand atmospheric mesoscale circulation andmarine ecosystem simulations of the JES(Christopher Mooers and Shuyi Chen, Univ.of Miami);

(10)Wind forcing of currents in the JES(Peter Niiler, SIO);

(11) Observations of upper ocean hydrographyand currents in the JES using PALACEfloats (Stephen Riser, Univ. of Washington);

(12) Hydrographic measurements in support ofJES circulation, ventilation, and frontalprocess studies (Lynne Talley, SIO);

(13) Shallow and deep current variability in thesouthwestern JES (Randy Watts and MarkWimbush, Univ. of Rhode Island);

Dr. K.R. Kim (Seoul National University, Korea)reviewed results to date from the CirculationResearch of East Asian Marginal Seas(CREAMS) program. They have found highpCO2 – high nutrient correlations, indicative ofbiological production affecting pCO2

concentrations. Calculations of annual cycles inpCO2 were presented for 3 cases: (i) solubilityeffects of changes in SST only, (ii) inclusion ofair-sea gas transfers, and (iii) inclusion of thebiological pump. Some areas along the transectswere deeply undersaturated with respect toatmospheric pCO2 concentrations. CFC-11profiles showed penetration all the way to thebottom.

Dr. C.-T. Chen (National Sun Yat-SenUniversity, China-Taipei) presentedprogress on determining stagnation of theJapan/East Sea deep water, work donecooperatively with A. Bychkov and K.R.Kim. It has been known for some timethat there exist decade scale changes in theJapan/East Sea water properties. For thefirst time this fact was mentioned by Gamoand Horibe while they examined Japanesedata collected during 1969-1984. Authorshave extended the period of observationsin both directions by adding a few jointRussian cruises with Taiwanese (KEEP-MASS, 1992), US (University ofWashington, 1995), Japanese(Environmental Agency, 1995) andKorean (CREAMS, 1996) colleagues and,in an attempt to see how far this trendcould be followed backwards, historicalRussian data from the beginning of 50’s.An 0.07°C increase in the potentialtemperature below 2000 m is observedfrom 1950 to 1996, but temperature scaleshave been changed. A deepening of theoxygen minimum layer from less than1000 m in the late 60’s to below 1500 min 1996, and a decrease in the oxygenconcentrations of the JSBW by 20µmol/kg for the same period werereported. Observations suggest that thedepth of the oxygen minimum layer andthe oxygen concentration in the bottom

41

layer have been continuously decreasingsince the 1950’s. In addition it is quitecertain that the thickness of the adiabaticBottom Water has decreased by by morethan 1500 m for the same period. Thephosphate concentrations in the bottomlayer have been increasing byapproximately 0.4 µmol/kg from 1950’s.Identifiable long-term changes were alsofound for silicate and normalized totalalkalinity. To determine if these changesare real stations from the Sea of Okhotsk,occupied on the same cruises, wereexamined. No systematic trends areobserved, indicating that the observedtrends in the deep Japan/East Sea are real,and this stagnation started at least as earlyas 1950 and is continuing. It has beenreported that the Japan/East Sea wasanoxic during the last glacial period anddid not become oxic until early inHolocene. If stagnation continues withthe current speed, the Japan/East Seacould become anoxic below 2000 mbetween 180 and 530 years from now.There are indications that interdecadalvariability of the Japan Sea waterproperties resulted from changes indeep/bottom water ventilation, possiblybecause winter storms have been lesssevere. Some speculations were proposedon what is the cause for these changes: anatural variation/oscillation or a specialphenomenon reflected global changes inregional scale?

East China Sea

Dr. S. Tsunogai (Hokkaido University,Japan) presented results obtained underMASFLEX, a joint China – Japan study inthe East China Sea. Along a transect fromOkinawa to the mouth of the YangtzeRiver, the coastal region is highlyundersaturated (~60 µatm) in March, andslightly oversaturated in August.Observations indicated the following

mechanism for the absorption ofatmospheric CO2: (i) surface watercooling, induced by the heat loss,produces denser water and accelerates theabsorption of CO2 in the shelf zone; (ii)organic particles are decomposed on theshallow bottom, making bottom water richin dissolved inorganic carbonate; (iii)isopycnal mixing transports the carbonatefrom the coastal sea into the subsurfacelayer of the open oceans. A new term,Continental Shelf Pump, was proposed forthis mechanism. The continental shelfpump accounts for the net oceanic uptakeof carbon dioxide of 1 Gt C/yr, if theworld continental shelf zone absorbs theatmospheric CO2 with a rate observed inthe East China Sea (40 gC m-1 y-1).

Dr. C.T. Chen (National Sun Yat-Sen University,China-Taipei) reviewed activities and results ofthe Kuroshio Edge Exchange Processes (KEEP)project. This multidisciplinary study of thebiogeochemical cycle of carbon and associatedelements in the East China Sea has provided anextensive database for the area and discoveredmany important phenomena since its inception in1989. The program was initiated and supportedby the National Science Council, because it wasnot known what supported such productivefisheries in low nutrient waters. The KEEPproject has completed two phases (KEEP-I andKEEP-II) which lasted for 5 and 3 years,respectively, and is now in the third phase(KEEP-III). Initially there were 30-40 principalinvestigators, now 12. It is still the main JGOFSrelated project in China-Taipei.

Observations include almost monthly sections forstandard hydrographic variables, pH, Alk, TCO2,heavy metals and aerosol fluxes, and pCO2 whenpossible. They discovered a nearly permanentupwelling eddy off the north east corner ofTaiwan on the inner boundary of the Kuroshio,with horizontal currents often reaching 70-80cm/s. The eddy was observable down to 200 m,and is responsible for a nitrate influx to the EastChina Sea shelf from the Kuroshio intermediatewater at depths of ~600 m. Budget calculationsfor the area indicate that even for phosphate,rivers supply less than 10% of the influx to theEast China Sea, the majority coming fromupwelling from the deep Kuroshio. Comparativestudies indicate that shelf drainage of waters inthe Sea of Okhotsk and the Bering Sea takesexcess CO2 into the interior of the open ocean, but

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there is trapping of deep waters in the Sea ofJapan, the East China and South China Seas.

KEEP III (1997-2000) has goals:- to determine the water budget of the East

China Sea- to determine the export flux of carbon- to determine inventories and spatial

distributions of key elements- to quantify the lateral export flux in the South

Okinawa Trough- to quantify food chain dynamics

Participants of the KEEP-III are organizedinto three major groups: particulate plumetransport, euphotic zone dynamics, andbenthic dynamics. The particulate plumegroup concentrates on the southernOkinawa Trough. The investigators willdeploy sediment traps and collect large-volume seawater samples for thedetermination of trace metals and particle-reactive radionuclides. More accuratematerial transport through the southernOkinawa Trough may be estimated fromthese measurements together with directmeasurements of current velocities. Theeuphotic zone group will designbiogeochemical cruises to sample thediverse biological and chemical regimes inthe shelf and slope region of the EastChina Sea. Inventories of and exchangerates among the different components ofthe lower food chain will be estimated inorder to delineate the role of biologicalprocesses in the carbon cycle in the EastChina Sea. The benthic group will collectcores from the East China Sea and theTaiwan Strait. The sedimentation ratesand sediment mixing rates in these areaswill be determined from the distribution ofmultiple tracers (210Pb, 239,240Pu, 137Cs etc.)in these cores. The information may thenbe used for estimating the removal ofcarbon by burial in the carbon budgets.

The publications and data originated fromthe KEEP project can be found at our website (http://keep.oc.ntu.edu.tw) and in theforthcoming special issue of ContinentalShelf Research.

Dr. N. Jiao (Institute of Oceanology, China-Beijing) described JGOFS activities in Chinastarted in 1991. Fourteen institutions from theChinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), theNational Education Committee (NEC), and theState Ocean Administration Bureau (SOA) areinvolved in JGOFS activities, thus forming thelargest scientific program in the history of marinescience in China both in terms of funding andduration. The major sponsor for JGOFS projectsis the National Natural Science Foundation ofChina (NSFC).

Specific topics studied in the CN-JGOFSprojects include circulation and watermass activities, vertical and horizontalfluxes of inorganic and organic matters,transport and transformation of carbonand other materials, sedimentaryproperties of different particles andevolutionary patterns of theirconsequences; estimation of the budget ofcarbon dioxide and other green housegases, estimation of the capability ofcarbon fixation; nutrients dynamics andtheir controlling mechanism; distributionof phytoplankton pigments, cellabundance, zooplankton biomass and non-living particulate organic matter;population interactions among differentorganisms, biomass spectra and their rolesin the marine food web and carbon fluxes;biological production processes and theircontrolling mechanisms; and physicallinkages for primary and secondaryproductivity; in addition, the application ofremote sensing to ocean flux, andphysical-biological coupling andmodelling.

The main geographical location for CN-JGOFS studies is the East China Sea withspecial focuses on some particular areassuch as the estuary of Yangtze River, thecold eddy, Kuroshio Current and OkinawaTrough. Other sites include the YellowSea, Bohai Sea, Taiwan Strait and SouthChina Sea.

A few JGOFS projects were accomplishedrecently or are under way:(1) Margin Flux in the East China Sea

(MFLECS) – Chinese input to the joint

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program with Japan on the Material Flux inthe East China Sea (MAFLECS) (1992-1995);

(2) Processes of biological production in theestuary of Changjiang River and adjacentwaters (1993-1995);

(3) Studies on the fluxes of carbon andassociated biogenic elements in the TaiwanStrait (1993-1996);

(4) The exchange of water and nutrientsbetween shelf and the Kuroshio in the EastChina Sea (1994-1996);

(5) Key Processes of Ocean Flux in the EastChina Sea (POFLECS) (1996-1999).

The major results from the completed CN-JGOFSprojects include:

(i) The East China Sea serves as a sink forCO2 with 7.2 million tons of carbonabsorbed annually by the ocean

(ii) Phytoplankton plays a key role in verticalflux of carbon in the East China Sea

(iii) Fine materials are transported fromYangtze River mouth to the OkinawaTrough mainly by vertical circulationdriven by the winter monsoon

(iv) Particulate material transported to theOkinawa Trough is about 10-15 milliontons each year

A new 4-year program on Biogeochemicalprocesses of biogenic elements in the TaiwanStrait was started in January 1997 as the NSFCproject (contact Dr. Huasheng Hong,hshong@xmu.edu.cn) and two programs wereproposed to begin later this year: (i) Land-Oceaninteractions near the Yangtze river mouth (1998-2001) supported by the NSFC; and (ii) Land-Ocean interactions in China Seas and theirimpacts on marine environment (1997-2000)supported by the CAS

International collaborations are activelybeing carried out at both the project leveland the level of scientists-exchange formany projects.

October 19, 1997

Time-series observations in the NorthPacific

Dr. R. Feely (Pacific Marine EnvironmentalLab/NOAA, USA) described the oceanic CO2

program of NOAA, whose goal is to understandthe role of oceanic sources and sinks indetermining atmospheric CO2 concentrations. Hereviewed the CO2 intercomparison work. TheQuality Assurance Project consists of: four majorefforts:(1) distribution and daily shipboard

analyses of reference materials(dissolved inorganic carbonthroughout the project, andalkalinity and pH during the last 2years) directed by Dr. A. Dicksonof SIO;

(2) laboratory intercomparisons offCO2 methodology by Dr. A.Dickson of SIO;

(3) collection of replicate samplesand shore-based analyses by Dr. C.Keeling of SIO; and

(4) intercomparisons of samplescollected at intersection pointsalong the cruise tracks (NOAA:PMEL and GFDL groups) directedby Dr. R. Feely of PMEL.

In the Pacific Ocean, surface-to-bottom CO2

system parameter measurements were conductedon all of the WHP survey cruises. In all, 11laboratories from 4 countries participated on 13basinwide surveys of the Pacific. Eight of elevenlaboratories provided data for intercomparison.Intercomparison was made for salinity,temperature, oxygen, dissolved inorganic carbon(DIC), total alkalinity (TAlk), and CO2 fugacity(fCO2). For the majority of cruises, there isexcellent agreement amongst the variouslaboratories for DIC and TAlk. In general, DICdifferences are <3.0 umol/kg and TAlkdifferences are <5.0 umol/kg in deep water. ForfCO2, the agreement varies quite widely from onecruise to another, from < 5 uatm to more than 25uatm. Data and results of the study can beaccessed at the PMEL web site:(http://pmel.noaa.gov/co2/oaces_doe/home.html).Proposal was made that the broad-basedinternational cooperation in CO2 qualityassurance be continued for as long as large-scalefield programs in the North Pacific aremaintained. Recommendations concerningquality assurance and comparison of scientificresults appear at the end of this report (Appendix2).

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Feely also briefly presented results for dataassimilation/evaluation studies using aGFDL ocean general circulation modelthat interpolates to fill in pixels withmissing data, which shows the N. Pacificto be a major sink for anthropogenic CO2

of order 0.5-0.6 Gt C/y. Comparisons ofvertical profiles of excess CO2 (based on amodified version of Chen et al. 1981) withprofiles of freons shows that the patternsof column burdens agree over large scales.

HOT Station

Dr. R. Bidegare (University of Hawaii, USA)reviewed the goals and elements of the JGOFSprogram before describing the Hawaiian OceanTime Series (HOTS) program conducted at stationALOHA (22.75°N 158°W) in 4800 m of waternorth of Hawaii. Oligotrophic gyres make up40% of the ocean surface area and cannot beignored in an inventory of ocean-atmosphere CO2

exchange. Hence the USA also operates a sistertime series program: the Bermuda Atlantic TimeSeries (BATS) at 31.50°N 64.10°W.

HOTS commenced in 1988 with a comprehensiveset of observations conducted on a 5-day cruise atleast once per month. There is a WOCE standardCTD-rosette cast, drifting sediment traps aredeployed for ~72 h each cruise and since 1992there have been moored sediment traps. To datethere have been 100 cruises. Data can be obtainedin hard copy, as floppy disks, from NODC, byemail, ftp, fax or telephone, or from the followingweb sites http://hahana.soest.hawaii.edu andhttp://www.bbsr.edu . On the HOTS web sitethere are data plotting routines, a field andlaboratory protocols manual, and a publicationslist.

Scientific results from HOT have oftenbeen contrary to expected results. Primaryproductivity is higher than expected fromthe low nitrate concentrations, primary(PP) and export (XP) production do notfall on the Eppley-Peterson curve (higherPP often results in lower XP), late summerevents result in intact diatoms (withinternal N-fixing symbionts) sinking to thesea floor, half the nitrate in the euphoticzone comes from oxidation of ammonium,N2 fixation organisms ‘leak’ ammonium as

well as nitrate, and there is decoupling ofC, N and P from Redfield ratios andaccumulation of DOM. There isconsiderable vertical structure innitrate+nitrite at previously undetectableconcentrations less than 10 nM. Six highnitrate ‘events’ would have been missedwithout the time series sampling. DuringENSO events, a shallower mixed layerapparently contains the same amount of Feand fixed N, resulting in greater nitrateutilization and eventual phosphatelimitation. Fe concentrations of 1.0-1.5nM/ kg are not limiting.

Dr. S. Emerson (Univ. Washington, USA)reviewed recent work on the new fixation of CO2

from 3 years of observations at HOTS (results ofthis study are in press in Nature). The flux ofbiologically produced organic carbon from theeuphotic zone of the ocean to deep waters below--the biological pump--is one of the importantcontrols on atmospheric CO2. Accuratedetermination of this flux is critical tounderstanding and being able to predict futurechanges in the oceanic carbon cycle. Since thereare no standards against which environmentalfluxes can be determined, an accuracy wasaccessed by comparing results from threeindependent experimental approaches formeasuring the net annual export of organiccarbon in the subtropical North Pacific Ocean atU. S. JGOFS time series station near Hawaii.

The net biological production of oxygendetermined from the mass balances of dissolvedoxygen, nitrogen, and argon during three one yearperiods yields an equivalent carbon export of 2.7±1.7 moles C m-2 yr-1. Net biological carbonproduction determined by mass balances ofdissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) and DIC δ13Cover a two year period is 1.6± 0.9 moles C m-2 yr-

1. Finally, measurements of the particulate anddissolved organic carbon fluxes yield an export of2.0± 0.9 moles C m-2 yr-1. Uncertainties of thesefluxes were determined by a Monte Carlo methodthat compounds the error estimates of theindividual terms of the mass balances. Given theuncertainties, these fluxes are not significantlydifferent and establish the attainable experimentalaccuracy to be roughly ±50%. If 2.0 moles C m-2

yr-1 is typical of the subtropical ocean, then thisvast region which is 60% of the ocean area, isresponsible for a biological pump of 5-6 Gt C yr-1.Assuming that recent model-derived estimates ofthe global ocean carbon pump (10-11 Gt yr-1) are

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correct, then the subtropical oceans, oftenconsidered a biologic desert, account for up to halfof the global-ocean biological organic carbonpump.

The most serious problem associated withinterpreting these relatively large exportproduction values in the subtropicaloceans is identifying the source ofnutrients to the euphotic zone. It has longbeen known that isopycnals withmeasurable inorganic nutrients are severalhundred meters below the euphotic zonein the subtropical Pacific. However,continuous measurements of oxygen andnitrogen gas on a mooring at the timeseries station indicate that during the firsthalf of 1997 there was a period ofenhanced oxygen production when aneddy or front passed though the area. Theperiod of excess oxygen saturation wasassociated with shoaling of the isopycnalsand color change indicating enhancedproductivity. These observations can onlybe obtained only by continuousmeasurements from moorings and mayindicate that nutrients are transported tothe euphotic zone of the subtropical oceanby intermittent vertical pumping associatedwith eddies or fronts. This hypothesis willbe investigated by continuing the mooringstudies.

PAPA Station

Dr. P. Harrison (Univ. of British Columbia,Canada) described studies at ocean weatherstation Papa (50°N 145°W), where a weathershipsoperated from the early 1950’s until 1981, andresearch cruises have been conducted 3-4 times ayear since then. Dr. C.S. Wong has carried outCO2-related measurements since the 1970s. TheUS-Canada SUPER project was performedbetween 1984 and 1987, but it was John Martin’shypothesis that the micronutrient iron limitsprimary production in the eastern subarcticPacific that motivated the Canadian JGOFSprogram along line P and at station P. For thepast 5 years, Phase I and II of CJGOFS has made13 cruises along Line P to Stn P during latewinter (Feb/Mar), late spring (May/June), and latesummer (Aug/Sept). The advances include, thefirst winter cruises, extensive documentation of Fe

limitation, size-fractionated nitrogen uptake andprimary productivity, extensive ureameasurements and uptake and hence arecalculation of the f-ratio, extensive analysis ofmicrozooplankton, heterotrophic bacteria,bacterial respiration, virus abundance, mid-waterstudies on the microbial loop, and new modellingefforts.

There have been apparent increases inprimary production over 30 years frommeasurements made by McAllister, Wong,and Welschmeyer, but Harrison’smeasurements tend to be in the middleoverlapping with those of Wong.Essentially no winter measurements hadbeen made, so the JGOFS programconducted a series of winter cruises eachFebruary, and added a new emphasis onmid-water column transformations oforganic matter. Most chlorophyll is in the0.2- 5 µm fraction, and using theMcCarthy relative preference index,Harrison and coworkers have shown thatphytoplankton take up first ammonium,then urea, then nitrate, with the f-ratiobeing ~0.25 through all seasons (ignoringurea uptake would increase the f-ratio by36%). The CJGOFS work has confirmedFe limitation, with Fe-addition tocontainers stimulating growth in the >18µm fraction. LaRoche succeeded indemonstrating that flavodoxin acts as abiomarker for Fe-limitation.

There have been isolated high chl values inthe 10m samples from Stn. P, and silicadata from Wong show dramatic drawdown in late summer 1972, 1976 and1979, corresponding with the lowestvalues for summer nitrates, indicatingblooms of silicaflagellates or diatoms. Totry to observe these events, C-JGOFSemployed a mooring with a fluorometer,PAR sensor, current meter and pressuresensor all at 30 m. A hypothesis ofatmospheric deposition of bioavailable Fe,either from the Gobi Desert, or Alaska hasyet to be proven or disproven. Futurework is required on (1) Fe, low light, PPinteractions in winter to try to explain an

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isolated observation of long coils of aChaetoseros diatom on a February cruise,(2) the sources of iron, and (3) factorscontrolling bacterial productivity andmesozooplankton hervivory/omnivory.

Dr. K. Denman (Institute of Ocean Sciences/DFO,Canada) reviewed climate-related observationsbeing conducted by IOS. There are a number ofprojects with JGOFS-related components underthe Program on Ocean Climate Study in thenortheastern Pacific, such as Air-Sea exchange ofclimatologically important variables (Dr. D. M.Farmer, farmer@ios.bc.ca); Water circulationand nutrient supply in the northeast PacificOcean (Dr. H. J. Freeland, hjfree@ios.bc.ca);Oceanic uptake of fossil-fuel CO2: tracers,modeling, sediment traps (Dr. C. S. Wong,cswong@ios.bc.ca); Oceanic DMS (Dr. C. S.Wong, cswong@ios.bc.ca); Plankton ProcessStudies (Dr. D. L. Mackas, mackas@ios.bc.ca);Alaska Gyre Zooplankton (Dr. D. L. Mackas,mackas@ios.bc.ca);

All these all projects have funding fromDFO and some of them have additionalsource for financial support. Fieldobservations for this program include:

(1) extensive ship-board CTD,chemical and biologicalsurveys with JGOFS coremeasurements along line P(three 4 weeks cruises ayear (winter, spring and fall)on the R/V Tully); high seassalmon cruises on the R/VRicker are planned to beused to expand spatialcoverage of the Gulf ofAlaska;

(2) long-term sediment traps observations atline P: single depth moorings at stationsP4 (800 m) P12 (2800 m), P16 (3000 m)and P20 (3400 m), and 3 depths mooringat station Papa (200 m, 1000 m and 3800m),

(3) long-term automatic observationsin the mixed layer at stationPapa: bio-optical mooringto collect temperature,salinity, PAR andfluorescence data, bubbleentertainment (acoustically)

and currents, and mooringwith upward lookingacoustic transponder torecord zooplanktonmigration;

DFO has conducted daily sampling for surfacetemperature and salinity at a number oflighthouses along the Pacific coast of Canada, insome cases since 1934, providing a well-resolvedaverage annual cycle to determine anomalousconditions. Currently, a strong ENSO eventappears to be developing, and monthly mean seasurface temperatures at Amphitrite Point andLangara Island lighthouses for September 1997were the warmest temperatures ever recorded atthese sites (>60 years of observations). Surfacenitrate concentrations in summer for thecontinuous El Niño conditions observed in 1990-95 showed increased depletion along the innerhalf of line P from year to year, reflecting lowerwinter concentrations during the same period.Long term series for POC and POC fromsediment traps moored by CS Wong at a depth of3800 m at station P show annual cycles andinterannual variation, as do surface nitrateconcentrations. Freon 11 profiles show increasingdepth penetration over the same period, andrecent dimethylsulphide (DMS) profiles show astrong annual cycle in the surface 50 m.

KNOT Station

Dr. T. Saino (Nagoya University, Japan)described the Japanese JGOFS North PacificProcess Study (NPPS) by first presenting theJapanese JGOFS organization:- National Committee for JGOFS (N. Handa)- NP Planning Group was established in July

1995 and reorganized to NP SteeringCommittee in December 1997 (T. Saino)

- Time series working group establishedDecember 1997 (Y. Nojiri)

- Data management advisory group (T. Saino)and Data management office (N. Bada,JODC)

The Japanese NPPS will consist of the following:- KNOT time series station- Extensive surveys: SAGE, Skaugran, etc (2

years 1999-2000)- Intensive survey on Mirai, etc (1999-2000)- Remote sensing – OCTS, SeaWiFS, etc- Synthesis and Modelling (Dr. M. Kishi)- Time series data management

He reviewed recent progress in JapaneseJGOFS and described the different roles of

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JODC and the newly established MarineInformation Research Center (Prof. Y.Nagata), which is currently translating theJGOFS Protocols Manual to Japanese, tobe published by JODC.

Dr. N. Suginohara (University of Tokyo, Japan)outlined the Subarctic Gyre Experiment (SAGE)program, an important element of the JapaneseNorth Pacific Process Study. This 5-year WOCE-type multi-agency program, started in April 1997,is funded by the Science and Technology Agencyof Japan. Primary contact is Nobuo Suginohara ofthe Center of Climate System Research,University of Tokyo (nobuo@ccsr.u-tokyo.ac.jp).

The western subarctic Pacific may be anappreciable sink of atmospheric CO2 due to theNorth Pacific Intermediate Water (NPIW)formation, the JMA/MRI OGCM predictswarming in the subarctic Pacific, the subarcticgyre experiences one of the largest interannualvariations globally, and the zone 40°N – 50°N isnot well observed, especially in winter (WOCEstatistics) – all motivation for this study. DrSuginohara showed that the NPIW can usually betracked as a salinity minimum, near the σΘ = 26.8‘neutral’ surface, which suggests that there shouldbe a resulting thermohaline circulation.

The SAGE major goal is to understand therelationship between the subarctic gyresystem and climate change. Theobjectives are (I) to estimate formationrates of water masses, especially for theNPIW; and (ii) to clarify distributionprocesses and their long-term variability.The program has four core projects: (CP1)Observational studies of the structure andvariability of the subarctic gyre; (CP2)Research on the interaction betweensubarctic and subtropical circulation;(CP3) Observational studies on thebehaviour of carbon dioxide the behaviorof CO2 in the subarctic circulation system;and (CP4) Numerical modelling of thesubarctic circulation, including seasonalvariability. Field observations include thedeployment of surface (ARGOS) and mid-depth (ALACE) drifters and intensifiedone-time and repeated transects withsampling by CTD, current profilers(ADCP) and bathythermographs (XBT)and some of the JGOFS core

measurements. The lines 47°N (P1),152°W (P16N) and 180°E will beoccupied once during the program; theline 152°E and three lines from theOkhotsle Sea to the subpolar Pacific –once a year; the line 165°E – two times ayear; and the line 144°E – 4-6 times a year(Fig. 1a)

Dr. Y. Nojiri (National Institute forEnvironmental Studies, Japan) outlined theplans for the Kyodo North Pacific OceanTime Series (KNOT) station in the westernNorth Pacific. Joint efforts of the NPTTand Japanese JGOFS resulted in newCREST (Core Research for EvolutionScience and Technology) funding,provided by he Science and TechnologyAgency of Japan, to support the KNOT.The site, located at the southwesternmargin of the subarctic gyre at 44oN and155oE, just outside the Russian EEZ, is 4days travel from Tokyo and 2 days travelfrom Hokkaido (Fig. 1a). The scientifictheme for this study is CO2 uptake and itsrelationship to biological activity in theseasonally variable ocean.

The KNOT funding for the period 1998-2000 isinsufficient to cover all ship costs, thus requiringcooperative use of research ships of opportunityfrom already funded programs (Kyodo meanscooperative). Research vessels from JAMSTEC,Hokkaido University, University of Tokyo, TokaiUniversity and the National Institute forResources and Environment will participate in theprogram. Observations will start in June 1998,and the period until the August 2000 is theintense phase of KNOT time series. Seven visits(30-54 hours) and one visit (up to 1 week) areexpected in 1998, seven visits and two stays – in1999, and seven visits and one stay – in 2000. Inaddition to CTD sampling and JGOFS coremeasurements, plans include deployment ofmoored sediment traps at depths of 1, 3 and 5 km,a shallow optical buoy and free-drifting sedimenttraps. Field work will be forewarned by CO2

intercalibration experiment and the start-upKNOT workshop organized in March 1998 at theNational Institute for Environmental Studies,Tsukuba (contact person is Yukihiro Nojiri(nojiri@nies.go.jp). Observations at KNOT willbe supplemented by long-term data on the

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interannual variability of the vertical waterstructure, seasonal changes in CO2 exchange, andmixed-layer depth from Hokkaido University andM/S Skaugran cruise tracks. It is known from theSkaugran results, that station KNOT absorbs CO2

in the summer until December and probablyoutgases CO2 during the winter.

Discussion on task teamsplanned activities

Coordination of JGOFS-related studiesin the North PacificBychkov presented the JGOFS timelinesfor Field Programs, Analysis andInterpretation, and Data Synthesis fromthe IJGOFS IPO in Bergen. N. Pacific‘opportunity’ cruises are scheduled not toextend beyond 2001, although A. Chensaid that KEEP will continue for 10 years,regardless of affiliation with JGOFS.Some programs within Japanese NorthPacific Process Study as well asCREAMS-II are scheduled to 2002.

Most of the discussion focused on the timeseries stations – how to build them intothe timeline, how to recommend theimportance of their joint continuation, etc.A yearly bridging funding for HOT hasbeen requested while a proposal for LTER(Long Term Ecosystem Research) funding(of order 10 years) is prepared andreviewed. Station P is funded only yearly,but the plan is to continue base samplingindefinitely into the future. KNOTfunding is guaranteed only until 2000.From experience at the existing time-serieslocations it is obvious, that oceanographicinsight and discoveries increase with thelength of the studies. Moreover, insightsabout the oceanography of the northPacific derived from each station enhanceinterpretation of results form the others.This led to the recommendation onpreparing a letter on the importance of thejoint continuation of all three time-series in

the North Pacific after JGOFS fieldprograms come to end at around the turnof the century, such that scientists can useto search for continued funding withintheir own countries. Decision was madethat Drs. Bychkov, Saino, Emerson andDenman will prepare a Statementrecommending to continue studies atstations PAPA and ALOHA and to extenda lifetime of the Kyodo North Pacific TimeSeries (KNOT) site in the western NorthPacific. The Statement should be sent tothe appropriate agencies in Canada, Japan,and U.S.A.

Dr. R. Feely offered the followingrecommendations (supported by other NPTTmembers) regarding continued CO2 surveys:

Quality Assurance- encourage and support the development and

distribution of reference materials for CO2

and nutrients;- encourage and support international

participation in laboratory and fieldintercomparison studies;

- encourage and support open distribution anddiscussion of field intercomparison results;

Scientific Results- support open discussion and debate about the

various methods for calculatinganthropogenic CO2 from measurements;

- support open discussion and debate aboutdata / model comparisons;

- encourage and support internationalcooperation in data synthesis

Relations with other Programs/OrganizationsRelations with other organizations/programs were revised; a special emphasiswas made on closer interaction with theNorth Pacific Marine ScienceOrganization (PICES). Dr. A. Bychkovinformed briefly on the main goals andstructure of PICES and outlinedcooperative opportunities with thisorganization. The following proposals forthe PICES Science Board were generated:

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(i) To recommend PICES to establish anew Working Group on CO2 in theNorth Pacific.

Dr. Tsunogai proposed a draft ofTerms of Reference for the WorkingGroup. The draft circulated to theNPTT members for recommendationson the second day of this workshop.Minor changes were suggested andDrs. Bychkov and Tsunogai wererequested to bring this issue to themeeting of PICES POC (PhysicalOceanography and Climate)Committee.

(ii) To include in the program of thePICES Seventh Annual Meeting(October 1998, Fairbanks, USA); ajoint PICES-JGOFS session on“Carbon Cycle in the North Pacific

Drs. Denman and Tsunogai wererequested to bring this issue to themeetings of PICES BIO (BiologicalOceanography) and POCCommittees.

(iii) To name an observer to theImplementation Panel for PICES-GLOBEC CCCC (Climate Changeand Carrying Capacity) Programby the NPTT and vice versa; Dr.B. Frost was named responsiblefor these contacts.

Drs. Bychkov and Ian Perry (Co-chairmanof PICES MODEL Task Team andmember of the EC/IP) summarized aconsiderable overlap between manyJGOFS-NPTT and PICES-CCCCobjectives and activities, as well asdifferences in the approaches of this twobodies. They expressed a feeling that bothJGOFS and PICES are interested in closecommunication and linkages between two

groups, and suggested that to facilitatecollaboration NPTT and PICES CCCCshould have an observer from the otherparty.

Dr. A. Chen reviewed the state of the JointLOICZ/JGOFS Continental Margins Task Team(CMTT). At the last meeting (Texel,Netherlands, October) only the JGOFS membersattended. The associated workshop to carry outmaterial budgets for selected shelf regions wasattended by 20 scientists. The most completebudget study has been carried out for the EastChina Sea – for fresh water, C, P, N, Alk,. C andP budgets were consistent within 10%.

He stated that marginal seas are frequentlyseverely undersaturated with respect to CO2,mainly because of the high primary productivitysupported by upwelling. Subsequently marginalseas are a large CO2 sink. Very preliminayanalysis based on limited data in the Sea ofOkhotsk, Bering Sea, Japan/East Sea, East ChinaSea and South China Sea gives an uptake rate of0.8 Gt C/y when extrapolated to the globalmarginal seas. The Sea of Okhotsk deservesparticular attention because it not only absorbsCO2, but it also transports CO2 to the NorthPacific Intermediate Water. This means that theSea of Okhotsk acts as a conveyor belt, or a pump,for the North Pacific Ocean. With the aboveinformation, it comes naturally that the NorthPacific marginal seas are ideal places forcollaboration between the CMTT and the NPTT.

Dr. K. Denman (member of the GOOS SSCC andNPTT) described briefly a recent progress inplanning for the Global Ocean Observing System(GOOS). JGOFS should be in the position torecommend monitoring for detection of changesin the ocean carbon system. Currently, a GOOSpilot project (NEARGOOS) is being operated bythe Japanese Meteorological Agency.

Dr. Bychkov mentioned that PICES and GOOSare trying to establish a more close contact. ManyPICES participants are already involved in GOOSbodies (Drs. K. Denman, W. Wooster etc) andprograms (NEAR-GOOS activity in Japan). Atthe POC Topic session last year two talks werepresented on NEAR-GOOS activity. Prof.Keisuke Taira (ORI, University of Tokyo) wasinvited to give a talk on “Activities towardsNEAR-GOOS at Japanese universities” and Dr.Takashi Yoshida reported on “Present status onNEAR-GOOS real-time database at the JapanMeteorological Agency”. Dr. Warren Wooster(ex-officio chairman of PICES) was requested toserve as co-chairman for the Living Marine

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Resources Panel of GOOS. He is planning toattend the LMR-GOOS meeting in March and isgoing to bring PICES strategy to the attention ofthe Panel and propose a pilot or demonstrationproject that might appropriately be developed inthe North Pacific.

JGOFS NPTT Home PageDr. T. Saino presented plans to have aJGOFS NPTT home page: a test page wascompleted in August 1997, but it is notopen yet because of the time required totranslate from Japanese to English. Hereviewed the structure of the test page andexpressed his appreciation to JGOFS IPOfor her assistance and cooperation. Viewswere presented on whether cruise plansand reports should be included, butapparently JODC currently lists regionalcruises of Korea, Japan and China. R.Feely mentioned that the CO2

intercomparison studies could be includedvia pointers. The following proposal weremade:

(i) Japan should “host” the NPTT HomePage in conjunction with JapanJGOFS/NPPS pages; location is nottoo important (possibilities areJAMSTEC, Nagoya University orNational Institute for EnvironmentalStudies).

(ii) NPTT Home Page content shouldinclude:

* Terms of reference, composition,progress reports, upcoming events,etc;

* List of JGOFS projects with projectdescription, area of operation,name of the final archival centerand contact information for PIs;

* Major field programs/activitiesincluding proposed cruises, long-term moorings, etc;

* Inventory of completed cruises/fieldoperations (as per JGOFS IPO);

* List of publications relevant toNPTT, including methodologies,analysis of historical data, recentresults;

* Links to other data sources relevantto JGOFS NPTT (possibleexamples are: PMEL, IOS,JODC/MIRC, US JGOFS, JGOFSIPO, PICES);

Assistance of NPTT members will berequired as assemble and maintain/updateinformation.

PublicationsWith regard to NPTT publications

(i) To introduce NPTT activities and plan forNorth Pacific Process Studies to a broaderJGOFS scientific community, Drs. Bychkovand Saino have agreed to write an article onNPTT activities for the international sectionof the U.S. JGOFS News.

(ii) A decision to compile a Summary ofscientific JGOFS-related programs in theNorth Pacific was made at the first NPTTmeeting in November 1996 (Mutsu, Japan).Co-chairs prepared a draft of the Summaryreviewed at second NPTT meeting. It wasrecommended to include in the Summaryplans for field studies in the North Pacificand its marginal seas presented at themeeting. Once a format is decided on,Bychkov will request input from countrymembers by early February for a final draftby the end of April

Future meetings

Representatives of PICES invitedNPTT to hold a 3rd meetingimmediately prior to the PICESSeventh Annual Meeting(Fairbanks, USA) in October 1998.This should allow saving somefunds as PICES will be able tocover travel expenses for a fewNPTT members. Besides, this will

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provide an opportunity for NPTTmembers to attend a proposedPICES-JGOFS session one-daysession on Carbon cycle in theNorth Pacific Ocean and have ajoint meeting with PICES WorkingGroup on CO2 in the North Pacific(if both proposals are accepted byPICES). Members of the TaskTeam were supportive, but the finaldecision will be made afterconsultation with JGOFS IPO. Apossible alternative is to organizethe meeting in conjunction with the2nd International Symposium onCO2 in the Oceans planned forJanuary 1999 in Tsukuba (Japan).

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Appendix 1 Second JGOFS NPTT MeetingPusan, Republic of Korea. October 16 and 19, 1997

Agenda

October 16

08:30-09:00 Welcome and Opening RemarksAdoption of Agenda and TimetableTask Team 1996-97 progress report

JGOFS-related activities in the Subarctic Pacific and marginal seas

Subarctic Pacific

09:00-09:20 S. TsunogaiNorth Pacific water's larger potential sink capacity for absorbing anthropogenic CO2 andthe processes recovering it

09:20-09:40 B. Frost (University of Washington, USA)U.S. JGOFS Synthesis and Modeling Plans for the North Pacific

09:40-10:00 Y. Nojiri (National Institute for Environmental Studies, Japan)Skaugran (ship-of-opportunity) monitoring Program

10:00-10:20 M. Kusakabe (JAMSTEC, Japan)JAMSTEC' studies in the northwestern North Pacific

Coffee Break (10:20-10:40)

10:40-11:00 S.I. Saitoh (Hokkaido University, Japan)Satellite ocean color and ship observations in the North Pacific

11:00-11:20 T. Yoshida (JMA, Japan)JMA' monitoring program in the western North Pacific

Bering Sea

11:40-12:00 A. Macklin (AFSC/NOAA, USA)NOAA Coastal Ocean Program in the Bering Sea

Okhotsk Sea

11:20-11:40 S. Riser (University of Washington, USA)Future physical and chemical cooperative research in the Okhotsk Sea

Lunch (12:00-13:20)Japan/East Sea

13:20-13:40 K.R. Kim (Seoul National University, Republic of Korea)JGOFS studies within CREAMS Program

13:40-14:00 S. Riser (University of Washington, USA)US-CREAMS (Circulation Research of East Asian Marginal Seas) Program

14:00-14:20 C.T. Chen (National Sun Yat-Sen University, China-Taipei)Is the Sea of Japan experiencing stagnation?

East China Sea

14:20-14:40 S. Tsunogai (Hokkaido University, Japan)Continental shelf pump for the absorption of atmospheric CO2

14:40-15:00 N. Jiao (Institute of Oceanology, China-Beijing)JGOFS research activities in China

15:00-15:20 C.T. Chen (National Sun Yat-Sen University, China-Taipei)Kuroshio Edge Exchange Processes Program (KEEP - III) in Taiwan

Coffee Break (15:20-15:40)Discussion on Task Team planned activities

15:40-17:30 (i) Relations with other programs/organizations

PICES:

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New PICES WG on CO2 in N. Pacific (terms of reference)JGOFS co-sponsorship of CO2 session for PICES-VIIPICES CCCC and JGOFS NPTTPICES “flag” to receive permission for cooperative research in EEZ

LOICZ/CMTT

GOOS

(ii) JGOFS NPTT Home Page:Page contents (terms of reference, composition, reports, upcoming events)Page location: on Japanese JGOFS or JGOFS International Home Page?

(iii) Data management and data exchange:JGOFS Data Management for the North PacificCoordination with JGOFS IPO and DMTTRelations with the existing Data Bases and InventoriesMigration to permanent archives

October 19

Time Series Observations in the North Pacific

08:30-08:50 R. Feely (PMEL/NOAA, USA)Intercomparison of CO2 system parameters from DOE/NOAA/NSF WOCE Global CO2 surveyin the North Pacific

HOT Station

08:50-09:20 R. Bidigare (University of Hawaii, USA)The Hawaii Ocean Time-series (HOT) Program: past, present and future

09:20-09:40 Dr. S. Emerson (University of Washington, USA)US JGOFS Hawaii time-series: recent results from biogeochemical mooring and future plans

PAPA Station

09:40-10:10 P. Harrison (University of British Columbia, Canada)Food chain dynamics in the northeastern subarctic Pacific: An overview of the progress inthe last five years in the CJGOFS Program

10:10-10:30 K. Denman (Institute of Ocean Sciences, Canada)Canadian JGOFS/Climate work in the northeastern Pacific

Coffee Break (10:30-10:50)

Western Subarctic Pacific Station (KNOT)

10:50-11:10 T. Saino (Nagoya University, Japan)Japanese JGOFS activities in the northwestern Pacific

11:10-11:40 Y. Nojiri (National Institute for Environmental Studies, Japan)Plan for the station KNOT time-series observations in the western North Pacific: Intensivephase in 1998-2000

11:40-12:00 N. Suginohara (University of Tokyo, Japan)JGOFS Activities within SAGE (Subarctic Gyre Experiment) Program

Lunch (12:00-13:20)

Discussion on Task Team planned activities

13:20-17:30 (i) JGOFS Timelines(ii) Goals and problems of JGOFS Process Studies in the marginal seas(iii) Goals and problems of JGOFS N. Pacific Process Studies(iv) Coordination of JGOFS time-series observations in the North Pacific(v) Publications

Summary of JGOFS-related national and international programs in the N. PacificregionPaper for JGOFS Newsletter

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(vi) Future meetings